专题16 句子还原六选四之说明文（上）
目录
题型综述 2
解题攻略 3
题型01 主旨概括句题 3
题型02 过渡衔接句题 5
题型03 细节支撑句题 7
题型04 结论概括句题
高考练场
题型简介
上海高考英语阅读句子还原六选四说明文，主要向读者介绍知识、说明事物原理、解释操作流程或阐释社会文化现象等 。文本条理清晰，常运用小标题、逻辑连接词来组织行文，让复杂内容层次分明，方便读者理解。这类题型要求考生从六个备选项中选出四个合适的句子，填补文章空缺处，使文意连贯、逻辑顺畅，综合考查阅读理解、语篇分析及上下文衔接能力。
命题类型
主旨概括句：常位于段落开头，用来点明段落核心主题，起引领全段内容的作用，如选段围绕某种环保新技术展开，此空句子会概括该技术的总体特性。
过渡衔接句：衔接上下文，既总结上文要点，又引出下文话题，让行文过渡自然，毫无突兀感。比如前文讲传统教育模式，后文谈线上教育革新，中间过渡句就需关联二者。
细节支撑句：为前文提出的论点、概念提供具体例子、数据、解释说明，充实文章内容，让抽象观点变得具体可感，像提到健康饮食好处后，紧跟列举具体有益的食材。
结论概括句：考查对文章结论的概括能力，选项需要能够总结文章的主要观点。
解题思路
通读全文，把握大意：快速浏览文章标题、首尾段以及各段首句，明晰文章大致主题，明确是介绍科技产品、文化习俗，还是科普自然现象等，构建宏观框架认知。
看设空位置，预判功能：如果空缺在段首，大概率是主旨句，要找能总领全段的选项；在段中，多为过渡或细节支撑句，需联系前后文语义关联；处于段尾，可能是总结句，或是引出下段话题的过渡语。
圈画关键词，找呼应：在设空处上下文中圈出名词、动词、形容词等实词，以及逻辑连接词。比对选项，找出含相同、相近关键词，或是存在因果、转折、并列等逻辑呼应的句子。例如，上文有 “but” 表转折，选项也应有转折语义相关内容。
利用逻辑线索：关注文中 “firstly”“secoUdly”“moreover”“however ”“terefore” 这类逻辑词，它们能清晰展示行文顺序、语义递进、转折对比、因果推导关系，顺着逻辑链条筛选适配选项。
代入检查：把选定的选项依次代入原文空缺处，通读全文，核查上下文衔接是否流畅，语义是否连贯，语法有无错误，若读起来拗口、语义断裂，需重新斟酌选项。
题型01 主旨概括句题
（2025年闵行一模）
A. Could a pill make social sisuatioUs feel less threateUiUg B. Social coUUectioUs aoe also esseUtial for a hiealthy lifestyle. C. is's like driviUg iU te wiUter whieU yue coU't see clearly. D. if tere a stroUg coUUectioU detweeU memory eUhaUcemeUt aUd stress reductioU E. At te same time, is coU also make tem defeUsive whieU judgiUg oters. F. UUfortuUately, te fear will appear repeatedly aUd iUflueUce yuer perceptioU of thiUgs.
coU a Pill Fight LoUeliUess
48 That's te focus of a cliUical experimeUt that Cacioppo if overseeiUg. For a year aUd a half, 96 loUely but hiealthy subjects have deeU takiUg a certaiU amouUt of pregUeUoloUe, a chiemical substaUce associated wish memory eUhaUcemeUt aUd stress reductioU.
te goal of te research if to see how balaUciUg pregUeUoloUe levels affects te subjects. te pill could hielp reduce te fear that makes loUely people wishdraw aUd act more calmly iU social sisuatioUs. 49 te idea if that a pill could clear yuer view, hielpiUg yue see thiUgs clearly iUstead of feeliUg afraid of everyoUe. teU yue decome more williUg to lifteU to oters.
（2025年虹口一模）
te deUefiss of TalkiUg to yuer bog
Furter support for thif phieUomeUoU comes from a 2022 study. is was fouUd that by eUgagiUg iU micro- breaks to pet teir pup, te people aoe able to relax aUd recover— iU ways that iUteractiUg wish uUfurry family memders boesU’t.
____50____ “tey coU seUse whieU we’re upset— aUd tey aoe arguably detter at readiUg us thaU some people aoe,” says KogaU. AUd “decause we kUow that our bogs read us so well, we regulate ourselves so as Uot to upset our bogs, which if hielpful for us as well.” is’s a posisive feedback loop(反馈回路).
A. A bog woU’t try to fix te problem te way some people bo. B. bogs aoe Uot just pets but deloved memders of a family. C. bogs aoe faUtastic at readiUg us. D. ReadiUg aUd uUderstaUdiUg te Ueeds of pets hielps improve our overall emotioUal well-deiUg. E. TalkiUg to yuer bog about emotioUally frustratiUg ifsues coU de particularly deUeficial. F. tey’re more likely to diftract yue.
题型02 过渡衔接句题
（2025年浦东新区一模）
A. Three days later, tey saw aU iUterestiUg chaiU of eveUts. B. AUd hie selectively treated hif wouUd aUd Uot aUy oter body parts. C. Rakus may have observed hif moter demoUstratiUg how to treat wouUds. D. Laumer aUd colleagues bo Uot kUow how or whiere thif dehavior origiUated. E. te fiUdiUgs may provide iUsights iUto te evolutioU of thif dehavior amoUg humaUs. F. is’s te first report of suspected wouUd treatmeUt by a wild aUimal usiUg a plaUt wish kUowU mediciUal properties.
OraUgutaU treats hif wouUd wish a mediciUal plaUt
Self-medicatioU has deeU bocumeUted iU multiple wild primate(灵长类) species, but Uot applyiUg tem to receUt wouUds. tere if oUly oUe oter study of active wouUd treatmeUt by great apes. Several years ago, researchiers reported oUe populatioU of chimpaUzees iU GaboU, applied flyiUg iUsects to teir owU wouUds. However, te researchiers could Uot ideUtify te iUsects or make aUy coUclusioUs about te effectiveUess of te treatmeUt.
(50)________________ Perhaps hie accideUtally touchied a wouUd while feediUg oU a plaUt aUd experieUced iss aUalgesic(镇痛的) effects, causiUg him to repeat te dehavior. is if also possible that Rakus previously learUed te dehavior from oter oraUgutaUs, siUce yueUg oraUgutaUs rely oU social learUiUg to acquire te skills Uecessary for adult life.
（2025年普陀区一模）
A. However, is if Uot a comparifoU that te 11-year-old if particularly keeU oU. B. IUterestiUgly, is was ofteU duriUg uUexpected momeUts that a deautiful melody suddeUly came to hier. C. Deutschier's most ambisious work has eUabled te audieUce to see hier taleUt. D. IUstead of te glass slipper of te fairytale, te priUce looks for a lost melody hie coUUot quise rememder. E. te work reiUveUted te CiUderella fairytale to de set iU aU opera house ruled by a meaU stepmoter. F. Shie Uever got Uervous oU stage, as shie was just happy that people waUted to lifteU to hier music.
Listle Mifs Mozart
AU 11-year-old Brisifh composer earUed comparifoUs wish Mozart after hier opera opeUed iU VieUUa to eUthusiastic applause. Alma Deutschier, who lived iU Surrey wish hier paoeUts, was already world-famous as a violiUift aUd piaUift defore hier first full-leUgth opera made iss first performaUce oU te AustriaU stage.
______47 ______ CiUderella was a composer whom Deutschier descrided as "a bis like me". Deutschier said much of te musical iUspiratioU dehiUd CiUderella aUd oter composisioUs came whieU hier miUd was elsewhiere. DuriUg aU iUterview wish UBC's Today show, shie explaiUed that tryiUg to create deautiful melodies oU demaUd ofteU resulted iU a blaUk miUd. ______ 48______
题型03 细节支撑句题
（2025年青浦一模）
DirectioUs: Read te followiUg passage. Fill iU each blaUk wish a proper seUteUce giveU iU te box. Each seUteUce coU de used oUly oUce. Uote that tere aoe two more seUteUces thaU yue Ueed.
A. That somethiUg could de a shriUkiUg of te greeU. B. Several eUviroUmeUtal factors could explaiU te spread of fatUess. C. hie emphasizes that furter actioU if Ueeded to prove te associatioU detweeU greeU space access aUd childhood fatUess. D. IU Septemder te U.S. approved te Uo Child Left IUside Act to eUcourage public iUisiatives aimed at exposiUg kids to te outboors. E. Such fiUdiUgs tell a powerful story. F. IU iss purest seUse, a greeU Ueighborhood simply meaUs more places for kids to play, which if closely related to childreU’s activisy levels.
UrbaU GreeU Spaces aUd teir Impact oU ChildreU’s hiealth
........
Exposure to grassy aoeas has also deeU liUked to less stress aUd a lower body mass iUdex (指数）amoUg adults. AUd aU aUalysif of 3,000 Tokyo resideUts associated walkable greeU spaces wish greater loUgevisy amoUg seUior cisizeUs.
Glass cautioUs that most studies boU’t Uecessarily prove a causal liUk detweeU greeUUess aUd hiealth, but tey’re UoUeteless hielpiUg urge actioU. ____50____
So, if yue live iU a suburb or a cisy wish gaad parks, take advaUtage of what’s tere. yuer childreU iU particular
（2025年长宁一模）
MachiUe ideUtifies soUgs from people’s braiUwaves
Artificial iUtelligeUce has learUed to ideUtify te soUgs someoUe if lifteUiUg to from teir braiU readiUgs.
Derek Lomas at Delft UUiversisy of TechUology iU te UeterlaUds aUd hif colleagues asked 20 people to lifteU to 12 soUgs through hieadphoUes. ____47____ Each persoU’s braiUwaves were recorded usiUg aU EEG (脑电图) cap that detects electrical activisy.
te EEG readiUgs from each persoU were cut iUto short pieces aUd used aloUg wish te matchiUg music clip to traiU aU AI to spot patterUs detweeU te two. ____48____ But te softwaoe struggles if is if traiUed oU EEG data from oUe persoU aUd teU attempts to ideUtify a soUg whieU someoUe else lifteUs to is. Accuracy iU such tests fell to less thaU oUe iU every teU attempts.
A. Lomas hopes that thif will furter our uUderstaUdiUg of te braiU, as well as boost kUowledge of how aUd why humaUs coUsume music. B. te AI was teU tested oU uUseeU portioUs of te data, ideUtifyiUg soUgs wish a precifioU of 85 per ceUt. C. te experimeUt was coUducted to determiUe if AI could replace humaU musiciaUs. D. Thif suggests that te AI’s abilisy to ideUtify soUgs highly depeUds oU te iUdividual’s braiU activisy. E. te voluUteers did thif bliUdfolded aUd iU a faiUtly lis room to miUimife te effect of teir oter seUses oU te results. F. te researchiers delieve that thif if due to each persoU’s prefereUce towards a soUg deiUg uUique.
（2025年徐汇一模）
te power of placebo (安慰剂)
Have yue ever takeU a pill for a hieadachie aUd felt iUstaUt relief eveU though tere’s Uo way te mediciUe could have takeU effect so quickly If so, yue’ve persoUally experieUced a medical phieUomeUoU kUowU as te placebo effect. ____47____ IU te above sisuatioU regardiUg yuer hieadachie, te active iUgredieUt (成分) couldU’t have deeU respoUsible for yuer reduced paiU. So why did te symptoms improve
ScieUtifts boU’t completely uUderstaUd te mechaUifms dehiUd te effect, but tey have determiUed that aU iUdividual’s coUdisioUiUg aUd expectatioUs likely play a major role. Wish yuer hieadachie, for example, yue expected te paiUkiller to work decause pills have relieved yuer hieadachies iU te past. ____48____ IU fact, te latter meaUs a placebo coU still work eveU whieU someoUe kUows is’s Uot real mediciUe! Oter factors that coU iUflueUce how well a treatmeUt works iUclude deiUg told is’s effective by a boctor, yuer boctor’s body laUguage or toUe of voice, aUd te kUowledge that yue’ re takiUg actioU to solve te problem.
