高中英语学业水平测试复习专题四语法填空语法项目(十)定语从句课件

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语法项目(十)　定语从句
知识梳理
PART
01
第一部分
修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系代词或关系副词，它是介于主句和从句之间的纽带。用于定语从句中的关系代词有who，that，which，whom，whose，as，关系副词有when，where，why。
1．关系代词的用法
(1)who指人，可以在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
*The number of people who were killed in the disaster was over 100.
在那次灾难中丧生的人数超过了100人。
(2)whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，或用作从句中介词的宾语，介词可位于whom之前，也可位于句末。
*I'd really like to find a friend whom I can trust completely.
我真的很想找一个我可以完全信任的朋友。
(3)whose既可以指人，也可以指物，表示所属关系，whose在定语从句中作定语，常与它所修饰的名词一起出现在从句的句首。
*This is the person whose story surprises everybody.
就是这个人的故事让所有人都感到吃惊。
(4)which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，或在从句中作介词的宾语。先行词为表示事物或动物的名词或表示职业的名词。
*Everywhere I saw, there were buildings which had been destroyed by the earthquake.
我看到到处都是被地震毁掉的建筑。
(5)that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。指人多用that、who、whom，指物多用that、which。
*Yesterday I read an article that/which was about natural disasters.
昨天我读到一篇关于自然灾害的文章。
2．关系词只用that而不用which的情况
(1)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或最高级时。
*This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.
这是我吃过的最美味的食物。
(2)当先行词是all、any、little、few、much、everything、anything、nothing、none等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。
*All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已经做了。
(3)当先行词被the only、the very、the last等修饰时。
*The only thing that I could do is study for my goal.
我唯一能做的就是为我的目标而学习。
(4)当先行词既包括人又包括物时。
*She took photos of the persons and things that she was interested in.
她把她感兴趣的人和物都拍下来了。
(5)关系代词在限制性定语从句中作表语时。
*Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.
我们的学校不再是以前的样子了。
3．关系副词的用法
当先行词在定语从句中作状语，即定语从句不缺主语、宾语或者表语时，通常要用关系副词引导定语从句。常用的关系副词有where、when、why。
(1)关系副词where
where引导定语从句时，先行词往往是表示地点的名词(如place、room、house、spot、school、country、hall、stadium等)，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。
*The experts went into the hall where the meeting was being held.
专家们走进正在开会的大厅。
(2)关系副词when
when引导定语从句时，先行词往往是表示时间的名词(如age、time、day、week、month、year等)，关系副词when在从句中作时间状语。
*I still remember the time when I first travelled by plane.
我仍然记得我第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。
(3)关系副词why
why引导定语从句时，先行词常为reason，关系副词why在从句中作原因状语。
*The reason why he failed the exam was that he was too careless.
他考试不及格的原因是他太粗心了。
4．关系副词和关系代词的区别
关系副词和关系代词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中所作的成分。若是作状语，则用关系副词或“介词＋关系代词”；若是作主语、宾语、表语或定语，则用关系代词。
类别 引导词 功能(在从句中所担任的成分)
关系代词 that 主语、宾语(代替人或物)
which 主语、宾语(代替物)
who 主语、宾语(代替人)
whom 宾语(代替人)
whose 定语(代替人或物)
as 主语、宾语、表语(代替人或物)
类别 引导词 功能(在从句中所担任的成分)
关系副词 when 时间状语(代替表时间的先行词)
where 地点状语(代替表地点的先行词)
why 原因状语(先行词是reason)
*I'll never forget the days (that/which) I spent with my teacher.(宾语)
我永远也忘不了我和我的老师一起度过的日子。
*I'll never forget the days when I played with you.(时间状语)
我永远不会忘记和你一起玩耍的日子。
*The factory (that/which) we visited yesterday was built last year.(宾语)
昨天我们参观的工厂是去年建成的。
*The factory where he works was built last year.(地点状语)
他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。
*This is the reason (that/which) she gave me for doing it.(宾语)
这是她给我的做这件事的理由。
*The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.(原因状语)
他拒绝接受邀请的原因十分明了。
5．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
(1)当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词＋whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词＋which”；关系代词有时也用whose(作定语)。
*The boss in whose company Mr. King worked heard about the accident.
