冲刺2025年高考阅读理解大题突破得高分系列 英语03（原卷版+解析版）

大题 03 阅读理解说明文
历年考情
说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的 CD 篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。说
明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征
和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，
图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。
阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的
意义和特征等。
命题规律
说明文所选材料题材丰富多样，涉及社会、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生态、安全等方面。在
高考英语阅读理解中，说明文所占比重尤为突出。它既要求考生能熟练运用词汇和语法知识、理解文章语句、
把握语篇整体结构，还要求学生有大量的阅读积淀和知识储备，熟悉不同的话题和不同的题目考查方式。
即便是细节理解题，大多数情况下考生也无法从文章中直接找到与选项表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在
理解文章细节信息后作出归纳和判断。通常一套卷中主旨大意、词义猜测、写作意图/观点态度类高难度试
题的考查数量为 2 道左右，说明文考查此类题目的频率较高，且命题点呈多样化。
考向预测
预测 2025 年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主要考查题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判
断题为主，主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。
1 / 39
【2024 全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have
distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for
shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire
conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing
to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and
soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be
fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess
their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place
to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.
Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future.
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't
usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find
random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of
predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just
doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age.
5. How does a pet cat assess different situations
A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats.
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
2 / 39
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
7. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示
爱意。
【4 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals
have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for
shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声
音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and
uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和
被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选 A。
【5 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use
their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅
觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评
估不同情况。故选 C。
【6 题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象
深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许
多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到
东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语 take ... up a notch 是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做
得更好或更出色。故选 D。
【7 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他
们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以
3 / 39
及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最
为合适。故选 B。
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，这就需要考生有方法有技巧地去阅读。一般我们采用
的方法有三个：细读、略读和跳读。
（1）细读重点。重点，就原文而言，就是文章的基本结构、内容和态度；就答题而言，就
是问题所对应的题源句。以这个标准来衡量，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多。
宏观方面：文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。
微观方面：有转折处；重要标点；句子主干。
（2）有选择地略读或跳读。在快速浏览了题干，初步把握了文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆进行略读
或跳读，这样不但可以加快阅读速度，还更容易总体把握全文。在阅读中可略读或跳读的内容包括：
① 繁琐的例证。为了说明问题，作者可能会借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，虽能说明问题，但需
要读者花很多时间去阅读。如果例子所说明的问题不明了，可通过略读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较
明了，则例子部分可一带而过。
② 并 列 多 项 列 举 。 有 时 许 多 功 能 相 同 的 项 目 并 列 列 举 ， 那 么 只 读 其 中 一 两 项 即 可 ， 无 需
全读。
③ 无关大局的生僻词汇。阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就
可略过。
④ 较长的人名、地名。有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字
母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。
在略读过程中，要特别注意对解题有重要意义的词、句、段等，并将其储存在大脑里，以免回头再查
看费时费力。
【2025 届河北省石家庄市第一中学高三下学期一模】Envision a futuristic rooftop garden so astute that it
is capable of discerning the optimal moments to hoard water in anticipation of arid conditions, and when to expel
water to avert inundation. Now, such intelligent roofs are transitioning from the realm of fantasy to reality in the
Netherlands.
With a substantial portion of the nation situated below sea level, the Netherlands has long been acquainted
with the perils of flooding. The advent of climate change has ushered in an era of more extreme meteorological
phenomena, including torrential downpours and periods of drought, compelling the city of Amsterdam to
contemplate novel strategies for self-preservation, and it is within this context that Resilio emerges as a pivotal
4 / 39
player.
As per the assertions on their official website, Resilio is engaged in the construction of blue-green roofs
across the expanse of Amsterdam. In conjunction with the local governmental authorities, from the years 2018
through to 2022, they have installed specialized roofing systems in the neighborhoods of Amsterdam that are most
vulnerable to the ravages of flood damage.
These roofs are composed of a multitude of strata. Paramount among these layers is the water retention layer.
During episodes of copious rainfall, this layer serves to accumulate the rainwater that would otherwise inundate the
streets, and in times of drought, it channels its stored water to nourish the garden situated on the uppermost layer. It
is this particular layer that distinguishes the blue-green roofs from their conventional green counterparts. Research
indicates that blue-green roofs possess the capacity to capture as much as 97% of extreme rainfall, in stark contrast
to the mere 12% that regular green roofs can retain.
However, what truly sets Resilio roofs apart is their sophisticated systems. An array of blue-green roofs are
interconnected via a digital communication network, thereby enabling each roof to be manipulated independently,
responding to the volume of water amassed on that specific roof as the situation demands. Each roof is also
equipped with a valve that is linked to a computerized system known as the Decision Support System (DSS). The
DSS interfaces with local weather prognostications to determine whether the valve on a particular roof should be
opened, allowing water to be discharged in a controlled and gradual manner into the sewerage system, or whether it
should remain sealed to collect the impending rain.
These innovations are the hallmarks that render Resilio truly revolutionary. Blue-green roofs exemplify that
the remedies to the hazards posed by climate change necessitate a blend of creativity and a multifaceted approach,
operating on various levels to mitigate the adverse effects of our changing environment.
8．What may directly lead to the building of Resilio roofs in Amsterdam
A．The increasing disasters. B．The city’s financial suffering.
C．The ever-rising sea level. D．The city’s geographic advantage.
9．What do we know about the water retention layer of Resilio roofs
A．They are slow to drought. B．They are absolutely perfect.
C．They serve a double purpose. D．They can trap solar energy.
10．What is the main function of the DSS according to the text
A．To collect weather information. B．To control the use of the valve.
5 / 39
C．To help the sewer system work. D．To connect the digital network.
11．What might be the best title of this passage
A．Smart roof systems becoming a reality in Auckland
B．Resilio blue-green roof systems preventing disasters
C．The working principle of the blue-green roof systems
D．The differences between Resilio roofs and regular green roofs
【答案】8．A 9．C 10．B 11．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了荷兰阿姆斯特丹的 Resilio 公司如何通过建设蓝绿屋顶系统来应
对气候变化带来的洪水和干旱问题。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The advent of climate change has ushered in an era of more extreme
meteorological phenomena, including torrential downpours and periods of drought, compelling the city of
Amsterdam to contemplate novel strategies for self-preservation, and it is within this context that Resilio emerges
as a pivotal player.(气候变化的到来开启了一个更极端气象现象的时代，包括暴雨和干旱期，迫使阿姆斯特丹
市考虑新的自我保护策略，Resilio 在这一背景下成为关键角色)”可知，建造 Resilio 屋顶的直接原因是日益
增加的灾害。故选 A 项。
9．细节理解题。根据第四段中“During episodes of copious rainfall, this layer serves to accumulate the rainwater
that would otherwise inundate the streets, and in times of drought, it channels its stored water to nourish the garden
situated on the uppermost layer.(在大量降雨期间，这一层会积聚本会淹没街道的雨水，在干旱时期，它将储
存的水引导到最上层的花园中)”可知，蓄水层具有双重功能。故选 C 项。
10．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The DSS interfaces with local weather prognostications to determine whether the
valve on a particular roof should be opened, allowing water to be discharged in a controlled and gradual manner
into the sewerage system, or whether it should remain sealed to collect the impending rain.(DSS 与当地天气预测
接口，以确定特定屋顶上的阀门是否应该打开，允许水以受控和渐进的方式排放到下水道系统，或者是否
应该保持密封以收集即将到来的雨水)”可知，DSS 的主要功能是控制阀门的使用。故选 B 项。
11．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“Envision a futuristic rooftop garden so astute that it is capable of
discerning the optimal moments to hoard water in anticipation of arid conditions, and when to expel water to avert
inundation. Now, such intelligent roofs are transitioning from the realm of fantasy to reality in the Netherlands.( 设
想一个未来的屋顶花园，它是如此精明，能够辨别出在干旱条件下储存水的最佳时机，以及何时排水以避
免洪水泛滥。现在，在荷兰，这种智能屋顶正从幻想变为现实)”可知，整篇文章都在介绍 Resilio 的蓝绿屋
6 / 39
顶系统如何防止灾害。文章详细讨论了这些屋顶的结构、功能和创新之处。由此可知，B选项Resilio blue-green
roof systems preventing disasters(防止灾害的弹性蓝绿屋顶系统)适合作本文最佳标题。故选 B 项。
Passage（1）
【2025 届河南省郑州市中原区郑州中学高三上学期 12 月模拟预测】Sadfishing, which researchers
defined in the Journal of American College Health in 2021, refers to the trend of exaggerating personal struggles
online to generate sympathy. It could be in the form of a sad photo, an ominous quote, or a post with a foggy
meaning.
We all may be guilty of posting something weak and emotional on social media from time to time, which isn’
t a bad thing. But posting repeatedly could be a sign of a larger mental health issue in teens or a cry for help.
Journalist Rebecca Reid coined the term in 2019 after a questionable Instagram post by Kendall Jenner. In
the post, Jenner described a “painful struggle” with acne and received a large amount of sympathetic responses
from her followers. However, it was later revealed that her post was just a complicated marketing plot for her
skincare partnership with Proactiv, and Reid labeled her behavior as sadfishing.
Experts say sadfishing is likely due to the fact that a child or teen is struggling with something and wants to
let others know. In these cases, they often don’t feel they have a person they feel comfortable with to share their
struggles with so they turn to the social media world. A 2023 study found that teens who participated in sadfishing
exhibited signs of anxiety and depression, while low social support was a large contributing factor. Researchers
also found that boys reported “higher sadfishing tendencies” than girls at age 12, but the trend decreased as they got
older. For girls, the trend increased with age.
Researchers found that, in most cases, responses to sadfishing posts were positive and helpful. But in some
cases, there were negative responses which could lead to increased stress or anxiety. “When a social media post is
unsuccessful in seeking sympathetic responses, it can also cause the person posting it to be mocked,” Dr.
Nissim-Matheis warns. “Especially if the post is authentic.” And while any response is supportive for a child/ teen
who feels unseen and unheard, it may open them up to privacy violations and violent behavior.
7 / 39
28．What’s the intention of a social media user’s sadfishing
A．To share an opinion. B．To demonstrate online skills.
