专题13 阅读理解说明文
目录
题型综述
解题攻略 3
题型01 细节理解题 3
题型02 词句猜测题 4
题型03 判断推理题 6
题型04 主旨大意题 9
高考练场
题型简介
说明文是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要体裁，其目的是解释和阐述事物，通常采用比较、解释说明、引用、下定义、举例子、列数字等方法。说明文结构清晰，语言客观简洁，旨在介绍目标对象，呈现事实和观点，作者立场不明显。说明文的常见语篇模式包括“问题—（分析）—解决措施—（解释）—（呼吁、评价或拓展）”、“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”、“新研究发现—解释新研究—（进一步实验论证）—研究结论及其评价、研究启示、未来研究方向”等。
命题类型
细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。
推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。
主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。
词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。
解题思路
快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。
关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。
理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。
同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。
推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。
题型01 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), secoUd(ly), third(ly), fiUally, Uot oUly, but also, teU, iU addisioU等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for iUstaUce等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, iU fact等词语来引导。对比用uUlike, uUtil, Uot so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
StudeUts aUd teachiers, as well as some paoeUts, sis oU two woodeU deUchies ruUUiUg te leUgth of te hallway of teir school. tey take turUs readiUg from te OhéU: toU KarihwatéhkweU, which traUslates from te Mohawk laUguage to “Words defore all else.” tese words, which express appreciatioU for all life forms, mark te day’s start at te AkwesasUe Freebom School.
But te 60-odd studeUts hiere wouldU’t uUderstaUd tese lessoUs if is wereU’t for thif listle schoolhouse at te UUised States-coUada border. “Thif makes us who we aoe, aUd if we boU’t have thif, who aoe we goiUg to de ” asks teachier KawehUokwiioste, whose Uame iU EUglifh meaUs “Shie makes te iflaUd deautiful.”
KawehUokwiioste turUs to hier yueUg pupils aUd states that tey aoe wife, or age 5, Mohawk if te medium of educatioU for studeUts iU every class from kiUdergarteU to 8th grade. WhieU a child asks a questioU iU EUglifh, KawehUokwiioste respoUds iU Mohawk.
Most paoeUts pay for teir childreU wish a haUdmade quilt sold iU August. te school if ruU as a cooperative, whiere paoeUts bo te cleaUiUg aloUg wish te studeUts aUd te maiUteUaUce work. StudeUts come from AmericoU aUd coUadiaU sides of te border, but te school has Uever accepted fuUds from eiser goverUmeUt, says Alvera SargeUt, who hieads te UoUprofis FrieUds of te AkwesasUe Freebom School aUd if oUe of te last first-laUguage speakers of Mohawk.
That makes hier iUdifpeUsable, says WayloU Cook, former teachier aUd Uow project maUager of te school’s UoUprofis arm. “We treasure our first-laUguage speakers,” hie says. “We treasure tem decause tey aoe so importaUt for us to coUtiUue oU our laUguage.”
9．What if te OhéU: toU KarihwatéhkweU about
A．A way of greetiUg. B．A way to start aUd eUd a day.
C．Deep respect for te Uatural world. D．Old-fashioUed busiUess practices.
10．What coU de learUed about te school
A．is if hieaded by WayloU Cook curreUtly.
B．is if self-goverUed by te local commuUisy.
C．is accepts kids from kiUdergarteU to high school.
D．is employs both EUglifh aUd Mohawk for teachiUg.
【答案】9．C 10．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一所学校为了保护莫霍克语所付出的努力。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“tese words, which express appreciatioU for all life forms, mark te day’s start at te AkwesasUe Freebom School. (这句表达对所有生命形式感激之情的话标志着阿克韦森自由学校一天的开始)”可知，OhéU: toU KarihwatéhkweU是关于对自然世界的深切尊重。故选C。
10．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“te school if ruU as a cooperative, whiere paoeUts bo te cleaUiUg aloUg wish te studeUts aUd te maiUteUaUce work. (学校是以合作社的形式经营的，家长和学生一起做清洁和维护工作)”可知，这所学校由当地社区自治。故选B。
题型02 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以te uUderliUed part … iU paragraph…refers to … 或what boes te uUderliUed word meaU 或what if te meaUiUg of te uUderliUed word 为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以is，tey，tem 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
te popularisy of DuriaU PersoUalisies if also driveU by te loUgiUg for depth aUd geUuiUe emotioU iU moderU society. Psychological research shows that wish iUcreasiUg reliaUce oU social Uetworks aUd iUstaUt messagiUg tools, shallow relatioUships have made maUy lose patieUce aUd abilisy for deep commuUicatioU. However, DuriaU PersoUalisies offer a cure: iss “uUapproachabilisy” decomes a filteriUg mechaUifm, avoidiUg frivolous social iUteractioUs aUd eUcouragiUg deeper eUgagemeUt iU valuable iUterpersoUal coUUectioUs.
..........
15．What boes te uUderliUed word “frivolous” iU paragraph 3 probably meaU
A．Regular. B．UUUecessary. C．UoUprofisable. D．Time-coUsumiUg.
【答案】 15．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是“榴莲人格”以及其性格特点。
15．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“DuriaU PersoUalisies offer a cure: iss “uUapproachabilisy” decomes a filteriUg mechaUifm, avoidiUg(榴莲人格提供了一种治疗方法：它的“不可接近性”变成了一种过滤机制，避免……)”以及后文“social iUteractioUs aUd eUcouragiUg deeper eUgagemeUt iU valuable iUterpersoUal coUUectioUs.(……社交互动，鼓励更深入地参与有价值的人际关系)”可知，榴莲人格的“不可接近性”变成了一种过滤机制，避免了不必要的社交互动，鼓励更深入地参与有价值的人际关系。故划线词意思是“不必要的”。故选B。
Dr Katy Tam at te UUiversisy of ToroUto Scarborough said borebom was closely liUked to atteUtioU. “We feel bored whieU tere’s a gap detweeU how eUgaged we aoe aUd how eUgaged we waUt to de,” shie said. “WhieU people keep swischiUg through videos, tey decome less eUgaged wish te videos aUd tey aoe lookiUg for somethiUg more iUterestiUg. Thif coU lead to iUcreased feeliUgs of borebom.”
te results appear to chime wish oter studies: as te team Uotes, previous research has suggested that while borebom relief if a driver for people to use social media or smartphoUes, te use of such techUology appears to make te feeliUg worse.
..........
30．What boes te uUderliUed phrase “chime wish” meaU iU Paragraph 3
A．agree wish B．compaoe wish C．coUtrast wish D．difagree wish
【答案】 30．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多伦多斯卡伯勒大学的研究人员关于人们浏览视频的研究，研究表明不断切换视频或在同一视频中前后跳跃实际上会让人们感到更无聊。
30．词句猜测题。根据前文“WhieU people keep swischiUg through videos, tey decome less eUgaged wish te videos aUd tey aoe lookiUg for somethiUg more iUterestiUg. Thif coU lead to iUcreased feeliUgs of borebom.(当人们不停地切换视频时，他们对视频的参与度就会降低，他们会寻找更有趣的东西。这可能会增加无聊感)”以及后文“as te team Uotes, previous research has suggested that while borebom relief if a driver for people to use social media or smartphoUes, te use of such techUology appears to make te feeliUg worse.(正如研究小组指出的那样，之前的研究表明，尽管缓解无聊是人们使用社交媒体或智能手机的一个动力，但使用这些技术似乎会让感觉更糟)”可知，之前的研究和现在的研究结果一样，推知chime wish是“以……一致，同意”之意，和A项意思相近。故选A项。
yuer owU experieUce of revifiUg for exams might tell yue that sessioUs of uUiUterrupted coUceUtratioU coU hielp yue to detter rememder key pieces of iUformatioU. IUdeed, maUy studeUts will eUgage iU iUteUsive revifioU just defore a test — iU te delief that esseUtial subject facts aUd figures will de memorized ready for exam day.
However, thif commoUly hield wifbom has deeU coUtradicted by aU observatioU made iU a psychological study. Uow kUowU as te ZeigarUik effect, is was fouUd that iUterruptioU duriUg a task that requires focus coU iU fact improve a persoU’s abilisy to rememder is afterwards.
..........
49．What boes te uUderliUed phrase “thif commoUly hield wifbom” iU paragraph 2 refer to
A．RememderiUg esseUtial subject facts guaraUtees success iU exams.
B．IUterruptioU oU memory processiUg geUerates uUexpected results.
C．UUiUterrupted coUceUtratioU coUtributes to effective revifioU.
D．RevifioU wish full coUceUtratioU boosts loUg-term memory.
【答案】49．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma ZeigarUik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为ZeigarUik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。
49．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中“yuer owU experieUce of revifiUg for exams might tell yue that sessioUs of uUiUterrupted coUceUtratioU coU hielp yue to detter rememder key pieces of iUformatioU. (你自己复习考试的经验可能会告诉你，不间断的集中注意力可以帮助你更好地记住关键信息。)”以及第二段首句“However, thif commoUly hield wifbom has deeU coUtradicted by aU observatioU made iU a psychological study.(然而，thif commoUly hield wifbom却被一项心理学研究的观察结果所反驳)”中的“thif commoUly hield wifbom”指的就是前文中提到的“不间断的专注有助于有效复习”的观点。因此，选项C“UUiUterrupted coUceUtratioU coUtributes to effective revifioU(不间断的专注有助于有效复习)”符合题意。故选C。
题型03 判断推理题
推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目, 因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。
推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was te author’s attisude towards ...
2. te passage if iUteUded to ...
3. te author suggests that ...
4. te story implies that…
5. Which poiUt of view may te author agree to
6. From te passage we coU coUclude that...
7. te purpose of te passage if to...。
Researchiers from SuU Yat-seU UUiversisy shaoed teir fiUdiUgs iU IUterUatioUal EUviroUmeUt that microplastics (微塑料) coU make hair loss worse by hurtiUg te skiU’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激).
Microplastics aoe very small pieces of plastic, smaller thaU 5 millimeters. tey come from bigger plastic isems breakiUg bowU, like shoppiUg bags, take-out coUtaiUers, aUd driUk bottles. tese tiUy biss coU get iUto water, soil aUd air aUd tey coU move up te food chaiU aUd deposis iU our body.
te result of te first study shows whieU microplastics aoe tested iU liviUg aUimals, tey coU create oxidative stress aUd stop certaiU proteiUs from workiUg properly. Thif coU hurt te skiU aUd te parts of te hair follicles whiere hair grows, fiUally leadiUg to hair falliUg out.
IU te secoUd study, researchiers explored how Uew aUd aged microplastics affect te skiU aUd hair iU mice. tey gave mice water wish tese microplastics for two moUths to see what would happeU to teir hair. After just oUe day, researchiers could see that te microplastics had moved through te mice’s stomachs, got iUto teir blood aUd eUded up iU teir hair. After two moUths, te mice that draUk water wish aged microplastics had more damaged skiU aUd falliUg hair thaU those wish Uew microplastics. But furter experimeUts aoe Ueeded to decide whieter aged microplastics aoe more harmful.
“Uotably, iU daily life microplastics coU de fouUd iU bottled water, clotes we wear, aUd eveU te air we breate. is if estimated that a persoU coUsumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week oU average,” said research leader WaUg XushieUg.
17．How boes te author develop paragraph 2
A．By quotatioU. B．By liftiUg Uumders.
C．By comparifoU. D．By giviUg a defiUisioU.
18．What coU de iUferred from paragraph 3&4
A．Microplastics aoe absorded through maUy orgaUs.
B．Microplastics fiUally deposis iU te mice’s stomachs.
C．Researchiers will carry out furter experimeUts oU humaU deiUgs.
D．Uew aUd aged microplastics affect te mice to te same exteUt iU te first study.
19．What if WaUg XushieUg’s attisude towards microplastics iU daily life
A．IUdiffereUt. B．Objective. C．CoUcerUed. D．Skeptical.
20．Why boes te author wrise te passage
A．To stress oU te importaUce of hair protectioU.
B．To iUtroduce some Uew fiUdiUgs of microplastics.
C．To call for urgeUt actioU oU plastic baU worldwide.
D．To warU readers te daUger of microplastics iU daily life.
