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GRAMMAR
动词-ing形式（二）
前面我们学习了动词-ing形式在句中起名 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词作用，作主语、表语、定语和宾语的用法，本期我们将学习动词-ing形式在句中起形容词或副词作用，作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语的用法。21·世纪*教育网
一、动词-ing形式作定语
★单个的动词-ing形式作定语常位于被修饰名词的前面，表示被修饰名词的动作或状态。如：
There is growing concern about climate change.
We heard the crash of falling trees.
★动词-ing形式短语作后置定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句。如：
A little child learni ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng to walk (= who / that is learning to walk) often falls.
Her sons, both workin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g abroad (= who both work / are both working abroad), ring her every week.21教育网
★动词-ing形式的被动式（being done）也可作定语，表示正在发生的被动动作。如：
The building being built is our library.
二、动词-ing形式作状语
★动词-ing形式作状语可表示时间、条件、原因、结果、方式、让步或伴随情况等，其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致。如：【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
Walking along ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the street one day, Jane saw a little girl running up to her.
You will make yourself more tired, keeping on your feet.【出处：21教育名师】
Being a hard-workin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g young man, he is praised by all his fellow workers.
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that area.21*cnjy*com
He came running all the way to tell us the news.
Knowing all this, they still insisted on my paying for the damage. 21*cnjy*com
The old man was fast asleep, holding a book in his hand.
★动词-ing形式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：
Having eaten too much, he couldn’t go to sleep that night.
Having been told many times, he still couldn’t understand it.
★动词-ing形式作状语，其前往往 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )可以加when, while, if, unless, once, though, as if等连词，构成“连词+动词-ing形式”结构。如：
John hurt his leg while playing football.
The woman stopped for a while as if waiting for a reply.
三、动词-ing形式作表语，相当于形容词，多指主语的性质。如：
The news looks quite encouraging.
Travelling is interesting but tiring.
四、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
★动词-ing形式用在hear, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )see, smell, feel, watch, find, notice, observe等表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语时，表示宾语的动作与谓语的动作同时发生。如：【版权所有：21教育】
Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help
We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
★动词-ing形式用在leave, have, keep, get, set等动词后作宾语补足语时，表示使宾语处于某种状态。如：
Kate’s sudden disappea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rance left us all wondering what was going to happen.
I’m sorry to keep you waiting — I got stuck in traffic.
★动词-ing形式也可作介词的宾语补足语。如：
I can’t do my homework with all this noise going on.
With a native ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) villager acting as our guide, we had no trouble getting around.
【即学即练】
I. 用动词-ing形式改写下面句子，使句子意思不变。
1. They had ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )few communication chances because they lived in the country.
________________________________________
2. If other things are equal, I would buy the black dress.
________________________________________
3. You can hear tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t Ellen is singing as she ran upstairs.
_________________________________________21·cn·jy·com
II. 根据所给的汉语提示用动词-ing形式（短语）补全下面句子（每空一词）。
1. 写完一封重要的信之后，我听了一会儿音乐。
________ ________ ________ ________ ________, I listened to music for a while.
2. 由于住得离学校远，我每天早晨只好早起。
________ ________ ________ ________ ________, I have to get up early every morning.
3. 在这所中学工作的大多数年轻教师都是硕士。
Most of the young ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) teachers ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ are masters.
4. 那部电影很感人。
The film is ________ ________.
5. 正在讨论的问题是非常重要的。
The question ________ ________ is of great importance. 21cnjy.com
6. 鲍勃让机器一直不停地运转了十个小时。
Bob kept the machine ________ ________ ________ ________. www.21-cn-jy.com
III. 用括号内动词的正确形式填空。
My ideal (理想的) rea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ding room is really fantastic. It will be near the school library. 1. ________ (study) the whole day, the students can come here 2. ________ (read) books. Inside the reading room, we can see two bookshelves full of interesting books or magazines 3. ________ (stand) against the walls. And there will be a vending machine (自动售货机) placed in the corner, 4. ________ (serve) different kinds of drinks. 5. ________ (sit) in the comfortable chairs, we can enjoy the stories or news while 6. ________ (drink) some coffee or chocolate. When 7. ________ (feel) tired from reading, students can relax in the sofa area equipped with two comfortable sofas and a TV with headsets (耳机).2·1·c·n·j·y
参考答案
I.
1. Living in the country, they had few communication chances.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
2. Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress.www-2-1-cnjy-com
3. You can hear Ellen singing as she ran upstairs.2-1-c-n-j-y
II. 1. Having writt ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en an important letter 2. Living far from the school 3. working in this high school 4. very moving / touching 5. being discussed 6. running for ten hours
III.