C．To make a complaint. D．To satisfy an emotional need.
29．What can we infer about Jenner’s Instagram followers
A．They had little knowledge of acne.
B．They had trust in Proactiv’s products.
C．They were probably misled by Jenner’s story.
D．They were encouraged by online information.
30．What do we know about teenagers’ sadfishing trends
A．They peak at age 12 for boys. B．They decline after age 12 for girls.
C．They generally decrease as one ages. D．They disappear before one’s adulthood.
31．What does the underlined word “mocked” in the last paragraph mean
A．Called on. B．Laughed at. C．Promoted. D．Supported.
【答案】28．D 29．C 30．A 31．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。针对青少年在社交平台上较为普遍的 sadfishing 这一现象进行了分析探讨。
28．细节理解题。 根据第一段“Sadfishing, which researchers defined in the Journal of American College Health
in 2021, refers to the trend of exaggerating personal struggles online to generate sympathy. It could be in the form
of a sad photo, an ominous quote, or a post with a foggy meaning.(研究人员在 2021 年的《美国大学健康杂志》
上定义了“Sadfishing”，指的是在网上夸大个人挣扎以获得同情的趋势。它可以是一张悲伤的照片，一句不
祥的名言，或者一篇意义模糊的帖子。)”可知，对于在社交平台上发布 sadfishing 帖子的人来说，他们的主
要目的就是激起其他网民对自己的同情，满足自己情绪上的需求。故选 D 项。
29．推理判断题。根据第三段“In the post, Jenner described a “painful struggle” with acne and received a large
amount of sympathetic responses from her followers. However, it was later revealed that her post was just a
complicated marketing plot for her skincare partnership with Proactiv, and Reid labeled her behavior as sadfishing.(
在帖子中，Jenner 描述了与痤疮的“痛苦斗争”，并得到了她的粉丝的大量同情回应。然而，后来被揭露，她
的帖子只是一个复杂的营销阴谋，是她与 Proactiv 的护肤合作，里德称她的行为是 sadfishing。)”可知，Jenner
发布的有关自己治疗痤疮的虚假内容收到了很多粉丝们的同情回复。由此可推断，她的这些粉丝们很可能
被 Jenner 的故事误导。故选 C 项。
30．细节理解题。根据第四段“Researchers also found that boys reported ‘higher sadfishing tendencies’ than girls
8 / 39
at age 12, but the trend decreased as they got older.(研究人员还发现，在 12 岁时，男孩比女孩有“更高的
sadfishing倾向”，但随着年龄的增长，这种趋势会减弱。)”可知，根据调查，男孩在12岁时具有最高的sadfishing
倾向，然后此倾向会随着年龄增长逐渐减少。故选 A 项。
31．词句猜测题。 根据最后一段“Researchers found that, in most cases, responses to sadfishing posts were
positive and helpful. But in some cases, there were negative responses which could lead to increased stress or
anxiety. “When a social media post is unsuccessful in seeking sympathetic responses, it can also cause the person
posting it to be mocked,” Dr. Nissim-Matheis warns.(研究人员发现，在大多数情况下，对 sadfishing 帖子的回
应是积极和有益的。但在某些情况下，负面反应可能会导致压力或焦虑增加。尼西姆-马蒂斯博士警告说：“当
一篇社交媒体帖子未能获得同情回应时，它也可能导致发帖者被 mocked。”)”可知，在大多数情况下，对
sadfishing 帖子的回应是积极和有益的，但当一个帖子在社交平台上不能带来同情的回复时，会引起消极的
反应，故推知，它的发布者可能会被嘲笑。由此可推断，画线词与 Laughed at 意思一致。故选 B 项。
Passage（2）
【2025 届黑龙江省“六校联盟”高三上学期联合适应性考试】Engineers at Princeton University have
measured the cooling benefits of a simple solution for beating urban heat: reflecting sunlight back from where it
came by equipping building walls and roadways in urban centers with retroreflective (反光的) materials.
“With climate change and the increasing frequency and persistence of extreme heat events, more people in
the U.S. die from extreme heat than from any other weather-related disaster-heat kills more than tornadoes,
tsunamis, and hurricanes combined,” said Elie Bou-Zeid, professor of civil and environmental engineering.
Several technologies have been raised to fight against the issue of urban overheating, including cool
pavements and roof coatings. However, when sunlight hits these cooling technologies, it can be kicked back in any
number of directions instead of in one focused direction, which means that highly reflective materials could have an
opposite result if applied because sunlight could be reflected onto the ground, walls,and even the passers-by.
“Actually, retroreflective materials are already used in transportation, where they are commonly found in
road signs and paint to improve nighttime visibility, but an important question is how efficient we can make them
and whether we can engineer them to have the performances we want,” said Jyotirmoy Mandal,assistant professor
of civil and environmental engineering.
Unlike common highly reflective materials, retroreflectors can reflect incoming sunlight with limited
scattering (散射). Consequently, most sunlight hitting a retroreflector on a building wall or city street would be
directed back in the same direction it came from-and out of the urban canyon. In this way, the retroreflectors can
9 / 39
release the sunlight that would otherwise be stuck in the urban canyon and exacerbate the urban overheating
problem.
Ultimately, they want to create a set of guidelines for policymakers, planners, and materials engineers. If you’
re an urban planner, for example, and you know the latitude of your city, the width-height ratio and the direction of
your streets, you can easily use their results to pick the suitable surfaces for applying these retroreflective materials
and estimate the cooling benefits you might receive in doing so.
8．What may Elie Bou-Zeid warn people of in paragraph 2
A．The frequency of natural disasters. B．Thie urgency of keeping people cool.
C．The unpredictability of climate change. D．The necessity of temperature monitoring.
9．What is the limitation of current cooling technologies
A．Influence upon the city’s appearance. B．Disturbance of the view of passes-by.
C．Production of something poisonous to humans.D．Inability to control the direction of reflected light.
10．What does the underlined word “exacerbate” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Relieve. B．Cause. C．Intensify. D．Address.
11．What is probably the final goal of the engineers
A．To increase urban green spaces. B．To personalize reflective materials.
C．To simplify existing building designs. D．To reduce costs of construction materials.
【答案】8．B 9．D 10．C 11．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了普林斯顿大学工程师测量用反光材料反射阳光以缓解城市热岛效
应的降温效果，分析了现有降温技术的局限，阐述了反光材料的优势及工程师的最终目标。
8．推理判断题。根据第二段中 Elie Bou-Zeid 的话“With climate change and the increasing frequency and
persistence of extreme heat events, more people in the U.S. die from extreme heat than from any other weather
related disaster heat kills more than tornadoes, tsunamis, and hurricanes combined (随着气候变化以及极端高温
事件发生频率和持续时间的增加，美国死于极端高温的人数比死于任何其他与天气相关灾害的人数都多
——高温造成的死亡人数比龙卷风、海啸和飓风加起来还多)”可知，极端高温造成了很多人死亡，情况十分
危急，由此可推断出，Elie Bou-Zeid 是在警告给人们降温的紧迫性。故选 B 项。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, when sunlight hits these cooling technologies, it can be kicked back in
any number of directions instead of in one focused direction, which means that highly reflective materials could
have an opposite result if applied because sunlight could be reflected onto the ground, walls, and even the passers
10 / 39
by.(然而，当阳光照射到这些降温技术时，它可以被反射到任意方向，而不是集中在一个方向上，这意味着
如果使用高反射材料，可能会产生相反的效果，因为阳光可能会被反射到地面、墙壁，甚至行人身上)”可知，
目前的降温技术不能控制反射光的方向。故选 D 项。
10．词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“In this way, the retroreflectors can release the sunlight that would otherwise
be stuck in the urban canyon...(通过这种方式，反向反射器可以释放原本困在城市峡谷中的阳光……)”可知，
阳光原本会被困在城市峡谷中，进而加剧城市过热问题，故划线词 exacerbate 的意思是“加剧”，与 intensify
同义。故选 C 项。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, they want to create a set of guidelines for policymakers, planners, and
materials engineers. If you’re an urban planner, for example, and you know the latitude of your city, the width
height ratio and the direction of your streets, you can easily use their results to pick the suitable surfaces for
applying these retroreflective materials and estimate the cooling benefits you might receive in doing so.(最终，他们
想为政策制定者、规划者和材料工程师制定一套指导方针。例如，如果你是一名城市规划师，并且你知道
你所在城市的纬度、街道的宽高比和方向，你可以很容易地利用他们的研究结果来选择适合应用这些反光
材料的表面，并估算这样做可能获得的降温效果)”可知，工程师们的最终目标是根据不同城市的具体情况，
为不同的表面选择合适的反光材料，也就是使反光材料个性化。故选 B 项。
Passage（3）
【2025 届山东省日照市高三下学期一模】Every time we make a new video or send an email, or post a
photo of our latest meal, it’s like turning on a small light bulb (灯泡) that’ ll never be turned off. This points to an
uncomfortable and extremely modern question: To help save the planet, should we be using less data Given how
much of modern life depends on digital data, the answer could be a key aspect to living nobly in the AI age.
Why do posts produce carbon at all When you send a post on Moments, it goes along a chain of
energy-burning electronics. Your Wi-Fi router sends the signal along wires to the local exchange — the box on the
street corner — and from there to a telecoms company, and from there to huge data centers operated by the tech
giants. Each of those runs on electricity, and it all adds up.
Today, about 400 million homes worldwide have at least one “smart” device— curtains, electric cookers,
refrigerators, and pads. By 2028, that figure is expected to nearly double. We are, in other words, being taken into a
world where it’s harder to do anything without turning on a digital light bulb. This puts eco-conscious consumers in
a bind. After all, who would like to be someone that can’t get their information properly because they’re too busy
keeping the carbon footprint of their searches down
11 / 39
In the absence of systemic change, worrying over our individual data-usage decisions is “like trying to hold
back a flood with a bucket and spade (铁铲).” Still, there’s something we can do. When we face a digital decision,
the less data-thirsty option will often be the smarter one. Blocking third-party tracking when we’ re on the web, for
example, not only reduces the power consumption of internet browsing; it’s also good for your privacy. More
fundamentally, maybe we don’t need to turn everything into data. If I put down my phone the next time I’m on a
train, it won’t save the planet. But I’ll be looking out the window with my own eyes, creating a memory that
releases no carbon at all.