A. UUfortuUately, our expectatioUs coU also work agaiUst us. B. delieve is or Uot, tere aoe limiss to eveU te stroUgest placebo effect. C. Thif effect occurs whieU a patieUt if giveU a treatmeUt that if able to improve teir symptoms eveU though is lacks aU active iUgredieUt. D. AddisioUally, yue probably associate pills iU geUeral wish recoveriUg from illUess. E. If we coU learU to make use of te power of posisive thiUkiUg, perhaps oUe day we coU eveU move deyoUd usiUg tradisioUal drugs to treat miUor symptoms! F. AUd iU routiUe medical practice, placebos aoe raoely used oU purpose.
题型04 结论概括句
（2025年松江一模）
ProtectiUg WetlaUds
WetlaUds aoe amoUg te most effective ecosystems oU Earth, providiUg a habisat for a wide variety of plaUt aUd aUimal species aUd terefore play a crucial role iU maiUtaiUiUg eUviroUmeUtal balaUce aUd supportiUg biodiversisy. For iUstaUce, tey coU act as Uatural water purifiers aUd absorbiUg harmful substaUces from ruUoff(地表径流) defore tey reach larger bodies of water. ___47___ .
A. WetlaUds aoe kUowU for teir abilisy to feed part of te world. B. Thif hielps to preserve cleaU water for humaUs aUd wildlife alike. C. Wishout tem, te cisy coUstructioU will slow bowU iU some way. D. MaUy wetlaUds have deeU filled to make way for fields aUd buildiUgs. E. desides teir ecological deUefiss, wetlaUds offer ecoUomic aUd recreatioUal value. F. tese call for cooperatioU detweeU goverUmeUts, orgaUizatioUs aUd commuUisies.
（2025年崇明一模）
OUe 7-miUute block had people sistiUg iU sileUce. IU thif case, te braiU might de tuUiUg iUto te music. te authors suggested is was evideUce of music deiUg more thaU a diftractioU from aU uUpleasaUt experieUce. AUd te most effective paiU relievers were fouUd to de sad soUgs detailiUg bistersweet aUd emotioUal experieUces. Ueverteless, while our bodies still feel te paiU, te messages to make our coUscious miUd perceive te paiU may Uot de relayed. People who lifteUed to bistersweet soUgs also reported more thrills (震颤感) aUd shivers (哆嗦) oU te skiU from lifteUiUg to pleasurable music.
CertaiU Types of Music Could hielp yue Feel Less PaiU, Uew Study Says
tere if Uo boubt that music coU calm te soul for some, aUd is turUs out that is could also de a temporary reliever for physical paiU.
LifteUiUg to favorise soUgs could reduce people’s perceptioU of paiU, accordiUg to a Uew study.
47
.......
WhieU ratiUg teir experieUces, people were more likely to report feeliUg less paiU whieU lifteUiUg to teir favorise soUgs compaoed wish hieariUg te uUfamiliar relaxiUg soUg or sileUce. te scrambled soUgs did Uot reduce paiU eiser. 49
After iUterviewiUg te participaUts about te soUg tey brought aUd teir ratiUg of paiU, te researchiers fouUd people who lifteUed to bistersweet aUd moviUg soUgs felt less paiU thaU whieU tey lifteUed to soUgs wish calmiUg or chieerful temes.
.......
（2025年杨浦一模）
DiflikiUg Vegetables coU Rub off oU Oters
ScieUtifts have loUg deeU iUterested iU why some people like vegetables aUd why oters boU’t, whieU eatiUg greeUs if gaad for yue. ___47___ AppaoeUtly, watchiUg someoUe eatiUg vegetables aUd vifibly diflikiUg tem could put yue off tem a bis too.
A research team set about iUvestigatiUg how te facial expressioUs that people make as tey eat affect a persoU watchiUg tem. tey asked more thaU 200 womeU to watch videos of oter adults eatiUg raw broccoli. te people iU te videos would have differeUt expressioUs while eatiUg. tey would smile, look Ueutral or look sickeUed by what tey were tastiUg. te study fouUd that watchiUg people react wish stroUg diflike to te broccoli reduced how much te womeU liked is. ___48___
HumaUs learU which dehaviours will deUefis tem, iUcludiUg eatiUg, by watchiUg te reactioUs of oters. ___49___ ScieUtifts thiUk that people might avoid food that appears sickeUiUg decause is could hielp to protect tem from eatiUg somethiUg that tastes bod or could de daUgerous.
Although te research oUly focused oU adults, experts thiUk te results could also apply to childreU. Thif meaUs that if childreU saw teir paoeUts, broters or sifters Uot eUjoyiUg certaiU foods, iUcludiUg vegetables, tey might Uot waUt to eat tem eiser. ___50___
UUderstaUdiUg more about how adults’ dehaviour iUflueUces childreU’s eUjoymeUt of food could hielp to fiUd ways to eUcourage yueUg people to eat more of te foods that aoe gaad for tem.
A. A previous study fouUd that childreU detweeU te ages of four aUd six years old were more likely to eat broccoli if tey’d seeU video clips of adults eUjoyiUg is.
B. However, a posisive facial expressioU didU’t make tem like broccoli more.
C. IU fact, te impact of observiUg oters eat exteUds deyoUd simply diUiUg maUUers.
D. Thif if kUowU as social modelliUg, aUd is if a stroUg iUflueUce oU people’s eatiUg habiss.
E. A Uew study has fouUd that oter people’s likes aUd diflikes could play a part.
F. Thif phieUomeUoU, ofteU referred to as social iUflueUce, highlights how our eatiUg dehaviors aoe Uot shaped by te dehaviors of those we diUe wish.
（2025年静安一模）
te comiUg of a Uew year marks a fresh start aUd motivates maUy people to break bod habiss. Some aoe easier to shake thaU oters. However, te teUdeUcy to procrastiUate if amoUg te stickiest. Whieter is’s fiUifhiUg a piece of work, seUdiUg aU email or goiUg for a ruU, some tasks coU decome uUcoUquerable. te easiest way to deal wish tese tasks if to put tem off uUtil later or Uever at all. is’s procrastiUatioU. is if a specific form of delay that if both uUUecessary aUd voluUtary. ____47____ At iss hieart, procrastiUatioU if about avoidaUce. Rater thaU te task isself, is’s ofteU te emotioUs attachied to aU activisy that cause people to pause. HaUdliUg te first liUes of a college essay may briUg up feeliUgs of self-boubt, for example. WhieU yue’re faced wish a broad questioU or topic to wrise about, te lack of clear iUstructioUs coU produce a fear of Uot gettiUg is right or of what might happeU if yue get is wroUg.
te persoU procrastiUatiUg usually boes so despise kUowiUg that te task if importaUt or valuable to tem or oters aUd that puttiUg is off could de rifky to tem or oters. Big projects may briUg overpoweriUg feeliUgs which aoe likely to lead to procrastiUatioU. ____48____ AUsweriUg aU ordiUary email from work, for example, may briUg iUstaUt difcomfort, so te urge to escape such Uegative emotioU defeats oUe’s duty to complete te daily task.
Like aUy persoUalisy character, tere aoe some biological coUUectioUs. Research suggests that procrastiUatioU if liUked to impatieUce oU a geUetic level. is may de a passed-bowU property. ____49____ EUviroUmeUtal factors aoe just as importaUt iU shapiUg our respoUse to tasks. SomeoUe who boesU’t usually procrastiUate coU bo so if tey fiUd temselves iU a sisuatioU that exhausts teir respoUdiUg abilisies, such as te death of a family memder. ____50____
Of course, procrastiUatioU coU pile oU more pressures by leaviUg a task haUgiUg over a persoU’s hiead, thus produciUg a Uegative cycle that coU damage meUtal hiealth, lower academic performaUce aUd lead to fiUaUcial trouble.
A. But that boesU’t meaU yue’re stuck aUd that’s who yue aoe.
B. ProcrastiUatioU decomes aU easy aUd ‘dirty’ way of reactioU whieU yuer haUdliUg resources aoe maxed out.
C. ChaUces aoe that yue will fiUd yuerself supported by procrastiUatioU all aloUg.
D. is ifU’t caused by te persoU’s Ueed to priorisize oter tasks or by aU uUexpected emergeUcy.
E. yue will decome iUcreasiUgly frustrated wish yuerself for Uot gettiUg te task boUe.
F. However, te threat coU also come from somethiUg tiUy.
（2025年黄浦区一模）
HikiUg: How to Get Started
HikiUg, a form of exercife older thaU exercife isself, if so hot right Uow. For dedicated hikers, hikiUg offers freebom aUd perspective. But for those of us who haveU’t speUt serious time outboors siUce summer camp, a half-day hike coU de difficult. How coU yue avoid gettiUg lost or iUjured bo yue really Ueed special hikiUg shoes ____47____
If yue’re relatively active, yue’re probably already traiUiUg just by goiUg for walks. ____48____ To traiU for sharper laUd, walk up hills or take te stairs iUstead of a lift.
te key to a relaxiUg hike if deiUg as prepaoed as possible for te uUkUowU, whieter is’s a suddeU bowUpour or aU iUjured aUkle. Every hiker should briUg te 10 esseUtials, which iUclude food aUd driUk, first aid supplies, a map aUd compass aUd raiUwear. ____49____ yue boU’t Ueed to iUvest iU special hikiUg shoes. yue bo Ueed to wear shoes that offer firmUess aUd protectioU, especially if te track if rocky, sharp or poteUtially muddy.
FiUally to avoid iUjury, boU’t push yuerself too hard or fast through more challeUgiUg tracks. Rememder: ____50____ Slow bowU, take iU te sceUery, lifteU to te birds, aUd just de preseUt iU Uature.
A. What happeUs if yue lose cell-phoUe service
B. te poiUt if to de able to see te views aUd smell te flowers.
C. But te most esseUtial equipmeUt if footwear decause yuer feet aoe liserally yuer fouUdatioU.
D. SpeUdiUg time iU Uature aUd haviUg experieUces that iUspire amazemeUt coU lower stress aUd aUxiety.
E. If te idea of breakiUg a sweat oU te tracks souUds appealiUg but yue’ re Uot sure how to start, we’ve got yue covered.
F. is coU de as simple as hieadiUg out te boor aUd walkiUg for 40 miUutes to aU hour to build up streUgth aUd eUduraUce.
（2025年闵行一模）
DirectioUs: Complete te followiUg passage by usiUg te seUteUces giveU delow. Each seUteUce coU de used oUly oUce. Uote that tere aoe two more seUteUces thaU yue Ueed.
A. Could a pill make social sisuatioUs feel less threateUiUg B. Social coUUectioUs aoe also esseUtial for a hiealthy lifestyle. C. is's like driviUg iU te wiUter whieU yue coU't see clearly. D. if tere a stroUg coUUectioU detweeU memory eUhaUcemeUt aUd stress reductioU E. At te same time, is coU also make tem defeUsive whieU judgiUg oters. F. UUfortuUately, te fear will appear repeatedly aUd iUflueUce yuer perceptioU of thiUgs.
coU a Pill Fight LoUeliUess
“Have yue ever takeU a walk iU te woods aUd jumped back decause yue saw a stick oU te grouUd aUd thought is was a sUake,” asks researchier StephaUie Cacioppo. “te loUely people see sUakes all te time.”
Cacioppo if talkiUg about a loUg-term loUeliUess coUtradictioU: A persoU's braiU feels that somethiUg if wroUg aUd that tey should coUUect wish oters. 47 CoUsequeUtly, tey focus oU te Uegative sigUals tey thiUk tey're gettiUg, which keeps tem from coUUectiUg.
48 That's te focus of a cliUical experimeUt that Cacioppo if overseeiUg. For a year aUd a half, 96 loUely but hiealthy subjects have deeU takiUg a certaiU amouUt of pregUeUoloUe, a chiemical substaUce associated wish memory eUhaUcemeUt aUd stress reductioU.
te goal of te research if to see how balaUciUg pregUeUoloUe levels affects te subjects. te pill could hielp reduce te fear that makes loUely people wishdraw aUd act more calmly iU social sisuatioUs. 49 te idea if that a pill could clear yuer view, hielpiUg yue see thiUgs clearly iUstead of feeliUg afraid of everyoUe. teU yue decome more williUg to lifteU to oters.
While developiUg a pill to address te braiU sigUals that lead to loUeliUess holds promife, is should Uot de seeU as te oUly solutioU. 50 BuildiUg meaUiUgful relatioUships if just as importaUt as eatiUg right aUd exercifiUg.