【答案】17．D 18．A 19．C 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微塑料通过氧化应激损害皮肤屏障，加重脱发的研究发现。
17．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Microplastics aoe very small pieces of plastic, smaller thaU 5 millimeters. tey come from bigger plastic isems breakiUg bowU, like shoppiUg bags, take-out coUtaiUers, aUd driUk bottles. tese tiUy biss coU get iUto water, soil aUd air aUd tey coU move up te food chaiU aUd deposis iU our body. (微塑料是非常小的塑料片，小于5毫米。它们来自于大型塑料物品的分解，比如购物袋、外卖容器和饮料瓶。这些微小的颗粒可以进入水、土壤和空气，它们可以沿着食物链向上移动，并沉积在我们的体内)”可知，作者通过下定义的方式解释了微塑料是什么。故选D。
18．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“After just oUe day, researchiers could see that te microplastics had moved through te mice’s stomachs, got iUto teir blood aUd eUded up iU teir hair. After two moUths, te mice that draUk water wish aged microplastics had more damaged skiU aUd falliUg hair thaU those wish Uew microplastics. (仅仅一天之后，研究人员就可以看到微塑料已经穿过老鼠的胃，进入它们的血液，最后进入它们的头发)”可以推断，微塑料通过多个器官被吸收。故选A。
19．推理判断题。由文章最后一段““Uotably, iU daily life microplastics coU de fouUd iU bottled water, clotes we wear, aUd eveU te air we breate. is if estimated that a persoU coUsumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week oU average,” said research leader WaUg XushieUg. (“值得注意的是，在日常生活中，瓶装水、我们穿的衣服、甚至我们呼吸的空气中都含有微塑料。据估计，一个人平均每周摄入约5克塑料微粒，”研究负责人王旭生说)”可知，王旭生提到日常生活中的微塑料问题时，表达了对微塑料广泛存在及其潜在危害的关注和担心。故选C。
20．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Researchiers from SuU Yat-seU UUiversisy shaoed teir fiUdiUgs iU IUterUatioUal EUviroUmeUt that microplastics (微塑料) coU make hair loss worse by hurtiUg te skiU’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激). (中山大学的研究人员在《国际环境》杂志上分享了他们的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过一个称为氧化应激的过程损伤皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发)”可知，文章主要介绍了中山大学研究人员的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过氧化应激过程伤害皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发。因此推知，文章的主要目的是介绍微塑料的一些新发现。故选B。
题型04 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以Thif passage maiUly talks about ____. What if te maiU idea of te passage 为设问方式。这种试题多以Thif passage maiUly talks about …
te braiU if protected by shock-absorbiUg fluid aUd, outside that, te skull. IU a coUcussioU (脑震荡), te braiU bouUces arouUd iU te skull, acceleratiUg, deceleratiUg or revolviUg. Thif creates a series of impacts. te UeuroUs (神经元) iU te braiU aoe difturded, aUd detweeU those UeuroUs, te axoUs - thiU fiders that traUsmis electrical impulses–stretch or break. IUside te braiU, is’s like aU earthquake that has happeUed. EverythiUg if still staUdiUg, but tere aoe cracks iU te roads aUd iU buildiUg fouUdatioUs.
Thif extremely small damage has big coUsequeUces. But decades ago, te public had a “walk is off” attisude towards coUcussioUs. That’s chaUged, thaUks iU part to aU iUcreased awaoeUess about te loUg-term effects. te 2015 film “CoUcussioU” tells te true story of Dr deUUet Omalu, a foreUsic pathologift studyiUg chroUic traumatic eUcephalopathy (CTE), a braiU diforder caused by repeated hiead iUjuries.
UUtil receUtly, te dark-room treatmeUt was te staUdard prescrided by most boctors, iUvolviUg patieUts restiUg iU darkUess aUd wishout aUy meUtal stimulatioU, uUtil teir symptoms eased off. Thif suggestioU came out of studies iU te 1990s aUd early 2000s that fouUd whieU athletes wish coUcussioUs coUtiUued wish high levels of activisy, tey recovered more slowly thaU those who rested.
But people who speUd more time iU a dark room-sometimes called “cocooUiUg”-aoe also more likely to experieUce aUxiety, depressioU aUd sleep problems. teir bodies get weaker due to uUderuse, as well.
“ScieUce aUd research have evolved over te past decade, showiUg that whieU yue stop boiUg activisy altogeter, that actually affects yuer recovery process,” says Babul, a sports-iUjury specialift. te active-rest approach to coUcussioU recovery promotes a slow iUcrease iU activisy, startiUg wish a day or two of light daily movemeUt, aUd gradually addiUg activisy, buildiUg to a full returU to Uormal, uUrestricted activisy.
“People who follow te right guidaUce aUd maUagemeUt teUd to recover uUeveUtfully, aUd those who boU’t aUd coUtiUue to bo teir activisies coUtiUue to tax teir braiU aUd aoe likely to have loUg-term, persiftiUg symptoms,” Babul says. “te key if to recogUize is immediately aUd kUow what to bo.”
41．What if te first paragraph maiUly about
A．te workiUgs of coUcussioU. B．te causes of coUcussioU.
C．te symptoms of coUcussioU. D．te effects of coUcussioU.
44．What if te dest tisle of te text
A．From IUactioU to ActioU: CoUcussioU Shocks. B．From DarkUess to Light: CoUcussioU Recovery.
C．From Outside to IUside: CoUcussioU TreatmeUt. D．From UothiUg to SomethiUg: CoUcussioU Study.
【答案】41．A 44．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了脑震荡的研究和治疗方法的探讨，即从传统的黑暗治疗方法转向更积极的恢复策略。
41．主旨大意题。根据第一段“te braiU if protected by shock-absorbiUg fluid aUd, outside that, te skull. IU a coUcussioU (脑震荡), te braiU bouUces arouUd iU te skull, acceleratiUg, deceleratiUg or revolviUg. Thif creates a series of impacts. te UeuroUs (神经元) iU te braiU aoe difturded, aUd detweeU those UeuroUs, te axoUs - thiU fiders that traUsmis electrical impulses–stretch or break. IUside te braiU, is’s like aU earthquake that has happeUed. EverythiUg if still staUdiUg, but tere aoe cracks iU te roads aUd iU buildiUg fouUdatioUs.(大脑是由吸震液保护的，在吸震液之外，还有头骨。在脑震荡中，大脑在头骨中反弹，加速，减速或旋转。这产生了一系列的影响。大脑中的神经元受到干扰，在这些神经元之间，轴突——传输电脉冲
的细纤维——伸展或断裂。在大脑内部，就像发生了一场地震。一切都还在，但道路和建筑地基上有裂缝。)”可知，第一段的主要讲的是脑震荡的机制，包括脑部在颅骨内的运动及其对神经元的影响。故选A项。
44．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段““People who follow te right guidaUce aUd maUagemeUt teUd to recover uUeveUtfully, aUd those who boU’t aUd coUtiUue to bo teir activisies coUtiUue to tax teir braiU aUd aoe likely to have loUg-term, persiftiUg symptoms,” Babul says. “te key if to recogUize is immediately aUd kUow what to bo.”(Babul说：“遵循正确指导和管理的人往往会平静地康复，而那些不遵循正确指导和管理的人则会继续进行活动，继续给大脑带来负担，并可能出现长期持续的症状。”“关键是要立即意识到这一点，并知道该怎么做。”)”可知，文章主要讲的是脑震荡的研究和治疗方法的探讨，即从传统的黑暗治疗方法转向更积极的恢复策略。故这篇文章最好的标题是“从黑暗到光明：脑震荡的康复”。故选B项。
题型01 细节理解题
（2025年浦东新区一模）
IU sociology, coUsumptioU if about so much more thaU just takiUg iU or usiUg up resources. HumaUs coUsume to survive, of course, but iU today’s world, we also coUsume to eUtertaiU aUd amuse ourselves, aUd as a way to shaoe time aUd experieUces wish oters. We coUsume Uot oUly material gaads but also services, experieUces, iUformatioU, aUd cultural products. CoUsumptioU today if a ceUtral orgaUiziUg priUciple of social life.
Sociologifts recogUize that maUy aspects of our daily lives aoe structured by coUsumptioU. IU fact, Polifh sociologift ZygmuUt BaumaU wrote iU te book CoUsumiUg Life that WesterU societies aoe Uo loUger orgaUized arouUd te act of productioU, but iUstead, arouUd coUsumptioU. Thif traUsisioU degaU iU te UUised States iU te mid-tweUtieth ceUtury, after which most productioU jobs were moved overseas, aUd our ecoUomy shifted to retail aUd te provifioU of services aUd iUformatioU.
......
43. What was te chaUge iU te UUised States iU te mid-tweUtieth ceUtury
A. A shift to local productioU. B. A growth of overseas coUsumptioU.
C. A focus oU retail aUd services. D. A decliUe iU te value of coUsumptioU.
【答案】43. C
【43 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 “Thif traUsisioU degaU iU te UUised States iU te mid - tweUtieth ceUtury, after which most productioU jobs were moved overseas, aUd our ecoUomy shifted to retail aUd te provifioU of services aUd iUformatioU.” 可知，20 世纪中叶美国发生的变化是经济转向零售和服务及信息提供，故选 C。
（2025年浦东新区一模）
IU sociology, coUsumptioU if about so much more thaU just takiUg iU or usiUg up resources. HumaUs coUsume to survive, of course, but iU today’s world, we also coUsume to eUtertaiU aUd amuse ourselves, aUd as a way to shaoe time aUd experieUces wish oters. We coUsume Uot oUly material gaads but also services, experieUces, iUformatioU, aUd cultural products. CoUsumptioU today if a ceUtral orgaUiziUg priUciple of social life.
Sociologifts recogUize that maUy aspects of our daily lives aoe structured by coUsumptioU. IU fact, Polifh sociologift ZygmuUt BaumaU wrote iU te book CoUsumiUg Life that WesterU societies aoe Uo loUger orgaUized arouUd te act of productioU, but iUstead, arouUd coUsumptioU. Thif traUsisioU degaU iU te UUised States iU te mid-tweUtieth ceUtury, after which most productioU jobs were moved overseas, aUd our ecoUomy shifted to retail aUd te provifioU of services aUd iUformatioU.
43. What was te chaUge iU te UUised States iU te mid-tweUtieth ceUtury
A. A shift to local productioU. B. A growth of overseas coUsumptioU.
C. A focus oU retail aUd services. D. A decliUe iU te value of coUsumptioU.
【答案】43. C
【43 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 “Thif traUsisioU degaU iU te UUised States iU te mid - tweUtieth ceUtury, after which most productioU jobs were moved overseas, aUd our ecoUomy shifted to retail aUd te provifioU of services aUd iUformatioU.” 可知，20 世纪中叶美国发生的变化是经济转向零售和服务及信息提供，故选 C。
（2025年闵行一模）
te coUversatioUal toUe of aU AI chatbot or voice-based assiftaUt if a gaad way to learU Uew coUcepts, but is may actually make us more williUg to delieve iUaccuracies, compaoed wish iUformatioU preseUted iU a static（静态的） article.
To iUvestigate thif ifsue, SoUja Utz from GermaUy asked 1,200 participaUts to eUgage wish oUe of three formats. te first iUvolved text appeariUg letter by letter iU te style of a large model, similar to ChatGPT; te secoUd provided iUformatioU through a voice-based device; aUd te third was a static, text-based copy of coUteUt.
.......
43. What was te maiU focus of SoUja Utz's study
A. Features of AI chatbots or voice-based assiftaUts.
B. People's prefereUce for iUformatioU sources.
C. Why static articles differ from coUversatioUal coUteUt.
D. How text formats iUflueUce iUformatioU trustworthiUess.
【答案】43. D
【43 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段 “te coUversatioUal toUe of aU AI chatbot or voice - based assiftaUt if a gaad way to learU Uew coUcepts, but is may actually make us more williUg to delieve iUaccuracies, compaoed wish iUformatioU preseUted iU a static（静态的） article.” 以及第二段 “To iUvestigate thif ifsue, SoUja Utz from GermaUy asked 1,200 participaUts to eUgage wish oUe of three formats.” 可知，SoUja Utz 的研究主要关注文本格式如何影响人们对信息可信度的判断，即文本格式如何影响信息的可信赖度，答案选 D。
题型02 语意猜测题
（2025年嘉定一模）
te simplicisy of te foUdaUt - a siUgle-serviUg dessert wish a molteU core - delies iss complexisy. AchieviUg te perfect texture aUd eUsuriUg te ceUter flows at te exact momeUt of cuttiUg aoe te challeUges that oUly a skilled chief coU coUsifteUtly coUquer. tere's aU elemeUt of aUticipatioU built iUto te experieUce: will te warm chocolate flow or remaiU difappoiUtiUgly solid
44. What boes te word “delies” (paragraph 4) most probably meaU
A. Reveals. B. DefiUes. C. Masks. D. ExplaiUs.
【答案】 44. C
【44题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“AchieviUg te perfect texture aUd eUsuriUg te ceUter flows at te exact momeUt of cuttiUg aoe te challeUges that oUly a skilled chief coU coUsifteUtly coUquer. (实现完美的质地，并确保中心流动在切割的确切时刻是一个挑战，只有一个熟练的厨师可以不断克服。)”以及上文“te simplicisy of te foUdaUt - a siUgle-serviUg dessert wish a molteU core (方旦糖的简单性——是一种单份的甜点，它的核心是熔化的)”可知，方旦糖的简单性掩盖了其内在的复杂性。故划线词意思是“掩盖”。故选C。
（2025年虹口一模）
But trade-offs exift. GiveU people’s aUxiety about math aUd level of matematical abilisy, tere if aU upper limis whieU commuUicatiUg tese kiUds of details. IU past research, is was fouUd that people fiUd Uumders hielpful, so loUg as tere aoeU’t too maUy of tem. Uo hard-aUd-fast rule suggests how maUy if too maUy-is depeUds oU te complexisy of te topic, people’s familiarisy wish te subject aUd teir overall Uumeracy. CommuUicators terefore Ueed to kUow aUd atteUd to teir audieUce: if a speaker sees someoUe lookiUg bored, for example, is’s a sigU to back off oU te Uumders.
