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WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
attack
【归纳】attack既可作动词，也可作名词。
☆作动词时，意为：①袭击，攻击（常用 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )搭配：attack sb. with sth.）；②抨击，非难；③侵袭，损害；④奋力处理，全力对付。如：2-1-c-n-j-y
He was attacked and seriously injured by a group of youths. 21*cnjy*com
He needed to be sen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t into hospital after being attacked with a broken bottle.
A newspaper article attacked the famous singer.
A disease is attacking his brain and he is in pain.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
We have to attack these problems now and find some solutions. 【出处：21教育名师】
☆作名词时，意为：①袭击，攻击（常用搭配 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )：make / begin an attack on…；be / come under attack）；②（口头和书面的）抨击，非难（常与介词on连用）；③抑制，打击，处理（常与介词on连用）；④（尤指常发疾病的）发作，侵袭。如：【版权所有：21教育】
Enemy forces have made / began an attack on the city.21教育名师原创作品
Once again we were / came under attack from enemy fighter planes.21*cnjy*com
The magazine recent ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly published a violent personal attack on the novelist.
The organization decided to carry out an attack on smoking.
Her grandfather died of a heart attack.
【即学即练】根据汉语意思补全下面句子（每空一词）。
1. 飞机开始攻击这座城市。
The planes began their ________ ________ the city.
2. 昨天晚上一位女士遭到三个年轻男人袭击。
A woman ________ ________ by three young men last night.
3. 病患已经侵袭了他的大脑。
The disease ________ ________ his brain.
参考答案
attack
【即学即练】
1. attacks on 2. was attacked 3. has attacked21世纪教育网版权所有
adapt
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳adapt的意思及用法。
1. The classroom has been specially adapted to take wheelchairs.21教育网
2. We suggested Tom should adapt (himself) to the new situation.
3. The movie was adapted from the novel of a famous Russian writer.
4. Three of her novels have been adapted for television.
【自我归纳】作动词，意为：①使适应，使适合（ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )新用途，新情况）（句1）；②（使）适应（新情况），常用搭配为adapt (oneself) to sth.（句2）；③改编，改写，常用搭配：be adapted from意为“________”（句3）；be adapted for意为“________”（句4）。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 露西努力使自己适应这里温暖湿润的气候。
___________________________________________________【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
2. 汤姆移居加拿大后，很适应变化。
___________________________________________________
3. 你喜欢看根据琼瑶小说改编的电影吗？
___________________________________________________
参考答案
adapt
【自我归纳】根据……改编；被改编成……
【即学即练】
1. Lucy tried to adapt herself to the warm and wet climate.21·cn·jy·com
2. When he moved to Canada, Tom adapted to the change very well.www.21-cn-jy.com
3. Do you like seeing movies adapted from the novels of Qiong Yao？2·1·c·n·j·y
due to
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳due to的意思及用法。
1. She has been absent from work due to illness.
2. His absence was due to the storm.
3. Thanks are due to all those who took part.
4. Have they been paid the money due to them
【自我归纳】 due to可意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为“由于……”，由它引起的短语常在句中作________或表语（句1和句2）；也可意为“应给予，应属于”，由它引起的短语常在句中作表语或定语（句3和句4）。其中to为介词。21cnjy.com
【拓展】be due to do sth.意为“预定做某事，预期做某事”。如：
His book is due to be published in October.
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. Have they been paid the money due to them
__________________________________________________________
2. The team are due to fly to Italy next month.
__________________________________________________________
3. He arrived late due to the traffic jam.
__________________________________________________________
参考答案
due to
【自我归纳】状语
【即学即练】
1. 他们是否已得到了应得的钱？
2. 该队预定于下月飞往意大利。
3. 由于堵车，他迟到了。
die out
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳die out的意思及用法。
1. Many old customs are dying out.
2. Elephants woul ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d die out if men were allowed to shoot as many as they wished.
3. It took a long time before the big fire died out.21·世纪*教育网
【自我归纳】die out意为：①逐渐消失（句1）；②________（句2）；③熄灭（句3）。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. Neighborhood shops are dying out because of the big supermarket.www-2-1-cnjy-com
____________________________________________
2. Dinosaurs died out millions of years ago.
____________________________________________
参考答案
die out
【自我归纳】灭绝
【即学即练】
1. 由于这家大型超市，附近的商店正在逐渐消失。
2. 恐龙在数百万年前就灭绝了。
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
GRAMMAR
“情态动词+ have done”用法总结
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳“情态动词+ have done”的用法。
1. Jack didn’t come on time. He may / might have missed the bus.21教育网
2. Since nobody gave ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) him any help, he must have done the research on his own.
3. —Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it’s too bad. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )You should have made better preparations. Instead you spent all your time playing computer games.21cnjy.com
4. I shouldn’t have w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )atched that movie — it’ll give me horrible dreams.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
5. I needn’t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are friendly to
me.
6. He could have escaped, but he chose to stand and fight. 【出处：21教育名师】
7. —Why are your ey ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es so red You can’t / couldn’t have slept well last night.
—Yeah, I stayed up late writing a report.
