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GRAMMAR
现在完成进行时
总结 例句
构成 have / has + been +动词-ing形式 Tom has been watching TV programmes since seven o’clock this evening.I have been working here for 5 years.
用法 表示一个由过去某一时间开始一直续到现在的动作（可能刚结束，也可能还要进行下去）。 I’ve been doing my housework all morning and I’ve just finished it.How long have you been wearing glasses
有时表示动作的重复。 I’ve been using this typewriter for 6 years.
有时带有感彩。 Too much has been happening today!
常搭配的时间状语 all this time, this ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等时间状语以及由since（自从）和for（经历）引导的短语或从句 She has been expecting a long distance call all night long. It has been raining for two hours now.I have been living in this city since I was born.
【拓展】现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别：
1. 现在完成时表示动作业已完成，而现在完成进行时却不一定如此。如：
I have painted the door and it looks like a new one. （已经粉刷好）21世纪教育网版权所有
I’ve been painting the door this morning. （可能还没粉刷好）21cnjy.com
2. 现在完成进行时有时含有明显的感彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，没有感彩。如：2·1·c·n·j·y
They have been working very well this term. (含表扬之意) 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
They have worked very well this term. (陈述事实)
3. 许多静态动词（如：know, have, last等）通常用于现在完成时而不用于现在完成进行时。如：21·世纪*教育网
I’ve known that for a long time.
We’ve had terrible weather for nearly two weeks.
【综合练习】
I. 选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. We ________ (are w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )orking / have been working) on this project for four hours. Let’s have a rest. 21教育网
2. Joseph ________ (has been going / has gone) to evening classes since last month, but he still can’t say “What’s your name ” in Russian.www-2-1-cnjy-com
3. I’m tired ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )out. I ________ (shopped / have been shopping) all afternoon and I don’t seem to have finished anything. 2-1-c-n-j-y
4. —Jack, you look so tired!
—Well, I ________ (have painted / have been painting) the house and I must finish the work tomorrow. 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
5. I have to see ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the doctor because I ________ (have been coughing / cough) a lot lately.
6. —We’ve spent too much money recently.
—Well, it isn’t s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )urprising. Our friends and relatives ________ (are coming / have been coming) around all the time.【版权所有：21教育】
II. 根据所给汉语提示完成下列对话。
1
Sarah: Zhang Jie released his new album on November 10, 2011.21·cn·jy·com
Mary: Really He is my ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) favorite star. I listen to his music every day. Even today, ______________________ (我听他的音乐已有一个小时了). His music expresses true feelings. 21*cnjy*com
Sarah: I coul ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dn’t agree more. He and Xie Na got married in September, 2011. I think their love provides new inspiration for his music.【出处：21教育名师】
2
Carl: Dick, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )I am phoning to tell you that it was a pity that I didn’t see you off yesterday. When I got home, you had gone to the airport. 21教育名师原创作品
Dick: I had been wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iting for you for a long time. Nevertheless, _________________ __________ (到这个月底我就回来了).21*cnjy*com
Carl: Wonderful! An ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d you said you would pay a visit to Jolin in New York. Have you seen her Give my good wishes to her when you see her.
Dick: OK, I will.
III. 用括号内动词的正确时态完成下面短文。
A big elephant wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s walking on the ground. He 1. ________ (move) through the tall grass for two days, eating and resting. Not far from him 2. ________ (stand) a woman with a big camera in her hands. She took another photo of the elephant, still amazed at his long tusks.
Swallowing a mouthfu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l of grass, the elephant turned his head to see that the woman 3. ________ (take) even more photos of him. “That woman has no manners. She 4. ________ (follow) me all day.” he thought. “She 5. ________ (take) 100 photos of me and 6. ________ (write) 42 pages of notes. But she hasn’t even given me a single peanut!”
参考答案
I. 1. have been wo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rking 2. has been going 3. have been shopping
4. have been painti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng 5. have been coughing 6. have been coming
II.
