Unit3 Could you please clean your room? 单元知识点归纳讲义 2024-2025学年人教版英语八年级下册

三单元语言点
Could you please clean your room
1) Could 在本单元的用法：Make polite requests 礼貌提出请求
Could you（please）+ V-原形？表示委婉地提出请求:
A: Could you please......
B: Yes, I can/sure./All right./No problem./ Certainly.
No/ Sorry, I can’t. I have to do...... Sorry, I can’t. I am doing......
在表示请求帮助或请求允许的疑问句中，常用could代替can，以表示礼貌，委婉或不确定的语气，而can则不具备这些语气。这种情况下不能把could看作can的过去式。以上两句中用could是为了表示礼貌的请求。表示请求帮助或请求允许时，除了can, could之外，还可以用may，句子的表达方式也各有不同，可以用不同的方式来表示同一个概念。例：
① Could/Can/May I use your car for a day ② I wonder if I could use your car for a day
对于①、②句所作允答可以各种各样，如同意可以说Yes或Sure或Certainly，还可说Yes, (do) please. 或Of course. (you may/can). 或Go ahead, please. 或That’s OK/all right; 如果不同意，可以说I’m sorry you can’t. 或I’m really sorry, but I have to use it today. 要避免说No, you can’t. 这样显得很不礼貌。否定回答通常用委婉语气
③ Do you mind if I use your car for a day
对于句③所作回答可以说Never mind. /Not at all. 表“不介意”。不能用Yes. /Sure. /Of course. /Certainly.等。无论肯定还是否定应答中，要避免使用could，要用can或may。因为应答须用确定的语气。而could在表请求的问句中是为了表示礼貌或委婉语气，用在应答中则成了不确定语气，与情理不符。所以应答中不说Yes, you could. 或No, you couldn’t. 而要说Yes, you can. 或Sorry. /No, you can’t.
Could I/you please …？比Can you /I…？语气更委婉。类似句型有：
Would you like + sth. / to do sth.
May I + do sth.
Shall we + do sth.
Would you mind + sth. /doing sth.
What / How about + sth. /doing sth.
肯定回答有Sure. /Of course. / Certainly. /OK. /Great. / Well. / Good idea. / I agree. 等。
否定回答有Sorry… / No, you can’t. 等
2)help out动词短语，表示在某人繁忙或遇到困难时“给予帮助”。
help和out之间还可以加入具体的“人”。
e.g. He helped me out with my task.他帮我完成了任务。
They helped (us) out with the clean-up. 他们帮助我们做大扫除。
2.I think two hours of Tv is enough for you.
英语中，表示度、量、衡等单位名词作主语时，即使是复数形式，也应把它看成是一个整体，谓语动词通常用单数形式。也就是说，表示时间、距离、重量、体积、金钱的复数名词,作主语时作为整体来看待,谓语动词通常用单数.
Ten months isn't a long time. Three kilos is enough. 12 years is a long time.
主谓一致应注意的几个问题：
1.由both…and…连接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；
由or, either…or…，neither…nor…,not only…but also…,not…but…,连接两个名词或代词作主语时，根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。例如：
Both his father and his mother are both teachers. 他的爸爸和妈妈都是老师。
Tom or Jack is wrong. 不是汤姆就是杰克错了。
2.以-s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语通常用单数形式，如news,maths,physics等，例如：No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息。
3.a number of+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数；
the number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。例：
4.当kind of,pair of, glass of 等表示确定数量的名词短语修饰主语时，谓语与kind,pair,glass等一致。例如：This pair of shoes is Tom’s.这双鞋是汤姆的。
There are two glasses of wather on the table. 桌上有两杯水。
5. the+形容词表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
The poor are very happy,but the rich are sad. 穷人很快乐，富人却过得不快乐。
6.以here，there开关的句子，若主语在两个或两个以上，谓语动词通常与临近的主语一致。
There is a book and three pens on the desk. 桌子上有一本书，三只钢笔。
Here are some books and paper for you. 这是给你的书和纸。
7.不定代词somebody,someone,something,anybody,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,
nobody,no one,nothing作主语，谓语动词用单数，例如：
Is everyone here today. 今天大家到齐了吗？
8. 由and连接的两个单数名词作主语时，一般用复数形式，但and所连接的并列主语是同一个人，事物，或概念时，谓语动词用单数。这两种情况区分如下：
a/the+单数名词+and+单数名词，指的是同一个人或物；
a/the+单数名词+and+a/the+单数名词，指两个人或物。例如：
The writer and teacher is coming.那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人)
The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)
9. people,police等集体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式，family,class,group,team等集体名词作主语，若指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式，若指一个具体成员时，谓语动词复数形式。 His family isn’t large. 他家的人不多。My family all like watching TV.