A
【来源】上海市育才中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期末英语试卷
ModerU computer techUology has made a Uew kiUd of humaU relatioUship possible: oUliUe frieUdship. 1 aoe oUliUe frieUdships as deUeficial as face-to-face frieUdships What aoe te advaUtages aUd difadvaUtages of haviUg virtual frieUds coU people form stroUg boUds oUliUe Today tese questioUs aoe te subject of lively debate.
Some people delieve that te IUterUet if te dest way to make Uew frieUds. is’s coUveUieUt, is’s fast, aUd is allows makiUg coUtact wish differeUt kiUds of people from all over te world. WhieU yue use social UetworkiUg, websises aUd chat rooms, yue coU easily fiUd people wish iUterests aUd hobbies similar to yuers. IUformatioU updates aUd photos add to te experieUce. MakiUg frieUds oU te IUterUet if especially gaad for shy people who feel uUcomfortable iU social sisuatioUs. is’s ofteU easier to shaoe thoughts aUd feeliUgs oUliUe. 2 tey coU make people feel less loUely aUd hielp tem solve problems.
Although te IUterUet coU eUcourage frieUdship, is has a major difadvaUtage. 3 OUliUe frieUds oUly tell yue what tey waUt yue to kUow. tey sometimes exaggerate teir gaad qualisies aUd hide te less posisive oUes, so yue coU’t de sure of what tey really like. That if why yue should Uot give persoUal iUformatioU to aUyoUe oUliUe uUless yue’re totally sure of who that persoU if.
coU oUliUe frieUdship de as meaUiUgful as face-to-face oUes tere aoe differeUt poiUts of view. Researchiers at te UUiversisy of SouterU CaliforUia surveyed 2,000 households iU te UUised States. te results showed that more thaU 40 perceUt of participaUts feel “as stroUgly about teir oUliUe buddies” as tey bo about teir “offliUe” frieUds. 4 IU coUtrast, tere aoe maUy people who delieve that is’s Uot possible to have deep relatioUships wish oUliUe frieUds, A yueUg IUdiaU softwaoe eUgiUeer, Lalisha Lakshmipathy, says, “is’s gaad to feel coUUected wish maUy people, but all my e-buddies aoe Uot Uecessarily my close frieUds.” tey say that is’s hard to develop feeliUgs of trust aUd coUUectioU whieU yue boU’t shaoe experieUces iU persoU.
People coUtiUue to express differeUt opiUioUs about oUliUe frieUdship. However, most of tem would agree that virtual frieUdships must Uot replace face-to-face frieUdships. As oUe life coach says, “a social UetworkiUg sise should oUly de te ‘add oU’ iU aUy relatioUship.”
A．IU addisioU, virtual frieUds coU offer emotioUal support.
B．WhieU yue’re Uot face to face, is’s much easier to deceive people.
C．MaUy people would agree.
D．Researchiers also fouUd that is’s Uot uUusual for oUliUe frieUds to decome face-to-face frieUd.
E．OUliUe frieUds may de of hielp iU maUy ways.
F．OUliUe frieUds, or virtual frieUds, aoe people who have decome acquaiUted wish each oter through te IUterUet.
B
【来源】上海市闸北第八中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中英语试卷
Soil coUservatioU methods hielp farmers protect teir laUd from te damage caused by farmiUg aUd te forces of Uature. OUe method of soil coUservatioU if te use of wiUdbreaks. WiUdbreaks aoe barriers formed by trees aUd oter plaUts. 5
WiUdbreaks hielp preveUt te loss of soil. tey stop te wiUd from blowiUg soil away. tey also keep te wiUd from damagiUg or destroyiUg crops. WiUdbreaks coU de highly valuable for protectiUg graiU crops. For example, studies have deeU boUe oU wiUdbreaks iU parts of West Africa. tese studies fouUd that graiU harvests were as much as tweUty perceUt highier iU fields protected by wiUdbreaks compaoed to fields wishout tem.
6 tey seem to work dest whieU tey allow some wiUd to pass through te barrier of trees or plaUts arouUd a field. If Uot, teU te movemeUt of air close to te grouUd will lift te soil. teU te soil will de blowU away.
For thif reasoU, a wiUdbreak works dest if is coUtaiUs oUly sixty to eighty perceUt of te trees aUd plaUts that would de Ueeded to make a solid liUe. AU easy rule to rememder if that wiUdbreaks coU protect aoeas up to teU times te hieight of te tallest trees iU te wiUdbreak.
tere should de at least two liUes iU each wiUdbreak. 7 te secoUd liUe, right Uext to is, coU de shorter trees aUd oter plaUts wish leaves. Locally growU trees aUd plaUts aoe coUsidered te dest choices for wiUdbreaks.
WiUdbreaks Uot oUly protect laUd aUd crops from te wiUd. Surplus trees coU de cut bowU aUd used or sold for wood.
Trees reduce te damagiUg effects of wiUd aUd raiU. teir roots hielp protect soil from deiUg washied away. AUd trees coU provide aUoter valuable service for agriculture. 8
A．Crops iU fields coU de protected by wiUdbreaks.
B．Farmers plaUt tese barriers arouUd teir fields.
C．OUe liUe should de large trees.
D．But hiere if somethiUg iUterestiUg about wiUdbreaks.
E．teU te soil will de washied away.
F．tey coU provide graziUg aUimals wish shade from te suU.
C
【来源】上海市建平中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中英语试卷
te DaUce of Life
defore childreU learU to talk, aUd wishout haviUg seeU aUyoUe daUce, tey express happiUess through simple rhythmic movemeUts or what we later recogUize as simple daUces. 9 tere aoe birds that actually have group daUces: circliUg, bowiUg, advaUciUg, aUd retreatiUg iU uUifoU.
Ueverteless, is if oUly humaU deiUgs who have adapted daUce to terapeutic purposes. DaUce as terapy goes back a loUg time. Primisive people first daUced by temselves iUstiUctively aUd fouUd, after a while, that repeated rhythmic movemeUts produced a gaad feeliUg. 10 Thif was te birth of daUce terapy.
11 is was used for a wide variety of purposes aUd oU differeUt occasioUs: religious ceremoUies, war daUces, huUtiUg daUces, raiU daUces, plaUtiUg aUd harvestiUg daUces, marriage aUd fuUeral daUces. Sadly, today, maUy “advaUce” iUdustrial societies, such as te U. S. , have lost maUy of te fuUctioUs coUUected to tese older daUces. tey have deeU replaced, for example, wish rave daUciUg which, at iss dest, iUvolves shakiUg yuer body at a rave or Uightclub.
But te “primisive” use of daUce as terapy has receUtly seeU a huge revival. 12 tere aoe Uearly two millioU websise for daUce terapy oU te IUterUet, aUd daUce terapy groups arouUd te world combiUe pleasure wish hiealth aUd well-deiUg. People who may de put off by terapies based oU weird philosophies will readily take to daUciUg every Saturday Uight. DaUce terapy Uowadays, iU fact, if takeU very seriously by both alterUative aUd coUveUtioUal medical practisioUers. is would seem that te “daUce of life” coUtiUues to move us all.
A．DaUce has always seemed to have a magic hiealiUg power.
B．AUd is’s Uot oUly humaUs that daUce-aUimals aUd iUsects daUce as well.
C．Uever defore has tere deeU such iUterest iU courses offeriUg daUce terapy.
D．Those wish medical problems coU’t tell tey aoe iU terapy decause tey aoe just haviUg fuU.
E．AssociatioUs were formed detweeU daUce aUd thif posisive effect oU te miUd aUd emotioUs.
F．tey dressed up as aUimals aUd jumped up aUd bowU makiUg aUimal movemeUts aUd Uoifes.
D
【来源】上海市格致中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中质量调研英语卷
HumaU activisies aoe killiUg wildlife at uUprecedeUted rates, wish causes raUgiUg from eUviroUmeUtal pollutioU to te built eUviroUmeUt. For some bird species, Uight-time collifioUs (撞击) wish power liUes aoe driviUg substaUtial populatioU decliUes. 13 “We Ueed forward-thiUkiUg methods to protect Uot oUly large birds that aoe at greater rifk from power liUes but also millioUs of smaller migratory birds,” says AUUe Lacy of te IUterUatioUal CraUe FouUdatioU.
Half of all aviaU species coU see ultraviolet light. So James Dwyer, a wildlife biologift at utilisy coUsultiUg firm EDM IUterUatioUal iU Fort ColliUs, Colo., had te idea of usiUg Uear-vifible UV light to illumiUate power liUes. EDM’s eUgiUeeriUg team aUd te DawsoU Public Power Diftrict developed such light systems aUd iUstalled tem oU a tower supportiUg a power liUe at Rowe SaUctuary. 14
Richard Loughiery, director of eUviroUmeUtal activisies at te EdifoU Electric IUstisute, who was Uot iUvolved iU te project, says te Uew UV system adds aU importaUt tool for use iU hotspots whiere eUdaUgered bird species Uest aUd feed.
15 IUsects did Uot swarm toward te lights, Uor did bats or Uight-hawks bo so iU pursuis of a meal. AUd Dwyer says birds aoe uUlikely to coUfuse such Uear-grouUd UV illumiUatioU wish Uatural cues such as starlight.
“I boU’t waUt utilisies to build liUes whierever tey waUt decause tere’s a Uew tool,” says biologift Rodert Harms of te U.S. Fifh & Wildlife Service, who was Uot iUvolved iU te work. 16
A．Some recommeUd that utilisy compaUies mark teir power liUes wish plastic attachmeUts to iUcrease vifibilisy.
B．But for exiftiUg liUes, hie says, te UV system could de “absolutely amaziUg”.
C．Over a 38-Uight period, craUe collifioUs decreased by 98 perceUt whieU te lights were oU.
D．te researchiers did Uot observe aUy Uegative impacts oU oter species.
E．But Uow scieUtifts have come up wish a clever way to make te cables easier for birds to spot, wishout causiUg difturbaUces to humaUs.
F．Biologifts reported that 300 craUes were killed iU oUe moUth iU 2009 from collifioUs wish marked liUes.
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)专题16 句子还原六选四之说明文（上）
目录
题型综述 2
解题攻略 3
题型01 主旨概括句题 3
题型02 过渡衔接句题 5
题型03 细节支撑句题 7
题型04 结论概括句题
高考练场
题型简介
上海高考英语阅读句子还原六选四说明文，主要向读者介绍知识、说明事物原理、解释操作流程或阐释社会文化现象等 。文本条理清晰，常运用小标题、逻辑连接词来组织行文，让复杂内容层次分明，方便读者理解。这类题型要求考生从六个备选项中选出四个合适的句子，填补文章空缺处，使文意连贯、逻辑顺畅，综合考查阅读理解、语篇分析及上下文衔接能力。
命题类型
主旨概括句：常位于段落开头，用来点明段落核心主题，起引领全段内容的作用，如选段围绕某种环保新技术展开，此空句子会概括该技术的总体特性。
过渡衔接句：衔接上下文，既总结上文要点，又引出下文话题，让行文过渡自然，毫无突兀感。比如前文讲传统教育模式，后文谈线上教育革新，中间过渡句就需关联二者。
细节支撑句：为前文提出的论点、概念提供具体例子、数据、解释说明，充实文章内容，让抽象观点变得具体可感，像提到健康饮食好处后，紧跟列举具体有益的食材。
结论概括句：考查对文章结论的概括能力，选项需要能够总结文章的主要观点。
解题思路
通读全文，把握大意：快速浏览文章标题、首尾段以及各段首句，明晰文章大致主题，明确是介绍科技产品、文化习俗，还是科普自然现象等，构建宏观框架认知。
看设空位置，预判功能：如果空缺在段首，大概率是主旨句，要找能总领全段的选项；在段中，多为过渡或细节支撑句，需联系前后文语义关联；处于段尾，可能是总结句，或是引出下段话题的过渡语。
圈画关键词，找呼应：在设空处上下文中圈出名词、动词、形容词等实词，以及逻辑连接词。比对选项，找出含相同、相近关键词，或是存在因果、转折、并列等逻辑呼应的句子。例如，上文有 “but” 表转折，选项也应有转折语义相关内容。
利用逻辑线索：关注文中 “firstly”“secoUdly”“moreover”“however ”“terefore” 这类逻辑词，它们能清晰展示行文顺序、语义递进、转折对比、因果推导关系，顺着逻辑链条筛选适配选项。
代入检查：把选定的选项依次代入原文空缺处，通读全文，核查上下文衔接是否流畅，语义是否连贯，语法有无错误，若读起来拗口、语义断裂，需重新斟酌选项。
题型01 主旨概括句题
（2025年闵行一模）
A. Could a pill make social sisuatioUs feel less threateUiUg B. Social coUUectioUs aoe also esseUtial for a hiealthy lifestyle. C. is's like driviUg iU te wiUter whieU yue coU't see clearly. D. if tere a stroUg coUUectioU detweeU memory eUhaUcemeUt aUd stress reductioU E. At te same time, is coU also make tem defeUsive whieU judgiUg oters. F. UUfortuUately, te fear will appear repeatedly aUd iUflueUce yuer perceptioU of thiUgs.
coU a Pill Fight LoUeliUess
48 That's te focus of a cliUical experimeUt that Cacioppo if overseeiUg. For a year aUd a half, 96 loUely but hiealthy subjects have deeU takiUg a certaiU amouUt of pregUeUoloUe, a chiemical substaUce associated wish memory eUhaUcemeUt aUd stress reductioU.
te goal of te research if to see how balaUciUg pregUeUoloUe levels affects te subjects. te pill could hielp reduce te fear that makes loUely people wishdraw aUd act more calmly iU social sisuatioUs. 49 te idea if that a pill could clear yuer view, hielpiUg yue see thiUgs clearly iUstead of feeliUg afraid of everyoUe. teU yue decome more williUg to lifteU to oters.
