WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
request
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳request的意思及用法。
1. I’ve made a request for a large room.
2. John was t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )here at the request of his manager / at his manager’s request.
3. You have to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )request permission if you want to take any photographs.
4. The man requested Tony to wait outside.
5. We requested that the next meeting (should) be held on a Friday.
【自我归纳】request既可作名词也可动词。
☆作名词时，意为“要求，请求”，常用搭配：m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ake a request ________ sth. 要求/请求某物（句1）；at the request of sb. / at sb.’s request依照某人的要求（句2）。
☆作动词时，意为“请求，要求”，常用 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )搭配：request sth.（句3）；request sb. ________ （句4）；request + that从句（从句谓语用“should +动词原形”，should可以省略）（句5）。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 我是应你父亲的要求而来的。
_______________________________________________________
2. 我请求他帮忙。
_______________________________________________________
参考答案
request
【自我归纳】for; to do sth.
【即学即练】
1. I came at your father’s request / at the request of your father.
2. I requested him to help.
involve
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳involve的意思及用法。
1. Success i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nvolves every aspect of life: your relationships, your health and your happiness.
2. The operation involves putting a small tube into your heart.
3. Try to involve as many children as possible in the game.
4. I’m afraid your son has been involved in an accident.
5. My brother is involved in reading the book all evening.
6. Scientist ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s strongly believe that human activity is involved in global warming.
【自我归纳】involve作动词，可 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意为“________”，后可跟名词（句1）或动词-ing形式（句2）；也可意为“牵涉，牵连”，常与介词in搭配（句3）。短语be involved in意为：卷入（句4）；聚精会神于（句5）；和……有关（句6）。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 学习语言是一个包括犯错误和纠正错误的过程。
_________________________________________________
2. 多年来他专注于照顾卧病在床的妻子。
_________________________________________________
参考答案
involve
【自我归纳】包括
【即学即练】
1. Learning a langu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )age is a process that involves making mistakes and correcting mistakes.
2. Over the years, h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e has been involved in looking after his wife who is ill in bed.
vary
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳vary的意思及用法。
1. Test scores vary from school to school.
2. The heights of the plants vary from 8 cm to 20 cm.
3. The flowers in the garden vary in color and size.
4. The menu varies with the season.
5. My doctor said I should vary my diet more.
【自我归纳】
vary用作不及物动词，表示“不同，变 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )化”，（常用结构：vary from ... to ...从……到……不同，在……到……之间变动）（句1、句2）；vary in ... ________(句3)；vary with ... 随……而变化（句4）；vary也可用作及物动词，表示“改变，使不同”（句5）。
【考例】Try not to start e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )very sentence with “the”. _____ the beginnings of your sentences.
(上海2006)
A. Vary B. Decorate C. Form D. Describe
【点拨】 选A。vary表示“改变，使不同”，符合句意。decorate装饰，修饰；form组织，形成；describe描述，描绘。
【拓展】
variable 多变的，易变的 varied 各种各样的
variety不同种类，变化 various各种各样的
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 人的智力因人而异。
_________________________________________________
2. 习俗随时代而变化。
_________________________________________________
3. 天气一天天变化。
_________________________________________________
4. 这些鱼的重量从3公斤到5公斤不等。
_________________________________________________
参考答案
vary
【自我归纳】在……方面不同
【即学即练】
1. People vary in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) intelligence. / Intelligence varies from person to person.
2. Customs vary with the times.
3. The weather varies from day to day.
4. These fish vary in weight from 3 kilograms to 5 kilograms.
hold up
【归纳】hold up意为：①支持住，承受住，支撑得住；②举起，抬起；③延迟，阻碍；④抢劫；⑤举出（例子），提出（作为榜样）。如：
The chair was too weak to hold up Mrs. Smith.
All those who agree please hold up your hands.
Sorry I’m late — I was held up at work.
Two men held up a downtown store last night.
The school is held up as a model for others.