10.many a+单数名词作主语，意义虽为“许多”，但谓语要用单数形式。例如：
Many a student has been to Shanghai. 许多学生到过上海。
11. more than one+单数名词作主语，谓语用单数。例如：
More than one student has ever been to Beijing.不止一个学生曾经去过北京。
12. 表示时间，价格，重量，数目，长度，数学运算等的词或短语作主语时，这些通常作一个整体概念，谓语用单数形式。例如：
Two months is a long holiday. 两个月是一个长假。
Ten miles isn’t a long distance. 1 0英里并不是一段很长的距离。
13. 主语是each/every/no+单数名词+and(each/every/no)+单数名词时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位。
Every man and every woman is at work. 每个男人和女人都在工作。
14. one and a half+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
One and a half hours is enough. 一个半小时足够了。
15. 动词不定式，动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
To see is to believe 眼见为实 Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.
16. a/an+单数名词+or two 作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：
A student or two has failed the exam. 一两个学生考试不及格。
17.当主语部分含有with，toge ether with，along with，as well as，besides，except，but，like等介词或介词短语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Mike with his father has been to England. 迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。
18.分数(百分数)+of +名词做主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面的名词的数。
Part of the work has been done by us .　Ten percent of the apples were bad .　　
19. 不定代词由all, most, more, some, any, none作主语时，也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如：
All of the work has been finished. All of the people have gone.
3.The minute I sat down in front of the TV,my mom came over.
The minute=as soon as
The minute I sat down in front of the TV,my mom came over.
= as soon as I sat down in front of the TV,my mom came over.
I’m just as tired as you are.
as tired as as ... as 意为 “和……一样” ，表示同级的比较。
使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词。其基本结构为： as + adj./ adv. + as。
e.g. This film is as interesting as that one. 这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。
as … as 的否定形式为: not as/so + adj./adv. + as（在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。）
e.g. He didn’t act as well as you. 他表现得不如你好。
Neither did I.
so和neither的倒装用法和区别
so／neither／nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者，其倒装结构为
“so／neither／nor＋助动词／系动词／情态动词＋主语”
（so表示肯定意义，neither／nor表示否定意义）。如：
She has finished her homework，so has her brother．
She hasn’t gone there，neither／nor has he．
但如果so表示强调，即强调前面所说的情况的真实性时，其结构是
“so＋主语＋助动词／系动词／情态动词”，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如：She knows little English，so she does． 她英语懂得不多。她的确如此。
注意：neither 之后的主语要置于助动词或系动词之后。 neither 用作代词，表示“两者都不，双方均不”。例如： He answered neither of the letters. 他两封信都没回。
— Which one would you like 你喜欢哪一个？— Neither. 两个都不喜欢
We need to share the house.
share表示"和某人合用"， Li Ping and I shared the same room at college.
表示"和某人分担某事物"， Xiao Ming shared his apple with his brother.
表示"和某人分享"， Share with somebody if you have left your book at home.
如果你把书落在家里的话，你可以和别人合看一本。
I don’t understand why some parents make their kids help with housework.
Make 1. 做；制作；制造。.迫使；准备；布置；整理。构成；组成；成为。
◆make后可跟双宾语，间接宾语后移时一般用for引导。如：
My uncle will make me a kite. = My uncle will make a kite for me. 叔叔将为我做一只风筝。
◆make用作 “使；让”，在主动语态中其后要跟省略to的不定式作宾语补足语，而在被动语态中，to不能省去。如：
Don't make the baby cry anymore. 不要再让那个孩子哭了。
She was made to wait for over an hour. 她被迫等了一个多钟头。
◆英语中，类似于make这种用法的动词还有let, have, hear, see, watch, notice, feel等。
如： I saw him put the key into the keyhole 我看见他把钥匙插进锁孔，转动钥匙，
She was seen to go into the classroom. 有人看见她进了教室。
◆make用作及物动词，后接复合宾语，表示“使……成为……；使成为……”时，通常由形容词、名词、介词短语充当宾语补足语。如：
Loud music makes me uncomfortable. 吵闹的音乐使我不舒服。
The teacher tried his best to make himself a good friend of his pupils.
make词组 make sure 确信；务必；弄清楚
make a mistake 犯错误 make a noise 吵闹；弄出噪声
make a promise 答应；许下诺言 make a shopping list 写一个购物单
make a telephone call 打电话 make friends with 与……交朋友
make a contribution to 贡献给；捐献 make a decision 作出决定
make a face 做鬼脸 make a living 谋生；维持生活
make it 约定时间；做到；按时到达 make up one's mind 下定决心
make money 赚钱 make one's bed 铺床；收拾床铺
make one's way to 往……走 make room for 为……让地方
区别动词do 和 make
do 与动作及非实质性的事连用, 与词尾是-ing 的动作名词连用。
do the dishes 洗碗 do my homework 做家庭作业
do chores 做家务活 do the laundry 洗衣
do some shopping 购物 do some reading 读书
make 表示“做，制造、整理、冲、泡 (饮料)” 等。
make the bed 铺床 make breakfast 做早餐
make dinner 做晚饭 make tea 泡茶
make oneself a cup of coffee 给自己冲一包咖啡
8. have enough stress. 有足够的压力
9.They don’t have time to study and do housework.