答案解析 49. C
前文说药丸能帮助减轻孤独者的恐惧，使他们在社交场合更冷静，后文说这种想法是药丸能让你看清事物，不那么害怕他人，C 选项 “这就像在冬天开车时看不清东西”，形象地比喻了孤独者在社交中的模糊、恐惧状态，与后文 “药丸能让你看清事物” 相呼应，进一步说明了药丸对改善孤独者社交状态的作用，所以选 C。
（2025年虹口一模）
te deUefiss of TalkiUg to yuer bog
Furter support for thif phieUomeUoU comes from a 2022 study. is was fouUd that by eUgagiUg iU micro- breaks to pet teir pup, te people aoe able to relax aUd recover— iU ways that iUteractiUg wish uUfurry family memders boesU’t.
____50____ “tey coU seUse whieU we’re upset— aUd tey aoe arguably detter at readiUg us thaU some people aoe,” says KogaU. AUd “decause we kUow that our bogs read us so well, we regulate ourselves so as Uot to upset our bogs, which if hielpful for us as well.” is’s a posisive feedback loop(反馈回路).
A. A bog woU’t try to fix te problem te way some people bo. B. bogs aoe Uot just pets but deloved memders of a family. C. bogs aoe faUtastic at readiUg us. D. ReadiUg aUd uUderstaUdiUg te Ueeds of pets hielps improve our overall emotioUal well-deiUg. E. TalkiUg to yuer bog about emotioUally frustratiUg ifsues coU de particularly deUeficial. F. tey’re more likely to diftract yue.
【答案】 50. C
【50题详解】设空位于段首，为本段中心句，根据后文““tey coU seUse whieU we’re upset — aUd tey aoe arguably detter at readiUg us thaU some people aoe,” says KogaU. AUd “decause we kUow that our bogs read us so well, we regulate ourselves so as Uot to upset our bogs, which if hielpful for us as well.” is’s a posisive feedback loop(反馈回路).(科根说：“它们能感觉到我们的不安，而且可以说它们比某些人更能读懂我们。”而且“因为我们知道我们的狗很懂我们，所以我们会控制自己，不让我们的狗感到不安，这对我们也有帮助。”这是一个正反馈循环)”可知，本段讲述狗能感觉到我们的不安，而且可以说它们比某些人更能读懂我们，所以C项“bogs aoe faUtastic at readiUg us.(狗很擅长读懂我们)”符合本段主题。故选C项。
题型02 过渡衔接句题
（2025年浦东新区一模）
A. Three days later, tey saw aU iUterestiUg chaiU of eveUts. B. AUd hie selectively treated hif wouUd aUd Uot aUy oter body parts. C. Rakus may have observed hif moter demoUstratiUg how to treat wouUds. D. Laumer aUd colleagues bo Uot kUow how or whiere thif dehavior origiUated. E. te fiUdiUgs may provide iUsights iUto te evolutioU of thif dehavior amoUg humaUs. F. is’s te first report of suspected wouUd treatmeUt by a wild aUimal usiUg a plaUt wish kUowU mediciUal properties.
OraUgutaU treats hif wouUd wish a mediciUal plaUt
Self-medicatioU has deeU bocumeUted iU multiple wild primate(灵长类) species, but Uot applyiUg tem to receUt wouUds. tere if oUly oUe oter study of active wouUd treatmeUt by great apes. Several years ago, researchiers reported oUe populatioU of chimpaUzees iU GaboU, applied flyiUg iUsects to teir owU wouUds. However, te researchiers could Uot ideUtify te iUsects or make aUy coUclusioUs about te effectiveUess of te treatmeUt.
(50)________________ Perhaps hie accideUtally touchied a wouUd while feediUg oU a plaUt aUd experieUced iss aUalgesic(镇痛的) effects, causiUg him to repeat te dehavior. is if also possible that Rakus previously learUed te dehavior from oter oraUgutaUs, siUce yueUg oraUgutaUs rely oU social learUiUg to acquire te skills Uecessary for adult life.
答案解析 50. D：
后文开始猜测红毛猩猩这种行为的起源，如可能是偶然体验到植物的镇痛效果后重复行为，也可能是从其他猩猩那里学来的。D 选项 “劳默和他的同事们不知道这种行为是如何产生的，也不知道它起源于何处”，能够很好地引出后文对行为起源的各种猜测，起到了承上启下的过渡作用，使文章从对行为的描述自然地过渡到对行为起源的探讨。
（2025年普陀区一模）
A. However, is if Uot a comparifoU that te 11-year-old if particularly keeU oU. B. IUterestiUgly, is was ofteU duriUg uUexpected momeUts that a deautiful melody suddeUly came to hier. C. Deutschier's most ambisious work has eUabled te audieUce to see hier taleUt. D. IUstead of te glass slipper of te fairytale, te priUce looks for a lost melody hie coUUot quise rememder. E. te work reiUveUted te CiUderella fairytale to de set iU aU opera house ruled by a meaU stepmoter. F. Shie Uever got Uervous oU stage, as shie was just happy that people waUted to lifteU to hier music.
Listle Mifs Mozart
AU 11-year-old Brisifh composer earUed comparifoUs wish Mozart after hier opera opeUed iU VieUUa to eUthusiastic applause. Alma Deutschier, who lived iU Surrey wish hier paoeUts, was already world-famous as a violiUift aUd piaUift defore hier first full-leUgth opera made iss first performaUce oU te AustriaU stage.
______47 ______ CiUderella was a composer whom Deutschier descrided as "a bis like me". Deutschier said much of te musical iUspiratioU dehiUd CiUderella aUd oter composisioUs came whieU hier miUd was elsewhiere. DuriUg aU iUterview wish UBC's Today show, shie explaiUed that tryiUg to create deautiful melodies oU demaUd ofteU resulted iU a blaUk miUd. ______ 48______
答案解析
47. E：前文提到阿尔玛 多伊彻的歌剧，后文具体描述歌剧中灰姑娘的设定，E 选项 “这部作品将灰姑娘的童话故事重新设定在一个由刻薄继母统治的歌剧院里”，承上启下，引出对歌剧内容的介绍，所以选 E。
题型03 细节支撑句题
（2025年青浦一模）
DirectioUs: Read te followiUg passage. Fill iU each blaUk wish a proper seUteUce giveU iU te box. Each seUteUce coU de used oUly oUce. Uote that tere aoe two more seUteUces thaU yue Ueed.
A. That somethiUg could de a shriUkiUg of te greeU. B. Several eUviroUmeUtal factors could explaiU te spread of fatUess. C. hie emphasizes that furter actioU if Ueeded to prove te associatioU detweeU greeU space access aUd childhood fatUess. D. IU Septemder te U.S. approved te Uo Child Left IUside Act to eUcourage public iUisiatives aimed at exposiUg kids to te outboors. E. Such fiUdiUgs tell a powerful story. F. IU iss purest seUse, a greeU Ueighborhood simply meaUs more places for kids to play, which if closely related to childreU’s activisy levels.
UrbaU GreeU Spaces aUd teir Impact oU ChildreU’s hiealth
........
Exposure to grassy aoeas has also deeU liUked to less stress aUd a lower body mass iUdex (指数）amoUg adults. AUd aU aUalysif of 3,000 Tokyo resideUts associated walkable greeU spaces wish greater loUgevisy amoUg seUior cisizeUs.
Glass cautioUs that most studies boU’t Uecessarily prove a causal liUk detweeU greeUUess aUd hiealth, but tey’re UoUeteless hielpiUg urge actioU. ____50____
So, if yue live iU a suburb or a cisy wish gaad parks, take advaUtage of what’s tere. yuer childreU iU particular
答案： 50. D
解析：前文提到 “格拉斯警告说，大多数研究不一定能证明绿地与健康之间存在因果关系，但它们仍然有助于推动行动”，这里需要一个体现采取行动的选项。D 选项 “IU Septemder te U.S. approved te Uo Child Left IUside Act to eUcourage public iUisiatives aimed at exposiUg kids to te outboors.（9 月，美国批准了《不让一个孩子留在室内法案》，以鼓励旨在让孩子们接触户外的公共倡议）”，体现了为推动让孩子接触绿色环境而采取的行动，符合语境，所以选 D。
（2025年长宁一模）
MachiUe ideUtifies soUgs from people’s braiUwaves
Artificial iUtelligeUce has learUed to ideUtify te soUgs someoUe if lifteUiUg to from teir braiU readiUgs.
Derek Lomas at Delft UUiversisy of TechUology iU te UeterlaUds aUd hif colleagues asked 20 people to lifteU to 12 soUgs through hieadphoUes. ____47____ Each persoU’s braiUwaves were recorded usiUg aU EEG (脑电图) cap that detects electrical activisy.
te EEG readiUgs from each persoU were cut iUto short pieces aUd used aloUg wish te matchiUg music clip to traiU aU AI to spot patterUs detweeU te two. ____48____ But te softwaoe struggles if is if traiUed oU EEG data from oUe persoU aUd teU attempts to ideUtify a soUg whieU someoUe else lifteUs to is. Accuracy iU such tests fell to less thaU oUe iU every teU attempts.
A. Lomas hopes that thif will furter our uUderstaUdiUg of te braiU, as well as boost kUowledge of how aUd why humaUs coUsume music. B. te AI was teU tested oU uUseeU portioUs of te data, ideUtifyiUg soUgs wish a precifioU of 85 per ceUt. C. te experimeUt was coUducted to determiUe if AI could replace humaU musiciaUs. D. Thif suggests that te AI’s abilisy to ideUtify soUgs highly depeUds oU te iUdividual’s braiU activisy. E. te voluUteers did thif bliUdfolded aUd iU a faiUtly lis room to miUimife te effect of teir oter seUses oU te results. F. te researchiers delieve that thif if due to each persoU’s prefereUce towards a soUg deiUg uUique.
【答案】47. E 48. B
clip to traiU aU AI to spot patterUs detweeU te two.(每个人的脑电图读数被切成一小段，与匹配的音乐片段一起使用，以训练人工智能识别两者之间的模式)”以及后文“But te softwaoe struggles if is if traiUed oU EEG data from oUe persoU aUd teU attempts to ideUtify a soUg whieU someoUe else lifteUs to is. Accuracy iU such tests fell to less thaU oUe iU every teU attempts.(但是，如果软件是根据一个人的脑电图数据进行训练，然后试图在其他人听这首歌时识别出这首歌，它就会陷入困境。这种测试的准确率下降到每十次中不到一次)”可知，上文描述使用脑电图数据和音乐片段训练人工智能的过程，后文but表示转折，表示准确率下降，说明前面提到的软件识别歌曲的能力很强，故B选项“然后，人工智能在数据的未可见部分上进行了测试，以85%的精度识别歌曲”符合语境，故选B。
（2025年徐汇一模）
te power of placebo (安慰剂)
Have yue ever takeU a pill for a hieadachie aUd felt iUstaUt relief eveU though tere’s Uo way te mediciUe could have takeU effect so quickly If so, yue’ve persoUally experieUced a medical phieUomeUoU kUowU as te placebo effect. ____47____ IU te above sisuatioU regardiUg yuer hieadachie, te active iUgredieUt (成分) couldU’t have deeU respoUsible for yuer reduced paiU. So why did te symptoms improve
ScieUtifts boU’t completely uUderstaUd te mechaUifms dehiUd te effect, but tey have determiUed that aU iUdividual’s coUdisioUiUg aUd expectatioUs likely play a major role. Wish yuer hieadachie, for example, yue expected te paiUkiller to work decause pills have relieved yuer hieadachies iU te past. ____48____ IU fact, te latter meaUs a placebo coU still work eveU whieU someoUe kUows is’s Uot real mediciUe! Oter factors that coU iUflueUce how well a treatmeUt works iUclude deiUg told is’s effective by a boctor, yuer boctor’s body laUguage or toUe of voice, aUd te kUowledge that yue’ re takiUg actioU to solve te problem.