【拓展】其它常见的含hold的短语还有：
hold back阻拦，阻挡，隐瞒，控制，抑制，（使）犹豫，踌躇
hold on等着，停住，坚持住，挺住，（电话用语）别挂断，等一下
【即学即练】用含hold的短语的正确形式填空。
1. Jessica tried to ________ her tears.
2. When he lef ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t the telephone to find a pencil, he asked me to ________.
3. The ship was ________ by fog for several hours.
参考答案
hold up
【即学即练】1. hold back 2. hold on 3. held upGRAMMAR
条件状语从句和让步状语从句
【语境展示一】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳条件状语从句的用法。
1. a. If people don’t get enough sleep they usually get headaches.
b. We’ll cancel the match if it rains.
2. He won’t go to sleep unless you tell him a story
3. Once I find somewhere to live I’ll send you my address.
4. Suppose we miss the train, what will we do then
5. You can go out to play as long as you stay in the back yard.
6. They will lend us ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the money on condition that we pay it back within six months.
7. Supposing (that) it rains, can we play the match indoors
8. We’ll buy everything you produce, providing the price is right.
9. He can come with us, provided (that) he pays for his own meals.
【自我归纳一】
引导条件状语从句的关联词有________（第1组例句），unless（第2组例句），once （第3组例句），suppose（第4组例句），as long as（第5组例句），on condition that（第6组例句），supposing (that)（第7组例句），providing (that)（第8组例句），provided (that)（第9组例句）等。
注意：条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来。（如1-9组例句）
【语境展示二】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳让步状语从句的用法。
1. Though we all tried our best, we lost the game.
2. The article is very important although it is short.
3. While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
4. a. Try as she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.
b. Strange as it may seem, I never really wanted to be rich.
c. Student as he is, he does not study hard.
5. a. Even though Carl is 24 now, he’s still like a child.
b. She’s going to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave problems finding a job even if she gets her A levels.
6. a. We’ll h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave to finish the job, however / no matter how long it takes.
b. Whatever / No matter what I suggest, he always disagrees.
c. I don’t want to see them, whoever / no matter who they are.
d. Wherever / No ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tter where you choose to live, there will always be disadvantages.
e. Whenever / No matter when I hear that tune, it makes me think of you.
f. It takes three hours, whichever / no matter which route you take.
【自我归纳二】
引导让步状语从句的关联词有thou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gh（第1组例句），although（第2组例句），while（第3组例句），________（第4组例句），even though / if（第5组例句），“疑问词+ ever”/“no matter +疑问词”（第6组例句）等。
注意：
☆as引导让步状语从句时，从句用部分倒装语序（第4组例句）。
☆even though引导的让步状语从句表示已经存在的状态（5a），而even if引导的让步状语从句则表示将来有可能发生的事（5b）。
☆“疑问词+ ever”引导让步状语从句时，可用“no matter +疑问词”替换（第6组例句）。
【即学即练】
I. 根据汉语意思补全下列句子（每空一词）。
1. 尽管他是个孩子，他却知道应该做什么。
________ ________ ________ ________, he knew what was the right thing to do.
2. 不论我们是否帮助他，他都不会成功。
________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________, he will fail.
3. 只要不下雨，我们就可以走。
________ ________ ________ it doesn’t rain, we can go.
4. 不要让孩子玩你的书，免得他把书撕坏。
Don’t let the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) child play with your book ________ ________ he tears it.
5. 无论他躲到哪里，我们都要把他找出来。
________ ________ ________ he hides, we will find him.
II. 选用括号内合适的内容完成下面对话。
Bill: Hi, Al ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ex. I have something to tell you. I’ve become a vegetarian (素食者).
Alex: Oh, really Why did you stop eating meat
Bill: They say that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 1. ________ (if / unless) we don’t eat meat, we will live longer. I’ve also started to exercise every day.
Alex: I exercise too. I play golf every Sunday in the summer.
Bill: Nice sport 2. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ________ (as /although) golf is, it won’t help you live longer. You should do strenuous (剧烈的) exercise like playing tennis or running. I get a lot of exercise. I jog every day. Nothing stops me. I jog 3. ________ (even if / supposing that) it rains or snows.
