GRAMMAR
被动语态复习
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。当我们不知道动作的执行者，或没必要提及动作的执行者，或强调动作的承受者等时，常用被动语态。
一、几种常见时态的被动语态构成
一般现在时的被动语态：am / is / are +及物动词-ed形式
一般过去时的被动语态：was / were +及物动词-ed形式
现在进行时的被动语态：am / is / are + being +及物动词-ed形式
过去进行时的被动语态：was / were + being +及物动词-ed形式
一般将来时的被动语态：shall / will + be +及物动词-ed形式
现在完成时的被动语态：has / have been +及物动词-ed形式
过去完成时的被动语态：had been +及物动词-ed形式
将来完成时的被动语态：shall / will + have been +及物动词-ed形式
二、使用被动语态时应注意的问题
☆被动语态除用“be +及物动词-ed形 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )式”构成外，还可用“get +及物动词-ed形式”结构。常见的可与get连用的过去分词有broken, burned, caught, drowned, drunk, fired, hurt, wounded, lost等。如：
I got badly burned by the sun yesterday.
The books seem to have got lost.
☆英语中有些不及物动词可以表示被动意义。
1. 某些连系动词，如smell, taste, sound, become, feel, seem等。如：
The flowers smell sweet.
These oranges taste good.
2. 某些可以和well, easily等 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )副词连用的不及物动词，如write, read, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook等。如：
My new pen writes well.
This floor cleans easily.
3. 某些与can’t, won’t等连用的不及物动词，如move, lock, shut, open等。如：
The stone can’t move.
The door won’t shut.
☆某些及物动词和短语动词不用于被动语态，如cost, lack, fit, own, wish, belong to等。如：
The trip will cost you $1,000. (√)
You will be cost $1,000 by the trip. (×)
John Smith always lacks confidence. (√)
Confidence is always lacked by John Smith. (×)
☆被动语态可含有情态动词，其结构是“情态动词+ be +及物动词-ed形式”。如：
This must be considered carefully.
That can’t be done in a short time.
☆含双宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时，两个宾语均可作被动语态中的主语。如：
Somebody gave Gina a present yesterday.
→Gina was given a present yesterday.
→A present was given to Gina yesterday.
【即学即练】
I. 用括号内（短语）动词的正确形式填空。
1. —I think this is the best bakery in town.
—I agree. Fresh bread ________ (bake) here every morning.
2. —Do you have any plans for this evening
—I’m going to an art ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )exhibition which ________ (hold) at the museum these days.
3. —Will there be any prizes
—Yes. Medals ________ (give) to the winners.
4. —Can I expect to get to England on time
—Sorry, madam, but all flights ________ (cancel).
II. 用所学语法知识补全下面短文。
A
My brother’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )car 1. ________ (hit) by another car last week. After the police officer arrived, both drivers 2. ________ (give) tickets for not stopping at a stop sign. My brother sent his car to a repair shop after the accident. Unfortunately, the mechanic doesn’t have the parts he needs to fix the car and the car 3. ________ (repair) next week. Luckily, my brother has good insurance. He won’t have to pay much. The repair shop 4. ________ (pay) by the insurance company. My brother is borrowing my car.
B
Sister Carrie tells ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the story of Carrie, a pretty 18-year-old from a small town, who 1. ________ (leave) for Chicago by train with the dream of enjoying a pleasant city life. There she meets her sister in a flat, but it is not long before she realises that she 2. ________ (expect) to go to work immediately to pay her sister for the rent of her small room.
It is when she 3. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ________ (feel) so upset after losing her job that she suddenly comes across Drouet, whom she first met on the train to Chicago. He introduces Carrie to his friend Hurstwood, a manager of a saloon in the city. Carrie 4. ________ (offer) a job performing in a theatre and accidentally (偶然地) becomes very famous.
Later Hurstwood a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd Carrie fall in love and run away to another city. Carrie gradually becomes a well-known actress but Hurstwood fails time and time again. Hurstwood slowly gives up himself and eventually 5. ________ (drive) out of his apartment and becomes a homeless beggar (乞丐).
When Sister Carrie cam ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e out in 1900, it 6. ________ (sell) rather badly, less than 700 copies. It was not until many years later that its author Dreiser 7. ________ (recognise) as a powerful novelist in American literature.
参考答案
I. 1. is bake ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d 2. is being held 3. will be given 4. have been canceled
II.
A 1. was hit 2. were given 3. will be repaired 4. will be paid
B
1. leaves ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2. is expected 3. is feeling 4. is offered 5. is driven 6. sold 7. was recognisedWORDS & EXPRESSIONS
escape
【归纳】escape既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。
☆作及物动词时，意为“避开，避免（不愉快或危险的事物）”，后常跟名词或动词-ing形式。如：
The woman was lucky to escape serious injury.
My friend narrowly escaped being killed.
☆作不及物动词时，意为：①（从监禁或管制中）逃跑，逃走；②（从不愉快或危险处境中）逃脱。其后常接介词from。如：
Two prisoners have escaped.
A lion has escaped from its cage.
She managed to escape from the burning car.
【即学即练】根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子。
1. Carl _____________________ (从监狱里逃走了) yesterday.
2. We go south to _____________________ (过冬避寒) every year.
3. You were lucky to _____________________ (避免受罚).
参考答案
escape
【即学即练】
1. escaped from the prison
2. escape the winter cold
3. escape being punished
support
【归纳】support既可作动词也可作名词。
☆作动词时，意为：①支持，拥护；②资助，赞助；③养活，赡养；④支撑；⑤证实，提供依据。如：
If you raise the question at the meeting, I’ll support you.