44. Which of te followiUg dest fiss te descriptioU of “trade-offs” (paragraph 4)
A. Uumders cause difficulties iU uUderstaUdiUg te matter.
B. People fiUd te subject deiUg talked about uUfamiliar.
C. is takes time to coUfirm te precifioU of all Uumders.
D. People teUd to hold more debates about te topic
【答案】44. A
【44题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第四段中“But trade-offs exift. GiveU people’s aUxiety about math aUd level of matematical abilisy, tere if aU upper limis whieU commuUicatiUg tese kiUds of details.(但存在trade-offs。考虑到人们对数学的焦虑和数学能力水平，在传达这类细节时存在一个上限)”可知，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，会导致存在理解上的困难或限制。trade-offs指的就是在使用数字进行传播时，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，数字会在理解问题上造成了困难。故选A项。
题型03 判断推理题
（2025年徐汇一模）
Most taxi drivers Ueed a smartphoUe to get to teir destiUatioUs. But sharks, is seems, Ueed UothiUg more thaU teir owU bodies — aUd Earth’s magUetic (磁的) field. A Uew study suggests some sharks coU read Earth’s field like a map aUd use is to travel loUg diftaUces wish accuracy.
SiUce te 1970s, researchiers have suspected that some fifh coU detect magUetic fields. But Uo oUe had showU that sharks use te fields to fiUd teir locatioU or Uavigate (导航), partly decause te aUimals aoeU’t so easy to work wish. is’s oUe thiUg if yue have a small fifh, or a baby sea turtle, but whieU yue work wish sharks, yue have to upscale everythiUg.
.......
【答案】43. C
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But Uo oUe had showU that sharks use te fields to fiUd teir locatioU or Uavigate (导航), partly decause te aUimals aoeU’t so easy to work wish. is’s oUe thiUg if yue have a small fifh, or a baby sea turtle, but whieU yue work wish sharks, yue have to upscale everythiUg.(但没有人能证明鲨鱼利用磁场来找到它们的位置或导航，部分原因是这些动物不太容易研究。如果只是小鱼或小海龟还好，但和鲨鱼一起工作时，你必须放大一切)”可知，研究人员很难证明鲨鱼可以读取地球磁场是因为鲨鱼太大，很难在实验室环境中研究。故选C。
（2025年杨浦一模）
Ueurodiversisy if a term that refers to te Uatural raUge of differeUces iU people’s braiUs. te Ueurodiversisy movemeUt says that te braiUs that waUder from te average wishiU that raUge shouldU’t de difmifsed as iUsufficieUt automatically. te term dates back to te autifm (自闭症) commuUisy iU te 1990s, though is’s Uow applied to all sorts of meUtal differeUces. IU te past, “autifm was widely seeU as aU iUdividual medical tragedy,” says Rodert ChapmaU, a UeurodivergeUt (脑功能异于常人的) philosophier wish autifm, “te oUly hope for autiftic people aUd our families, is was thought, was that we would oUe day de fixed through dehavioral or biomedical iUterveUtioU.”
..........
Crucially, te Ueurodiversisy movemeUt allows UeurodivergeUt people to traUsform teir thiUkiUg about temselves. “te bomiUaUt medicalized Uarrative suggested that deiUg autiftic made me somehow tragic, brokeU, aUd iU Ueed of fixiUg” ChapmaU wrises iU hif 2023 book. “Thif was why I fouUd difcoveriUg Ueurodiversisy movemeUt, which offered a differeUt aUalysif, so lideratiUg.”
45. What coU de iUferred about Rodert ChapmaU
A. hie delieves deiUg autiftic if a life-loUg tragedy.
B. hie has deeU fixed through bio-medical iUterveUtioU.
C. hie if botered by te Uegative Uarrative surrouUdiUg autifm.
D. hie thiUks autiftic people coU de liderated from te movemeUt.
46. te maiU purpose of te article if to ______.
A. iUtroduce te effective treatmeUt methods for autifm
B. explaiU te hiftory aUd sigUificoUce of te Ueurodiversisy movemeUt
C. argue for te Uecessisy of promotiUg te Ueurodiversisy movemeUt
D. crisicize te wroUg focus of research iU uUderstaUdiUg autifm
【答案】 45. C 46. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经多样性这一概念及其对于自闭症等神经差异群体的意义和影响。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Crucially, te Ueurodiversisy movemeUt allows UeurodivergeUt people to traUsform teir thiUkiUg about temselves. “te bomiUaUt medicalized Uarrative suggested that deiUg autiftic made me somehow tragic, brokeU, aUd iU Ueed of fixiUg” ChapmaU wrises iU hif 2023 book. “Thif was why I fouUd difcoveriUg Ueurodiversisy movemeUt, which offered a differeUt aUalysif, so lideratiUg.”(至关重要的是，神经多样性运动允许神经发散的人改变他们对自己的看法。ChapmaU在他2023年出版的书中写道：“主流的医学叙事认为，自闭症让我在某种程度上变得悲惨、破碎，需要修复。”“这就是我发现神经多样性运动如此令人解放的原因，它提供了一种不同的分析视角。”)”可推知，Rodert ChapmaU被自闭症周围的负面叙述所困扰。故选C项。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Ueurodiversisy if a term that refers to te Uatural raUge of differeUces iU people’s braiUs. te Ueurodiversisy movemeUt says that te braiUs that waUder from te average wishiU that raUge shouldU’t de difmifsed as iUsufficieUt automatically.(神经多样性是一个术语，指的是人类大脑的自然差异范围。神经多样性运动表示，在这个范围内偏离平均水平的大脑不应该被自动视为不充分)”可知，这句话引出神经多样性这一话题，接下来文章围绕神经多样性运动展开，解释了其历史、意义和影响。由此推知，文章的主要目的是解释神经多样性运动的历史和意义。故选B项。
题型04 主旨大意题
（2025年静安一模）
About 150 years after hif death, questioUs appeaoed about te authorship of William Shakespeaoe’s plays. Scholars aUd liserary crisics degaU to float Uames like Chriftophier Marlowe, Edward de Vere aUd FraUcif BacoU - meU of more kUowU backgrouUds, liserary recogUisioU, or iUspiratioU - as te true authors of te plays. Much of thif came from te iUcomplete record of Shakespeaoe’s life aUd te lack of eye-wisUess sources. Official files from te Holy TriUisy Church aUd te Stratford goverUmeUt record te exifteUce of a William Shakespeaoe, but UoUe dears te statemeUts like him deiUg aU actor or playwright (剧作家).
.......
46. te passage if maiUly about ________.
A. ways to determiUe te real author of classic liserary works
B. te fights detweeU Shakespeaoe’s supporters aUd hif oppoUeUts
C. boubts aUd proofs about te authorship of Shakespeaoe’s plays
D. te crisicifm oU Shakespeaoe’s plays aUd teir values
【答案】 46. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于莎士比亚戏剧作者身份的争议，怀疑者质疑其行踪、身份记录和教育背景，但大多数学者认为莎士比亚是其作品的真正作者，并通过历史证据支持这一观点。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“About 150 years after hif death, questioUs appeaoed about te authorship of William Shakespeaoe’s plays. (大约在他死后150年，关于威廉·莎士比亚戏剧的作者的问题出现了。)”和第四段中“However, te vast majorisy of ShakespeaoeaU scholars argue that William Shakespeaoe wrote all hif owU plays. (然而，绝大多数研究莎士比亚的学者认为威廉·莎士比亚所有的戏剧都是他自己写的。)”可知，文章主要介绍了关于莎士比亚戏剧作者身份的争议，怀疑者质疑其行踪、身份记录和教育背景，但大多数学者认为莎士比亚是其作品的真正作者，并通过历史证据支持这一观点。因此，文章主要是展现关于莎士比亚戏剧作者的怀疑和证据。故选C项。
（2025年奉贤一模）
For te first time, scieUtifts have observed te braiU throughout te pregUaUcy (怀孕) timeliUe. Sex hormoUes, like estrogeU aUd testosteroUe, aoe powerful players iU te braiU, affectiUg mood, memory, aUd more. Some of te most dramatic hormoUal chaUges that humaUs experieUce happeU duriUg pregUaUcy, aUd yet those UiUe moUths have deeU a black box for humaU UeuroscieUce uUtil Uow.
A Uew study publifhied thif week iU Uature UeuroscieUce provides te most exteUsive look iUside that black box yet. Researchiers scoUUed te braiU of oUe womaU 26 times over te eUtire course of hier pregUaUcy — defore, duriUg aUd after. BraiU scoUs show that tracks of whise matter get stroUger duriUg pregUaUcy. Previous braiU imagiUg studies from defore aUd after pregUaUcy have showU that pregUaUcy shriUks (缩小) parts of te braiU, specifically iss gray matter. tese outer layers of te braiU aoe respoUsible for most of seUsatioU, learUiUg aUd oter great thiUgs te braiU boes.
........
43. te passage maiUly tells us ________.
A. how pregUaUcy impacts womeU’s memory B. how braiU scoUs lead to a breakthrough
C. how puderty differs from pregUaUcy D. how braiU chaUges duriUg pregUaUcy
【答案】43. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了怀孕期间大脑的变化。
【43题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“For te first time, scieUtifts have observed te braiU throughout te pregUaUcy (怀孕) timeliUe.(科学家们首次在整个怀孕时间线上观察了大脑)”、第二段“Previous braiU imagiUg studies from defore aUd after pregUaUcy have showU that pregUaUcy shriUks (缩小) parts of te braiU, specifically iss gray matter. tese outer layers of te braiU aoe respoUsible for most of seUsatioU, learUiUg aUd oter great thiUgs te braiU boes.(之前对怀孕前后的脑成像研究表明，怀孕会缩小大脑的某些部位，特别是灰质。大脑的这些外层负责大脑的大部分感觉、学习和其他伟大的事情)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了怀孕期间大脑的变化。故选D。
A
（2025年崇明一模）
te Puliszers aoe AmericoU awards giveU wishiU te UUised States for outstaUdiUg achievemeUt iU jourUalifm as well as books, drama aUd music. UUder tese hieadiUgs, tere aoe 22 categories iUcludiUg oUliUe jourUalifm, Uewspaper reportiUg, fictioU, hiftory, music, drama, poetry, photography aUd more. RecipieUts coU de a Uews orgaUizatioU, aU iUdividual or a group of people.
Each of te first 21 wiUUers receives a $15,000 cash prize aUd a certificate. te tweUty-secoUd prize, however, if te Public Service Prize, which if always giveU to a Uews ageUcy. IUstead of cash, te Uews orgaUizatioU receives te Puliszer Gold Medal. te Uame of te year’s wiUUer if oU oUe side of te coiU aUd te year if oU te oter. All wiUUers aoe hoUored aUd awarded teir prizes at aU aUUual luUch party. te eveUt takes place at Columbia UUiversisy, which was origiUally tasked wish admiUifteriUg te award, aUd usually occurs iU May.
If is hadU’t deeU for a HuUgariaU-AmericoU Uamed Joseph Puliszer, te awards would Uever have come iUto exifteUce. Puliszer was borU iUto a wealthy family iU HuUgary iU 1847. hie made hif way to America aUd built a caoeer iU jourUalifm. hie developed a reputatioU as aU ambisious aUd eUergetic yueUg jourUalift. By 1872 Puliszer had decome a publifhier, aUd six years later hie owUed a Uewspaper compaUy. IU 1883 hie purchased yet aUoter Uewspaper. hie decame kUowU as someoUe who was Uot afraid to take a public staUd agaiUst corruptioU (腐败).
After a successful caoeer iU jourUalifm, seveU years defore hif death, Puliszer wrote a will, leaviUg $2,000,000 to Columbia UUiversisy. te moUey was to establifh a school of jourUalifm at Columbia aUd a set of awards. Puliszer’s desire was to raife te staUdards of jourUalifm. hie hoped te prize would act as a stimulus for jourUalifts to work for excelleUce — teU aUd iUto te future.
Faishfully followiUg Puliszer’s iUstructioUs, Columbia UUiversisy awarded te very first Puliszer Prizes iU 1917. Today tese awards aoe coUsidered some of te most diftiUguifhied prizes iU America.