1. I have been listening to his music for an hour
2. I will have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )returned by the end of this month / I will return at the end of this month
III. 1. had been mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ving 2. stood 3. was taking 4. has been following 5. has taken 6. writtenwww.21-cn-jy.com
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SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. You must ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )be aware that it’s here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world. (P38) 21*cnjy*com
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句是You must be aware；that it’s here ... the world是宾语从句。
③ 从句是强调句，被强调内容是________；其中又包含由who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词________。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
【句意】 你们想必都很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了居住在世界上这个部分最早人类的证据。
【仿写】 你一定要记住，是卡尔先生把你从湖里拉了出来，救了你的命。
____________________________________________________________
2. So we thi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nk it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold. (P38)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句是we think；it is reasonable ... cold是省略了引导词that的宾语从句。
③ 从句中的it是形式主语，真正的主 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语是to assume ... cold；其中they lived in these caves是省略了引导词that的宾语从句，作________的宾语。21·cn·jy·com
【句意】 因此，我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。
【仿写】 因此，我有理由认为这些措施将被证明是成功的。
____________________________________________________________
3. We have been exc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )avating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter. (P38)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句，主句是We h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick。2·1·c·n·j·y
② which引导的是非限制性定语从句，在此从句中含有一个由that引导的宾语从句。
③ suggest在此意为“表明”， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )后面的宾语从句用陈述语气。注意：suggest作“建议”讲时，其后的宾语从句中的谓语要用虚拟语气，即用“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。
【句意】我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有六米厚。这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。
【仿写】
① 露西苍白的脸色表明她病得很严重。
___________________________________________________21·世纪*教育网
② 他建议我们留下吃饭。
___________________________________________________www.21-cn-jy.com
4. We haven’t found an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y doors but we think they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold during the freezing winter. (P38)
【分析】
① 本句是一个由but连接的并列复合句。
② 后一分句中think后跟省略了连接词that的宾语从句。
③ 不定式短语to keep out the cold during the freezing winter作________状语。
④ might have hung是“情态动词+ have done”结构，表示对过去发生的事情的推测。
【句意】我们还没有找到门，但是我们认为在天寒地冻的冬季他们可能是用兽皮挂在洞口来防寒的。
【仿写】露西还没有找到她的猫，但是她认为它可能去某个地方避雨了。
____________________________________________________________
5. Yes, indeed, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake. (P39)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句是all the fiel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ds around here used to be part of a large shallow lake；as引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个主句，且在从句中作________。21世纪教育网版权所有
【句意】植物学分析结果明确告诉我们，这儿四周曾经是一个很大的浅水湖。
【仿写】这些数字明确告诉我们，犯罪活动正在增加。
____________________________________________________________
参考答案
1.【分析】here；people
【仿写】You must r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )emember that it’s Mr. Carl that / who pulled you out of the lake and saved your life.21教育网
2.【分析】assume
【仿写】So I think it’s re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )asonable to assume that these measures will prove successful.
3.【仿写】
① Lucy’s pale face suggested that she was very ill.21cnjy.com
② He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner.
4. 【分析】目的
【仿写】Lucy hasn’t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) found her cat but she thinks it might have gone somewhere to shelter from the rain.www-2-1-cnjy-com
5. 【分析】宾语
【仿写】As the figures have shown us, crime is on the increase.2-1-c-n-j-y
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WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
interrupt
【语境展示】 阅读下面句子，并试着归纳interrupt的意思及用法。
1. It is rude to interrupt when someone is talking.21·世纪*教育网
2. They were interrupted by a knock at the door.
3. Traffic in the city was interrupted by a snowstorm.
【自我归纳】
interrupt ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意为“打岔，打断……讲话”，可作及物、不及物动词（句1、句2）；意为“______”，是及物动词（句3）。
【辨析】interrupt, disturb, trouble, bother
interrupt突然中断，打断某个活动的过程，使其不能继续进行下去。
disturb 侧重指扰乱某种状态或使某种秩序受到影响。
trouble 打搅，麻烦，指为某事使他人操心，给他人造成不便。
bother 打扰，烦扰，使某人烦恼，宾语常为人。
【拓展】interruption n. 打断；中断；打岔；插嘴
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 他在忙时，请不要打断他。
_________________________________________
2. 下课的铃声响了，打断了我们热烈的讨论。
_________________________________________
参考答案
interrupt
【自我归纳】中断，中止
【即学即练】1. Don’t interrupt (him) when he is busy.
