牛津英语译林版初中英语语法专项训练(疑问词+不定式)
一、结构构成
“疑问词+不定式” 结构由疑问代词(what, which, who, whom, whose)或疑问副词(where, when, how)与动词不定式(to do)组合而成。例如:what to do(做什么),这一结构中 what 作为疑问代词,to do 是动词不定式;how to go(怎么去),how 为疑问副词,to go 为不定式;where to stay(待在哪里),where 是疑问副词,to stay 是不定式。
在英语中,“why + 不定式” 结构相对少见。
二、用法讲解
(一)作主语
例句:
How to solve the problem is very important.(如何解决这个问题非常重要。)此句中,“How to solve the problem” 这个整体充当句子的主语,表明解决问题的方式是重要的这一情况。谓语动词 “is” 用单数形式,因为整个 “疑问词+不定式” 结构被视作一个整体概念。
What to wear for the party makes her worried.(参加派对穿什么让她很发愁。)在这个句子里,“What to wear for the party” 作主语,体现了关于派对着装的选择让她产生发愁情绪,同样谓语动词 “makes” 用单数。
讲解:当“疑问词+不定式” 作主语时,它代表一个特定的行为、选择或方式等,是一个整体概念,所以谓语动词遵循单数形式的规则。例如在 “How to plant a tree is not difficult.(如何种树并不难。)” 中,“How to plant a tree” 作为一个整体动作概念,谓语用 “is”。
(二)作宾语
及物动词的宾语
常见接“疑问词+不定式” 作宾语的动词有:know(知道),tell(告诉),ask(询问),decide(决定),show(展示),teach(教),learn(学习),forget(忘记),remember(记得)等。
例句:
I don't know how to use this machine.(我不知道如何使用这台机器。)这里 “how to use this machine” 作 “know” 的宾语,说明不知道的具体内容是操作机器的方式。
She asked me where to buy a good dictionary.(她问我在哪里可以买到一本好字典。)“where to buy a good dictionary” 是 “asked” 的宾语,体现了她询问的关于买字典地点的信息。
He decided which book to read first.(他决定先读哪本书。)“which book to read first” 作 “decided” 的宾语,明确了他决定的具体内容是阅读书籍的选择。
介词的宾语
例句:
We are thinking about what to do next.(我们正在考虑下一步做什么。)“what to do next” 作介词 “about” 的宾语,表明思考的对象是接下来的行动。
He gave me some advice on how to improve my English.(他就如何提高我的英语给了我一些建议。)“how to improve my English” 作介词 “on” 的宾语,说明建议的内容围绕提高英语的方法。
She is worried about when to meet her friend.(她担心什么时候去见她的朋友。)“when to meet her friend” 作 “about” 的宾语,体现了她担心的时间相关的事情。
(三)作宾语补足语
例句:
The teacher taught us how to read the new words.(老师教我们如何读新单词。)“how to read the new words” 对宾语 “us” 进行补充说明,让句子意思更完整,即老师教给我们读新单词的方法。
Can you show me where to put these books (你能告诉我把这些书放在哪里吗?)“where to put these books” 补充说明宾语 “me”,告知 “我” 放置书的地点相关信息。
The coach told the players when to start the training.(教练告诉运动员们什么时候开始训练。)“when to start the training” 补充说明宾语 “the players”,明确运动员们开始训练的时间。
讲解:在这类句子中,“疑问词+不定式” 的作用是对宾语进行详细的补充描述,使句子所表达的动作、行为等更加清晰完整。它进一步解释了宾语所涉及的具体内容,比如教的方法、放置的地点、开始的时间等。
(四)作表语
例句:
The problem is how to get enough money.(问题是如何弄到足够的钱。)“how to get enough money” 在系动词 “is” 后作表语,解释了主语 “the problem” 的具体内容,即问题的关键在于获取足够资金的方式。
My question is when to start our journey.(我的问题是什么时候开始我们的旅程。)“when to start our journey” 作为表语,说明了主语 “My question” 的核心,即关于旅程开始时间的疑问。
Her dream is what to become in the future.(她的梦想是未来成为什么样的人。)“what to become in the future” 作表语,阐述了主语 “Her dream” 的具体指向,即未来职业或身份的梦想。
讲解:当“疑问词+不定式” 作表语时,它紧跟在系动词之后,对主语进行解释说明,将主语所代表的概念、问题、梦想等具体化,使读者或听者更清楚主语的内涵。
三、注意事项
动词不定式的形式:“疑问词+不定式” 结构中的动词不定式要用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:I have a lot of homework to do.(这里虽然作业是被做,但用主动形式 to do)同样,在 “疑问词+不定式” 中也是如此,如:I don't know which book to choose.(不说 which book to be chosen)这是因为在这种结构中,虽然逻辑上存在被动关系,但英语习惯用主动形式表达。又如:The question is what to discuss at the meeting.(问题是在会议上讨论什么,这里讨论的内容是被讨论,但用主动形式 to discuss)。
疑问词的选择:该结构中的疑问词要根据句子的逻辑和语义来选择。比如,表示方式用 how,如 “How to make a cake is easy to learn.(如何做蛋糕很容易学。)”;地点用 where,“I don't know where to park my car.(我不知道把车停在哪里。)”;时间用 when,“She forgot when to attend the class.(她忘记了什么时候去上课。)”;表示选择用 which,“He can't decide which shirt to buy.(他不能决定买哪件衬衫。)”;表示对象用 who/whom,“Do you know who to ask for help (你知道向谁求助吗?)”;表示所属关系用 whose,“I am not sure whose book to borrow.(我不确定借谁的书。)” 。
四、练习
(一)单项选择
1. —Could you tell me ______
—By searching the Internet.