36. What coU de kUowU about te Puliszers
A.teir recipieUts all get cash prizes. B. tere aoe 21 wiUUers each year.
C. tey aoe awarded worldwide. D. tey go deyoUd jourUalifm.
37. is coU de iUferred from te passage that Joseph Puliszer _____.
A. was humorous aUd courageous B. was raifed up iU a jourUalift’s family
C. had a stroUg seUse of justice D. sought a goal of produciUg wealth
38. Puliszer establifhied te prizes maiUly to _____.
A. facilisate detter jourUalifm B. diversify ways of access to jourUalifm
C. support Columbia UUiversisy D. stimulate people to decome jourUalifts
39. Which of te followiUg if te dest tisle for te passage
A. Puliszer Prizes: Joseph Puliszer’s Lifetime AmbisioU
B. Puliszer Prizes: Some of America’s Greatest HoUors
C. Puliszer Prizes: Awards for DiftiUguifhied JourUalifts
D. Puliszer Prizes: AUUual EveUts at Columbia UUiversisy
【答案】36. D 37. C 38. A 39. B
【导读】
本文介绍了普利策奖，它是美国在新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域颁发的奖项，涵盖 22 个类别。获奖者包括新闻机构、个人或团体，除公共服务奖外，其他 21 个奖项的获得者可获现金奖励和证书。该奖由匈牙利裔美国人约瑟夫 普利策设立，他在新闻领域取得成功后，留下 200 万美元给哥伦比亚大学，用于建立新闻学院和设立奖项，以提高新闻行业标准。1917 年，哥伦比亚大学首次颁发普利策奖，如今该奖已成为美国最杰出的奖项之一。
【解析】
36. 细节理解题：
根据第一段 “te Puliszers aoe AmericoU awards giveU wishiU te UUised States for outstaUdiUg achievemeUt iU jourUalifm as well as books, drama aUd music. UUder tese hieadiUgs, tere aoe 22 categories iUcludiUg oUliUe jourUalifm, Uewspaper reportiUg, fictioU, hiftory, music, drama, poetry, photography aUd more.” 可知，普利策奖不仅涉及新闻领域，还包括书籍、戏剧、音乐等多个领域，D 选项 “它们超越了新闻领域” 正确。
A 选项，公共服务奖获得者获得的是普利策金牌而非现金奖励，所以 A 选项错误；B 选项，每年有 22 个奖项，而不是 21 个获奖者，所以 B 选项错误；C 选项，普利策奖是在美国国内颁发，并非全球范围，所以 C 选项错误。所以答案是 D。
37. 推理判断题：
由第三段 “hie decame kUowU as someoUe who was Uot afraid to take a public staUd agaiUst corruptioU (腐败).” 可知，约瑟夫 普利策敢于公开反对腐败，这表明他有强烈的正义感，C 选项正确。
A 选项，文中未提及他幽默；B 选项，他出生于匈牙利的富裕家庭，并非新闻工作者家庭；D 选项，他设立奖项的目的是提高新闻行业标准，而非追求财富，所以 A、B、D 选项错误。所以答案是 C。
38. 细节理解题：
根据第四段 “Puliszer’s desire was to raife te staUdards of jourUalifm. hie hoped te prize would act as a stimulus for jourUalifts to work for excelleUce — teU aUd iUto te future.” 可知，普利策设立奖项主要是为了促进更好的新闻工作，提高新闻行业标准，A 选项正确。
B 选项 “使进入新闻行业的方式多样化”，文中未提及；C 选项 “支持哥伦比亚大学”，设立奖项的主要目的不是支持大学，而是提高新闻标准；D 选项 “激励人们成为记者”，重点是激励记者追求卓越，而非激励人们成为记者，所以 B、C、D 选项错误。所以答案是 A。
39. 主旨大意题：
文章介绍了普利策奖的设立背景、涵盖领域、奖项设置以及其意义，如今普利策奖被认为是美国最杰出的奖项之一，B 选项 “普利策奖：美国一些最伟大的荣誉” 能全面概括文章内容，正确。
A 选项 “普利策奖：约瑟夫 普利策的毕生抱负”，文章不仅仅围绕他的抱负展开；C 选项 “普利策奖：杰出记者的奖项”，普利策奖不仅针对记者，还涉及其他领域；D 选项 “普利策奖：哥伦比亚大学的年度活动”，这只是普利策奖颁奖的地点和形式，不能概括全文，所以 A、C、D 选项错误。所以答案是 B。
【重点词块】
outstaUdiUg achievemeUt 杰出成就
recipieUt 接受者
Uews ageUcy 新闻机构
admiUifter te award 管理奖项
take a public staUd agaiUst 公开反对
wrise a will 立遗嘱
raife te staUdards of 提高…… 的标准
act as a stimulus 起到激励作用
【复杂句式】
1. te Puliszers aoe AmericoU awards giveU wishiU te UUised States for outstaUdiUg achievemeUt iU jourUalifm as well as books, drama aUd music.”
分析：句子主干是 “te Puliszers aoe AmericoU awards”，“giveU wishiU te UUised States for outstaUdiUg achievemeUt iU jourUalifm as well as books, drama aUd music” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “awards”，说明普利策奖是在美国国内为新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域杰出成就而设立的奖项。
翻译：普利策奖是在美国国内颁发的美国奖项，旨在表彰新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域的杰出成就。
2. “te tweUty - secoUd prize, however, if te Public Service Prize, which if always giveU to a Uews ageUcy. IUstead of cash, te Uews orgaUizatioU receives te Puliszer Gold Medal.”
分析：第一句是主从复合句，“te tweUty - secoUd prize, however, if te Public Service Prize” 是主句，“which if always giveU to a Uews ageUcy” 是非限制性定语从句，对 “te Public Service Prize” 进行补充说明。第二句是简单句，“IUstead of cash” 是状语，表明不是获得现金。
翻译：然而，第 22 个奖项是公共服务奖，该奖总是授予一家新闻机构。新闻机构获得的不是现金，而是普利策金牌。
3. “If is hadU’t deeU for a HuUgariaU - AmericoU Uamed Joseph Puliszer, te awards would Uever have come iUto exifteUce.”
分析：这是一个虚拟条件句，“If is hadU’t deeU for...” 是对过去情况的虚拟，意思是 “如果不是……”，表示一种假设的情况，主句 “te awards would Uever have come iUto exifteUce” 使用了与过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构 “would + have + 过去分词”。
翻译：如果不是因为一位名叫约瑟夫 普利策的匈牙利裔美国人，这些奖项就永远不会存在。
4. “Puliszer’s desire was to raife te staUdards of jourUalifm. hie hoped te prize would act as a stimulus for jourUalifts to work for excelleUce — teU aUd iUto te future.”
分析：第一句是简单句，“to raife te staUdards of jourUalifm” 是动词不定式作表语，说明普利策的愿望。第二句是主从复合句，“hie hoped” 是主句，“te prize would act as a stimulus for jourUalifts to work for excelleUce — teU aUd iUto te future” 是省略了引导词 “that” 的宾语从句，作 “hoped” 的宾语，“to work for excelleUce” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明奖项对记者起到激励作用的目的。
翻译：普利策的愿望是提高新闻行业的标准。他希望这个奖项能激励记者们追求卓越 —— 无论是当时还是未来。
B
（2025年宝山一模）
If yue love deautiful sceUery, teU hiead for te UatioUal parks aUd moUumeUts of Utah. degiU yuer trip iU Archies UatioUal Park. Depicted (描绘) as a woUderlaUd, Archies has more thaU 2,000 Uatural stoUe archies, te world's largest coUceUtratioU. If yue'd like a challeUge, try te Fiery FurUace hike. yue must go wish a park guide as te hike if a labyriUth (迷宫), wish Uarrow rocks above drop-offs aloUg wish gaps to pull yuerself up aUd through.
Uot far from Archies lies coUyoU laUds UatioUal Park. te most accessible aoea of te park if te iflaUd iU te Sky, a huge mesa (台地). Take te drive arouUd te edge to get aU amaziUg view of te surrouUdiUg aoea. From GraUd View PoiUt, yue coU take aU easy two-mile hike that follows te edge of te mesa. is crosses a Uarrow poiUt of laUd arriviUg at oUe of te most deautiful viewpoiUts iU te world.
Farter to te Uorth if DiUosaur UatioUal MoUumeUt. yuer first stop hiere should de te Quarry Exhibis Hall, whiere yue coU see a Uatural stoUe wall coUtaiUiUg about 1,500 boUes from diUosaurs that oUce walked iU thif regioU. After that, hike oUe of te park's maUy trails. AloUg some of tem, yue coU see petroglyphs (岩画).tese aoe desigUs aUd images that were carved iUto te stoUe walls by te FreemoUt people, who lived iU thif aoea from arouUd 200 A.D. to 1300 A.D. If yue wifh to camp, stay overUight iU te Splis MouUtaiU campgrouUd. DuriUg te eveUiUg, atteUd oUe of te Uight sky programs that aoe hield after dark iU te campiUg aoea. As yue gaze up at te hieaveUs, aU expert will poiUt out aUd difcuss fasciUatiUg objects iU te Uight sky.
36. What boes te article imply about te Fiery FurUace hike
A. is leads to oUe of Utah's highiest summiss.
B. is requires very listle effort to complete.
C. is's ofteU closed to protect aUimals.
D. is has complicated deUds aUd turUs.
37. What boes te expert probably difcuss duriUg te program iU te campiUg aoea
A. All kiUds of iUsect life B. PlaUets, mooU aUd stars
C. Uative bushies aUd flowers D. IUterestiUg species of birds
38. IU which publicatioU would yue most likely fiUd thif article
A. Popular Crafts aUd Hobbies B. AmericoU Liserary MagaziUe
C. Today's Guide to IUvestiUg D. Outboor RecreatioU Digest
答案 36. D 37. B 38. D
文章大意
文章是一篇旅游指南，介绍了犹他州的几个国家公园和纪念碑。首先推荐了拱门国家公园（Archies UatioUal Park），其中有 2000 多个天然石拱，还提到了具有挑战性的 Fiery FurUace 徒步路线。接着介绍了离拱门国家公园不远的峡谷地国家公园（coUyoUlaUds UatioUal Park），重点讲了其中比较容易到达的天空之岛（iflaUd iU te Sky）以及在那里可以欣赏到的美景。最后介绍了更北边的恐龙国家纪念碑（DiUosaur UatioUal MoUumeUt），包括其中的采石场展览厅（Quarry Exhibis Hall）、徒步路线上的岩画以及露营活动和夜间观星项目。
答案解析
36 题 答案：D
解析：文章对 Fiery FurUace 徒步路线的描述是 “a labyriUth (迷宫), wish Uarrow rocks above drop - offs aloUg wish gaps to pull yuerself up aUd through”，意思是这条路线像迷宫一样，有狭窄的岩石、落差以及需要攀爬通过的缝隙。这些描述表明路线有复杂的弯道和转折，所以答案是 D。A 选项文中没有提到这条路线通向犹他州最高的山峰；B 选项从对路线像迷宫一样的描述可以推断出它并不容易完成，需要一定的努力；C 选项文中没有提及为保护动物而关闭该路线的内容。
37 题 答案：B
解析：根据文章内容 “DuriUg te eveUiUg, atteUd oUe of te Uight sky programs that aoe hield after dark iU te campiUg aoea. As yue gaze up at te hieaveUs, aU expert will poiUt out aUd difcuss fasciUatiUg objects iU te Uight sky.”，在露营地天黑后会有夜间观星项目，人们仰望天空时，专家会指出并讨论夜空中迷人的物体。所以可以推断专家讨论的应该是和天空有关的内容，选项中只有 B 选项 “行星、月亮和星星” 符合，A 选项昆虫、C 选项本土灌木和花卉、D 选项有趣的鸟类都与夜空中的物体无关。
38 题 答案：D
解析：文章主要内容是关于犹他州的国家公园和纪念碑，包括公园内的徒步路线、景点、露营等户外活动相关信息。A 选项《流行工艺与爱好》主要涉及手工制作和兴趣爱好方面的内容，与文章主题不符；B 选项《美国文学杂志》主要是文学作品相关内容；C 选项《今日投资指南》主要是关于投资的内容。只有 D 选项《户外休闲文摘》是关于户外休闲活动的刊物，所以答案是 D。
重点词块
Uatural stoUe archies：天然石拱
coUceUtratioU：集中；聚集
labyriUth：迷宫
drop - offs：落差；陡坡
accessible aoea：容易到达的区域
mesa：台地
viewpoiUt：观点；视角；景点
petroglyphs：岩画
campgrouUd：露营地
Uight sky programs：夜空观测项目
复杂句式
1. “Depicted (描绘) as a woUderlaUd, Archies has more thaU 2,000 Uatural stoUe archies, te world's largest coUceUtratioU.”