have no time to do sth. 没时间做某事
We have no time to do it. That is our trouble. 我们没有时间做这事。这就是我们的问题。
10.Could we just let them do their job as students
let sb do sth
let sb /sth +形容词,介词短语,副词等作宾补,
as “充当，作为”。eg：As a writer，he was famous．作为作家，他是很有名的
11.They should spend their time on schoolwork in order to get good greads and get into a good university.
spend的用法
1. spend some money/ some time on sth.,表示"在......上花费(时间、金钱等)",介词on后接名词或代词。例如: Kitty spends two hours on her homework every day. Kitty
2 spend some money / some time (in) doing sth.,表示"花费(时间、金钱等)做某事",介词in可以省略。They spent 4450 yuan buying the big colour TV set. 他们买那台大彩电花了4450元。
另外,spend也有"度过"的意思。例如: They want to spend their summer holiday in the country.
相关近义词比较：take, cost,spend 三者的通常句型为：
sth costs (sb) money 某物花某人多少钱 it costs (sb) money to do sth 做某事花某人多少钱
sb spends time (money) on sth 某人在某一方面花多少钱
sb spends time (money) in [on] doing sth 某人在做某事方面花多少钱
it takes sb time (money) to do sth = it takes time (money) for sb to do sth做某事花某人多少时间
sth takes sb time (money) to do 某事花某人多少时间或钱去做
sb takes time (money) to do 某人花多少时间或钱去做某事
in order to do sth. 不定式可以表示目的状语，直接用【to do 】表示。 其强调形式有so as to do (只能放在句中，不能位于句首)
in order to do(及可以放在句首，也可位于句中) 例如：
We started early 【to catch 】the first bus to the Great Wall.
=【In order to catch】 the first bus to the Great Wall,we started early.
=We started early 【so as to/in order to catch】 the first bus to the Great Wall.
=We started early 【so that/in order that we could】 catch the first bus to the Great Wall.
*so that/ in order that(引导目的状语从句)
12.they will have to do house so there is no need for them to do now.
There is no need for sb to do sth 某人没必要做某事
There is no need for you to spend so much time on computer games.
13.provide
provide sth for sb提供东西给某人
provide sb with sth 提供某人东西 而offer 所用的结构offer sb sth 或者offer sb with sth.
14.I do not mind doing them.
mind vt. 介意
1）+ doing sth.（动名词，用于mind的主语与doing的逻辑主语一致时）
2）+ one's doing sth.（动名词的复合结构，用于mind的主语与doing的逻辑主语不一致时）
15.I think it is important for children to learn how to …..
It 作形式主语的句型
① It + be + adj (kind , wise , careless, clever …) + of sb to do sth
Eg: It is wise of him to make such a decision.他做出这样的决定是明智的。
② It + be + adj(easy , normal …) + for sb to do sth
Eg: It’s very dangerous for children to play with fire. It is important for us to learn English well.
(= It is important that we (should) learn English well.)
③ It + be +V-ed( reported, believed, said,…) + that 从句
该句型中： V-ed为reported, believed, said等常译为“据报道”，“据认为”，“据说”。
④ It takes sb. ... to do sth.
该句型中it是形式主语，真正的宾语是to do sth，常译为＂做．．．要花费某人．．．＂。 　　
Eg: It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.
16.Children these days depend on their parents.
depend on: vt. 依赖(依靠,取决于,随...而定) 例句与用法:
1. Children depend on their parents for food and clothing. 小孩依赖他们的父母供给衣食。
2. It all depend on whether she like the boss or not. 一切都取决于她喜欢还是不喜欢这个老板。 3 Depend on me. 相信我。
5. We can depend on his arriving here on time. 我们可以相信他会准时到来。
17.do their part in keeping it clean and tidy.
do one's part in doing sth 尽自己的职责在做某事
Just do your part in helping the homeless people.
18.The earlier kids learn to be independent,the better it is for their future.
汉语中表示两个过程按比例同时增加时，用“越……越……”结构。英语中用“the +比较级，the+比较级”结构。这种结构通常从句在前，主句在后，即：第一个the+比较级为状语从句，第二个the+比较级为主句。句型中的连个“the”都是指示副词。两个“the”的后面都必须跟形容词或副词的比较级形式。不过有的语法书中说“第一个the引导的句子是比较状语从句”。试比较下列例句的用法: 1.The more,the better. 多多益善。
2.The more you learn,the more you wish to leaarn. 你学得越多，你越是想学。
3.The more exciting it is,the happier they are. 越是有趣，他们就越是高兴。
4.The more I know him,the more I like him. 我越认识他，就越喜欢他。