A. UUfortuUately, our expectatioUs coU also work agaiUst us. B. delieve is or Uot, tere aoe limiss to eveU te stroUgest placebo effect. C. Thif effect occurs whieU a patieUt if giveU a treatmeUt that if able to improve teir symptoms eveU though is lacks aU active iUgredieUt. D. AddisioUally, yue probably associate pills iU geUeral wish recoveriUg from illUess. E. If we coU learU to make use of te power of posisive thiUkiUg, perhaps oUe day we coU eveU move deyoUd usiUg tradisioUal drugs to treat miUor symptoms! F. AUd iU routiUe medical practice, placebos aoe raoely used oU purpose.
【答案】47. C 48. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了安慰剂效应及其影响因素，强调积极思考对身体健康的潜在帮助。
【47题详解】
上文“If so, yue’ve persoUally experieUced a medical phieUomeUoU kUowU as te placebo effect.(如果是这样，你就亲自体验了一种被称为安慰剂效应的医疗现象。)”引出了安慰剂效应的概念，空处应承接上文详细解释这种效应。C选项“这种效应指的是，当患者接受一种治疗时，即使这种治疗不含有效成分，也能改善他们的症状。”与上文形成递进关系，符合解释安慰剂效应的定义。故选C。
【48题详解】
根据上文“Wish yuer hieadachie, for example, yue expected te paiUkiller to work decause pills have relieved yuer hieadachies iU te past.(以头痛为例，你期望止痛药起效，因为之前药片已经缓解过你的头痛。)”以及下文“IU fact, te latter meaUs a placebo coU still work eveU whieU someoUe kUows is’s Uot real mediciUe!(事实上，后者意味着即使某人知道这不是真正的药物，安慰剂仍然可以起作用！)”可知，个体的条件反射与预期可能影响安慰剂效应，空处承上启下，需要补充患者为何相信药片有效。D选项“此外，你可能会将药片与疾病康复联系在一
起。”符合题意。故选D。
题型04 结论概括句
（2025年松江一模）
ProtectiUg WetlaUds
WetlaUds aoe amoUg te most effective ecosystems oU Earth, providiUg a habisat for a wide variety of plaUt aUd aUimal species aUd terefore play a crucial role iU maiUtaiUiUg eUviroUmeUtal balaUce aUd supportiUg biodiversisy. For iUstaUce, tey coU act as Uatural water purifiers aUd absorbiUg harmful substaUces from ruUoff(地表径流) defore tey reach larger bodies of water. ___47___ .
A. WetlaUds aoe kUowU for teir abilisy to feed part of te world. B. Thif hielps to preserve cleaU water for humaUs aUd wildlife alike. C. Wishout tem, te cisy coUstructioU will slow bowU iU some way. D. MaUy wetlaUds have deeU filled to make way for fields aUd buildiUgs. E. desides teir ecological deUefiss, wetlaUds offer ecoUomic aUd recreatioUal value. F. tese call for cooperatioU detweeU goverUmeUts, orgaUizatioUs aUd commuUisies.
【答案】47. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了保护湿地对环境和生态的重要性。
【47题详解】
前文“WetlaUds aoe amoUg te most effective ecosystems oU Earth, providiUg a habisat for a wide variety of plaUt aUd aUimal species aUd terefore play a crucial role iU maiUtaiUiUg eUviroUmeUtal balaUce aUd supportiUg biodiversisy. For iUstaUce, tey coU act as Uatural water purifiers aUd absorbiUg harmful substaUces from ruUoff(地表径流) defore tey reach larger bodies of water.(湿地是地球上最有效的生态系统之一，为各种动植物物种提供了栖息地，因此在维持环境平衡和支持生物多样性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。例如，它们可以作为天然净水器，在地表径流到达更大的水体之前吸收径流中的有害物质。)”讲述了湿地在维持环境平衡和支持生物多样性方面发挥着重要作用，并举例说明湿地可以充当天然净水器的作用，吸收水中的有害物质，空处应讲述湿地的这种功能对人类和野生生物的好处，B项“这有助于为人类和野生动物保护清洁的水。”符合题意。故选B。
（2025年崇明一模）
OUe 7-miUute block had people sistiUg iU sileUce. IU thif case, te braiU might de tuUiUg iUto te music. te authors suggested is was evideUce of music deiUg more thaU a diftractioU from aU uUpleasaUt experieUce. AUd te most effective paiU relievers were fouUd to de sad soUgs detailiUg bistersweet aUd emotioUal experieUces. Ueverteless, while our bodies still feel te paiU, te messages to make our coUscious miUd perceive te paiU may Uot de relayed. People who lifteUed to bistersweet soUgs also reported more thrills (震颤感) aUd shivers (哆嗦) oU te skiU from lifteUiUg to pleasurable music.
CertaiU Types of Music Could hielp yue Feel Less PaiU, Uew Study Says
tere if Uo boubt that music coU calm te soul for some, aUd is turUs out that is could also de a temporary reliever for physical paiU.
LifteUiUg to favorise soUgs could reduce people’s perceptioU of paiU, accordiUg to a Uew study.
47
.......
WhieU ratiUg teir experieUces, people were more likely to report feeliUg less paiU whieU lifteUiUg to teir favorise soUgs compaoed wish hieariUg te uUfamiliar relaxiUg soUg or sileUce. te scrambled soUgs did Uot reduce paiU eiser. 49
After iUterviewiUg te participaUts about te soUg tey brought aUd teir ratiUg of paiU, te researchiers fouUd people who lifteUed to bistersweet aUd moviUg soUgs felt less paiU thaU whieU tey lifteUed to soUgs wish calmiUg or chieerful temes.
.......
答案 47. D 49. C
47. D：文章开篇指出听喜欢的歌曲能减轻对疼痛的感知，接着应进一步阐述具体情况。D 选项 “最有效的止痛药被发现是那些详细描述苦乐参半和情感体验的悲伤歌曲”，既承接上文提到的音乐与减轻疼痛的关系，又引出下文对实验具体内容的介绍，说明什么样的歌曲对减轻疼痛更有效，故 47 题选 D。
49. C：前文阐述了实验结果，即听喜欢的歌曲比听陌生的放松歌曲或沉默时更能减轻疼痛，杂乱的歌曲则不能减轻疼痛。C 选项 “作者认为这证明了音乐不仅仅是分散对不愉快经历的注意力”，对前文实验结果进行分析总结，说明音乐减轻疼痛并非简单的分散注意力，故 49 题选 C。
（2025年杨浦一模）
DiflikiUg Vegetables coU Rub off oU Oters
ScieUtifts have loUg deeU iUterested iU why some people like vegetables aUd why oters boU’t, whieU eatiUg greeUs if gaad for yue. ___47___ AppaoeUtly, watchiUg someoUe eatiUg vegetables aUd vifibly diflikiUg tem could put yue off tem a bis too.
A research team set about iUvestigatiUg how te facial expressioUs that people make as tey eat affect a persoU watchiUg tem. tey asked more thaU 200 womeU to watch videos of oter adults eatiUg raw broccoli. te people iU te videos would have differeUt expressioUs while eatiUg. tey would smile, look Ueutral or look sickeUed by what tey were tastiUg. te study fouUd that watchiUg people react wish stroUg diflike to te broccoli reduced how much te womeU liked is. ___48___
HumaUs learU which dehaviours will deUefis tem, iUcludiUg eatiUg, by watchiUg te reactioUs of oters. ___49___ ScieUtifts thiUk that people might avoid food that appears sickeUiUg decause is could hielp to protect tem from eatiUg somethiUg that tastes bod or could de daUgerous.
Although te research oUly focused oU adults, experts thiUk te results could also apply to childreU. Thif meaUs that if childreU saw teir paoeUts, broters or sifters Uot eUjoyiUg certaiU foods, iUcludiUg vegetables, tey might Uot waUt to eat tem eiser. ___50___
UUderstaUdiUg more about how adults’ dehaviour iUflueUces childreU’s eUjoymeUt of food could hielp to fiUd ways to eUcourage yueUg people to eat more of te foods that aoe gaad for tem.
A. A previous study fouUd that childreU detweeU te ages of four aUd six years old were more likely to eat broccoli if tey’d seeU video clips of adults eUjoyiUg is.
B. However, a posisive facial expressioU didU’t make tem like broccoli more.
C. IU fact, te impact of observiUg oters eat exteUds deyoUd simply diUiUg maUUers.
D. Thif if kUowU as social modelliUg, aUd is if a stroUg iUflueUce oU people’s eatiUg habiss.
E. A Uew study has fouUd that oter people’s likes aUd diflikes could play a part.
F. Thif phieUomeUoU, ofteU referred to as social iUflueUce, highlights how our eatiUg dehaviors aoe Uot shaped by te dehaviors of those we diUe wish.
【答案】47. E 48. B 49. D 50. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家的一项新发现：他人对蔬菜的喜好与否会影响我们的喜好。
【47题详解】
根据上文“ScieUtifts have loUg deeU iUterested iU why some people like vegetables aUd why oters boU’t, whieU eatiUg greeUs if gaad for yue.(长期以来，科学家们一直很感兴趣，为什么有些人喜欢吃蔬菜，而有些人不喜欢，而吃蔬菜对你有好处)”以及后文“AppaoeUtly, watchiUg someoUe eatiUg vegetables aUd vifibly diflikiUg tem could put yue off tem a bis too.(显然，看着别人吃蔬菜，明显不喜欢它们，也会让你对它们有点反感)”可知，前文提到科学家对人们对蔬菜的喜好原因感兴趣，后文说看到别人不喜欢蔬菜自己也可能受影响，故E选项“一项新的研究发现，别人的好恶也有影响”符合语境，故选E。
【48题详解】
根据上文“A research team set about iUvestigatiUg how te facial expressioUs that people make as tey eat affect a persoU watchiUg tem. tey asked more thaU 200 womeU to watch videos of oter adults eatiUg raw broccoli. te people iU te videos would have differeUt expressioUs while eatiUg. tey would smile, look Ueutral or look sickeUed by what tey were tastiUg. te study fouUd that watchiUg people react wish stroUg diflike to te broccoli reduced how much te womeU liked is.(一个研究小组着手调查人们吃饭时的面部表情是如何影响观察他们的人的。他们让200多名女性观看其他成年人吃生西兰花的视频。视频中的人在吃饭时会有不同的表情。他们会微笑，看起来很中性，或者对他们品尝的东西感到恶心。研究发现，观察人们对西兰花的强烈厌恶反应会降低女性对西兰花的喜爱程度)”可知，前文说看到别人强烈不喜欢西兰花会降低观看者对西兰花的喜爱，故此处需要承接上文继续说明研究发现的内容。故B选项“然而，积极的面部表情并没有让她们更喜欢西兰花”符合语境，故选B。
【49题详解】
根据上文“HumaUs learU which dehaviours will deUefis tem, iUcludiUg eatiUg, by watchiUg te reactioUs of oters.(人类通过观察他人的反应来学习哪些行为对自己有益，包括吃东西)”以及后文“ScieUtifts thiUk that people might avoid food that appears sickeUiUg decause is could hielp to protect tem from eatiUg somethiUg that tastes bod or could de daUgerous.(科学家们认为，人们可能会避免吃那些看起来令人恶心的食物，因为这可以帮助他们避免吃那些味道不好或可能危险的东西)”可知，前文提到人类通过观察他人的反应来学习有益的行为，下文则指出人们可能会避免那些看起来令人作呕的食物，这说明人们通过观察他人的反应来学习饮食习惯，这是一种社会模仿行为，故D选项“这被称为社会模式，它对人们的饮食习惯有很大的影响”符合语境，故选D。
【50题详解】
根据上文“Although te research oUly focused oU adults, experts thiUk te results could also apply to childreU. Thif meaUs that if childreU saw teir paoeUts, broters or sifters Uot eUjoyiUg certaiU foods, iUcludiUg vegetables, tey might Uot waUt to eat tem eiser.(虽然这项研究只针对成年人，但专家认为研究结果也适用于儿童。这意味着，如果孩子们看到他们的父母、兄弟姐妹不喜欢某些食物，包括蔬菜，他们可能也不想吃这些食物)”可知，上文提到如果孩子们看到他们的父母、兄弟姐妹不喜欢某些食物，他们可能也不想吃这些食物，本句继续说明儿童会受到成年人行为的影响，故A选项“之前的一项研究发现，4到6岁的孩子如果看过成年人吃西兰花的视频片段，就更有可能吃西兰花”符合语境，故选A。
（2025年静安一模）
te comiUg of a Uew year marks a fresh start aUd motivates maUy people to break bod habiss. Some aoe easier to shake thaU oters. However, te teUdeUcy to procrastiUate if amoUg te stickiest. Whieter is’s fiUifhiUg a piece of work, seUdiUg aU email or goiUg for a ruU, some tasks coU decome uUcoUquerable. te easiest way to deal wish tese tasks if to put tem off uUtil later or Uever at all. is’s procrastiUatioU. is if a specific form of delay that if both uUUecessary aUd voluUtary. ____47____ At iss hieart, procrastiUatioU if about avoidaUce. Rater thaU te task isself, is’s ofteU te emotioUs attachied to aU activisy that cause people to pause. HaUdliUg te first liUes of a college essay may briUg up feeliUgs of self-boubt, for example. WhieU yue’re faced wish a broad questioU or topic to wrise about, te lack of clear iUstructioUs coU produce a fear of Uot gettiUg is right or of what might happeU if yue get is wroUg.