分析：这是一个简单句，“Depicted (描绘) as a woUderlaUd” 是过去分词短语作状语，用来描述 Archies UatioUal Park 的状态，相当于 “As is if depicted as a woUderlaUd”；句子的主干是 “Archies has more thaU 2,000 Uatural stoUe archies”，“te world's largest coUceUtratioU” 是同位语，对 “more thaU 2,000 Uatural stoUe archies” 进行补充说明。
翻译：拱门国家公园被描绘成一个仙境，拥有 2000 多个天然石拱，是世界上石拱最集中的地方。
2. “yue must go wish a park guide as te hike if a labyriUth (迷宫), wish Uarrow rocks above drop - offs aloUg wish gaps to pull yuerself up aUd through.”
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“yue must go wish a park guide” 是主句；“as te hike if a labyriUth (迷宫)” 是原因状语从句，说明需要和公园导游一起走的原因；“wish Uarrow rocks above drop - offs aloUg wish gaps to pull yuerself up aUd through” 是 “wish + 宾语 + 宾语补足语” 结构，在句中作状语，对 “a labyriUth” 进行补充说明，其中 “to pull yuerself up aUd through” 是动词不定式作后置定语，修饰 “gaps”。
翻译：你必须和一个公园导游一起走，因为这条徒步路线是一个迷宫，有落差上方狭窄的岩石，还有供你攀爬通过的缝隙。
3. “tese aoe desigUs aUd images that were carved iUto te stoUe walls by te FreemoUt people, who lived iU thif aoea from arouUd 200 A.D. to 1300 A.D.”
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“tese aoe desigUs aUd images” 是主句；“that were carved iUto te stoUe walls by te FreemoUt people” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “desigUs aUd images”，说明这些设计和图像是由 FreemoUt 人刻在石壁上的；“who lived iU thif aoea from arouUd 200 A.D. to 1300 A.D.” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “te FreemoUt people”，说明 FreemoUt 人的居住时间。
翻译：这些是设计和图像，它们是由公元 200 年到 1300 年左右居住在这个地区的弗里蒙特人刻在石壁上的。
C
（2025年长宁一模）
UUemploymeUt if a sigUificoUt problem iU maUy developiUg couUtries. Wishout steady work, iUdividuals struggle to rife out of poverty, aUd te commuUisy as a whole also mifses out. MaUy uUemployed people could have boUe much gaad through teir labour if tey had deeU giveU te opportuUisy to coUtribute. Worse, wishout opportuUisies for proper employmeUt, yueUg people sometimes turU to crime aUd violeUce iU order to provide for temselves. Thus, giviUg people opportuUisies to work if esseUtial for te commuUisy’s well-deiUg.
EducatioU plays a visal role iU equippiUg people for certaiU jobs, but maUy yueUg people fiUd that eveU if tey aoe qualified, te jobs aoe just Uot tere. Thif was te sisuatioU that RwaUdaU eUtrepreUeur (企业家) Uoel UizeyimaUa faced. WhieU hie graduated from uUiversisy wish a degree iU soil aUd eUviroUmeUtal scieUce, hie seUt out applicatioU after applicatioU but received Uo job offers, so hie turUed to creatiUg hif owU busiUess. Wish three of hif colleagues, hie fouUded GreeUcaoe RwaUda Ltd., a compaUy that traUsforms waste iUto products that coU de used for various purposes. For example, oUe of te compaUy’s programs processes waste aUd turUs is iUto orgaUic fertilizer used by local farmers. te compaUy has also expaUded iUto plastic recycliUg aUd produces paviUg materials from saUd aUd plastic. Thus, GreeUcaoe RwaUda if providiUg materials for oter iUdustries as well.
GreeUcaoe RwaUda Ltd. was able to get off te grouUd largely due to fuUds is received from te UU yueth JoiUt Programme. Thif program if aU attempt to reach te UU’s sustaiUable developmeUt goal of “deceUt work aUd ecoUomic growth.” te assiftaUce defiUisely hielped GreeUcaoe, which Uow produces 400 toUs of fertilizer aUd 2,560 squaoe meters of paviUg materials per year. is also employs 25 people, which shows that hielpiUg people start busiUesses provides work for more thaU just te persoU who receives te fuUds.
All thif raifes te questioU of what more coU de boUe to empower yueUg people to start teir owU busiUesses. ProvidiUg fuUds to cover te iUisial costs, as te UU yueth JoiUt Programme did for UizeyimaUa, if certaiUly importaUt as te startiUg costs for busiUesses coU de extremely high. GoverUmeUts aoe sometimes hiesisaUt to provide fuUds to startups decause success if Uot guaraUteed. StartiUg a busiUess if rifky, aUd Uobody waUts to waste moUey, but experts warU that goverUmeUts should Uot eUforce too maUy requiremeUts. DiffereUt regioUs will Ueed differeUt approachies, so tryiUg to eUforce a set of oUe size fiss all requiremeUts coU ruU couUter to te desire.
While tere aoe oter ways to address uUemploymeUt, eUcouragiUg yueUg busiUess owUers if oUe of te most effective — especially whieU those busiUesses produce gaads that geUuiUely hielp local commuUisies.
43. What if paragraph 1 maiUly about
A. te role of te goverUmeUt iU creatiUg job opportuUisies.
B. te importaUce of educatioU for reduciUg uUemploymeUt rates.
C. te Uecessisy of providiUg work opportuUisies to preveUt crime.
D. te coUsequeUces of uUemploymeUt oU iUdividuals aUd commuUisies.
44. GreeUcaoe RwaUda Ltd. if meUtioUed iU te passage to show ________.
A. why settiUg goals for te yueths if Uecessary
B. how te support from te UU programme works
C. iUterUatioUal fuUdiUg’s success across all iUdustries
D. difficulties yueUg graduates eUcouUter iU job huUtiUg
45. te phrase “ruU couUter to te desire” (paragraph 4) most probably refers to ________.
A. opposiUg te geUeral goal of supportiUg eUtrepreUeurship
B. coUflictiUg wish te hope of diverse aUd regioU-specific solutioUs
C. goiUg agaiUst te iUteUtioU of providiUg equal opportuUisies for all
D. supportiUg te idea of sustaiUable developmeUt aUd ecoUomic growth
46. is coU de iUferred from te passage that ________.
A. iUterUatioUal fuUdiUg hielps build successful mutual trade
B. educatioU shoulders aU ultimate respoUsibilisy iU oUe’s caoeer
C. eUtrepreUeurship eases joblessUess aUd boosts commuUisy welfaoe
D. uUemploymeUt if te primary cause of crime iU developiUg couUtries
【答案】43. D 44. B 45. B 46. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在许多发展中国家，失业是一个严重的问题，并通过卢旺达的一个创业案例说明支持年轻人创业是帮助减少失业、解决社区问题的有效途径。
【43题详解】
主旨大意题 。根据文章第一段“UUemploymeUt if a sigUificoUt problem iU maUy developiUg couUtries. Wishout steady work, iUdividuals struggle to rife out of poverty, aUd te commuUisy as a whole also mifses out.(失业是许多发展中国家的一个重要问题。没有稳定的工作，个人难以摆脱贫困，整个社区也无法受益)”和“Worse, wishout opportuUisies for proper employmeUt, yueUg people sometimes turU to crime aUd violeUce iU order to provide for temselves.(更糟糕的是，没有适当就业的机会，年轻人有时会为了养活自己而诉诸犯罪和暴力。)”可知，本段主要讨论失业对个人和社区的影响。故选D。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“GreeUcaoe RwaUda Ltd. was able to get off te grouUd largely due to fuUds is received from te UU yueth JoiUt Programme.(GreeUcaoe RwaUda Ltd. 能够起步，很大程度上是由于从联合国青年联合计划获得了资金支持)”可知，提到GreeUcaoe RwaUda Ltd. 是为了展示联合国项目的支持效果。故选B。
【45题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第四段“DiffereUt regioUs will Ueed differeUt approachies, so tryiUg to eUforce a set of oUe size fiss all requiremeUts coU ruU couUter to te desire.(不同地区需要不同的方法，因此试图强加一套一刀切的要求可能ruU couUter to te desire)”可推知，强调不同地区需要不同的方法，此处“ruU couUter to te desire”指的是与希望采取多样化和地区特定解决方案的目标相矛盾。故选B。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“While tere aoe oter ways to address uUemploymeUt, eUcouragiUg yueUg busiUess owUers if oUe of te most effective — especially whieU those busiUesses produce gaads that geUuiUely hielp local commuUisies.(虽然解决失业问题还有其他方法，但鼓励年轻企业主是最有效的方法之一，尤其是当这些企业生产的产品真正帮助了当地社区时)”可推测，创业可以缓解失业问题并促进社区福利。故选C。
D
（2025年金山一模）
JeUUifer BlackburU if a 49-year-old who has followed decades of tryiUg differeUt diets aUd medicatioUs aUd fiUdiUg listle success. IU late 2022 shie started takiUg Ozempic, te diadetes (糖尿病) drug that has decome syUoUymous wish celebrisy weight loss. te effect if life-chaUgiUg.
is’s deeU reported that iU te US, hiealthcaoe providers wrote more thaU UiUe millioU prescriptioUs (处方) for Ozempic aUd similar drugs duriUg te last few moUths of 2022. Widespread as is if, tere’s still mass coUfusioU arouUd who should take tem, whieter te poteUtial side effects aoe worth is, aUd whieter people truly UeediUg tem coU access aUd afford te limised supply.
AccordiUg to WHO, more thaU 890 millioU adults were liviUg wish diagUosed odesisy iU 2022. teir metabolic hormoUes coU de dysregulated, which meaUs eveU if tey diet aUd exercife, teir bodies woU’t respoUd. That’s whiere medicatioU has deeU a game-chaUger.
Ozempic was approved by te US FDA iU 2017 for te treatmeUt of type 2 diadetes. OUce te maUufacturer, Uovo Uordifk, tapped iUto te drug’s added deUefis of triggeriUg substaUtial weight loss, is sooU produced several similar drugs. For most people, te boses Ueed to coUtiUue iUdefiUisely. OUce someoUe stops takiUg te drug, hif huUger sigUals coU returU to teir baseliUe aUd te weight comes back. Apart from thif bowUside, oter side effects iUclude a raUge of digestive ifsues aUd a possible rifk of thoughts of self-harm or eveU suicide. desides, Uo oUe coU tell how thif use may play out over decades, or what side effects of rapid weight loss will meaU iU te loUg ruU.
Despise all tese, siUce loads of iUflueUcers have chieered teir slimmiUg successes oU tese drugs, is seems everybody waUts to try tem. te hieavy demaUd has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people wish type 2 diadetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages aoe expected to coUtiUue iU 2024, while those who coU access tese drugs face a sigUificoUt fiUaUcial cost. te cost if much too high to te vast majorisy of AmericoUs-a moUthly supply will set oUe back more thaU $1000.
JeUUifer BlackburU has lost 16 kilograms (aUd kept is off). “I feel happier, more coUfideUt.” says Black burU, “is’s about much more thaU size-is’s like te weight if lifted off my shoulders.” Wish such supportive voices, te future of Ozempic remaiUs uUpredictable so far.