8．What does the author imply about data usage
A．It is energy-consuming.
B．It is easy and convenient.
C．Its negative effects are ignored.
D．Its benefits are underestimated.
9．What is the function of paragraph 2
A．To entertain. B．To inform.
C．To persuade. D．To inspire.
10．What do the underlined words “in a bind” mean in paragraph 3
A．At risk. B．At a loss.
C．At ease. D．At a disadvantage.
11．What does the author emphasize concerning carbon reduction in the last paragraph
A．The removal of digital data.
B．The promotion of ecotourism.
C．The value of personal contribution.
D．The significance of systemic change.
【答案】8．A 9．B 10．B 11．C
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要探讨了数字数据使用对环境的影响，强调了在 AI 时代减少碳排放的必要
性。文章通过分析数据传输过程中的碳排放问题，指出随着智能设备的普及，数据使用对环境的影响日益
显著。尽管系统性变革是关键，但个人在数据使用上的选择也能对环保产生积极影响。
8．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Every time we make a new video or send an email, or post a photo of our latest
meal, it’s like turning on a small light bulb (灯泡) that’ll never be turned off. This points to an uncomfortable and
12 / 39
extremely modern question: To help save the planet, should we be using less data Given how much of modern life
depends on digital data, the answer could be a key aspect to living nobly in the AI age.(每次我们制作一个新视频、
发一封电子邮件、发布一张我们最近吃的饭的照片，就像打开了一个永远关不掉的小灯泡。这就引出了一
个让人不舒服但又非常现代的问题：为了拯救地球，我们应该减少数据的使用吗？考虑到现代生活在很大
程度上依赖于数字数据，这个问题的答案可能是在人工智能时代高尚生活的一个关键方面。)”和第二段的
“When you send a post on Moments, it goes along a chain of energy-burning electronics. Your Wi-Fi router sends
the signal along wires to the local exchange — the box on the street corner — and from there to a telecoms
company, and from there to huge data centers operated by the tech giants. Each of those runs on electricity, and it
all adds up.(当你在朋友圈发一条帖子时，它会通过一系列耗能的电子设备。你的 Wi-Fi 路由器通过电线将信
号发送到本地交换机——街角的盒子——然后从那里发送到电信公司，再从那里发送到由科技巨头运营的
大型数据中心。每一个都是用电运行的，这些都加起来了。)”可知，作者指出每一次发送信总、发布照片等
行为都会产生碳排放，因为这些行为都依赖于一系列耗电的电了设备。故选 A。
9．推理判断题。根据第二段内容“Why do posts produce carbon at all When you send a post on Moments, it goes
along a chain of energy-burning electronics. Your Wi-Fi router sends the signal along wires to the local exchange
— the box on the street corner — and from there to a telecoms company, and from there to huge data centers
operated by the tech giants. Each of those runs on electricity, and it all adds up.( 为什么帖子会产生碳呢？当你
在朋友圈发一条帖子时，它会通过一系列耗能的电子设备。你的 Wi-Fi 路由器通过电线将信号发送到本地交
换机——街角的盒子——然后从那里发送到电信公司，再从那里发送到由科技巨头运营的大型数据中心。
每一个都是用电运行的，这些都加起来了。)”详细解释了数据发布过程小能源消耗的具体环节，包括数据从
用户设备传输到数据中心的路径及共对电力的依赖。因此推断这一段的主要目的是向读者传递信息，解释
数据使用为何会产生碳排放。故选 B。
10．词义猎测题。根据下文“After all, who would like to be someone that can’t get their information properly
because they’re too busy keeping the carbon footprint of their searches down (毕竟，谁愿意成为一个因为忙于降
低搜索的碳足迹而无法正确获取信息的人呢？)”和作者提到“This puts eco-conscious consumers in a bind.（这
让有环保意识的消费者陷入了困境。)”环保意识的消费者会 in a bind 可推断，他们既希望减少碳足迹，又不
想错过获取信息的机会。因此，“in a bind”可以理解为“陷入困境”。故选 B。
11．推理判断题。最后一段“Still, there’s something we can do. When we face a digital decision, the less
data-thirsty option will often be the smarter one. Blocking third-party tracking when we’ re on the web, for example,
not only reduces the power consumption of internet browsing; it’s also good for your privacy. More fundamentally,
13 / 39
maybe we don’t need to turn everything into data. If I put down my phone the next time I’m on a train, it won’t
save the planet. But I’ll be looking out the window with my own eyes, creating a memory that releases no carbon at
all.(不过，我们还是有办法的。当我们面临数字化决策时，对数据需求较少的选择往往是更明智的选择。例
如，当我们上网时阻止第三方跟踪，不仅减少了互联网浏览的功耗；这对你的隐私也有好处。更根本的是，
也许我们不需要把所有东西都变成数据。如果我下次在火车上放下手机，那也不能拯救地球。但我会用自
己的眼睛看着窗外，创造一段完全不释放碳的记忆。)”提到，尽管个人行为对整体环境影响有限，们我们仍
可以在口常生活小做出更环保的选择，例如减少数据使用或关闭第一方追踪。因此推断作者强调即使个人
页献微小，也有价值。故选 C。
Passage（4）
【2025 届山东省日照市高三下学期一模】Every time we make a new video or send an email, or post a
photo of our latest meal, it’s like turning on a small light bulb (灯泡) that’ ll never be turned off. This points to an
uncomfortable and extremely modern question: To help save the planet, should we be using less data Given how
much of modern life depends on digital data, the answer could be a key aspect to living nobly in the AI age.
Why do posts produce carbon at all When you send a post on Moments, it goes along a chain of
energy-burning electronics. Your Wi-Fi router sends the signal along wires to the local exchange — the box on the
street corner — and from there to a telecoms company, and from there to huge data centers operated by the tech
giants. Each of those runs on electricity, and it all adds up.
Today, about 400 million homes worldwide have at least one “smart” device— curtains, electric cookers,
refrigerators, and pads. By 2028, that figure is expected to nearly double. We are, in other words, being taken into a
world where it’s harder to do anything without turning on a digital light bulb. This puts eco-conscious consumers in
a bind. After all, who would like to be someone that can’t get their information properly because they’re too busy
keeping the carbon footprint of their searches down
In the absence of systemic change, worrying over our individual data-usage decisions is “like trying to hold
back a flood with a bucket and spade (铁铲).” Still, there’s something we can do. When we face a digital decision,
the less data-thirsty option will often be the smarter one. Blocking third-party tracking when we’ re on the web, for
example, not only reduces the power consumption of internet browsing; it’s also good for your privacy. More
fundamentally, maybe we don’t need to turn everything into data. If I put down my phone the next time I’m on a
train, it won’t save the planet. But I’ll be looking out the window with my own eyes, creating a memory that
releases no carbon at all.
14 / 39
8．What does the author imply about data usage
A．It is energy-consuming.
B．It is easy and convenient.
C．Its negative effects are ignored.
D．Its benefits are underestimated.
9．What is the function of paragraph 2
A．To entertain. B．To inform.
C．To persuade. D．To inspire.
10．What do the underlined words “in a bind” mean in paragraph 3
A．At risk. B．At a loss.
C．At ease. D．At a disadvantage.
11．What does the author emphasize concerning carbon reduction in the last paragraph
A．The removal of digital data.
B．The promotion of ecotourism.
C．The value of personal contribution.
D．The significance of systemic change.
【答案】8．A 9．B 10．B 11．C
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要探讨了数字数据使用对环境的影响，强调了在 AI 时代减少碳排放的必要
性。文章通过分析数据传输过程中的碳排放问题，指出随着智能设备的普及，数据使用对环境的影响日益
显著。尽管系统性变革是关键，但个人在数据使用上的选择也能对环保产生积极影响。
8．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Every time we make a new video or send an email, or post a photo of our latest
meal, it’s like turning on a small light bulb (灯泡) that’ll never be turned off. This points to an uncomfortable and
extremely modern question: To help save the planet, should we be using less data Given how much of modern life
depends on digital data, the answer could be a key aspect to living nobly in the AI age.(每次我们制作一个新视频、
发一封电子邮件、发布一张我们最近吃的饭的照片，就像打开了一个永远关不掉的小灯泡。这就引出了一
个让人不舒服但又非常现代的问题：为了拯救地球，我们应该减少数据的使用吗？考虑到现代生活在很大
程度上依赖于数字数据，这个问题的答案可能是在人工智能时代高尚生活的一个关键方面。)”和第二段的
“When you send a post on Moments, it goes along a chain of energy-burning electronics. Your Wi-Fi router sends
the signal along wires to the local exchange — the box on the street corner — and from there to a telecoms
15 / 39
company, and from there to huge data centers operated by the tech giants. Each of those runs on electricity, and it
all adds up.(当你在朋友圈发一条帖子时，它会通过一系列耗能的电子设备。你的 Wi-Fi 路由器通过电线将信
号发送到本地交换机——街角的盒子——然后从那里发送到电信公司，再从那里发送到由科技巨头运营的
大型数据中心。每一个都是用电运行的，这些都加起来了。)”可知，作者指出每一次发送信总、发布照片等
行为都会产生碳排放，因为这些行为都依赖于一系列耗电的电了设备。故选 A。
9．推理判断题。根据第二段内容“Why do posts produce carbon at all When you send a post on Moments, it goes
along a chain of energy-burning electronics. Your Wi-Fi router sends the signal along wires to the local exchange
— the box on the street corner — and from there to a telecoms company, and from there to huge data centers
operated by the tech giants. Each of those runs on electricity, and it all adds up.( 为什么帖子会产生碳呢？当你
在朋友圈发一条帖子时，它会通过一系列耗能的电子设备。你的 Wi-Fi 路由器通过电线将信号发送到本地交
换机——街角的盒子——然后从那里发送到电信公司，再从那里发送到由科技巨头运营的大型数据中心。
每一个都是用电运行的，这些都加起来了。)”详细解释了数据发布过程小能源消耗的具体环节，包括数据从
用户设备传输到数据中心的路径及共对电力的依赖。因此推断这一段的主要目的是向读者传递信息，解释
数据使用为何会产生碳排放。故选 B。
10．词义猎测题。根据下文“After all, who would like to be someone that can’t get their information properly
because they’re too busy keeping the carbon footprint of their searches down (毕竟，谁愿意成为一个因为忙于降
低搜索的碳足迹而无法正确获取信息的人呢？)”和作者提到“This puts eco-conscious consumers in a bind.（这
让有环保意识的消费者陷入了困境。)”环保意识的消费者会 in a bind 可推断，他们既希望减少碳足迹，又不
想错过获取信息的机会。因此，“in a bind”可以理解为“陷入困境”。故选 B。
11．推理判断题。最后一段“Still, there’s something we can do. When we face a digital decision, the less
data-thirsty option will often be the smarter one. Blocking third-party tracking when we’ re on the web, for example,
not only reduces the power consumption of internet browsing; it’s also good for your privacy. More fundamentally,
maybe we don’t need to turn everything into data. If I put down my phone the next time I’m on a train, it won’t
save the planet. But I’ll be looking out the window with my own eyes, creating a memory that releases no carbon at
all.(不过，我们还是有办法的。当我们面临数字化决策时，对数据需求较少的选择往往是更明智的选择。例
如，当我们上网时阻止第三方跟踪，不仅减少了互联网浏览的功耗；这对你的隐私也有好处。更根本的是，
也许我们不需要把所有东西都变成数据。如果我下次在火车上放下手机，那也不能拯救地球。但我会用自
己的眼睛看着窗外，创造一段完全不释放碳的记忆。)”提到，尽管个人行为对整体环境影响有限，们我们仍
可以在口常生活小做出更环保的选择，例如减少数据使用或关闭第一方追踪。因此推断作者强调即使个人
16 / 39
页献微小，也有价值。故选 C。
Passage（5）
【湖北省武汉市第一中学 2024-2025 学年高三上学期 12 月联考】When science fiction and the science
of time meet, they invite us into a deep exploration of the nature of time. Despite its presence everywhere in daily
life, time remains a mystery, with no definitive definition. Our concept of time may be a mental shortcut, a tool for
our limited brains to comprehend change.