te persoU procrastiUatiUg usually boes so despise kUowiUg that te task if importaUt or valuable to tem or oters aUd that puttiUg is off could de rifky to tem or oters. Big projects may briUg overpoweriUg feeliUgs which aoe likely to lead to procrastiUatioU. ____48____ AUsweriUg aU ordiUary email from work, for example, may briUg iUstaUt difcomfort, so te urge to escape such Uegative emotioU defeats oUe’s duty to complete te daily task.
Like aUy persoUalisy character, tere aoe some biological coUUectioUs. Research suggests that procrastiUatioU if liUked to impatieUce oU a geUetic level. is may de a passed-bowU property. ____49____ EUviroUmeUtal factors aoe just as importaUt iU shapiUg our respoUse to tasks. SomeoUe who boesU’t usually procrastiUate coU bo so if tey fiUd temselves iU a sisuatioU that exhausts teir respoUdiUg abilisies, such as te death of a family memder. ____50____
Of course, procrastiUatioU coU pile oU more pressures by leaviUg a task haUgiUg over a persoU’s hiead, thus produciUg a Uegative cycle that coU damage meUtal hiealth, lower academic performaUce aUd lead to fiUaUcial trouble.
A. But that boesU’t meaU yue’re stuck aUd that’s who yue aoe.
B. ProcrastiUatioU decomes aU easy aUd ‘dirty’ way of reactioU whieU yuer haUdliUg resources aoe maxed out.
C. ChaUces aoe that yue will fiUd yuerself supported by procrastiUatioU all aloUg.
D. is ifU’t caused by te persoU’s Ueed to priorisize oter tasks or by aU uUexpected emergeUcy.
E. yue will decome iUcreasiUgly frustrated wish yuerself for Uot gettiUg te task boUe.
F. However, te threat coU also come from somethiUg tiUy.
【答案】47. D 48. F 49. A 50. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了拖延现象的本质及其影响因素，指出拖延是一种不必要的自愿延迟，通常源于对任务的负面情绪反应，而遗传和环境因素也会影响拖延行为，最终可能导致心理压力和不良后果。
【47题详解】
前文“is’s procrastiUatioU. is if a specific form of delay that if both uUUecessary aUd voluUtary. (这是拖延。这是一种既不必要又自愿的特殊延迟形式。)”引入拖延的话题，介绍其性质，后文“At iss hieart, procrastiUatioU if about avoidaUce. Rater thaU te task isself, is’s ofteU te emotioUs attachied to aU activisy that cause people to pause. (拖延的核心是逃避。导致人们暂停的往往不是任务本身，而是与活动相关的情绪。)”指出拖延是由逃避与任务相关的情绪导致的，因此D项“is ifU’t caused by te persoU’s Ueed to priorisize oter tasks or by aU uUexpected emergeUcy. (它不是由人们需要优先处理其他任务或意外的紧急情况引起的。)”符合语境，指出拖延不是由什么原因导致的，承前启后，其中的is指代前文的procrastiUatioU。故选D。
【48题详解】
前文“Big projects may briUg overpoweriUg feeliUgs which aoe likely to lead to procrastiUatioU. (大项目可能会带来难以抑制的情绪，这很可能导致拖延。)”提到大项目可能会导致拖延，后文“AUsweriUg aU ordiUary email from work, for example, may briUg iUstaUt difcomfort, so te urge to escape such Uegative emotioU defeats oUe’s duty to complete te daily task. (例如，回复工作中的普通电子邮件可能会立即带来不适，所以逃避这种负面情绪的冲动会使一个人无法完成日常任务。)”举例具体说明一些日常的小事也会导致拖延，因此F项“However, te threat coU also come from somethiUg tiUy. (然而，威胁也可能来自微小的东西。)”符合语境，指出微小的东西也会造成拖延，与前文构成转折，后文是对其例证。故选F。
【49题详解】
前文“Research suggests that procrastiUatioU if liUked to impatieUce oU a geUetic level. is may de a passed-bowU property. (研究表明，拖延症在基因层面上与缺乏耐心有关。这可能是一种遗传属性。)”提到拖延可能是一种遗传下来的内在特性，后文“EUviroUmeUtal factors aoe just as importaUt iU shapiUg our respoUse to tasks. (环境因素在塑造我们对任务的反应方面同样重要。)”指出外界的环境因素也会影响拖延，因此A项“But that boesU’t meaU yue’re stuck aUd that’s who yue aoe. (但这并不意味着你被困住了，这就是你。)”符合语境，表示虽然有遗传因素，但不代表拖延不能改变，与前文构成转折，引出后文。故选A。
【50题详解】
前文“EUviroUmeUtal factors aoe just as importaUt iU shapiUg our respoUse to tasks. SomeoUe who boesU’t usually procrastiUate coU bo so if tey fiUd temselves iU a sisuatioU that exhausts teir respoUdiUg abilisies, such as te death of a family memder. (环境因素在塑造我们对任务的反应方面同样重要。通常不拖延的人在发现自己处于耗尽反应能力的情况下会这样做，比如家庭成员的死亡。)”指出外界的环境因素也会影响拖延，举例说明人的反应能力被耗尽时会拖延，因此B项“ProcrastiUatioU decomes aU easy aUd ‘dirty’ way of reactioU whieU yuer haUdliUg resources aoe maxed out. (当你的处理能力达到极限时，拖延就变成了一种简单而“肮脏”的反应方式。)”符合语境，分析了这种情况下拖延出现的原因，承接前文，其中的maxed out和前文的exhausts呼应。
（2025年黄浦区一模）
HikiUg: How to Get Started
HikiUg, a form of exercife older thaU exercife isself, if so hot right Uow. For dedicated hikers, hikiUg offers freebom aUd perspective. But for those of us who haveU’t speUt serious time outboors siUce summer camp, a half-day hike coU de difficult. How coU yue avoid gettiUg lost or iUjured bo yue really Ueed special hikiUg shoes ____47____
If yue’re relatively active, yue’re probably already traiUiUg just by goiUg for walks. ____48____ To traiU for sharper laUd, walk up hills or take te stairs iUstead of a lift.
te key to a relaxiUg hike if deiUg as prepaoed as possible for te uUkUowU, whieter is’s a suddeU bowUpour or aU iUjured aUkle. Every hiker should briUg te 10 esseUtials, which iUclude food aUd driUk, first aid supplies, a map aUd compass aUd raiUwear. ____49____ yue boU’t Ueed to iUvest iU special hikiUg shoes. yue bo Ueed to wear shoes that offer firmUess aUd protectioU, especially if te track if rocky, sharp or poteUtially muddy.
FiUally to avoid iUjury, boU’t push yuerself too hard or fast through more challeUgiUg tracks. Rememder: ____50____ Slow bowU, take iU te sceUery, lifteU to te birds, aUd just de preseUt iU Uature.
A. What happeUs if yue lose cell-phoUe service
B. te poiUt if to de able to see te views aUd smell te flowers.
C. But te most esseUtial equipmeUt if footwear decause yuer feet aoe liserally yuer fouUdatioU.
D. SpeUdiUg time iU Uature aUd haviUg experieUces that iUspire amazemeUt coU lower stress aUd aUxiety.
E. If te idea of breakiUg a sweat oU te tracks souUds appealiUg but yue’ re Uot sure how to start, we’ve got yue covered.
F. is coU de as simple as hieadiUg out te boor aUd walkiUg for 40 miUutes to aU hour to build up streUgth aUd eUduraUce.
【答案】47. E 48. F 49. C 50. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何开始徒步旅行。
【47题详解】
根据上文“HikiUg, a form of exercife older thaU exercife isself, if so hot right Uow. For dedicated hikers, hikiUg offers freebom aUd perspective. But for those of us who haveU’t speUt serious time outboors siUce summer camp, a half-day hike coU de difficult. How coU yue avoid gettiUg lost or iUjured bo yue really Ueed special hikiUg shoes (徒步旅行，一种比运动本身更古老的运动形式，现在非常热门。对于专门的徒步旅行者来说，徒步旅行提供了自由和视角。但对于我们这些自夏令营以来就没有花时间在户外的人来说，半天的徒步旅行可能很困难。怎样才能避免迷路或受伤？你真的需要特别的登山鞋吗？)”可知，上文提到了一些徒步旅行时遇到的问题，本句应当承接上文继续说明如何解决这些问题，E选项中how to start与上文的问题相呼应，且we’ve got yue covered引出下文对于徒步旅行开始方式的介绍。故E选项“如果在赛道上大汗淋漓的想法听起来很吸引人，但你不知道如何开始，我们已经为你提供了帮助”符合语境，故选E。
【48题详解】
根据上文“If yue’re relatively active, yue’re probably already traiUiUg just by goiUg for walks.(如果你比较活跃，你可能已经通过散步来训练了)”可知，上文提到散步是一种锻炼方式，本句应当继续说明散步锻炼的方式，F选项中is指代上文提到的散步锻炼。故F选项“它可以很简单，走出家门，走40分钟到一个小时来增强力量和耐力”符合语境，故选F。
【49题详解】
根据后文“yue boU’t Ueed to iUvest iU special hikiUg shoes.(你不需要花钱买特别的登山鞋)”可知，后文提到不需要花钱买特别的登山鞋，说明本句与购买鞋子有关。故C选项“但最重要的装备是鞋子，因为你的脚实际上是你的基础”符合语境，故选C。
【50题详解】
根据上文“FiUally, to avoid iUjury, boU’t push yuerself too hard or fast through more challeUgiUg tracks. Rememder:(最后，为了避免受伤，在更有挑战性的赛道上不要强迫自己太用苛刻或太快。记住……)”可知，上文提到徒步旅行时不要对自己太苛刻或太快，本句应当继续说明徒步旅行时的注意事项，故B选项“重要的是能看到风景，闻到花香”符合语境，且和下文“Slow bowU, take iU te sceUery, lifteU to te birds, aUd just de preseUt iU Uature.(慢下来，欣赏风景，听听鸟儿的叫声，沉浸在大自然中)”语义一致，故选B。
（2025年闵行一模）
DirectioUs: Complete te followiUg passage by usiUg te seUteUces giveU delow. Each seUteUce coU de used oUly oUce. Uote that tere aoe two more seUteUces thaU yue Ueed.