金先生工作的公司的老板听说了这起事故。
*I have some American friends from whom I have learned much about the American customs.
我有一些美国朋友，从他们那里我了解了很多美国的习俗。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”的定语从句中介词的选用可以遵循“一名二动三逻辑”的原则。
①“一名”——依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。
*I'll never forget the farm on which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过童年时光的那个农场。
*I still remember the day on which I graduated from college.
我仍然记得我大学毕业的那一天。
②“二动”——依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
*Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is known.
昨天我们游览了杭州著名的西湖。
*This is the book about which we talked yesterday.
这就是我们昨天谈论过的那本书。
③“三逻辑”——根据从句表达的意义和先行词的逻辑关系来确定。
*The thing without which we can not go out is mobile phone.
我们出门离不开的东西是手机。
6．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
在形式上，非限制性定语从句用逗号与先行词隔开，限制性定语从句则不用逗号与先行词隔开。除此之外还有下列区别：
类型 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
功能不同 是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，不可去掉，否则主句意思不完整 对先行词补充说明，可去掉，去掉后主句意思仍完整
类型 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
先行词不同 名词、代词或名词性短语 名词、代词、名词性短语或整个主句
关系词的使用
情况不同 that、which、who、whom、whose、as、where、when、why which、who、whom、whose、as、where、when　
翻译方式不同 一般译为定语 一般译为并列分句
*My elder sister who has settled in Beijing sends me an e－mail almost every day. (限制性定语从句)
我已在北京定居的姐姐几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。
*My elder sister, who has settled in Beijing, sends me an e－mail almost every day.(非限制性定语从句)
我的姐姐已在北京定居，她几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。
*The film (which/that) I saw a few days ago is well worth seeing. (限制性定语从句)
我几天前看过的那部电影很值得一看。
*The film, which I saw a few days ago, is well worth seeing.(非限制性定语从句)
那部电影很值得一看，我几天前看过。
技巧点拨
PART
02
第二部分
技法1　根据从句所缺成分来确定关系词
1．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who。
2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom。
3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句中用which。
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where；如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。
技法2　巧用固定结构选用关系词
当题干中出现such，the same等或行为动词的被动语态时，就可考虑关系词as的固定结构，如such...as...，the same...as...，as is known，as is expected。但还要注意看定语从句是否缺主语、宾语或表语，如果不缺这三种句子成分，则不用as。
专题训练
PART
03
第三部分
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1．The volunteers will never forget the days ____________ they spent together in Guangzhou.
2．She is a very kind lady ____________ looks after my little brother.
3．The reason ___________ he gave up his well-paid job isn't known to us.
4．There was a time ____________ Anne was so crazy about everything to do with nature.
that/which
who
why
when
5．He is a teacher of rich experience, from __________ we can learn a lot.
6．When I arrived, my friend took me to see the house ____________ I would be staying.
7．The novel, ____________ I read last night，is very interesting.
8．Her sister, ____________ teaches us English, will go abroad next year.
9．This is the farm ____________ which my father grows fruits and vegetables.
10．None of us know the reason for ____________ Tom didn't come.
whom
where
which
who
on
which
Ⅱ.语法填空
在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
There was a time 1.________ I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason 2.________ my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club, 3.________ I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide，4.________ teacher was Yu
when
why
where
whose
Minhong，communicated with me face-to-face，from 5.________ I gained some useful instructions.He also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.________ we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide, 7.________ encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8.________ I put my entire energy.Every
which
that/which
who
which
day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through 9.________ I can memorize a large number of new words. 10.________ our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”
which
As