【自我归纳】
构成 意义 例句
________ 表示对已经发生过的情况的肯定推测，意为“可能发生了某事”，语气稍弱。 1
must have done 表示对过去已经发生过的情况的肯定推测，意为“一定做过某事”，语气较强。 2
should have done 表示“本应该做某事，而实际上并没有做”。 3
shouldn’t have done 表示“本不应该做某事，而实际上却做了”，含有批评、责备或惋惜的意思。 4
needn’t have done 表示“本不必做某事, 而实际上却做了”。 5
could have done 表示“过去本来能够做某事而实际上没有做”。 6
can’t / couldn’t have done 表示“过去不可能做了某事”。 7
【即学即练】
I. 选用括号内合适的内容完成下面对话。
A husband (H) and wife (W) are driving to a party and are lost. 21世纪教育网版权所有
W: We’re lost. An ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d we don’t even have a map. You 1. ________ (should take / should have taken) a map. www.21-cn-jy.com
H: I didn’t think ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) we were going to need one. I 2. ________ (must have made / should have made) a wrong turn. 2·1·c·n·j·y
W: Do we need to stop and ask for directions
H: No, we don’t have t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o. We 3. ________ (can use / could have used) the cell phone and call the Allens and ask them how to get to their house. 21·世纪*教育网
W: OK.
H: Let’s see. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) I thought I had the cell phone in my pocket. I can’t find it. I 4. ________ (might leave / might have left) it at home.www-2-1-cnjy-com
W: No, you d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )idn’t leave it at home. I’ve got it here in my purse. Oh, no. It is out of power. We have to look for a pay phone. Do you have any change 21*cnjy*com
H: I just have dollar bills.
W: You 5. ________ (should have taken / must have taken) some change with you.
H: Oh, I’m really sorry.
W: Watch out! You 6 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). ________ (may have hit / must have hit) that car. 2-1-c-n-j-y
H: I wasn’t going ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to hit that car. I didn’t come anywhere close to it. 【版权所有：21教育】
W: Anyway we should be careful.
II. 用适当的情态动词补全下面对话。
Lucia: I wonder wher ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e Peter’s got to. He said he’d be here in time for lunch. I’m rather worried.
Helen: Don’t worry! He 1. ________ still come.
Lucia: I doubt it. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) It’s past 2 o’clock. I think he 2. ________ have rung me up! But he didn’t!
Helen: Maybe his boss couldn’t give him time off, after all!【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
Lucia: Yes, that’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )possible, I suppose. Or he 3. ________ have had an accident! Do you think I should phone the police 21教育名师原创作品
Helen: Dear me, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) no! Don’t fuss (大惊小怪)! He 4. ________ be on his way right now!
(Ten minutes later, the phone rings.)
Peter: Sorry, Lucia ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), but I can’t get away from the office. An urgent piece of work. It 5. ________ be 8 or 9 when I get home. 21·cn·jy·com
Lucia: OK. Then I’m sure you 6. ________ have had your lunch, right 21*cnjy*com
Peter: Yes. My boss gave me a treat (款待).
参考答案
【自我归纳】may／might have done
【即学即练】
I.
1. should have taken ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2. must have made 3. can use 4. might have left
5. should have taken 6. may have hit
II.
1. may / might ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2. should 3. may / might 4. may / might 5. may / might 6. must
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. The director ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of a local tourist office, Meng Fanying, said the monster, which seemed to be black in colour, was ten metres from the edge of the lake during the most recent sighting.
(P52)
【分析】
①这是一个主从复合句。
②主句的主语是The director o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f a local tourist office，后面的Meng Fanying作主语的同位语，谓语是________。21世纪教育网版权所有
③the monster ... sighting部分是省略了引导词that的宾语从句，其主干为“主语（the monster）+系动词（was）+表语（ten metres from the edge of the lake）”。其中which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词________。21cnjy.com
【句意】当地的旅游办公室主任孟凡迎说， 最近有人看见怪物就在离湖边十米的地方，怪物的颜色似乎是黑色的。 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
【仿写】约翰说那个决定当时看似很愚蠢，最终却使得他成为了著名的演说家。
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Although no o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne really got a clear look at the mysterious creature, Xue Junlin, a local photographer, claimed that its head looked like a horse. (P52)
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句。
②Xue Junlin, ... like a horse是主句，其中that引导宾语从句，作claimed的宾语；a local photographer是Xue Junlin的同位语。21教育网
③Although引导让步状语从句。
【句意】尽管谁也没有真正看清楚过这个神秘的怪物，但当地一位摄影师薛俊林声称：怪物的头看起来像马。
【仿写】尽管没有人支持这个计划，但是公司的经理汤姆声称：这个计划是完美的。
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Mr Li Xiaohe sa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )id that he and his family were able to see the monster clearly because the weather was fine and the lake was calm. (P52)www.21-cn-jy.com
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句。
②that引导宾语从句，作________的宾语。其中又含有一个由because引导的原因状语从句，状语从句中包含两个并列分句：the weather was fine和the lake was calm。
【句意】李小和先生说他和家人看清楚了怪物，因为当时天气好，湖水平静。
【仿写】简说她没有通过这次考试是因为这次考试很难，她没有准备好。
____________________________________________________________________________
参考答案
1.【分析】said；monster
【仿写】John said the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) decision, which seemed to be foolish at the time, eventually made him become a famous speaker. 21·cn·jy·com
2. 【仿写】Altho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ugh no one supported the plan, Tom, the manager of the company, claimed that the plan was perfect.2·1·c·n·j·y
3.【分析】said
【仿写】Jane said th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at she failed the exam because it was very difficult and she didn’t prepare well.21·世纪*教育网
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