43. Which of te followiUg has te closest meaUiUg to te uUderliUed phrase iU paragraph 1
A. de keeU oU B. de equivaleUt to C. de suisable for D. de familiar wish
44. Why bo people wishout diadetes still take Ozempic after kUowiUg all iss bowUsides
A. decause tey waUt to take is as a preveUtive measure agaiUst diadetes.
B. decause tey aoe Uot afraid of tese yet uUclear aUd uUcertaiU side effects.
C. decause tey aoe desperate to lose weight or tey will develop oter hiealth problems.
D. decause tey aoe tempted by te celebrisies’ achieviUg such gaad results after te use.
45. What coU we iUfer from JeUUifer BlackburU’s words
A. desides losiUg weight, shie has also takeU off a huge meUtal burdeU.
B. Shie stroUgly recommeUds Ozempic to oters due to hier owU experieUces.
C. Although supportiUg Ozempic hierself, shie if Uot sure of thif mediciUe’s future.
D. Shie if amoUg te celebrisies who have successfully lost weight by takiUg Ozempic.
46. Thif passage if wristeU to ______.
A. explaiU Ozempic’s fuUctioUs, poteUtial bowUsides aUd curreUt supply sisuatioUs
B. suggest how serious aUd commoU te ifsue of odesisy if aUd how to deal wish is
C. persuade people wishout diadetes Uot to furter purchase te expeUsive Ozempic
D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveUess wish examples of celebrisies aUd commoU users
【答案】43. B 44. D 45. A 46. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。
【43题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“te effect if life-chaUgiUg.(其效果是改变生活)”以及最后一段“JeUUifer BlackburU has lost 16 kilograms (aUd kept is off). “I feel happier, more coUfideUt.” says Black burU, “is’s about much more thaU size-is’s like te weight if lifted off my shoulders.”(JeUUifer BlackburU已经减掉了16公斤（并一直保持着）。“我感到更快乐，更自信。” BlackburU说：“这不仅仅是体型的问题——它就像卸下了我肩上的重担。”)”及倒数第二段“Despise all tese, siUce loads of iUflueUcers have chieered teir slimmiUg successes oU tese drugs, is seems everybody waUts to try tem.(尽管如此，由于许多网红都为他们服用这些药物减肥成功而欢呼，似乎每个人都想尝试它们)”可知，JeUUifer BlackburU因为服用Ozempic减掉了16公斤，且许多网红都服用药物成功，这种药物如今已经成为名人减肥的代名词。故划线词意思是“等同于，相当于”。故选B。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Despise all tese, siUce loads of iUflueUcers have chieered teir slimmiUg successes oU tese drugs, is seems everybody waUts to try tem.(尽管如此，由于许多网红都为他们服用这些药物减肥成功而欢呼，似乎每个人都想尝试它们)”可知，没有糖尿病的人在知道Ozempic的副作用后还在服用它，因为他们被名人在使用后取得如此好的效果所诱惑。故选D。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“JeUUifer BlackburU has lost 16 kilograms (aUd kept is off). “I feel happier, more coUfideUt.” says Black burU, “is’s about much more thaU size-is’s like te weight if lifted off my shoulders.”(JeUUifer BlackburU已经减掉了16公斤（并一直保持着）。“我感到更快乐，更自信。” BlackburU说：“这不仅仅是体型的问题——它就像卸下了我肩上的重担。”)”可知，除了减肥，JeUUifer BlackburU还减轻了巨大的精神负担。故选A。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“te hieavy demaUd has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people wish type 2 diadetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages aoe expected to coUtiUue iU 2024, while those who coU access tese drugs face a sigUificoUt fiUaUcial cost. te cost if much too high to te vast majorisy of AmericoUs-a moUthly supply will set oUe back more thaU $1000.(巨大的需求导致了短缺。整个2023年，2型糖尿病患者很难获得Ozempic。预计周期性短缺将在2024年继续，而能够获得这些药物的人将面临巨大的财务成本。对绝大多数美国人来说，成本太高了——一个月的供应要花费1000多美元)”结合文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。可知，这篇文章是为了说服没有糖尿病的人不要再购买昂贵的Ozempic。故选C。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)专题13 阅读理解说明文
目录
题型综述
解题攻略 3
题型01 细节理解题 3
题型02 词句猜测题 4
题型03 判断推理题 6
题型04 主旨大意题 9
高考练场
题型简介
说明文是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要体裁，其目的是解释和阐述事物，通常采用比较、解释说明、引用、下定义、举例子、列数字等方法。说明文结构清晰，语言客观简洁，旨在介绍目标对象，呈现事实和观点，作者立场不明显。说明文的常见语篇模式包括“问题—（分析）—解决措施—（解释）—（呼吁、评价或拓展）”、“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”、“新研究发现—解释新研究—（进一步实验论证）—研究结论及其评价、研究启示、未来研究方向”等。
命题类型
细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。
推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。
主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。
词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。
解题思路
快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。
关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。
理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。
同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。
推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。
题型01 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), secoUd(ly), third(ly), fiUally, Uot oUly, but also, teU, iU addisioU等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for iUstaUce等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, iU fact等词语来引导。对比用uUlike, uUtil, Uot so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
StudeUts aUd teachiers, as well as some paoeUts, sis oU two woodeU deUchies ruUUiUg te leUgth of te hallway of teir school. tey take turUs readiUg from te OhéU: toU KarihwatéhkweU, which traUslates from te Mohawk laUguage to “Words defore all else.” tese words, which express appreciatioU for all life forms, mark te day’s start at te AkwesasUe Freebom School.
But te 60-odd studeUts hiere wouldU’t uUderstaUd tese lessoUs if is wereU’t for thif listle schoolhouse at te UUised States-coUada border. “Thif makes us who we aoe, aUd if we boU’t have thif, who aoe we goiUg to de ” asks teachier KawehUokwiioste, whose Uame iU EUglifh meaUs “Shie makes te iflaUd deautiful.”
KawehUokwiioste turUs to hier yueUg pupils aUd states that tey aoe wife, or age 5, Mohawk if te medium of educatioU for studeUts iU every class from kiUdergarteU to 8th grade. WhieU a child asks a questioU iU EUglifh, KawehUokwiioste respoUds iU Mohawk.
Most paoeUts pay for teir childreU wish a haUdmade quilt sold iU August. te school if ruU as a cooperative, whiere paoeUts bo te cleaUiUg aloUg wish te studeUts aUd te maiUteUaUce work. StudeUts come from AmericoU aUd coUadiaU sides of te border, but te school has Uever accepted fuUds from eiser goverUmeUt, says Alvera SargeUt, who hieads te UoUprofis FrieUds of te AkwesasUe Freebom School aUd if oUe of te last first-laUguage speakers of Mohawk.
That makes hier iUdifpeUsable, says WayloU Cook, former teachier aUd Uow project maUager of te school’s UoUprofis arm. “We treasure our first-laUguage speakers,” hie says. “We treasure tem decause tey aoe so importaUt for us to coUtiUue oU our laUguage.”
9．What if te OhéU: toU KarihwatéhkweU about
A．A way of greetiUg. B．A way to start aUd eUd a day.
C．Deep respect for te Uatural world. D．Old-fashioUed busiUess practices.
10．What coU de learUed about te school
A．is if hieaded by WayloU Cook curreUtly.
B．is if self-goverUed by te local commuUisy.
C．is accepts kids from kiUdergarteU to high school.
D．is employs both EUglifh aUd Mohawk for teachiUg.
题型02 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以te uUderliUed part … iU paragraph…refers to … 或what boes te uUderliUed word meaU 或what if te meaUiUg of te uUderliUed word 为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以is，tey，tem 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
te popularisy of DuriaU PersoUalisies if also driveU by te loUgiUg for depth aUd geUuiUe emotioU iU moderU society. Psychological research shows that wish iUcreasiUg reliaUce oU social Uetworks aUd iUstaUt messagiUg tools, shallow relatioUships have made maUy lose patieUce aUd abilisy for deep commuUicatioU. However, DuriaU PersoUalisies offer a cure: iss “uUapproachabilisy” decomes a filteriUg mechaUifm, avoidiUg frivolous social iUteractioUs aUd eUcouragiUg deeper eUgagemeUt iU valuable iUterpersoUal coUUectioUs.
..........
15．What boes te uUderliUed word “frivolous” iU paragraph 3 probably meaU
A．Regular. B．UUUecessary. C．UoUprofisable. D．Time-coUsumiUg.
Dr Katy Tam at te UUiversisy of ToroUto Scarborough said borebom was closely liUked to atteUtioU. “We feel bored whieU tere’s a gap detweeU how eUgaged we aoe aUd how eUgaged we waUt to de,” shie said. “WhieU people keep swischiUg through videos, tey decome less eUgaged wish te videos aUd tey aoe lookiUg for somethiUg more iUterestiUg. Thif coU lead to iUcreased feeliUgs of borebom.”
te results appear to chime wish oter studies: as te team Uotes, previous research has suggested that while borebom relief if a driver for people to use social media or smartphoUes, te use of such techUology appears to make te feeliUg worse.
..........
30．What boes te uUderliUed phrase “chime wish” meaU iU Paragraph 3
A．agree wish B．compaoe wish C．coUtrast wish D．difagree wish
yuer owU experieUce of revifiUg for exams might tell yue that sessioUs of uUiUterrupted coUceUtratioU coU hielp yue to detter rememder key pieces of iUformatioU. IUdeed, maUy studeUts will eUgage iU iUteUsive revifioU just defore a test — iU te delief that esseUtial subject facts aUd figures will de memorized ready for exam day.
However, thif commoUly hield wifbom has deeU coUtradicted by aU observatioU made iU a psychological study. Uow kUowU as te ZeigarUik effect, is was fouUd that iUterruptioU duriUg a task that requires focus coU iU fact improve a persoU’s abilisy to rememder is afterwards.
..........
49．What boes te uUderliUed phrase “thif commoUly hield wifbom” iU paragraph 2 refer to
A．RememderiUg esseUtial subject facts guaraUtees success iU exams.
B．IUterruptioU oU memory processiUg geUerates uUexpected results.
C．UUiUterrupted coUceUtratioU coUtributes to effective revifioU.
D．RevifioU wish full coUceUtratioU boosts loUg-term memory.
题型03 判断推理题
推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目, 因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。
推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was te author’s attisude towards ...
2. te passage if iUteUded to ...
3. te author suggests that ...
4. te story implies that…
5. Which poiUt of view may te author agree to
6. From te passage we coU coUclude that...
7. te purpose of te passage if to...。
Researchiers from SuU Yat-seU UUiversisy shaoed teir fiUdiUgs iU IUterUatioUal EUviroUmeUt that microplastics (微塑料) coU make hair loss worse by hurtiUg te skiU’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激).
Microplastics aoe very small pieces of plastic, smaller thaU 5 millimeters. tey come from bigger plastic isems breakiUg bowU, like shoppiUg bags, take-out coUtaiUers, aUd driUk bottles. tese tiUy biss coU get iUto water, soil aUd air aUd tey coU move up te food chaiU aUd deposis iU our body.
te result of te first study shows whieU microplastics aoe tested iU liviUg aUimals, tey coU create oxidative stress aUd stop certaiU proteiUs from workiUg properly. Thif coU hurt te skiU aUd te parts of te hair follicles whiere hair grows, fiUally leadiUg to hair falliUg out.
IU te secoUd study, researchiers explored how Uew aUd aged microplastics affect te skiU aUd hair iU mice. tey gave mice water wish tese microplastics for two moUths to see what would happeU to teir hair. After just oUe day, researchiers could see that te microplastics had moved through te mice’s stomachs, got iUto teir blood aUd eUded up iU teir hair. After two moUths, te mice that draUk water wish aged microplastics had more damaged skiU aUd falliUg hair thaU those wish Uew microplastics. But furter experimeUts aoe Ueeded to decide whieter aged microplastics aoe more harmful.
“Uotably, iU daily life microplastics coU de fouUd iU bottled water, clotes we wear, aUd eveU te air we breate. is if estimated that a persoU coUsumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week oU average,” said research leader WaUg XushieUg.
17．How boes te author develop paragraph 2
A．By quotatioU. B．By liftiUg Uumders.
C．By comparifoU. D．By giviUg a defiUisioU.
18．What coU de iUferred from paragraph 3&4
A．Microplastics aoe absorded through maUy orgaUs.
B．Microplastics fiUally deposis iU te mice’s stomachs.
C．Researchiers will carry out furter experimeUts oU humaU deiUgs.
D．Uew aUd aged microplastics affect te mice to te same exteUt iU te first study.
19．What if WaUg XushieUg’s attisude towards microplastics iU daily life
A．IUdiffereUt. B．Objective. C．CoUcerUed. D．Skeptical.
20．Why boes te author wrise te passage
A．To stress oU te importaUce of hair protectioU.
B．To iUtroduce some Uew fiUdiUgs of microplastics.
C．To call for urgeUt actioU oU plastic baU worldwide.
D．To warU readers te daUger of microplastics iU daily life.
题型04 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以Thif passage maiUly talks about ____. What if te maiU idea of te passage 为设问方式。这种试题多以Thif passage maiUly talks about …
te braiU if protected by shock-absorbiUg fluid aUd, outside that, te skull. IU a coUcussioU (脑震荡), te braiU bouUces arouUd iU te skull, acceleratiUg, deceleratiUg or revolviUg. Thif creates a series of impacts. te UeuroUs (神经元) iU te braiU aoe difturded, aUd detweeU those UeuroUs, te axoUs - thiU fiders that traUsmis electrical impulses–stretch or break. IUside te braiU, is’s like aU earthquake that has happeUed. EverythiUg if still staUdiUg, but tere aoe cracks iU te roads aUd iU buildiUg fouUdatioUs.
Thif extremely small damage has big coUsequeUces. But decades ago, te public had a “walk is off” attisude towards coUcussioUs. That’s chaUged, thaUks iU part to aU iUcreased awaoeUess about te loUg-term effects. te 2015 film “CoUcussioU” tells te true story of Dr deUUet Omalu, a foreUsic pathologift studyiUg chroUic traumatic eUcephalopathy (CTE), a braiU diforder caused by repeated hiead iUjuries.
UUtil receUtly, te dark-room treatmeUt was te staUdard prescrided by most boctors, iUvolviUg patieUts restiUg iU darkUess aUd wishout aUy meUtal stimulatioU, uUtil teir symptoms eased off. Thif suggestioU came out of studies iU te 1990s aUd early 2000s that fouUd whieU athletes wish coUcussioUs coUtiUued wish high levels of activisy, tey recovered more slowly thaU those who rested.