2. The bell indica ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ting the end of the class rang, interrupting our heated discussion.
regardless of
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳regardless of的意思及用法。
1. Thomas says wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at he thinks, regardless of our feelings, which makes us unhappy.
2. We continued to work regardless of the fact that it was raining.21教育网
3. I’m buying the book, regardless of how expensive it is.21·cn·jy·com
【自我归纳】regardless of意为“不管，不顾”，后跟名词（句1和句2）或从句（句3）。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 这家俱乐部对所有新成员不分年龄一律欢迎。
__________________________________
2. 不管他是对是错，我们都得服从他的决定。
__________________________________
参考答案
regardless of
【即学即练】
1. The club welcomes all new members regardless of age.21世纪教育网版权所有
2. Regardless of w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hether he is right or wrong, we have to obey his decisions.
cut up
【语境展示】 阅读下面句子，并从a - c中找出与1 - 3中的cut up相符合的释义。
1. At this stage, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) your child will need someone to cut her food up for her.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
2. Mr. Warren was badly cut up by the death of his son.2-1-c-n-j-y
3. Henry was badly cut up in the fight.
a. 割伤，挫伤 b. 切碎，剪碎 c. 使伤心
【自我归纳】 通过观察上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )面的句子，我们可以知道cut up的意思分别为：1 → ________；2 → ________；3 → ________。www-2-1-cnjy-com
【拓展】 常见的含cut的短语还有：
cut down砍倒，缩减
cut out切掉，省略，停止
cut in打断，插嘴
【即学即练】 用含cut的短语的正确形式填空。
1. Don’t ________________ while I’m talking.
2. There is n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o need to be ________________ at not succeeding this time. 21*cnjy*com
3. The doctor sa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )id that the cancerous cells had to be ________________.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
4. Your article i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s too long. Please ________ it ________ to 1,000 words.【出处：21教育名师】
5. He ________ the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) paper ________ into little pieces and then threw them away.
参考答案
cut up
【自我归纳】 b；c；a
【即学即练】 1. cut in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2. cut up 3. cut out 4. cut；down 5. cut；up
look ahead
【归纳】look ahead意为“展望未来，为未来着想”。如：
We are trying to look ahead and see what our options are.【版权所有：21教育】
Looking ahead, we m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ust expect changes to be made in our system of government.
【拓展】
look at朝……看，检查，思考，看待
look after照顾，照料
look back回顾，回忆
look down on / upon蔑视，看不起
look forward to期待，盼望
look out注意，当心
look through快速查看，浏览
【即学即练】用含look的短语的正确形式填空。
1. Everyone shou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld ________ and save a little money each year for when he retires.
2. David ________ the book and decided that he wouldn’t like it.2·1·c·n·j·y
3. ________ when you’re crossing the street.
4. Small boys usually ________ Tony and refuse to play with him.21教育名师原创作品
参考答案
look ahead
【即学即练】
1. look ahead 2. looked through
3. Look out 4. look down on / upon21cnjy.com
arrest
【语境展示】 阅读下面句子，并试着归纳arrest的意思及用法。
1. The police arrested her for drinking and driving.21*cnjy*com
2. A photo of a small boy arrested my attention.
3. The treat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ment has so far done little to arrest the spread of the cancer.
4. International cooperation led to the arrest of three suspects.
5. Two arrests were ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )made, but the men were later released without charge.