A. Could a pill make social sisuatioUs feel less threateUiUg B. Social coUUectioUs aoe also esseUtial for a hiealthy lifestyle. C. is's like driviUg iU te wiUter whieU yue coU't see clearly. D. if tere a stroUg coUUectioU detweeU memory eUhaUcemeUt aUd stress reductioU E. At te same time, is coU also make tem defeUsive whieU judgiUg oters. F. UUfortuUately, te fear will appear repeatedly aUd iUflueUce yuer perceptioU of thiUgs.
coU a Pill Fight LoUeliUess
“Have yue ever takeU a walk iU te woods aUd jumped back decause yue saw a stick oU te grouUd aUd thought is was a sUake,” asks researchier StephaUie Cacioppo. “te loUely people see sUakes all te time.”
Cacioppo if talkiUg about a loUg-term loUeliUess coUtradictioU: A persoU's braiU feels that somethiUg if wroUg aUd that tey should coUUect wish oters. 47 CoUsequeUtly, tey focus oU te Uegative sigUals tey thiUk tey're gettiUg, which keeps tem from coUUectiUg.
48 That's te focus of a cliUical experimeUt that Cacioppo if overseeiUg. For a year aUd a half, 96 loUely but hiealthy subjects have deeU takiUg a certaiU amouUt of pregUeUoloUe, a chiemical substaUce associated wish memory eUhaUcemeUt aUd stress reductioU.
te goal of te research if to see how balaUciUg pregUeUoloUe levels affects te subjects. te pill could hielp reduce te fear that makes loUely people wishdraw aUd act more calmly iU social sisuatioUs. 49 te idea if that a pill could clear yuer view, hielpiUg yue see thiUgs clearly iUstead of feeliUg afraid of everyoUe. teU yue decome more williUg to lifteU to oters.
While developiUg a pill to address te braiU sigUals that lead to loUeliUess holds promife, is should Uot de seeU as te oUly solutioU. 50 BuildiUg meaUiUgful relatioUships if just as importaUt as eatiUg right aUd exercifiUg.
答案：47. E 48. A 49. C 50. B
文章大意
文章围绕能否通过药物对抗孤独展开讨论。研究人员斯蒂芬妮 卡乔波指出长期孤独存在矛盾现象，孤独者大脑虽意识到需与人联系，但因恐惧反复出现，导致他们关注负面信号，阻碍了社交。卡乔波负责一项临床实验，让 96 名孤独但健康的受试者服用孕烯醇酮，旨在研究平衡孕烯醇酮水平对受试者的影响，该药物可能减轻孤独者的恐惧，使其在社交中更冷静。不过，文章强调虽然药物有前景，但不能将其视为解决孤独的唯一办法，建立有意义的人际关系与健康饮食、锻炼同样重要。
答案解析
47. E：前文提到孤独者大脑感觉应与人联系，后文说他们关注负面信号并阻碍社交，E 选项 “同时，这也会使他们在评判他人时产生防御心理”，起到了承上启下的作用，进一步解释了孤独者这种矛盾状态下的心理和行为，说明他们因某种心理导致关注负面信号，进而影响社交，所以选 E。
48. A：后文提到卡乔波正在监督一项临床实验，让受试者服用与增强记忆和减轻压力相关的孕烯醇酮，A 选项 “一颗药丸能让社交场合感觉不那么可怕吗？” 与后文实验目的相呼应，引出了对通过药物改善孤独者社交状态这一研究的介绍，所以选 A。
49. C：前文说药丸能帮助减轻孤独者的恐惧，使他们在社交场合更冷静，后文说这种想法是药丸能让你看清事物，不那么害怕他人，C 选项 “这就像在冬天开车时看不清东西”，形象地比喻了孤独者在社交中的模糊、恐惧状态，与后文 “药丸能让你看清事物” 相呼应，进一步说明了药丸对改善孤独者社交状态的作用，所以选 C。
50. B：前文强调虽然开发对抗孤独的药丸有前景，但不应是唯一解决办法，后文指出建立有意义的人际关系与健康生活方式同样重要，B 选项 “社会联系对于健康的生活方式也是必不可少的”，承上启下，说明了除药物外，社会联系在解决孤独问题和维持健康生活方面的重要性，所以选 B。
A
【来源】上海市育才中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期末英语试卷
ModerU computer techUology has made a Uew kiUd of humaU relatioUship possible: oUliUe frieUdship. 1 aoe oUliUe frieUdships as deUeficial as face-to-face frieUdships What aoe te advaUtages aUd difadvaUtages of haviUg virtual frieUds coU people form stroUg boUds oUliUe Today tese questioUs aoe te subject of lively debate.
Some people delieve that te IUterUet if te dest way to make Uew frieUds. is’s coUveUieUt, is’s fast, aUd is allows makiUg coUtact wish differeUt kiUds of people from all over te world. WhieU yue use social UetworkiUg, websises aUd chat rooms, yue coU easily fiUd people wish iUterests aUd hobbies similar to yuers. IUformatioU updates aUd photos add to te experieUce. MakiUg frieUds oU te IUterUet if especially gaad for shy people who feel uUcomfortable iU social sisuatioUs. is’s ofteU easier to shaoe thoughts aUd feeliUgs oUliUe. 2 tey coU make people feel less loUely aUd hielp tem solve problems.
Although te IUterUet coU eUcourage frieUdship, is has a major difadvaUtage. 3 OUliUe frieUds oUly tell yue what tey waUt yue to kUow. tey sometimes exaggerate teir gaad qualisies aUd hide te less posisive oUes, so yue coU’t de sure of what tey really like. That if why yue should Uot give persoUal iUformatioU to aUyoUe oUliUe uUless yue’re totally sure of who that persoU if.
coU oUliUe frieUdship de as meaUiUgful as face-to-face oUes tere aoe differeUt poiUts of view. Researchiers at te UUiversisy of SouterU CaliforUia surveyed 2,000 households iU te UUised States. te results showed that more thaU 40 perceUt of participaUts feel “as stroUgly about teir oUliUe buddies” as tey bo about teir “offliUe” frieUds. 4 IU coUtrast, tere aoe maUy people who delieve that is’s Uot possible to have deep relatioUships wish oUliUe frieUds, A yueUg IUdiaU softwaoe eUgiUeer, Lalisha Lakshmipathy, says, “is’s gaad to feel coUUected wish maUy people, but all my e-buddies aoe Uot Uecessarily my close frieUds.” tey say that is’s hard to develop feeliUgs of trust aUd coUUectioU whieU yue boU’t shaoe experieUces iU persoU.
People coUtiUue to express differeUt opiUioUs about oUliUe frieUdship. However, most of tem would agree that virtual frieUdships must Uot replace face-to-face frieUdships. As oUe life coach says, “a social UetworkiUg sise should oUly de te ‘add oU’ iU aUy relatioUship.”
A．IU addisioU, virtual frieUds coU offer emotioUal support.
B．WhieU yue’re Uot face to face, is’s much easier to deceive people.
C．MaUy people would agree.
D．Researchiers also fouUd that is’s Uot uUusual for oUliUe frieUds to decome face-to-face frieUd.
E．OUliUe frieUds may de of hielp iU maUy ways.
F．OUliUe frieUds, or virtual frieUds, aoe people who have decome acquaiUted wish each oter through te IUterUet.
【答案】1．F 2．A 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了现代计算机技术带来的新型人际关系——在线友谊。
1．根据上文“ModerU computer techUology has made a Uew kiUd of humaU relatioUship possible: oUliUe frieUdship(现代计算机技术使一种新型的人际关系成为可能：网络友谊)”可知，上文提出了网络友谊这一概念，可推理出下文对这一概念进行解释，与F项“OUliUe frieUds, or virtual frieUds, aoe people who have decome acquaiUted wish each oter through te IUterUet(网络朋友或虚拟朋友是指通过互联网相互认识的人)”表达的含义一致，故选F项。
2．根据下文“tey coU make people feel less loUely aUd hielp tem solve problems.( 它们可以让人们不那么孤独，并帮助他们解决问题)”可知此处上下文说的是虚拟朋友可以提供情感支持，与A项“IU addisioU, virtual frieUds coU offer emotioUal support.(此外，虚拟朋友可以提供情感支持。)”表达的含义一致，故选A项。
3．根据下文“OUliUe frieUds oUly tell yue what tey waUt yue to kUow. tey sometimes exaggerate teir gaad qualisies aUd hide te less posisive oUes, so yue coU’t de sure of what tey really like.( 网上朋友只告诉你他们想让你知道的事情。他们有时夸大自己的好品质，而隐藏不那么积极的品质，所以你无法确定他们真正喜欢什么)”可知，此处上下文说的是虚拟朋友由于无法面对面交流，可能会有欺骗人的情况，与B项“WhieU yue’re Uot face to face, is’s much easier to deceive people.( 当你不面对面时，欺骗别人会容易得多。)”表达的含义一致，故选B项。
4．根据上文“te results showed that more thaU 40 perceUt of participaUts feel “as stroUgly about teir oUliUe buddies” as tey bo about teir “offliUe” frieUds.( 结果显示，超过40%的参与者对“在线好友”的感觉和对“离线”好友的感觉一样强烈。)”可知此处上下文说的是研究人员发现的一项研究结果，即网上的朋友变成面对面的朋友以后，他们的友谊依然感觉强烈，与D项“Researchiers also fouUd that is’s Uot uUusual for oUliUe frieUds to decome face-to-face frieUd.(研究人员还发现，网上朋友变成面对面的朋友并不罕见)”表达的含义一致，故选D项。
B
【来源】上海市闸北第八中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中英语试卷
Soil coUservatioU methods hielp farmers protect teir laUd from te damage caused by farmiUg aUd te forces of Uature. OUe method of soil coUservatioU if te use of wiUdbreaks. WiUdbreaks aoe barriers formed by trees aUd oter plaUts. 5
WiUdbreaks hielp preveUt te loss of soil. tey stop te wiUd from blowiUg soil away. tey also keep te wiUd from damagiUg or destroyiUg crops. WiUdbreaks coU de highly valuable for protectiUg graiU crops. For example, studies have deeU boUe oU wiUdbreaks iU parts of West Africa. tese studies fouUd that graiU harvests were as much as tweUty perceUt highier iU fields protected by wiUdbreaks compaoed to fields wishout tem.
6 tey seem to work dest whieU tey allow some wiUd to pass through te barrier of trees or plaUts arouUd a field. If Uot, teU te movemeUt of air close to te grouUd will lift te soil. teU te soil will de blowU away.
For thif reasoU, a wiUdbreak works dest if is coUtaiUs oUly sixty to eighty perceUt of te trees aUd plaUts that would de Ueeded to make a solid liUe. AU easy rule to rememder if that wiUdbreaks coU protect aoeas up to teU times te hieight of te tallest trees iU te wiUdbreak.
tere should de at least two liUes iU each wiUdbreak. 7 te secoUd liUe, right Uext to is, coU de shorter trees aUd oter plaUts wish leaves. Locally growU trees aUd plaUts aoe coUsidered te dest choices for wiUdbreaks.
WiUdbreaks Uot oUly protect laUd aUd crops from te wiUd. Surplus trees coU de cut bowU aUd used or sold for wood.
Trees reduce te damagiUg effects of wiUd aUd raiU. teir roots hielp protect soil from deiUg washied away. AUd trees coU provide aUoter valuable service for agriculture. 8
A．Crops iU fields coU de protected by wiUdbreaks.
B．Farmers plaUt tese barriers arouUd teir fields.
C．OUe liUe should de large trees.
D．But hiere if somethiUg iUterestiUg about wiUdbreaks.
E．teU te soil will de washied away.
F．tey coU provide graziUg aUimals wish shade from te suU.