The English language frequently employs the noun“time,” yet we lack a satisfactory explanation for it.
Concerning time, quantum (量子) mechanics and daily experiences often contradict each other, suggesting time’s
complexity and ambiguous nature. Our mental conception of time may never correspond with its reality in the
universe, but this shouldn’t stop us from exploring it.
Many science fiction quotes touch on time. Ray Cummings’ 1919 novel, The Girl in the Golden Atom, offers
a memorable quote: “Time is what keeps everything from happening at once,” implying time’s structural role in the
universe. Blake Crouch’s Recursion presents a contrasting view: “Time is a false image, a concept made out of
human memory.”
Robert Charles Wilson’s Spin explores various forms of time, from personal measurement to cosmic scales,
emphasizing our challenging relationship with it. S. D．Unwin’s One Second Per Second suggests time as chaos
within a cosmic plan, with people and civilizations as its playthings. Robert V. S. Redick’s Vanishing Point
describes time as a trick due to our comprehension of time’s flow.
Captain Jean-Luc Picard from Star Trek says, “Time is a companion who reminds us to cherish every
moment,” emphasizing its value. David Brin’s Brightness Reef describes time as a cruel judge, punishing even the
successful and brilliant. Stephen Baxter’s The Time Ships catches time’s frightening nature, darkening human
achievements in the vastness of time.
Time travel, a major topic of science fiction, is often discussed. H. G. Wells’ 1895 novel The Time Machine
poses the enduring question of whether moving backward and forward in time is possible. These quotes from
science fiction highlight our troubled relationship with time and encourage us to think more deeply about its reality.
8．What is the overall tone of the text
A．Inquiring. B．Pessimistic. C．Persuasive. D．Definitive.
9．What can be learned about time from paragraph 2
A．Time is easy to understand but has a complex nature in science.
17 / 39
B．Time is a common concept in daily life well corresponding with scientific reality.
C．Daily experiences often go against scientific understandings of time.
D．Quantum physics has no impact on our understanding of time.
10．What does Stephen Baxter’s The Time Ships emphasize
A．Time as a companion who reminds us to cherish every moment.
B．The insignificance of human successes in the long history of time.
C．The possibility to move backward and forward in time at will.
D．A false belief due to our comprehension of time’s flow.
11．What does the text mainly talk about
A．The history of time and famous quotes in science fiction.
B．The definition of time in scientific terms and time travel.
C．The relationship between time and daily life.
D．The science of time and its exploration in science fiction.
【答案】8．A 9．C 10．B 11．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要列举了一些科幻小说中对于时间的探究和作者对时间的看法。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“When science fiction and the science of time meet, they invite us into a deep
exploration of the nature of time.(当科幻小说和时间科学相遇时，它们邀请我们深入探索时间的本质)” 暗示了
文章是在进行一种探索或询问。接着，文章通过引用多个科幻作品中的观点，展示了人们对时间的不同理
解和看法，进一步体现了这种探究的语气。可知，文章的整体语调是探究式的。故选 A。
9．推理判断题。根据第二段“The English language frequently employs the noun “time,” yet we lack a satisfactory
explanation for it. Concerning time, quantum (量子) mechanics and daily experiences often contradict each other,
suggesting time’s complexity and ambiguous nature. Our mental conception of time may never correspond with its
reality in the universe, but this shouldn’t stop us from exploring it.(英语中经常使用名词“时间”，但我们缺乏一个
令人满意的解释。关于时间，量子力学和日常经验常常相互矛盾，表明时间的复杂性和模糊性。我们对时
间的心理概念可能永远不会与宇宙中的现实相符，但这不应该阻止我们探索它)”可知，日常经验常常与科学
对时间的理解相违背。故选 C。
10．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Stephen Baxter’s The Time Ships catches time’s frightening nature, darkening
human achievements in the vastness of time.(史蒂芬·巴克斯特的《时间之船》抓住了时间令人恐惧的本质，在
时间的浩瀚中遮蔽了人类的成就)”可知，史蒂芬·巴克斯特的《时间之船》强调在漫长的历史长河中，人类
18 / 39
成功的微不足道。故选 B。
11．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When science fiction and the science of time meet, they invite us into a deep
exploration of the nature of time. Despite its presence everywhere in daily life, time remains a mystery, with no
definitive definition. Our concept of time may be a mental shortcut, a tool for our limited brains to comprehend
change.(当科幻小说和时间科学相遇时，它们邀请我们深入探索时间的本质。尽管时间在日常生活中无处不
在，但它仍然是一个谜，没有明确的定义。我们的时间概念可能是一种思维捷径，是我们有限的大脑理解
变化的工具)”以及文章主要列举了一些科幻小说中对于时间的探究和作者对时间的看法。可知，这篇文章主
要讲了科幻小说中的时间科学及其探索。故选 D。
Passage（6）
【华中师范大学第一附属中学 2024-2025 学年高三下学期开学】A wave of startups say seaweed is a
solution to climate change - able to absorb atmospheric carbon, provide raw materials for biofuels, and feed the
world - no fertilizers (化肥), fresh water, or even land required. Running Tide, a Maine-based company, is working
on a system that will eventually sink the buoys (浮标), attached with long locks of seaweed, to the deep ocean floor,
where the carbon they contain will remain stored for 800 years or more.
Running Tide was founded by Marty Odlin, an engineer and fourth-generation commercial fisherman. The
Gulf of Maine is warming faster than nearly every other oceanic region, and Odlin has seen the changes firsthand.
About 15 years ago, Odlin heard a talk from Klaus Lackner - the physicist who popularised the idea of removing
carbon from the atmosphere. It clicked. “It was like, oh, this is right because there’s no way we ’ re going to get
off fossil (化石的) fuels in the next 50 years, ” he recalls thinking. “We’ re going to have to pull it down.”
Using seaweed to draw down carbon would be an elegant solution - if it works. Seaweed forests collectively
cover an estimated two million square kilometers and absorb as much carbon as the Amazon rainforest. But much
of that storage is short-lived. When the seaweed is harvested, eaten by animals, or washes ashore, its stored carbon
is released back into the atmosphere. Running Tide’s model, in theory at least, would take that stored carbon and
sink it to the ocean floor where it would remain for centuries, breaking down slowly.
Some scientists are careful about rushing ahead before fundamental scientific, environmental, and regulatory
questions are answered. “Climate change is intensifying, and people are panicking, ”says Kristen Davis, a professor
of University of California Irvine, “but the science is not there yet to actually confirm that it’s a good idea. ”
8．What can we learn about Running Tide's system
A．It removes carbon from seaweed.
19 / 39
B．It turns seaweed into fertilizers.
C．It sinks seaweed into the ocean floor.
D．It stores seaweed as food sources.
9．What did Lackner's speech lead Odlin to do
A．Monitor changes in oceanic regions. B．Reduce commercial fishing industry.
C．Set restrictions on the use of fossil fuels. D．Remove carbon from the atmosphere.
10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Steps of a carbon replacement method. B．The underlying logic of sinking seaweeds.
C．Examples of massive seaweed forests. D．The carbon absorbing ability of seaweeds.
11．Why does the author quote Kristen Davis
A．To prove Odlin's opinion. B．To emphasise the climate crisis.
C．To advocate scientists' cooperation. D．To present the issue objectively.
【答案】8．C 9．D 10．B 11．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了利用海藻对抗气候变化的新兴创业项目和其背后的科学原理、挑
战及专家观点。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Running Tide, a Maine-based company, is working on a system that will eventually
sink the buoys (浮标), attached with long locks of seaweed, to the deep ocean floor (总部位于缅因州的奔潮公司
正在研究一种系统，该系统最终将这些附着着长串海藻的浮标沉入海底)”可知，该系统会将海草沉入海底。
故选 C。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段的“About 15 years ago, Odlin heard a talk from Klaus Lackner - the physicist who
popularized the idea of removing carbon from the atmosphere. It clicked. ‘It was like, oh, this is right because there’
s no way we’re going to get off fossil fuels in the next 50 years,’ he recalls thinking. ‘We’re going to have to pull it
down.’ (大约 15 年前，Odlin 听了物理学家 Klaus Lackner 的演讲，Lackner 普及了从大气中去除碳的想法。
Odlin 听后觉得很有道理，认为在接下来的 50 年里，我们无法摆脱化石燃料，因此我们必须从大气中去除
碳。)”可知，Lackner 的演讲促使 Odlin 想要从大气中去除碳。故选 D。
10．主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Using seaweed to draw down carbon would be an elegant solution - if it works.