A. how you got the information
B. why you got the information
C. how did you get the information
D. why did you get the information
2. The light in the room wasn't ______ for me to read.
A. enough bright
B. brightly enough
C. enough brightly
D. bright enough
3. I don't know ______ with this problem. It's too hard.
A. which to do
B. when to do
C. what to do
D. how to do
4. The teacher asked us ______ football on the street.
A. don't play
B. not play
C. not to play
D. to not play
5. —Could you please tell me ______
—Sure. There's a flower store on the second floor.
A. what time the store is closed
B. which is the way to the airport
C. where I can buy some roses
D. how I can get to the post office
6. She is thinking about ______ to visit her grandparents.
A. how
B. what
C. which
D. who
7. I forget ______ the computer. Can you teach me
A. how to turn on
B. how turn on
C. to how turn on
D. how turning on
8. The manager decided ______ the new project.
A. when start
B. when to start
C. to when start
D. start when
9. Do you know ______ to get to the nearest hospital
A. who
B. where
C. how
D. which
10. He showed me ______ to use the new software.
A. what
B. how
C. which
D. when
(二)用所给词的适当形式填空
1. I don't know how ______ (make) a model plane.
2. The question is when ______ (start) our work.
3. He showed me where ______ (find) the book.
4. Do you know what ______ (do) next
5. We must decide which one ______ (choose).
6. She learned ______ (ride) a bike by herself.
7. I can't remember ______ (when, meet) them at the station.
8. They are discussing ______ (how, solve) the environmental problem.
9. The teacher taught us ______ (write) a good composition.
10. He forgot ______ (where, put) his keys.
(三)改写句子
1. I don't know how I can get to the zoo.(改为同义句)
I don't know ______ ______ ______ to the zoo.
2. She didn't know where she should go.(改为同义句)
She didn't know ______ ______ ______.
3. The teacher taught us how we could use the computer.(改为同义句)
The teacher taught us ______ ______ ______ the computer.
4. He doesn't know when he will leave for Beijing.(改为同义句)
He doesn't know ______ ______ ______ for Beijing.
5. I am not sure which book I should buy.(改为同义句)
I am not sure ______ ______ ______ buy.
(四)翻译句子
1. 如何提高英语成绩是很多学生关心的问题。
2. 他告诉我在哪里可以找到那家餐厅。
3. 老师教我们如何写一篇好的作文。
4. 我不知道该选择哪条路。
5. 问题是如何筹集足够的资金。
参考答案
(一)单项选择
1.A 解析:根据答语 “By searching the Internet.” 可知问的是方式,用 how 引导宾语从句,且宾语从句要用陈述句语序,所以选 A。
2.D 解析:enough 修饰形容词或副词时要后置,was 是系动词,后接形容词作表语,所以选 D。
3.C 解析:do with 表示 “处理”,与 what 连用,how 要与 deal with 连用,这里是说不知道如何处理这个问题,所以选 C。
4.C 解析:ask sb. not to do sth. 表示 “要求某人不要做某事”,所以选 C。
5.C 解析:根据答语 “There's a flower store on the second floor.” 可知问的是在哪里可以买花,所以选 C。
6.A 解析:句意为 “她在考虑如何去看望她的祖父母”,表示方式用 how,所以选 A。
7.A 解析:“how to do sth.” 表示 “如何做某事”,是固定结构,所以选 A。
8.B 解析:“decide when to do sth.” 表示 “决定什么时候做某事”,所以选 B。
9.C 解析:句意为 “你知道如何到达最近的医院吗”,表示方式用 how,所以选 C。
10.B 解析:句意为 “他向我展示如何使用新软件”,表示方式用 how,所以选 B。
(二)用所给词的适当形式填空
1.to make
2.to start
3.to find
4.to do
5.to choose
6.to ride
7.when to meet
8.how to solve
9.to write
10.where to put
(三)改写句子
1.how to get
2.where to go
3.how to use
4.when to leave
5.which book to
(四)翻译句子
1.How to improve English grades is a problem that many students care about.
2.He told me where I could find that restaurant.
3.The teacher taught us how to write a good composition.
4.I don't know which way to choose.
5.The problem is how to raise enough money