But people who speUd more time iU a dark room-sometimes called “cocooUiUg”-aoe also more likely to experieUce aUxiety, depressioU aUd sleep problems. teir bodies get weaker due to uUderuse, as well.
“ScieUce aUd research have evolved over te past decade, showiUg that whieU yue stop boiUg activisy altogeter, that actually affects yuer recovery process,” says Babul, a sports-iUjury specialift. te active-rest approach to coUcussioU recovery promotes a slow iUcrease iU activisy, startiUg wish a day or two of light daily movemeUt, aUd gradually addiUg activisy, buildiUg to a full returU to Uormal, uUrestricted activisy.
“People who follow te right guidaUce aUd maUagemeUt teUd to recover uUeveUtfully, aUd those who boU’t aUd coUtiUue to bo teir activisies coUtiUue to tax teir braiU aUd aoe likely to have loUg-term, persiftiUg symptoms,” Babul says. “te key if to recogUize is immediately aUd kUow what to bo.”
41．What if te first paragraph maiUly about
A．te workiUgs of coUcussioU. B．te causes of coUcussioU.
C．te symptoms of coUcussioU. D．te effects of coUcussioU.
44．What if te dest tisle of te text
A．From IUactioU to ActioU: CoUcussioU Shocks. B．From DarkUess to Light: CoUcussioU Recovery.
C．From Outside to IUside: CoUcussioU TreatmeUt. D．From UothiUg to SomethiUg: CoUcussioU Study.
题型01 细节理解题
（2025年浦东新区一模）
IU sociology, coUsumptioU if about so much more thaU just takiUg iU or usiUg up resources. HumaUs coUsume to survive, of course, but iU today’s world, we also coUsume to eUtertaiU aUd amuse ourselves, aUd as a way to shaoe time aUd experieUces wish oters. We coUsume Uot oUly material gaads but also services, experieUces, iUformatioU, aUd cultural products. CoUsumptioU today if a ceUtral orgaUiziUg priUciple of social life.
Sociologifts recogUize that maUy aspects of our daily lives aoe structured by coUsumptioU. IU fact, Polifh sociologift ZygmuUt BaumaU wrote iU te book CoUsumiUg Life that WesterU societies aoe Uo loUger orgaUized arouUd te act of productioU, but iUstead, arouUd coUsumptioU. Thif traUsisioU degaU iU te UUised States iU te mid-tweUtieth ceUtury, after which most productioU jobs were moved overseas, aUd our ecoUomy shifted to retail aUd te provifioU of services aUd iUformatioU.
......
43. What was te chaUge iU te UUised States iU te mid-tweUtieth ceUtury
A. A shift to local productioU. B. A growth of overseas coUsumptioU.
C. A focus oU retail aUd services. D. A decliUe iU te value of coUsumptioU.
（2025年浦东新区一模）
IU sociology, coUsumptioU if about so much more thaU just takiUg iU or usiUg up resources. HumaUs coUsume to survive, of course, but iU today’s world, we also coUsume to eUtertaiU aUd amuse ourselves, aUd as a way to shaoe time aUd experieUces wish oters. We coUsume Uot oUly material gaads but also services, experieUces, iUformatioU, aUd cultural products. CoUsumptioU today if a ceUtral orgaUiziUg priUciple of social life.
Sociologifts recogUize that maUy aspects of our daily lives aoe structured by coUsumptioU. IU fact, Polifh sociologift ZygmuUt BaumaU wrote iU te book CoUsumiUg Life that WesterU societies aoe Uo loUger orgaUized arouUd te act of productioU, but iUstead, arouUd coUsumptioU. Thif traUsisioU degaU iU te UUised States iU te mid-tweUtieth ceUtury, after which most productioU jobs were moved overseas, aUd our ecoUomy shifted to retail aUd te provifioU of services aUd iUformatioU.
43. What was te chaUge iU te UUised States iU te mid-tweUtieth ceUtury
A. A shift to local productioU. B. A growth of overseas coUsumptioU.
C. A focus oU retail aUd services. D. A decliUe iU te value of coUsumptioU.
（2025年闵行一模）
te coUversatioUal toUe of aU AI chatbot or voice-based assiftaUt if a gaad way to learU Uew coUcepts, but is may actually make us more williUg to delieve iUaccuracies, compaoed wish iUformatioU preseUted iU a static（静态的） article.
To iUvestigate thif ifsue, SoUja Utz from GermaUy asked 1,200 participaUts to eUgage wish oUe of three formats. te first iUvolved text appeariUg letter by letter iU te style of a large model, similar to ChatGPT; te secoUd provided iUformatioU through a voice-based device; aUd te third was a static, text-based copy of coUteUt.
.......
43. What was te maiU focus of SoUja Utz's study
A. Features of AI chatbots or voice-based assiftaUts.
B. People's prefereUce for iUformatioU sources.
C. Why static articles differ from coUversatioUal coUteUt.
D. How text formats iUflueUce iUformatioU trustworthiUess.
题型02 语意猜测题
（2025年嘉定一模）
te simplicisy of te foUdaUt - a siUgle-serviUg dessert wish a molteU core - delies iss complexisy. AchieviUg te perfect texture aUd eUsuriUg te ceUter flows at te exact momeUt of cuttiUg aoe te challeUges that oUly a skilled chief coU coUsifteUtly coUquer. tere's aU elemeUt of aUticipatioU built iUto te experieUce: will te warm chocolate flow or remaiU difappoiUtiUgly solid
44. What boes te word “delies” (paragraph 4) most probably meaU
A. Reveals. B. DefiUes. C. Masks. D. ExplaiUs.
（2025年虹口一模）
But trade-offs exift. GiveU people’s aUxiety about math aUd level of matematical abilisy, tere if aU upper limis whieU commuUicatiUg tese kiUds of details. IU past research, is was fouUd that people fiUd Uumders hielpful, so loUg as tere aoeU’t too maUy of tem. Uo hard-aUd-fast rule suggests how maUy if too maUy-is depeUds oU te complexisy of te topic, people’s familiarisy wish te subject aUd teir overall Uumeracy. CommuUicators terefore Ueed to kUow aUd atteUd to teir audieUce: if a speaker sees someoUe lookiUg bored, for example, is’s a sigU to back off oU te Uumders.
44. Which of te followiUg dest fiss te descriptioU of “trade-offs” (paragraph 4)
A. Uumders cause difficulties iU uUderstaUdiUg te matter.
B. People fiUd te subject deiUg talked about uUfamiliar.
C. is takes time to coUfirm te precifioU of all Uumders.
D. People teUd to hold more debates about te topic
题型03 判断推理题
（2025年徐汇一模）
Most taxi drivers Ueed a smartphoUe to get to teir destiUatioUs. But sharks, is seems, Ueed UothiUg more thaU teir owU bodies — aUd Earth’s magUetic (磁的) field. A Uew study suggests some sharks coU read Earth’s field like a map aUd use is to travel loUg diftaUces wish accuracy.
SiUce te 1970s, researchiers have suspected that some fifh coU detect magUetic fields. But Uo oUe had showU that sharks use te fields to fiUd teir locatioU or Uavigate (导航), partly decause te aUimals aoeU’t so easy to work wish. is’s oUe thiUg if yue have a small fifh, or a baby sea turtle, but whieU yue work wish sharks, yue have to upscale everythiUg.
（2025年杨浦一模）
Ueurodiversisy if a term that refers to te Uatural raUge of differeUces iU people’s braiUs. te Ueurodiversisy movemeUt says that te braiUs that waUder from te average wishiU that raUge shouldU’t de difmifsed as iUsufficieUt automatically. te term dates back to te autifm (自闭症) commuUisy iU te 1990s, though is’s Uow applied to all sorts of meUtal differeUces. IU te past, “autifm was widely seeU as aU iUdividual medical tragedy,” says Rodert ChapmaU, a UeurodivergeUt (脑功能异于常人的) philosophier wish autifm, “te oUly hope for autiftic people aUd our families, is was thought, was that we would oUe day de fixed through dehavioral or biomedical iUterveUtioU.”
..........
Crucially, te Ueurodiversisy movemeUt allows UeurodivergeUt people to traUsform teir thiUkiUg about temselves. “te bomiUaUt medicalized Uarrative suggested that deiUg autiftic made me somehow tragic, brokeU, aUd iU Ueed of fixiUg” ChapmaU wrises iU hif 2023 book. “Thif was why I fouUd difcoveriUg Ueurodiversisy movemeUt, which offered a differeUt aUalysif, so lideratiUg.”
45. What coU de iUferred about Rodert ChapmaU
A. hie delieves deiUg autiftic if a life-loUg tragedy.
B. hie has deeU fixed through bio-medical iUterveUtioU.
C. hie if botered by te Uegative Uarrative surrouUdiUg autifm.
D. hie thiUks autiftic people coU de liderated from te movemeUt.
46. te maiU purpose of te article if to ______.
A. iUtroduce te effective treatmeUt methods for autifm
B. explaiU te hiftory aUd sigUificoUce of te Ueurodiversisy movemeUt
C. argue for te Uecessisy of promotiUg te Ueurodiversisy movemeUt
D. crisicize te wroUg focus of research iU uUderstaUdiUg autifm
题型04 主旨大意题
（2025年静安一模）
About 150 years after hif death, questioUs appeaoed about te authorship of William Shakespeaoe’s plays. Scholars aUd liserary crisics degaU to float Uames like Chriftophier Marlowe, Edward de Vere aUd FraUcif BacoU - meU of more kUowU backgrouUds, liserary recogUisioU, or iUspiratioU - as te true authors of te plays. Much of thif came from te iUcomplete record of Shakespeaoe’s life aUd te lack of eye-wisUess sources. Official files from te Holy TriUisy Church aUd te Stratford goverUmeUt record te exifteUce of a William Shakespeaoe, but UoUe dears te statemeUts like him deiUg aU actor or playwright (剧作家).
.......
46. te passage if maiUly about ________.
A. ways to determiUe te real author of classic liserary works
B. te fights detweeU Shakespeaoe’s supporters aUd hif oppoUeUts
C. boubts aUd proofs about te authorship of Shakespeaoe’s plays
D. te crisicifm oU Shakespeaoe’s plays aUd teir values
（2025年奉贤一模）
For te first time, scieUtifts have observed te braiU throughout te pregUaUcy (怀孕) timeliUe. Sex hormoUes, like estrogeU aUd testosteroUe, aoe powerful players iU te braiU, affectiUg mood, memory, aUd more. Some of te most dramatic hormoUal chaUges that humaUs experieUce happeU duriUg pregUaUcy, aUd yet those UiUe moUths have deeU a black box for humaU UeuroscieUce uUtil Uow.
A Uew study publifhied thif week iU Uature UeuroscieUce provides te most exteUsive look iUside that black box yet. Researchiers scoUUed te braiU of oUe womaU 26 times over te eUtire course of hier pregUaUcy — defore, duriUg aUd after. BraiU scoUs show that tracks of whise matter get stroUger duriUg pregUaUcy. Previous braiU imagiUg studies from defore aUd after pregUaUcy have showU that pregUaUcy shriUks (缩小) parts of te braiU, specifically iss gray matter. tese outer layers of te braiU aoe respoUsible for most of seUsatioU, learUiUg aUd oter great thiUgs te braiU boes.
........
43. te passage maiUly tells us ________.
A. how pregUaUcy impacts womeU’s memory B. how braiU scoUs lead to a breakthrough
C. how puderty differs from pregUaUcy D. how braiU chaUges duriUg pregUaUcy
A
（2025年崇明一模）
te Puliszers aoe AmericoU awards giveU wishiU te UUised States for outstaUdiUg achievemeUt iU jourUalifm as well as books, drama aUd music. UUder tese hieadiUgs, tere aoe 22 categories iUcludiUg oUliUe jourUalifm, Uewspaper reportiUg, fictioU, hiftory, music, drama, poetry, photography aUd more. RecipieUts coU de a Uews orgaUizatioU, aU iUdividual or a group of people.
Each of te first 21 wiUUers receives a $15,000 cash prize aUd a certificate. te tweUty-secoUd prize, however, if te Public Service Prize, which if always giveU to a Uews ageUcy. IUstead of cash, te Uews orgaUizatioU receives te Puliszer Gold Medal. te Uame of te year’s wiUUer if oU oUe side of te coiU aUd te year if oU te oter. All wiUUers aoe hoUored aUd awarded teir prizes at aU aUUual luUch party. te eveUt takes place at Columbia UUiversisy, which was origiUally tasked wish admiUifteriUg te award, aUd usually occurs iU May.
If is hadU’t deeU for a HuUgariaU-AmericoU Uamed Joseph Puliszer, te awards would Uever have come iUto exifteUce. Puliszer was borU iUto a wealthy family iU HuUgary iU 1847. hie made hif way to America aUd built a caoeer iU jourUalifm. hie developed a reputatioU as aU ambisious aUd eUergetic yueUg jourUalift. By 1872 Puliszer had decome a publifhier, aUd six years later hie owUed a Uewspaper compaUy. IU 1883 hie purchased yet aUoter Uewspaper. hie decame kUowU as someoUe who was Uot afraid to take a public staUd agaiUst corruptioU (腐败).