Seaweed forests collectively cover an estimated two million square kilometers and absorb as much carbon as the
Amazon rainforest. But much of that storage is short-lived. When the seaweed is harvested, eaten by animals, or
washes ashore, its stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Running Tide’s model, in theory at least,
20 / 39
would take that stored carbon and sink it to the ocean floor where it would remain for centuries, breaking down
slowly. (使用海藻来减少碳排放将是一个优雅的解决方案——如果它有效的话。海藻林总共覆盖了大约 200
万平方公里，吸收的碳与亚马逊雨林一样多。但是大部分的储存都是短暂的。当海藻被收割、被动物吃掉
或被冲上岸时，其储存的碳被释放回大气中。至少在理论上，奔流大潮的模型会把储存的碳带到海底，在
那里它们可以保存数百年，慢慢分解。)”可知，这段主要讲述了下沉海藻的基本逻辑，B 选项“海藻下沉的
潜在逻辑”可以概括本段的主要内容。故选 B。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Some scientists are careful about rushing ahead before fundamental scientific,
environmental, and regulatory questions are answered. ‘Climate change is intensifying, and people are panicking,’
says Kristen Davis, a professor of University of California Irvine, ‘but the science is not there yet to actually
confirm that it’s a good idea.’ (一些科学家对在基本的科学、环境和监管问题得到解答之前仓促行动持谨慎态
度。加州大学欧文分校教授克里斯汀 戴维斯说，气候变化正在加剧，人们感到恐慌，但科学还没有真正证
实这是个好想法。)”可知，克里斯汀 戴维斯指出一些基础科学、环境和监管问题未解决前就匆忙推进利用
海草解决气候变化问题并不明智，因为科学依据还不足，所以作者引用她的话是为了从另一个角度客观地
呈现这一问题，避免只强调利用海草解决问题的积极面。故选 D。
Passage（7）
【江苏省苏州中学、海门中学、姜堰中学、淮阴中学等四校 2024-2025 学年高三下学期 2 月联考】Two
paralyzed patients have been able to walk short distances and even climb stairs after being implanted with
electrodes (电 极 ) in their brains. In a world first, surgeons used a technique called deep brain stimulation to
“re-awaken” inactive nerve fibers in the spinal cord and re-establish control of the leg muscles.
The breakthrough came after neuroscientists at the Swiss Federal Technology Institute in Lausanne (EPFL)
used AI to map all the neurons in the brain involved in helping rats and mice walk. To their surprise, a region called
the lateral hypothalamus — known to be involved in arousal and motivation — was found to have a role in
walking. It was so unexpected that the finding was initially questioned by other scientists who peer reviewed the
paper for the journal Nature Medicine.
After successful tests in rats and mice, the Swiss team then implanted electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus
of the human patients. The technique is carried out while patients are wide awake. Only then can surgeons be sure
they have reached the right area in the brain, with the right strength of stimulation.
Professor Jocelyne Bloch, who carried out the operations at Lausanne University Hospital, said: “Once the
electrode was in place and we performed the stimulation, the first patient immediately said, ‘I feel my legs’. When
21 / 39
we increased the stimulation she said, ‘I feel the urge to walk!’”
Scientists believe the lateral hypothalamus sends signals down nerve fibres that remain undamaged after the
spinal injury, which helps engage the remaining nerve connections and improve neurological recovery.”
The two patients did not make a complete recovery from their injury, and were only able to walk slowly over
short distances with a stick or “walker”. But the Lausanne tea m has already shown it is possible to restore
movement by using implants in the spinal cord. They hope that stimulating both the spine and the brain in future
will enhance recovery and help patients walk further and faster.
8．What procedure allowed the patients to regain some mobility
A．Deep brain stimulation. B．Spinal cord recovery.
C．Leg muscles improvement. D．Artificial intelligence mapping.
9．What was the first reaction of other scientists to the discovery
A．Excitement. B．Skepticism. C．Acceptance. D．Indifference.
10．Why is the technique performed while the patient is awake
A．To minimize suigical risks.
B．To speed up the implantation process.
C．To confirm the correct spot and stimulation level.
D．To ensure the patient experiences minimal discomfort.
11．What is the best title of the passage
A．Artificial limbs are used for recovery
B．Brain part has new roles in movement
C．Regaining the ability to walk requires hi-tech
D．Paralyzed patients walk with brain electrodes
【答案】8．A 9．B 10．C 11．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家利用深部脑刺激技术，在瘫痪患者大脑中植入电极，“唤醒”
脊髓中不活跃神经纤维，使其恢复一定行动能力，还提及了相关研究过程。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Two paralyzed patients have been able to walk short distances and even climb stairs
after being implanted with electrodes (电极) in their brains. In a world first, surgeons used a technique called deep
brain stimulation to ‘re-awaken’ inactive nerve fibers in the spinal cord and re establish control of the leg muscles.(
两名瘫痪患者在大脑中植入电极后，能够短距离行走，甚至爬楼梯。外科医生首次使用一种名为深部脑刺
22 / 39
激的技术，“唤醒”脊髓中不活跃的神经纤维，并重新控制腿部肌肉)”可知，是深部脑刺激技术让患者恢复了
一些行动能力。故选 A 项。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It was so unexpected that the finding was initially questioned by other scientists
who peer reviewed the paper for the journal Nature Medicine.(这一发现如此出人意料，以至于最初为《自然医
学》杂志审阅该论文的其他科学家对这一发现提出了质疑) ”可知，其他科学家对这一发现的第一反应是怀
疑。故选 B 项。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The technique is carried out while patients are wide awake. Only then can
surgeons be sure they have reached the right area in the brain, with the right strength of stimulation.(这项技术是在
患者完全清醒的状态下进行的。只有这样，外科医生才能确定他们已经到达了大脑中的正确区域，并给予
了正确强度的刺激) ”可知，在患者清醒时进行该技术是为了确认正确的位置和刺激水平。故选 C 项。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“Two paralyzed patients have been able to walk short distances and even
climb stairs after being implanted with electrodes (电极) in their brains.(两名瘫痪患者在大脑中植入电极后，能
够短距离行走，甚至爬楼梯) ”可知，本文主要介绍了通过在瘫痪患者大脑中植入电极实现短距离行走的研
究。故 D 项“Paralyzed patients walk with brain electrodes(瘫痪患者借助大脑电极行走) ”能概括文章内容，最
适合做文章标题。故选 D 项。
Passage（8）
【广东省红岭中学 2024-2025 学年高三下学期第五次统一考试】Fancy letting a machine mediate (调解)
your argument It could be the latest application for AI as researchers reveal its mysterious recipe for finding
common ground in culture war conflicts.
Scientists at Google’s DeepMind project designed what they call the Habermas Machine, a large language
AI inspired by German philosopher Jürgen Habermas’ theory of communicative action — the idea that common
understanding fosters cooperation. It works by taking differing written views on a contentious (争议的) topic and
coming up with a set of statements designed to keep everyone happy.
Researchers found that the machine’s musings (想 法 ) were preferred 56% of the time compared to
statements produced by human mediators. Participants also found the AI response to be more logical and
informative. Study co-author Prof Chris Summerfield, from the University of Oxford, said: “Helping people find
agreement is a new frontier for AI. In the event, we found that it was not only as good as but better than humans
trying to do the same job.”
Summerfield believes the process of interacting through the AI model helps overcome the drawbacks of
23 / 39
traditional debating chambers such as public meetings and social media. “People can venture these private beliefs,”
he explained. “They’re not put in the position where they have to try and look clever or feel like they have to win
an argument irrespective of what they really think. “We were amazed at how articulate people were. They were
sensible and moderate. I bet that what happens on Twitter/X, for example, is that the process lends itself to digital
preening (得意).”
Part of the model’s success, he says, lies in its determination to give special weight to disagreeing opinion.
Rather than siding with the majority, it allowed minority voices to feel heard. “A lot of policymaking is about
finding good compromises, right ” he says. “And you can only fit so many people around the table. If you want a
very inclusive process, then you need lots of people to participate. I would love to see this tool used to give us all a
better opinion of what people think about everything, which I think would probably — on balance — be a good
thing.”
12．What is theoretical basis for the Habermas Machine
A．Mutual trust originates from cooperation.
B．Finding common ground is equal to settling conflicts.
C．Resolving disagreements helps win argument.
D．Shared agreement promotes cooperation.
13．Which might be the disadvantage of traditional mediation
A．Failing to show cleverness.
B．Strong desire to win regardless of true thoughts.
C．Being too casual to share secret thoughts.
D．Making people extreme and unreasonable.
14．Which of the following helps the success of the Habermas Machine
A．Supporting the beliefs of the majority.
B．Logical response with useful information.
C．Allowing the majority voices to be heard.
D．Completely ignoring disagreeing ideas.
15．What does Summerfield suggest about the Habermas Machine
A．Applying it to more situations.
B．Involving more people in the research.
24 / 39
C．Finding good compromises for it.
D．Offering a better opinion of its process.