【自我归纳】
★ arrest作动词时，意为： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )①逮捕，拘留（常用于arrest sb. ________ sth.结构）（句1）；②吸引（注意）（句2）；③阻止，中止（句3）。
★ arrest作名词时，意为“逮捕，拘留”（句4、句5）。
【拓展】
★ be under arrest意为“被逮捕”。如：
The man is now under arrest in London.
★ put / place sb. under arrest意为“逮捕某人”。如：
He was stopped outside the shop and placed / put under arrest.
【即学即练】 根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子（每空一词）。
1. He ________ ________ ________ (因……被逮捕) possession of illegal drugs yesterday.
2. An unusua ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l noise ________ ________ ________ (吸引了他的注意) when he was walking along the street.
3. The policeme ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n approached the man and ________ ________ ________ ________ (逮捕了他).
参考答案
arrest
【自我归纳】 for
【即学即练】 1. was a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rrested for 2. arrested his attention 3. put / placed him under arrestwww.21-cn-jy.com
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
Book 8 Unit 5 A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAN CAVES
Pre-reading activities
Task I. Do you like to visit museums What can you learn there 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Task II. What are the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )most difficult things that ancient people might meet
Task III. What kind of clothes the ancient people might wear 21·世纪*教育网
While-reading activities
Task I. Read the text and fill in the blanks in the table.www-2-1-cnjy-com
Evidence Possible conclusions
Human and animal bones Humans and animals lived in the caves.
Fire places People used them to keep warm, cook food and scare 1. ________ away.
Layers of 2. ________ The fire were kept burning all winter.
Bones of tigers and bears These animals were the people’s most dangerous enemies.
A(n) 3. ________ It was used to make clothes from animal skins.
Sharpened tools They were used to cut up animals and remove their 4. ________.
Smaller scrapers They were used to remove 5. ________ from the animal skin.
A primitive necklace The area used to be part of a(n) 6. ________.
Task II. Read the text and find the answers to the questions.21教育网
Questions Answers
1. How do we know that these early people lived in the caves A. The tiger and bears.
2. How did they keep warm B. They built ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fireplaces and hung animal skins over the cave’s entrance.
3. What wild animals lived so long ago C. They used sharpened stone tools.
4. What material did they use to make their clothes D. Bones found in the caves show that humans and animals lived there.
5. What did they use to cut up animals and remove their skin E. They used animal skins.
6. What was the necklace made of F. They travelled to the seaside and traded for them.
7. How did they get the seashells G. It was made of animal bones and shells.
Post-reading activities
Task I. Write a summary of the text.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Task II. Imagine th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at you are one of the students who have visited the Zhoukoudian caves. Write a diary after your visit.21世纪教育网版权所有
Task III. Make a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )list of questions that you might ask the archaeologist when you visit the Zhoukoudian caves.21cnjy.com
Task IV. Discussio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n. What are the most valuable things that were discovered in Zhoukoudian caves 21·cn·jy·com
参考答案：
Pre-reading activities
Task I. 略
Task II. 略
Task III. 略
While-reading activities
Task I. 1. animals ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2. ash 3. sewing needle 4. skin(s) 5. fur 6. lake
Task II. 1-D 2-B 3-A 4-E 5-C 6-G 7-Fwww.21-cn-jy.com
Post-reading activities
Task I.
A guide show ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s some English students around the Zhoukoudian caves, where the earliest people in China lived. The guide tells them fireplaces were found in the caves. They used them to keep warm, cook and scare away wild animals. He shows them a 3cm long bone needle and explains how the people cut and scraped animal skins with sharpened stones, softened them with salt, and sewed the pieces together to make clothes. Finally he shows them a necklace made from fish bones and seashells and explains where they came from. The surrounding fields used to be a large shallow lake filled with fish. They probably traded for the seashells as they were hunter gatherers who moved around a lot looking for food. (By Ray Cama)2·1·c·n·j·y
Task II. 略
Task III. 略
Task IV. 略
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