Several big companies are supporting the project.
Having such a big family to support, he has to work hard every day.
Don’t worry. The ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ice on the river is thick enough to support your weight.
The results of the experiment supported his idea.
☆作名词时，意为：①支持，拥护；②帮助，援助；③支撑。如：
The monitor has won the support of all his classmates.
It was my mother who came to my support when I was in trouble.
She held on to his arm for support.
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. Is the bridge strong enough to support heavy trucks
__________________________________________________________
2. The plan made by the government was supported by the public.
__________________________________________________________
3. Thanks again for your support during my illness.
__________________________________________________________
参考答案
support
【即学即练】
1. 这座桥禁得住重型卡车通行吗？
2. 政府制定的那项计划得到了公众的支持。
3. 再次感谢你在我生病期间对我的帮助。
straight
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并从a-h中找出与1-8中的straight相符合的词性和释义。
1. The boat is sailing in a straight line.
2. Just be straight with her and tell her how you feel.
3. It has rained for three straight days.
4. He’s been without sleep now for three days straight.
5. This picture is not straight.
6. I’ve got a meeting straight after lunch.
7. I just told him straight that I wouldn’t do it.
8. Go straight along this road and turn left at the traffic lights.
a. adj. 直的
b. adj.（位置）端正的
c. adj. 直率的，坦诚的
d. adj. 连续不间断的
e. adv. 笔直地
f. adv. 径直，立即
g. adv. 坦率地，直截了当地
h. adv. 连续不断地
【自我归纳】通过观察上面的句子， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )我们可以知道straight的词性和释义分别为：1→________；2→________；3→________；4→h；5→b；6→________；7→g；8→________。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 他已经连续工作了16个小时。
_______________________________
2. 玛丽直接到朋友们那儿请求帮助。
_______________________________
3. 我觉得你没有跟我坦诚相见。
_______________________________
4. 孩子们坐成直直的一排。
_______________________________
参考答案
straight
【自我归纳】a；c；d；f；e
【即学即练】
1. He has been working for 16 hours straight / 16 straight hours.
2. Mary went straight to her friends to ask for help.
3. I don’t think you are being straight with me.
4. The children sat in a straight line.
come to +名词
【归纳】
come to power掌权
come to a stop停下来
come to an end结束
come to life活跃起来
come to light被发现
come to the point谈正题
come to a conclusion / decision
作出结论，决定
come to sb’s attention / notice
受到某人注意
【即学即练】选择以上短语并用其适当形式填空。
1. Don’t talk all round the question; __________.
2. Jim’s thefts fro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m the bank where he worked __________ when the bank examiners made an inspection.
3. The curtain dropped. The first act had __________.
4. The car went slower and slower until it __________.
5. At first I tho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ught he was a bit shy, but I’ve __________ that he’s simply unfriendly!
6. When Mrs Thatch ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er __________ in 1979, nobody expected her to stay there for 13 years.
参考答案
come to +名词
【即学即练】
1. come to the point 2. came to light
3. come to an end 4. came to a stop
5. come to the conclusion
6. came to powerSENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. As a boy he was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )educated in many schools and was given the nickname, “the student who asks questions”. (P32)
【分析】
①这是一个主从复合句。
②As a boy作时间状语，_______为主句的主语，and连接两个并列谓语was educated和was given。“the student who asks questions”作the nickname的_______。
③who引导定语从句，修饰先行词student，并在从句中作_______。
【句意】小时候，他在许多学校读过书，并且得了个“问问题的学生”的绰号。
【仿写】她还是个婴儿时就被父母抛弃，之后被彼得——一位生活困窘的好心人抚养长大。
____________________________________________________________________________
2. He thought that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the key to feeding people was to have more rice and to produce it more quickly. (P32)
【分析】
①这是一个主从复合句。
②that引导宾语从句，作________的宾语，其中to have more rice和to produce it more quickly并列作表语。
③the key to …意为“做……的关键”，这里to是介词。
【句意】他认为，解决人们吃饭问题的关键在于拥有更多的稻米，并且能更快地生产出来。
【仿写】我认为学好英语的关键在于找到一个合适的方法，并且要尽可能多地练习。
____________________________________________________________________________
3. He thought the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re was only one way to do this — by crossing different species of rice plant, and then he could produce a new plant which could give a higher yield than either of the original plants. (P32)
【分析】
①这是一个由and连接的并列复合句。
②and前的分句中：there wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s ... rice plant是省略了that的宾语从句；by crossing ... rice plant是“by +动词-ing形式”短语，进一步说明one way。
③and后的分句中，which引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词________。
【句意】他认为，唯一的办法是使不同种类的水稻杂交，这样就能产生比原先任何一种水稻产量都要高的新品种。
【仿写】我认为提高你技能的唯一办法是多练习，这样你就有可能成为一个出色的钢琴家，可以在全国各地演出。
____________________________________________________________________________
参考答案
1.【分析】②he；同位语 ③主语
【仿写】As a baby, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) she was abandoned by her parents and later was brought up by Peter, a man who lived a poor life but had a good heart.
2.【分析】thought
【仿写】I think t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat the key to learning English well is to find a suitable method and to practice it as much as possible.
3.【分析】a new plant
【仿写】I think there is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )only one way to improve your skill — by practicing more, and then you may become a great pianist who can give concerts all over the country.