【答案】12．D 13．B 14．B 15．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了由 Google 的 DeepMind 项目研究人员设计的 Habermas Machine
——以 AI 为基础的调解科技，能够更好地帮助人类解决现实的纷争。文章阐述了它的原理、实验结果和潜
能应用。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Scientists at Google’s Deep Mind project designed what they call the Habermas
Machine, a large language AI inspired by German philosopher Jürgen Habermas’ theory of communicative action
— the idea that common understanding fosters cooperation. (谷歌‘深度思维’项目的科学家们设计了他们所谓
的 Habermas Machine，这是一种大型语言人工智能，灵感来自德国哲学家 Jürgen Habermas 的交流行为理论
——即共同理解促进合作。)”可知，Habermas Machine 的理论基础是达成共识有利于促进合作。故选 D 项。
13．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Summerfield believes the process of interacting through the AI model helps
overcome the drawbacks of traditional debating chambers such as public meetings and social media. “People can
venture these private beliefs,” he explained. “They’re not put in the position where they have to try and look clever
or feel like they have to win an argument irrespective of what they really think. (萨莫菲尔德认为，通过人工智能
模型进行互动的过程有助于克服公开会议和社交媒体等传统辩论室的缺点。‘人们可以大胆尝试这些私人信
仰。’他解释说：‘他们没有被置于必须努力看起来聪明的位置，或者觉得他们必须赢得一场争论，而不管他
们真正的想法是什么。’)”可知，相比于传统的在房间辩论或者在社媒上辩论，通过人工智能模型进行互动
人们更愿意大胆说出私人想法，他们不会处于那种想让自己看起来聪明一点，或者为了赢得辩论不计自己
真实想法的境地；由此可推知，传统调解的缺点是无论真实想法如何，都强烈渴望获胜，人们为了赢，会
不在乎真实想法。故选 B 项。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Participants also found the AI response to be more logical and informative. (参
与者认为 AI 的回应非常有逻辑也有很多有用信息)”和第五段中的“Part of the model’s success, he says, lies in
its determination to give special weight to disagreeing opinion. Rather than siding with the majority, it allowed
minority voices to feel heard. (它的成功在于这个机器坚决考虑到了异议，不是一味迎合大多数人，也让小众
群体的声音被听到)”以及结合四个选项的表述可知，B 项“逻辑响应，并具有有用的信息。”是帮助 Habermas
Machine 成功的原因之一。故选 B 项。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““A lot of policymaking is about finding good compromises, right ” he says.
“And you can only fit so many people around the table. If you want a very inclusive process, then you need lots of
25 / 39
people to participate. I would love to see this tool used to give us all a better opinion of what people think about
everything, which I think would probably — on balance — be a good thing.”(‘很多政策制定都是为了找到好
的妥协，对吧？’他说。‘你只能让这么多人坐在桌子旁。如果你想要一个非常包容的过程，那么你需要很多
人参与。我很乐意看到这个工具能让我们更好地了解人们对所有事情的看法，我认为总的来说，这可能是
一件好事。’)”可推知， Summerfield 建议将 Habermas Machine 这个 AI 工具用于更多的场合，给参与人提供
更好的建议，从而达成共识，解决纷争。故选 A 项。
Passage（1）
【2024 新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and
citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of
photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of
species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a
mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the
Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes
from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species
are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested
how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like
the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.
Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the
people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their
encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or
eye-catching features.
26 / 39
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled
areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，
建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
【32 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other
digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现
在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选 B。
【33 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical
specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding
to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且
由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗 )”和第四段““We
27 / 39
were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater
likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
(Daru 说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物
的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru 的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察
数据。故选 C。
【34 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias
(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the
grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru 说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民
科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people
who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters
with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科
学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选 C。
【35 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and
lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational
data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded
image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不
足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多大题 03 阅读理解说明文
历年考情
说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的 CD 篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。说
明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征
和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，
图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。
阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的
意义和特征等。
命题规律
说明文所选材料题材丰富多样，涉及社会、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生态、安全等方面。在
高考英语阅读理解中，说明文所占比重尤为突出。它既要求考生能熟练运用词汇和语法知识、理解文章语句、
把握语篇整体结构，还要求学生有大量的阅读积淀和知识储备，熟悉不同的话题和不同的题目考查方式。
即便是细节理解题，大多数情况下考生也无法从文章中直接找到与选项表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在
理解文章细节信息后作出归纳和判断。通常一套卷中主旨大意、词义猜测、写作意图/观点态度类高难度试
题的考查数量为 2 道左右，说明文考查此类题目的频率较高，且命题点呈多样化。
考向预测
预测 2025 年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主要考查题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判
断题为主，主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。
1 / 22
【2024 全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have
distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for
shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire
conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing
to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and
soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be
fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess
their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place
to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.
Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future.
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't
usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find
random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of
predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just
doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age.
5. How does a pet cat assess different situations
A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats.
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
2 / 22
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
7. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，这就需要考生有方法有技巧地去阅读。一般我们采用
的方法有三个：细读、略读和跳读。
（1）细读重点。重点，就原文而言，就是文章的基本结构、内容和态度；就答题而言，就
是问题所对应的题源句。以这个标准来衡量，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多。
宏观方面：文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。
微观方面：有转折处；重要标点；句子主干。
（2）有选择地略读或跳读。在快速浏览了题干，初步把握了文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆进行略读
或跳读，这样不但可以加快阅读速度，还更容易总体把握全文。在阅读中可略读或跳读的内容包括：
① 繁琐的例证。为了说明问题，作者可能会借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，虽能说明问题，但需
要读者花很多时间去阅读。如果例子所说明的问题不明了，可通过略读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较
明了，则例子部分可一带而过。
② 并 列 多 项 列 举 。 有 时 许 多 功 能 相 同 的 项 目 并 列 列 举 ， 那 么 只 读 其 中 一 两 项 即 可 ， 无 需
全读。
③ 无关大局的生僻词汇。阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就
可略过。
④ 较长的人名、地名。有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字
母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。
在略读过程中，要特别注意对解题有重要意义的词、句、段等，并将其储存在大脑里，以免回头再查
看费时费力。
【2025 届河北省石家庄市第一中学高三下学期一模】Envision a futuristic rooftop garden so astute that it
is capable of discerning the optimal moments to hoard water in anticipation of arid conditions, and when to expel
water to avert inundation. Now, such intelligent roofs are transitioning from the realm of fantasy to reality in the
Netherlands.
With a substantial portion of the nation situated below sea level, the Netherlands has long been acquainted
with the perils of flooding. The advent of climate change has ushered in an era of more extreme meteorological
3 / 22
phenomena, including torrential downpours and periods of drought, compelling the city of Amsterdam to
contemplate novel strategies for self-preservation, and it is within this context that Resilio emerges as a pivotal
player.
As per the assertions on their official website, Resilio is engaged in the construction of blue-green roofs
across the expanse of Amsterdam. In conjunction with the local governmental authorities, from the years 2018
through to 2022, they have installed specialized roofing systems in the neighborhoods of Amsterdam that are most
vulnerable to the ravages of flood damage.
These roofs are composed of a multitude of strata. Paramount among these layers is the water retention layer.
During episodes of copious rainfall, this layer serves to accumulate the rainwater that would otherwise inundate the
streets, and in times of drought, it channels its stored water to nourish the garden situated on the uppermost layer. It
is this particular layer that distinguishes the blue-green roofs from their conventional green counterparts. Research
indicates that blue-green roofs possess the capacity to capture as much as 97% of extreme rainfall, in stark contrast
to the mere 12% that regular green roofs can retain.
However, what truly sets Resilio roofs apart is their sophisticated systems. An array of blue-green roofs are
interconnected via a digital communication network, thereby enabling each roof to be manipulated independently,
responding to the volume of water amassed on that specific roof as the situation demands. Each roof is also
equipped with a valve that is linked to a computerized system known as the Decision Support System (DSS). The
DSS interfaces with local weather prognostications to determine whether the valve on a particular roof should be
opened, allowing water to be discharged in a controlled and gradual manner into the sewerage system, or whether it
should remain sealed to collect the impending rain.
These innovations are the hallmarks that render Resilio truly revolutionary. Blue-green roofs exemplify that
the remedies to the hazards posed by climate change necessitate a blend of creativity and a multifaceted approach,
operating on various levels to mitigate the adverse effects of our changing environment.
8．What may directly lead to the building of Resilio roofs in Amsterdam
A．The increasing disasters. B．The city’s financial suffering.
C．The ever-rising sea level. D．The city’s geographic advantage.
9．What do we know about the water retention layer of Resilio roofs
A．They are slow to drought. B．They are absolutely perfect.
C．They serve a double purpose. D．They can trap solar energy.
4 / 22
10．What is the main function of the DSS according to the text
A．To collect weather information. B．To control the use of the valve.
C．To help the sewer system work. D．To connect the digital network.
11．What might be the best title of this passage
A．Smart roof systems becoming a reality in Auckland
B．Resilio blue-green roof systems preventing disasters
C．The working principle of the blue-green roof systems
D．The differences between Resilio roofs and regular green roofs
Passage（1）
【2025 届河南省郑州市中原区郑州中学高三上学期 12 月模拟预测】Sadfishing, which researchers
defined in the Journal of American College Health in 2021, refers to the trend of exaggerating personal struggles
online to generate sympathy. It could be in the form of a sad photo, an ominous quote, or a post with a foggy
meaning.
We all may be guilty of posting something weak and emotional on social media from time to time, which isn’
t a bad thing. But posting repeatedly could be a sign of a larger mental health issue in teens or a cry for help.
Journalist Rebecca Reid coined the term in 2019 after a questionable Instagram post by Kendall Jenner. In
the post, Jenner described a “painful struggle” with acne and received a large amount of sympathetic responses
from her followers. However, it was later revealed that her post was just a complicated marketing plot for her
skincare partnership with Proactiv, and Reid labeled her behavior as sadfishing.
Experts say sadfishing is likely due to the fact that a child or teen is struggling with something and wants to
let others know. In these cases, they often don’t feel they have a person they feel comfortable with to share their
struggles with so they turn to the social media world. A 2023 study found that teens who participated in sadfishing
exhibited signs of anxiety and depression, while low social support was a large contributing factor. Researchers
also found that boys reported “higher sadfishing tendencies” than girls at age 12, but the trend decreased as they got
older. For girls, the trend increased with age.
5 / 22
Researchers found that, in most cases, responses to sadfishing posts were positive and helpful. But in some
cases, there were negative responses which could lead to increased stress or anxiety. “When a social media post is
unsuccessful in seeking sympathetic responses, it can also cause the person posting it to be mocked,” Dr.