Alex: That’s grea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t, but I find it boring. I can’t do it 4. ________ (once / unless) someone goes with me.
Bill: What about jogging together tomorrow
Alex: OK.
III. 选用方框内合适的关联词并用其正确形式完成下面短文（可重复选用）。
however, if, whatever, even though, unless
Dear kids,
Don’t be frightened, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the world isn’t coming to an end. I am simply taking a bath.
Don’t panic 1. ________ I’m not out right on time. Do not knock on the door to hear my voice. I promise that 2. ________ you can’t see me, I am on the other side. I’m not digging an escape tunnel (地道) and running away. 3. ________ I said a while ago, I didn’t mean it.
4. ________ much I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )would like it, water does not make me forgetful. I remember who you are. 5. ________ you want to use our other bathroom but someone is in it, you will just have to wait. 6. ________ you have four feet and a tail, do not think of going outside to “water” the lawn (草坪).
7. ________ the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) house catches on fire, stay inside and keep the doors locked.
Be good. Entertain ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )yourselves. Yes, you can do both at the same time. I’ll be out soon.
Love,
Your mom
参考答案
【自我归纳一】if
【自我归纳二】as
【即学即练】
I.
1. Child as he was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2. Whether we help him or not 3. As long as 4. in case
5. No matter where
II. 1. if 2. as 3. even if 4. unless
III. 1. if 2. even though 3. whatever 4. However
5. If 6. Unless 7. UnlessSENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. Indeed, bod ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y positions are part of what we call “body language”. (P22)
【分析】
①这是一个主从复合句。
②Indeed在句中作状语；what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语，且what在从句中作________的宾语。
【句意】实际上，身体的姿态是我们所称的“身势语”的一部分。
【仿写】艾伦被她所看到的事情震惊了。
______________________________________________________________
2. We see exampl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es of unconscious body language very often, yet there is also “learned” body language, which varies from culture to culture. (P22)
【分析】
①这是一个由并列连词yet连接的并列复合句。
②yet后的分句中，which引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明________。
【句意】我们经常看到无意识的身势语，但也有“习得”的身势语。习得的身势语在不同的文化中各不相同。
【仿写】在这家商店里你能找到普通的玩具，但也有一些特殊的玩具，这些特殊玩具很受孩子欢迎。
______________________________________________________________
3. So every culture h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as developed a formal way to greet strangers, to show them we are not aggressive. (P22)
【分析】
①这是一个主从复合句。
②主句为主(every culture ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))谓(has developed)宾(a way)结构，formal作定语，修饰way；to greet strangers为不定式短语作后置定语，修饰way。
③to show them we ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )are not aggressive为不定式短语作________状语。we are not aggressive是省略了that的________从句。
【句意】因此，在所有的文化中人们都有一种向陌生人打招呼的正规的方式，以表示他们并不具有攻击性。
【仿写】我们送给新邻居一些礼物，向他表明我们很友好。
______________________________________________________________
4. One person th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en holds up his hand, palm outwards and five fingers spread. (P22)
【分析】
①这是一个简单句。
②本句为“主语（One person） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )+谓语（holds up）+宾语（his hand）”结构。palm outwards和five fingers spread是两个并列的独立主格结构，分别由“名词+副词”和“名词+动词-ed形式”构成，在句中作________。
【句意】然后一个人举起手，手掌向外，五指展开。
【仿写】小男孩向他的妈妈跑去，双臂张开，眼里含着泪水。
______________________________________________________________
参考答案
1.【分析】call
【仿写】Ellen was shocked by what she had seen.
2.【分析】“learned” body language
【仿写】You can find ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ordinary toys in this shop, yet there are also some special toys, which are very popular with children.
3.【分析】③目的；宾语
【仿写】We sent the ne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w neighbour some gifts, to show him that we are friendly.
4.【分析】状语
【仿写】The little boy ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ran towards his mother, two arms spread and tears in his eyes.