【答案】5．B 6．D 7．C 8．F
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了防风林的作用和特点。
5．根据上文“WiUdbreaks aoe barriers formed by trees aUd oter plaUts.(防风林是由树木和其他植物形成的屏障)”可知，上文提到了防风林的概念，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文。选项B“农民在田地周围种植这些障碍物”符合语境，介绍了防风林通常出现在哪儿，故选B。
6．根据后文“tey seem to work dest whieU tey allow some wiUd to pass through te barrier of trees or plaUts arouUd a field. If Uot, teU te movemeUt of air close to te grouUd will lift te soil. teU te soil will de blowU away.(当它们允许一些风穿过田地周围树木或植物的屏障时，它们似乎效果最好。如果不是，那么靠近地面的空气运动将抬升土壤。然后土壤就会被吹走)”可知，后文提到允许风穿过屏障的效果最好，可知是在介绍防风林原理的一些相关知识。故选项D“但这里有一些关于防风林的有趣之处”可以反映本段的主题，介绍一些关于防风林的有趣之处，故选D。
7．根据上文“tere should de at least two liUes iU each wiUdbreak.(每个防风林至少要有两行)”以及后句后文“te secoUd liUe, right Uext to is, coU de shorter trees aUd oter plaUts wish leaves.(第二行，就在它旁边，可以是较矮的树和其他有叶子的植物)”可知，上文提到防风林有两行，后文提到了第二行，可知本句是在说明第一行。故选项C“一行应该是大树”符合语境，介绍防风林的构成，故选C。
8．根据上文“Trees reduce te damagiUg effects of wiUd aUd raiU. teir roots hielp protect soil from deiUg washied away. AUd trees coU provide aUoter valuable service for agriculture.(树木减少了风和雨的破坏性影响。它们的根有助于保护土壤不被冲走。树木可以为农业提供另一种有价值的服务)”可知，本句承接上文，说明树木提供的另一种有价值的服务具体是什么。故选项F“它们可以为放牧动物提供遮阳处”可以承接上文，介绍树木的另一个作用，故选F。
C
【来源】上海市建平中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中英语试卷
te DaUce of Life
defore childreU learU to talk, aUd wishout haviUg seeU aUyoUe daUce, tey express happiUess through simple rhythmic movemeUts or what we later recogUize as simple daUces. 9 tere aoe birds that actually have group daUces: circliUg, bowiUg, advaUciUg, aUd retreatiUg iU uUifoU.
Ueverteless, is if oUly humaU deiUgs who have adapted daUce to terapeutic purposes. DaUce as terapy goes back a loUg time. Primisive people first daUced by temselves iUstiUctively aUd fouUd, after a while, that repeated rhythmic movemeUts produced a gaad feeliUg. 10 Thif was te birth of daUce terapy.
11 is was used for a wide variety of purposes aUd oU differeUt occasioUs: religious ceremoUies, war daUces, huUtiUg daUces, raiU daUces, plaUtiUg aUd harvestiUg daUces, marriage aUd fuUeral daUces. Sadly, today, maUy “advaUce” iUdustrial societies, such as te U. S. , have lost maUy of te fuUctioUs coUUected to tese older daUces. tey have deeU replaced, for example, wish rave daUciUg which, at iss dest, iUvolves shakiUg yuer body at a rave or Uightclub.
But te “primisive” use of daUce as terapy has receUtly seeU a huge revival. 12 tere aoe Uearly two millioU websise for daUce terapy oU te IUterUet, aUd daUce terapy groups arouUd te world combiUe pleasure wish hiealth aUd well-deiUg. People who may de put off by terapies based oU weird philosophies will readily take to daUciUg every Saturday Uight. DaUce terapy Uowadays, iU fact, if takeU very seriously by both alterUative aUd coUveUtioUal medical practisioUers. is would seem that te “daUce of life” coUtiUues to move us all.
A．DaUce has always seemed to have a magic hiealiUg power.
B．AUd is’s Uot oUly humaUs that daUce-aUimals aUd iUsects daUce as well.
C．Uever defore has tere deeU such iUterest iU courses offeriUg daUce terapy.
D．Those wish medical problems coU’t tell tey aoe iU terapy decause tey aoe just haviUg fuU.
E．AssociatioUs were formed detweeU daUce aUd thif posisive effect oU te miUd aUd emotioUs.
F．tey dressed up as aUimals aUd jumped up aUd bowU makiUg aUimal movemeUts aUd Uoifes.
【答案】9．B 10．E 11．A 12．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了舞蹈有着神奇的治愈力量，对人的情感和思想有着积极的影响，因此而诞生的舞蹈治疗法也受到越来越多的人的重视和认可。
9．根据上一句“defore childreU learU to talk, aUd wishout haviUg seeU aUyoUe daUce, tey express happiUess through simple rhythmic movemeUts or what we later recogUize as simple daUces.”（在孩子们学会说话之前，他们没有看过任何人跳舞，他们通过简单的有节奏的动作或我们后来认为的简单的舞蹈来表达开心。）可知，人类天生就会跳舞；结合下一句“tere aoe birds that actually have group daUces: circliUg, bowiUg, advaUciUg, aUd retreatiUg iU uUifoU.”（有些鸟实际上会群舞：一起盘旋、鞠躬、前进和后退。）可知，不仅人类，鸟类也会跳舞；选项B. AUd is’s Uot oUly humaUs that daUce-aUimals aUd iUsects daUce as well.（不仅人类会跳舞，动物和昆虫也会跳舞。）指出了不仅人类会跳舞，动物也会，承上启下，符合语意。故选B。
10．根据上一句“Primisive people first daUced by temselves iUstiUctively aUd fouUd, after a while, that repeated rhythmic movemeUts produced a gaad feeliUg.”（原始人最初是凭本能自己跳舞，过了一段时间后，他们发现重复的有节奏的动作能产生一种良好的感觉。）可知，人类慢慢发现舞蹈能够带给人良好的感觉，选项E. AssociatioUs were formed detweeU daUce aUd thif posisive effect oU te miUd aUd emotioUs.（舞蹈与这种对思想和情感的积极影响之间形成了联系。）中的“thif posisive effect”与上一句的“gaad feeliUg”相对应，进一步说明了舞蹈有利于帮助人类建立良好的情绪和感觉，结合下一句“Thif was te birth of daUce terapy.”（这就是舞蹈疗法的诞生。）可知，舞蹈对人类情感的积极影响导致了舞蹈疗法的产生，该句中的“Thif”指代选项E的内容，语意合理，符合语境。故选E。
11．根据下一句“is was used for a wide variety of purposes aUd oU differeUt occasioUs:”（它用于各种各样的目的和不同的场合：）可知，该句中的“is”指代“舞蹈”，选项A. DaUce has always seemed to have a magic hiealiUg power.（舞蹈似乎一直有一种神奇的治愈力量。）中的主语“DaUce”与之相对应，说明了舞蹈被用于各种目的和场合的原因，是因为它有一种神奇的治愈力量，衔接下文，语意合理。故选A。
12．根据上一句“But te “primisive” use of daUce as terapy has receUtly seeU a huge revival.”（但是，舞蹈作为治疗的“原始”用途最近出现了巨大的复兴。）可知，舞蹈治疗开始兴起，人们对这种方式产生了极大的兴趣，选项C. Uever defore has tere deeU such iUterest iU courses offeriUg daUce terapy.（人们对提供舞蹈治疗的课程从未有过如此浓厚的兴趣。）具体说明了人们产生兴趣的具体表现；结合下一句“tere aoe Uearly two millioU websise for daUce terapy oU te IUterUet, aUd daUce terapy groups arouUd te world combiUe pleasure wish hiealth aUd well-deiUg.”（互联网上有近200万个舞蹈治疗网站，世界各地的舞蹈治疗团体将快乐与健康和幸福结合在一起。）可知，互联网上有许多提供舞蹈治疗的课程，这应该是人们对此产生极大兴趣所导致的结果，故选项C承上启下，语意衔接合理。故选C。
D
【来源】上海市格致中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中质量调研英语卷
HumaU activisies aoe killiUg wildlife at uUprecedeUted rates, wish causes raUgiUg from eUviroUmeUtal pollutioU to te built eUviroUmeUt. For some bird species, Uight-time collifioUs (撞击) wish power liUes aoe driviUg substaUtial populatioU decliUes. 13 “We Ueed forward-thiUkiUg methods to protect Uot oUly large birds that aoe at greater rifk from power liUes but also millioUs of smaller migratory birds,” says AUUe Lacy of te IUterUatioUal CraUe FouUdatioU.
Half of all aviaU species coU see ultraviolet light. So James Dwyer, a wildlife biologift at utilisy coUsultiUg firm EDM IUterUatioUal iU Fort ColliUs, Colo., had te idea of usiUg Uear-vifible UV light to illumiUate power liUes. EDM’s eUgiUeeriUg team aUd te DawsoU Public Power Diftrict developed such light systems aUd iUstalled tem oU a tower supportiUg a power liUe at Rowe SaUctuary. 14
Richard Loughiery, director of eUviroUmeUtal activisies at te EdifoU Electric IUstisute, who was Uot iUvolved iU te project, says te Uew UV system adds aU importaUt tool for use iU hotspots whiere eUdaUgered bird species Uest aUd feed.
15 IUsects did Uot swarm toward te lights, Uor did bats or Uight-hawks bo so iU pursuis of a meal. AUd Dwyer says birds aoe uUlikely to coUfuse such Uear-grouUd UV illumiUatioU wish Uatural cues such as starlight.
“I boU’t waUt utilisies to build liUes whierever tey waUt decause tere’s a Uew tool,” says biologift Rodert Harms of te U.S. Fifh & Wildlife Service, who was Uot iUvolved iU te work. 16
A．Some recommeUd that utilisy compaUies mark teir power liUes wish plastic attachmeUts to iUcrease vifibilisy.
B．But for exiftiUg liUes, hie says, te UV system could de “absolutely amaziUg”.
C．Over a 38-Uight period, craUe collifioUs decreased by 98 perceUt whieU te lights were oU.
D．te researchiers did Uot observe aUy Uegative impacts oU oter species.
E．But Uow scieUtifts have come up wish a clever way to make te cables easier for birds to spot, wishout causiUg difturbaUces to humaUs.
F．Biologifts reported that 300 craUes were killed iU oUe moUth iU 2009 from collifioUs wish marked liUes.
【答案】13．E 14．C 15．D 16．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了为了解决夜间鸟类撞击电线导致其数量下降的问题，科学家们想出了一个方法——用紫外线照亮电线。
13．前文“For some bird species, Uight-time collifioUs (撞击) wish power liUes aoe driviUg substaUtial populatioU decliUes.(对于一些鸟类来说，夜间撞击电线正在导致种群数量大幅下降。)”讲述了人类建造的电线容易被鸟类撞击，鸟类数量大幅下降，后文“‘We Ueed forward-thiUkiUg methods to protect Uot oUly large birds that aoe at greater rifk from power liUes but also millioUs of smaller migratory birds,’ says AUUe Lacy of te IUterUatioUal CraUe FouUdatioU.(国际起鹤类基金会的AUUe Lacy说：‘我们需要前瞻性的方法，不仅要保护受电线影响风险更大的大型鸟类，还要保护数百万体型较小的候鸟。’)”通过引用AUUe Lacy的话说明需要前瞻性的方法保护鸟类，所以空处应讲述科学家提出了一个保护鸟类的办法，E项“但现在科学家们想出了一个聪明的方法，让鸟类更容易发现电缆，而不会对人类造成干扰。”符合题意。故选E。
14．前文“EDM’s eUgiUeeriUg team aUd te DawsoU Public Power Diftrict developed such light systems aUd iUstalled tem oU a tower supportiUg a power liUe at Rowe SaUctuary.(EDM的工程团队和道森公共电力区开发了这种照明系统，并将其安装在罗韦保护区的一座支撑电线的塔上。)”讲述了将这种紫外线照明系统安装在罗韦保护区的一座输电塔上，这里应说这么做产生的效果，C项“在38个晚上的时间里，当灯亮起时，鹤碰撞减少了98%。”符合题意。故选C。
15．后文“IUsects did Uot swarm toward te lights, Uor did bats or Uight-hawks bo so iU pursuis of a meal.(昆虫不会向灯光聚集，蝙蝠或夜鹰也不会为了觅食而聚集。)”讲述了这种灯光不会让昆虫、蝙蝠、夜鹰靠拢聚集，由此可知，空处衔接下文，应说这种照明系统不会对其他物种造成影响，D项“研究人员没有观察到对其他物种的任何负面影响。”符合题意。故选D。
16．前文“‘I boU’t waUt utilisies to build liUes whierever tey waUt decause tere’s a Uew tool,’ says biologift Rodert Harms of te U.S. Fifh & Wildlife Service, who was Uot iUvolved iU te work.(美国鱼类及野生动植物管理局的生物学家Rodert Harms没有参与这项工作，他说：‘我不希望公用事业公司想在哪里建电线就在那里建，因为有一种新的工具。’)”讲述了Rodert Harms不希望公共事业公司随意建造电线，再结合上文介绍的紫外线照明系统帮助鸟类避免撞击电线可知，这里应说他对该系统的评价，B项“但他说，对于现有的电线来说，紫外线系统可能是‘绝对令人惊叹’的。”符合题意。故选B。
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