Nissim-Matheis warns. “Especially if the post is authentic.” And while any response is supportive for a child/ teen
who feels unseen and unheard, it may open them up to privacy violations and violent behavior.
28．What’s the intention of a social media user’s sadfishing
A．To share an opinion. B．To demonstrate online skills.
C．To make a complaint. D．To satisfy an emotional need.
29．What can we infer about Jenner’s Instagram followers
A．They had little knowledge of acne.
B．They had trust in Proactiv’s products.
C．They were probably misled by Jenner’s story.
D．They were encouraged by online information.
30．What do we know about teenagers’ sadfishing trends
A．They peak at age 12 for boys. B．They decline after age 12 for girls.
C．They generally decrease as one ages. D．They disappear before one’s adulthood.
31．What does the underlined word “mocked” in the last paragraph mean
A．Called on. B．Laughed at. C．Promoted. D．Supported.
Passage（2）
【2025 届黑龙江省“六校联盟”高三上学期联合适应性考试】Engineers at Princeton University have
measured the cooling benefits of a simple solution for beating urban heat: reflecting sunlight back from where it
came by equipping building walls and roadways in urban centers with retroreflective (反光的) materials.
“With climate change and the increasing frequency and persistence of extreme heat events, more people in
the U.S. die from extreme heat than from any other weather-related disaster-heat kills more than tornadoes,
tsunamis, and hurricanes combined,” said Elie Bou-Zeid, professor of civil and environmental engineering.
Several technologies have been raised to fight against the issue of urban overheating, including cool
pavements and roof coatings. However, when sunlight hits these cooling technologies, it can be kicked back in any
number of directions instead of in one focused direction, which means that highly reflective materials could have an
opposite result if applied because sunlight could be reflected onto the ground, walls,and even the passers-by.
6 / 22
“Actually, retroreflective materials are already used in transportation, where they are commonly found in
road signs and paint to improve nighttime visibility, but an important question is how efficient we can make them
and whether we can engineer them to have the performances we want,” said Jyotirmoy Mandal,assistant professor
of civil and environmental engineering.
Unlike common highly reflective materials, retroreflectors can reflect incoming sunlight with limited
scattering (散射). Consequently, most sunlight hitting a retroreflector on a building wall or city street would be
directed back in the same direction it came from-and out of the urban canyon. In this way, the retroreflectors can
release the sunlight that would otherwise be stuck in the urban canyon and exacerbate the urban overheating
problem.
Ultimately, they want to create a set of guidelines for policymakers, planners, and materials engineers. If you’
re an urban planner, for example, and you know the latitude of your city, the width-height ratio and the direction of
your streets, you can easily use their results to pick the suitable surfaces for applying these retroreflective materials
and estimate the cooling benefits you might receive in doing so.
8．What may Elie Bou-Zeid warn people of in paragraph 2
A．The frequency of natural disasters. B．Thie urgency of keeping people cool.
C．The unpredictability of climate change. D．The necessity of temperature monitoring.
9．What is the limitation of current cooling technologies
A．Influence upon the city’s appearance. B．Disturbance of the view of passes-by.
C．Production of something poisonous to humans.D．Inability to control the direction of reflected light.
10．What does the underlined word “exacerbate” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Relieve. B．Cause. C．Intensify. D．Address.
11．What is probably the final goal of the engineers
A．To increase urban green spaces. B．To personalize reflective materials.
C．To simplify existing building designs. D．To reduce costs of construction materials.
Passage（3）
【2025 届山东省日照市高三下学期一模】Every time we make a new video or send an email, or post a
photo of our latest meal, it’s like turning on a small light bulb (灯泡) that’ ll never be turned off. This points to an
uncomfortable and extremely modern question: To help save the planet, should we be using less data Given how
much of modern life depends on digital data, the answer could be a key aspect to living nobly in the AI age.
7 / 22
Why do posts produce carbon at all When you send a post on Moments, it goes along a chain of
energy-burning electronics. Your Wi-Fi router sends the signal along wires to the local exchange — the box on the
street corner — and from there to a telecoms company, and from there to huge data centers operated by the tech
giants. Each of those runs on electricity, and it all adds up.
Today, about 400 million homes worldwide have at least one “smart” device— curtains, electric cookers,
refrigerators, and pads. By 2028, that figure is expected to nearly double. We are, in other words, being taken into a
world where it’s harder to do anything without turning on a digital light bulb. This puts eco-conscious consumers in
a bind. After all, who would like to be someone that can’t get their information properly because they’re too busy
keeping the carbon footprint of their searches down
In the absence of systemic change, worrying over our individual data-usage decisions is “like trying to hold
back a flood with a bucket and spade (铁铲).” Still, there’s something we can do. When we face a digital decision,
the less data-thirsty option will often be the smarter one. Blocking third-party tracking when we’ re on the web, for
example, not only reduces the power consumption of internet browsing; it’s also good for your privacy. More
fundamentally, maybe we don’t need to turn everything into data. If I put down my phone the next time I’m on a
train, it won’t save the planet. But I’ll be looking out the window with my own eyes, creating a memory that
releases no carbon at all.
8．What does the author imply about data usage
A．It is energy-consuming.
B．It is easy and convenient.
C．Its negative effects are ignored.
D．Its benefits are underestimated.
9．What is the function of paragraph 2
A．To entertain. B．To inform.
C．To persuade. D．To inspire.
10．What do the underlined words “in a bind” mean in paragraph 3
A．At risk. B．At a loss.
C．At ease. D．At a disadvantage.
11．What does the author emphasize concerning carbon reduction in the last paragraph
A．The removal of digital data.
8 / 22
B．The promotion of ecotourism.
C．The value of personal contribution.
D．The significance of systemic change.
Passage（4）
【2025 届山东省日照市高三下学期一模】Every time we make a new video or send an email, or post a
photo of our latest meal, it’s like turning on a small light bulb (灯泡) that’ ll never be turned off. This points to an
uncomfortable and extremely modern question: To help save the planet, should we be using less data Given how
much of modern life depends on digital data, the answer could be a key aspect to living nobly in the AI age.
Why do posts produce carbon at all When you send a post on Moments, it goes along a chain of
energy-burning electronics. Your Wi-Fi router sends the signal along wires to the local exchange — the box on the
street corner — and from there to a telecoms company, and from there to huge data centers operated by the tech
giants. Each of those runs on electricity, and it all adds up.
Today, about 400 million homes worldwide have at least one “smart” device— curtains, electric cookers,
refrigerators, and pads. By 2028, that figure is expected to nearly double. We are, in other words, being taken into a
world where it’s harder to do anything without turning on a digital light bulb. This puts eco-conscious consumers in
a bind. After all, who would like to be someone that can’t get their information properly because they’re too busy
keeping the carbon footprint of their searches down
In the absence of systemic change, worrying over our individual data-usage decisions is “like trying to hold
back a flood with a bucket and spade (铁铲).” Still, there’s something we can do. When we face a digital decision,
the less data-thirsty option will often be the smarter one. Blocking third-party tracking when we’ re on the web, for
example, not only reduces the power consumption of internet browsing; it’s also good for your privacy. More
fundamentally, maybe we don’t need to turn everything into data. If I put down my phone the next time I’m on a
train, it won’t save the planet. But I’ll be looking out the window with my own eyes, creating a memory that
releases no carbon at all.
8．What does the author imply about data usage
A．It is energy-consuming.
B．It is easy and convenient.
C．Its negative effects are ignored.
D．Its benefits are underestimated.
9 / 22
9．What is the function of paragraph 2
A．To entertain. B．To inform.
C．To persuade. D．To inspire.
10．What do the underlined words “in a bind” mean in paragraph 3
A．At risk. B．At a loss.
C．At ease. D．At a disadvantage.
11．What does the author emphasize concerning carbon reduction in the last paragraph
A．The removal of digital data.
B．The promotion of ecotourism.
C．The value of personal contribution.
D．The significance of systemic change.
Passage（5）
【湖北省武汉市第一中学 2024-2025 学年高三上学期 12 月联考】When science fiction and the science
of time meet, they invite us into a deep exploration of the nature of time. Despite its presence everywhere in daily
life, time remains a mystery, with no definitive definition. Our concept of time may be a mental shortcut, a tool for
our limited brains to comprehend change.
The English language frequently employs the noun“time,” yet we lack a satisfactory explanation for it.
Concerning time, quantum (量子) mechanics and daily experiences often contradict each other, suggesting time’s
complexity and ambiguous nature. Our mental conception of time may never correspond with its reality in the
universe, but this shouldn’t stop us from exploring it.
Many science fiction quotes touch on time. Ray Cummings’ 1919 novel, The Girl in the Golden Atom, offers
a memorable quote: “Time is what keeps everything from happening at once,” implying time’s structural role in the
universe. Blake Crouch’s Recursion presents a contrasting view: “Time is a false image, a concept made out of
human memory.”
Robert Charles Wilson’s Spin explores various forms of time, from personal measurement to cosmic scales,
emphasizing our challenging relationship with it. S. D．Unwin’s One Second Per Second suggests time as chaos
within a cosmic plan, with people and civilizations as its playthings. Robert V. S. Redick’s Vanishing Point
describes time as a trick due to our comprehension of time’s flow.
Captain Jean-Luc Picard from Star Trek says, “Time is a companion who reminds us to cherish every
10 / 22
moment,” emphasizing its value. David Brin’s Brightness Reef describes time as a cruel judge, punishing even the
successful and brilliant. Stephen Baxter’s The Time Ships catches time’s frightening nature, darkening human
achievements in the vastness of time.
Time travel, a major topic of science fiction, is often discussed. H. G. Wells’ 1895 novel The Time Machine
poses the enduring question of whether moving backward and forward in time is possible. These quotes from
science fiction highlight our troubled relationship with time and encourage us to think more deeply about its reality.
8．What is the overall tone of the text
A．Inquiring. B．Pessimistic. C．Persuasive. D．Definitive.
9．What can be learned about time from paragraph 2
A．Time is easy to understand but has a complex nature in science.
B．Time is a common concept in daily life well corresponding with scientific reality.