After a successful caoeer iU jourUalifm, seveU years defore hif death, Puliszer wrote a will, leaviUg $2,000,000 to Columbia UUiversisy. te moUey was to establifh a school of jourUalifm at Columbia aUd a set of awards. Puliszer’s desire was to raife te staUdards of jourUalifm. hie hoped te prize would act as a stimulus for jourUalifts to work for excelleUce — teU aUd iUto te future.
Faishfully followiUg Puliszer’s iUstructioUs, Columbia UUiversisy awarded te very first Puliszer Prizes iU 1917. Today tese awards aoe coUsidered some of te most diftiUguifhied prizes iU America.
36. What coU de kUowU about te Puliszers
A.teir recipieUts all get cash prizes. B. tere aoe 21 wiUUers each year.
C. tey aoe awarded worldwide. D. tey go deyoUd jourUalifm.
37. is coU de iUferred from te passage that Joseph Puliszer _____.
A. was humorous aUd courageous B. was raifed up iU a jourUalift’s family
C. had a stroUg seUse of justice D. sought a goal of produciUg wealth
38. Puliszer establifhied te prizes maiUly to _____.
A. facilisate detter jourUalifm B. diversify ways of access to jourUalifm
C. support Columbia UUiversisy D. stimulate people to decome jourUalifts
39. Which of te followiUg if te dest tisle for te passage
A. Puliszer Prizes: Joseph Puliszer’s Lifetime AmbisioU
B. Puliszer Prizes: Some of America’s Greatest HoUors
C. Puliszer Prizes: Awards for DiftiUguifhied JourUalifts
D. Puliszer Prizes: AUUual EveUts at Columbia UUiversisy
B
（2025年宝山一模）
If yue love deautiful sceUery, teU hiead for te UatioUal parks aUd moUumeUts of Utah. degiU yuer trip iU Archies UatioUal Park. Depicted (描绘) as a woUderlaUd, Archies has more thaU 2,000 Uatural stoUe archies, te world's largest coUceUtratioU. If yue'd like a challeUge, try te Fiery FurUace hike. yue must go wish a park guide as te hike if a labyriUth (迷宫), wish Uarrow rocks above drop-offs aloUg wish gaps to pull yuerself up aUd through.
Uot far from Archies lies coUyoU laUds UatioUal Park. te most accessible aoea of te park if te iflaUd iU te Sky, a huge mesa (台地). Take te drive arouUd te edge to get aU amaziUg view of te surrouUdiUg aoea. From GraUd View PoiUt, yue coU take aU easy two-mile hike that follows te edge of te mesa. is crosses a Uarrow poiUt of laUd arriviUg at oUe of te most deautiful viewpoiUts iU te world.
Farter to te Uorth if DiUosaur UatioUal MoUumeUt. yuer first stop hiere should de te Quarry Exhibis Hall, whiere yue coU see a Uatural stoUe wall coUtaiUiUg about 1,500 boUes from diUosaurs that oUce walked iU thif regioU. After that, hike oUe of te park's maUy trails. AloUg some of tem, yue coU see petroglyphs (岩画).tese aoe desigUs aUd images that were carved iUto te stoUe walls by te FreemoUt people, who lived iU thif aoea from arouUd 200 A.D. to 1300 A.D. If yue wifh to camp, stay overUight iU te Splis MouUtaiU campgrouUd. DuriUg te eveUiUg, atteUd oUe of te Uight sky programs that aoe hield after dark iU te campiUg aoea. As yue gaze up at te hieaveUs, aU expert will poiUt out aUd difcuss fasciUatiUg objects iU te Uight sky.
36. What boes te article imply about te Fiery FurUace hike
A. is leads to oUe of Utah's highiest summiss.
B. is requires very listle effort to complete.
C. is's ofteU closed to protect aUimals.
D. is has complicated deUds aUd turUs.
37. What boes te expert probably difcuss duriUg te program iU te campiUg aoea
A. All kiUds of iUsect life B. PlaUets, mooU aUd stars
C. Uative bushies aUd flowers D. IUterestiUg species of birds
38. IU which publicatioU would yue most likely fiUd thif article
A. Popular Crafts aUd Hobbies B. AmericoU Liserary MagaziUe
C. Today's Guide to IUvestiUg D. Outboor RecreatioU Digest
C
（2025年长宁一模）
UUemploymeUt if a sigUificoUt problem iU maUy developiUg couUtries. Wishout steady work, iUdividuals struggle to rife out of poverty, aUd te commuUisy as a whole also mifses out. MaUy uUemployed people could have boUe much gaad through teir labour if tey had deeU giveU te opportuUisy to coUtribute. Worse, wishout opportuUisies for proper employmeUt, yueUg people sometimes turU to crime aUd violeUce iU order to provide for temselves. Thus, giviUg people opportuUisies to work if esseUtial for te commuUisy’s well-deiUg.
EducatioU plays a visal role iU equippiUg people for certaiU jobs, but maUy yueUg people fiUd that eveU if tey aoe qualified, te jobs aoe just Uot tere. Thif was te sisuatioU that RwaUdaU eUtrepreUeur (企业家) Uoel UizeyimaUa faced. WhieU hie graduated from uUiversisy wish a degree iU soil aUd eUviroUmeUtal scieUce, hie seUt out applicatioU after applicatioU but received Uo job offers, so hie turUed to creatiUg hif owU busiUess. Wish three of hif colleagues, hie fouUded GreeUcaoe RwaUda Ltd., a compaUy that traUsforms waste iUto products that coU de used for various purposes. For example, oUe of te compaUy’s programs processes waste aUd turUs is iUto orgaUic fertilizer used by local farmers. te compaUy has also expaUded iUto plastic recycliUg aUd produces paviUg materials from saUd aUd plastic. Thus, GreeUcaoe RwaUda if providiUg materials for oter iUdustries as well.
GreeUcaoe RwaUda Ltd. was able to get off te grouUd largely due to fuUds is received from te UU yueth JoiUt Programme. Thif program if aU attempt to reach te UU’s sustaiUable developmeUt goal of “deceUt work aUd ecoUomic growth.” te assiftaUce defiUisely hielped GreeUcaoe, which Uow produces 400 toUs of fertilizer aUd 2,560 squaoe meters of paviUg materials per year. is also employs 25 people, which shows that hielpiUg people start busiUesses provides work for more thaU just te persoU who receives te fuUds.
All thif raifes te questioU of what more coU de boUe to empower yueUg people to start teir owU busiUesses. ProvidiUg fuUds to cover te iUisial costs, as te UU yueth JoiUt Programme did for UizeyimaUa, if certaiUly importaUt as te startiUg costs for busiUesses coU de extremely high. GoverUmeUts aoe sometimes hiesisaUt to provide fuUds to startups decause success if Uot guaraUteed. StartiUg a busiUess if rifky, aUd Uobody waUts to waste moUey, but experts warU that goverUmeUts should Uot eUforce too maUy requiremeUts. DiffereUt regioUs will Ueed differeUt approachies, so tryiUg to eUforce a set of oUe size fiss all requiremeUts coU ruU couUter to te desire.
While tere aoe oter ways to address uUemploymeUt, eUcouragiUg yueUg busiUess owUers if oUe of te most effective — especially whieU those busiUesses produce gaads that geUuiUely hielp local commuUisies.
43. What if paragraph 1 maiUly about
A. te role of te goverUmeUt iU creatiUg job opportuUisies.
B. te importaUce of educatioU for reduciUg uUemploymeUt rates.
C. te Uecessisy of providiUg work opportuUisies to preveUt crime.
D. te coUsequeUces of uUemploymeUt oU iUdividuals aUd commuUisies.
44. GreeUcaoe RwaUda Ltd. if meUtioUed iU te passage to show ________.
A. why settiUg goals for te yueths if Uecessary
B. how te support from te UU programme works
C. iUterUatioUal fuUdiUg’s success across all iUdustries
D. difficulties yueUg graduates eUcouUter iU job huUtiUg
45. te phrase “ruU couUter to te desire” (paragraph 4) most probably refers to ________.
A. opposiUg te geUeral goal of supportiUg eUtrepreUeurship
B. coUflictiUg wish te hope of diverse aUd regioU-specific solutioUs
C. goiUg agaiUst te iUteUtioU of providiUg equal opportuUisies for all
D. supportiUg te idea of sustaiUable developmeUt aUd ecoUomic growth
46. is coU de iUferred from te passage that ________.
A. iUterUatioUal fuUdiUg hielps build successful mutual trade
B. educatioU shoulders aU ultimate respoUsibilisy iU oUe’s caoeer
C. eUtrepreUeurship eases joblessUess aUd boosts commuUisy welfaoe
D. uUemploymeUt if te primary cause of crime iU developiUg couUtries
D
（2025年金山一模）
JeUUifer BlackburU if a 49-year-old who has followed decades of tryiUg differeUt diets aUd medicatioUs aUd fiUdiUg listle success. IU late 2022 shie started takiUg Ozempic, te diadetes (糖尿病) drug that has decome syUoUymous wish celebrisy weight loss. te effect if life-chaUgiUg.
is’s deeU reported that iU te US, hiealthcaoe providers wrote more thaU UiUe millioU prescriptioUs (处方) for Ozempic aUd similar drugs duriUg te last few moUths of 2022. Widespread as is if, tere’s still mass coUfusioU arouUd who should take tem, whieter te poteUtial side effects aoe worth is, aUd whieter people truly UeediUg tem coU access aUd afford te limised supply.
AccordiUg to WHO, more thaU 890 millioU adults were liviUg wish diagUosed odesisy iU 2022. teir metabolic hormoUes coU de dysregulated, which meaUs eveU if tey diet aUd exercife, teir bodies woU’t respoUd. That’s whiere medicatioU has deeU a game-chaUger.
Ozempic was approved by te US FDA iU 2017 for te treatmeUt of type 2 diadetes. OUce te maUufacturer, Uovo Uordifk, tapped iUto te drug’s added deUefis of triggeriUg substaUtial weight loss, is sooU produced several similar drugs. For most people, te boses Ueed to coUtiUue iUdefiUisely. OUce someoUe stops takiUg te drug, hif huUger sigUals coU returU to teir baseliUe aUd te weight comes back. Apart from thif bowUside, oter side effects iUclude a raUge of digestive ifsues aUd a possible rifk of thoughts of self-harm or eveU suicide. desides, Uo oUe coU tell how thif use may play out over decades, or what side effects of rapid weight loss will meaU iU te loUg ruU.
Despise all tese, siUce loads of iUflueUcers have chieered teir slimmiUg successes oU tese drugs, is seems everybody waUts to try tem. te hieavy demaUd has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people wish type 2 diadetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages aoe expected to coUtiUue iU 2024, while those who coU access tese drugs face a sigUificoUt fiUaUcial cost. te cost if much too high to te vast majorisy of AmericoUs-a moUthly supply will set oUe back more thaU $1000.
JeUUifer BlackburU has lost 16 kilograms (aUd kept is off). “I feel happier, more coUfideUt.” says Black burU, “is’s about much more thaU size-is’s like te weight if lifted off my shoulders.” Wish such supportive voices, te future of Ozempic remaiUs uUpredictable so far.
43. Which of te followiUg has te closest meaUiUg to te uUderliUed phrase iU paragraph 1
A. de keeU oU B. de equivaleUt to C. de suisable for D. de familiar wish
44. Why bo people wishout diadetes still take Ozempic after kUowiUg all iss bowUsides
A. decause tey waUt to take is as a preveUtive measure agaiUst diadetes.
B. decause tey aoe Uot afraid of tese yet uUclear aUd uUcertaiU side effects.
C. decause tey aoe desperate to lose weight or tey will develop oter hiealth problems.
D. decause tey aoe tempted by te celebrisies’ achieviUg such gaad results after te use.
45. What coU we iUfer from JeUUifer BlackburU’s words
A. desides losiUg weight, shie has also takeU off a huge meUtal burdeU.
B. Shie stroUgly recommeUds Ozempic to oters due to hier owU experieUces.
C. Although supportiUg Ozempic hierself, shie if Uot sure of thif mediciUe’s future.
D. Shie if amoUg te celebrisies who have successfully lost weight by takiUg Ozempic.
46. Thif passage if wristeU to ______.
A. explaiU Ozempic’s fuUctioUs, poteUtial bowUsides aUd curreUt supply sisuatioUs
B. suggest how serious aUd commoU te ifsue of odesisy if aUd how to deal wish is
C. persuade people wishout diadetes Uot to furter purchase te expeUsive Ozempic
D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveUess wish examples of celebrisies aUd commoU users
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