C．Daily experiences often go against scientific understandings of time.
D．Quantum physics has no impact on our understanding of time.
10．What does Stephen Baxter’s The Time Ships emphasize
A．Time as a companion who reminds us to cherish every moment.
B．The insignificance of human successes in the long history of time.
C．The possibility to move backward and forward in time at will.
D．A false belief due to our comprehension of time’s flow.
11．What does the text mainly talk about
A．The history of time and famous quotes in science fiction.
B．The definition of time in scientific terms and time travel.
C．The relationship between time and daily life.
D．The science of time and its exploration in science fiction.
Passage（6）
【华中师范大学第一附属中学 2024-2025 学年高三下学期开学】A wave of startups say seaweed is a
solution to climate change - able to absorb atmospheric carbon, provide raw materials for biofuels, and feed the
world - no fertilizers (化肥), fresh water, or even land required. Running Tide, a Maine-based company, is working
on a system that will eventually sink the buoys (浮标), attached with long locks of seaweed, to the deep ocean floor,
where the carbon they contain will remain stored for 800 years or more.
11 / 22
Running Tide was founded by Marty Odlin, an engineer and fourth-generation commercial fisherman. The
Gulf of Maine is warming faster than nearly every other oceanic region, and Odlin has seen the changes firsthand.
About 15 years ago, Odlin heard a talk from Klaus Lackner - the physicist who popularised the idea of removing
carbon from the atmosphere. It clicked. “It was like, oh, this is right because there’s no way we ’ re going to get
off fossil (化石的) fuels in the next 50 years, ” he recalls thinking. “We’ re going to have to pull it down.”
Using seaweed to draw down carbon would be an elegant solution - if it works. Seaweed forests collectively
cover an estimated two million square kilometers and absorb as much carbon as the Amazon rainforest. But much
of that storage is short-lived. When the seaweed is harvested, eaten by animals, or washes ashore, its stored carbon
is released back into the atmosphere. Running Tide’s model, in theory at least, would take that stored carbon and
sink it to the ocean floor where it would remain for centuries, breaking down slowly.
Some scientists are careful about rushing ahead before fundamental scientific, environmental, and regulatory
questions are answered. “Climate change is intensifying, and people are panicking, ”says Kristen Davis, a professor
of University of California Irvine, “but the science is not there yet to actually confirm that it’s a good idea. ”
8．What can we learn about Running Tide's system
A．It removes carbon from seaweed.
B．It turns seaweed into fertilizers.
C．It sinks seaweed into the ocean floor.
D．It stores seaweed as food sources.
9．What did Lackner's speech lead Odlin to do
A．Monitor changes in oceanic regions. B．Reduce commercial fishing industry.
C．Set restrictions on the use of fossil fuels. D．Remove carbon from the atmosphere.
10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Steps of a carbon replacement method. B．The underlying logic of sinking seaweeds.
C．Examples of massive seaweed forests. D．The carbon absorbing ability of seaweeds.
11．Why does the author quote Kristen Davis
A．To prove Odlin's opinion. B．To emphasise the climate crisis.
C．To advocate scientists' cooperation. D．To present the issue objectively.
Passage（7）
【江苏省苏州中学、海门中学、姜堰中学、淮阴中学等四校 2024-2025 学年高三下学期 2 月联考】Two
12 / 22
paralyzed patients have been able to walk short distances and even climb stairs after being implanted with
electrodes (电 极 ) in their brains. In a world first, surgeons used a technique called deep brain stimulation to
“re-awaken” inactive nerve fibers in the spinal cord and re-establish control of the leg muscles.
The breakthrough came after neuroscientists at the Swiss Federal Technology Institute in Lausanne (EPFL)
used AI to map all the neurons in the brain involved in helping rats and mice walk. To their surprise, a region called
the lateral hypothalamus — known to be involved in arousal and motivation — was found to have a role in
walking. It was so unexpected that the finding was initially questioned by other scientists who peer reviewed the
paper for the journal Nature Medicine.
After successful tests in rats and mice, the Swiss team then implanted electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus
of the human patients. The technique is carried out while patients are wide awake. Only then can surgeons be sure
they have reached the right area in the brain, with the right strength of stimulation.
Professor Jocelyne Bloch, who carried out the operations at Lausanne University Hospital, said: “Once the
electrode was in place and we performed the stimulation, the first patient immediately said, ‘I feel my legs’. When
we increased the stimulation she said, ‘I feel the urge to walk!’”
Scientists believe the lateral hypothalamus sends signals down nerve fibres that remain undamaged after the
spinal injury, which helps engage the remaining nerve connections and improve neurological recovery.”
The two patients did not make a complete recovery from their injury, and were only able to walk slowly over
short distances with a stick or “walker”. But the Lausanne tea m has already shown it is possible to restore
movement by using implants in the spinal cord. They hope that stimulating both the spine and the brain in future
will enhance recovery and help patients walk further and faster.
8．What procedure allowed the patients to regain some mobility
A．Deep brain stimulation. B．Spinal cord recovery.
C．Leg muscles improvement. D．Artificial intelligence mapping.
9．What was the first reaction of other scientists to the discovery
A．Excitement. B．Skepticism. C．Acceptance. D．Indifference.
10．Why is the technique performed while the patient is awake
A．To minimize suigical risks.
B．To speed up the implantation process.
C．To confirm the correct spot and stimulation level.
13 / 22
D．To ensure the patient experiences minimal discomfort.
11．What is the best title of the passage
A．Artificial limbs are used for recovery
B．Brain part has new roles in movement
C．Regaining the ability to walk requires hi-tech
D．Paralyzed patients walk with brain electrodes
Passage（8）
【广东省红岭中学 2024-2025 学年高三下学期第五次统一考试】Fancy letting a machine mediate (调解)
your argument It could be the latest application for AI as researchers reveal its mysterious recipe for finding
common ground in culture war conflicts.
Scientists at Google’s DeepMind project designed what they call the Habermas Machine, a large language
AI inspired by German philosopher Jürgen Habermas’ theory of communicative action — the idea that common
understanding fosters cooperation. It works by taking differing written views on a contentious (争议的) topic and
coming up with a set of statements designed to keep everyone happy.
Researchers found that the machine’s musings (想 法 ) were preferred 56% of the time compared to
statements produced by human mediators. Participants also found the AI response to be more logical and
informative. Study co-author Prof Chris Summerfield, from the University of Oxford, said: “Helping people find
agreement is a new frontier for AI. In the event, we found that it was not only as good as but better than humans
trying to do the same job.”
Summerfield believes the process of interacting through the AI model helps overcome the drawbacks of
traditional debating chambers such as public meetings and social media. “People can venture these private beliefs,”
he explained. “They’re not put in the position where they have to try and look clever or feel like they have to win
an argument irrespective of what they really think. “We were amazed at how articulate people were. They were
sensible and moderate. I bet that what happens on Twitter/X, for example, is that the process lends itself to digital
preening (得意).”
Part of the model’s success, he says, lies in its determination to give special weight to disagreeing opinion.
Rather than siding with the majority, it allowed minority voices to feel heard. “A lot of policymaking is about
finding good compromises, right ” he says. “And you can only fit so many people around the table. If you want a
very inclusive process, then you need lots of people to participate. I would love to see this tool used to give us all a
14 / 22
better opinion of what people think about everything, which I think would probably — on balance — be a good
thing.”
12．What is theoretical basis for the Habermas Machine
A．Mutual trust originates from cooperation.
B．Finding common ground is equal to settling conflicts.
C．Resolving disagreements helps win argument.
D．Shared agreement promotes cooperation.
13．Which might be the disadvantage of traditional mediation
A．Failing to show cleverness.
B．Strong desire to win regardless of true thoughts.
C．Being too casual to share secret thoughts.
D．Making people extreme and unreasonable.
14．Which of the following helps the success of the Habermas Machine
A．Supporting the beliefs of the majority.
B．Logical response with useful information.
C．Allowing the majority voices to be heard.
D．Completely ignoring disagreeing ideas.
15．What does Summerfield suggest about the Habermas Machine
A．Applying it to more situations.
B．Involving more people in the research.
C．Finding good compromises for it.
D．Offering a better opinion of its process.
Passage（1）
【2024 新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and
citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of
photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of
species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
15 / 22
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a
mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the
Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes
from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species
are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested
how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like
the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.
Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the
people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their
encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or
eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled
areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
16 / 22
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
Passage（2）
【2024 全国甲卷】The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas
is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each
stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡 村 )
populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German
photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast
regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled
to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River,
including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year,
the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(
补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
8. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains
A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river.
9. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.
10. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply
A. About a year. B. About ten months.
17 / 22
C. About two months. D. About two weeks.
11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
Passage（3）
【2024 新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store
went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are
a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience
such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly
supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely
monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated,
it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system
provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded
pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from
transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute
traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside
the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
9. What information does the convenient app offer
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
10. What can be concluded about BMF employees
A. They have a great passion for sports.
18 / 22
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strong environmental awareness.
11. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
Passage（4）
【2024 浙江 1 月卷】On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s
southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on
the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice
crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta —
downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land
by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years
“Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area
from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification
Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot
be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating
wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the
University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell
in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one
really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice,
doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has
succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed
in relative legal safety.
8. What does the project aim to do
19 / 22
A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
9. Who are opposed to the project
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
10. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
11. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
Passage（5）
【2024 北京卷】Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral
code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood
and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions
with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because
arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so
demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.
The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may
vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while
cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising
religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms
for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of
others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape
our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts
20 / 22
motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.
The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care.
Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and
dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar
in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is
inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.
Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence
self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts
problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity
for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.
32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code
A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key.
33. What can we learn from this passage
A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues.
34. Which would be the best title for this passage
A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality
Passage 6
【2024 浙江 1 月卷】The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist
Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single
sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before
eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with
the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and
various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats,
but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for
various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
21 / 22
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed
a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve
reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have
the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to
resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was
information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has
greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more
thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to
manage our time most effectively.
12. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
13. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
14. What does the author suggest readers do
A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment.
15. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
22 / 22