1. Having studied 2. to read 3. standing 21世纪教育网版权所有
4. serving 5. Sitting 6. drinking 21教育名师原创作品
7. feeling
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
absorb
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着从a-d中找出与各句中的absorb相符合的释义。
1. This work had absorbed him for several years. 21*cnjy*com
2. Let the rice cook until it has absorbed all the water.
3. It’s hard to absorb so much information at a time.
4. The company has grown larger after absorbing some small ones.
a. 吸收 b. 吸引注意力 c. 吞并 d. 理解，掌握
【自我归纳】通过观察上面的句子可知，absorb在句1-句4中的释义分别为：
1 →________；2 →________；3 →________；4 →________。
【拓展】be absorbed in ... 意为“全神贯注于……，被……吸引住”。如：
Simon was so absorbed in his book that he didn’t notice me come in.
【即学即练】根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子。
1. The clever b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oy ____________________ (掌握了所有知识) his teachers could give him.
2. My son ____________________ (正在全神贯注地建造) a sand castle on the beach.
参考答案
absorb
【自我归纳】1 →b；2 →a；3 →d；4 →c
【即学即练】
1. absorbed all the knowledge
2. is absorbed in building
indicate
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳indicate的意思。
1. The study indicates a strong connection between poverty and crime.21教育名师原创作品
2. Early results ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )indicate that the government will be returned to power.
3. She took out a map and indicated the quickest route to us.
【自我归纳】indicate是动词，意为：①表明，显示（句1）；②________（句2）；③指出（句3）。
【拓展】indication n. 意为“表明，显示，象征”。如：
Helen’s face gave no indication of what she was thinking.
Dark green leaves are a good indication of healthy roots.
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. A survey indicated that 89 percent of people recycle paper. 21*cnjy*com
__________________________________________________
2. A red sky at night often indicates fine weather the next day.
__________________________________________________
3. There are clear indications that the economy is improving.
__________________________________________________
参考答案
indicate
【自我归纳】象征，预示
【即学即练】
1. 一项调查显示89%的人重复利用纸张。
2. 夜空呈红色通常预示第二天天气晴朗。
3. 有明显的迹象显示经济正在好转。
request
【归纳】request既可作名词也可动词。
★作名词时，意为“要求，请求”，常用于以下 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )结构：make a request for sth. 要求/请求……；at the request of sb. / at sb.’s request依照某人的要求。如：【出处：21教育名师】
I’ve made a request for a large airy room.
John was there at ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the request of his manager / at his manager’s request.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
★作动词时，意为“请求，要求”，常用于 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )以下结构：request sth.；request sb. to do sth.；request + that从句（从句谓语用“should +动词原形”，should可以省略）。如：
You have to request permission if you want to take any photographs.21·世纪*教育网
The man requested Tony to wait outside.
We requested that the next meeting (should) be held on a Friday.【版权所有：21教育】
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 我是应你父亲的要求而来的。
__________________________________________________【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
2. 我请求他帮忙。
__________________________________________________
3. 请不要在餐馆里吸烟。
__________________________________________________
参考答案
request
【即学即练】
1. I came at your father’s request / at the request of your father.
2. I requested him to help.
3. You are requested not to smoke in the restaurant.
brief
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳brief的意思及用法。
1. It’ll only be a brief visit because we really haven’t much time.
2. Let’s keep this conversation brief; I have a plane to catch.
3. She makes all these points in her brief.
4. It wasn’t part of his brief to speak to the press.21教育网
5. The president has been fully briefed on the situation in Haiti.
6. He asked how many people were briefed about the decision.
【自我归纳】brief可作形容词、名词和动词。
★作形容词时，意为：① ________（句1）；② 简洁的，简单的（句2）。
★作名词时，意为“任务简介，指示”（句3、句4）。
★作动词时，意为“给（某人）指示，向（某人）介绍情况”，常用搭配：brief sb. (on / about sth.)（句5、句6）。
【拓展】
★briefly adv. 意为：① 短暂地，暂时地；② 简短地，简要地。如：
We stopped off briefly in London on our way to Geneva.
Sonia explained briefly what we had to do.
★in brief意为“简言之，一言以蔽之”。如：
In brief, your work is bad.
【即学即练】写出下面句子中画线单词的词性及含义。
1. Greene spent a brief time at Cambridge. ________ ________
2. Tell me briefly what your story is about. ________ ________
3. The men have been fully briefed about the task. ________ ________
4. Please write ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a brief description of a typical problem. ________ ________
5. It was his brie ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f to make sure that the facts were set down. ________ ________
参考答案
brief
【自我归纳】短时间的，短暂的
【即学即练】
1. 形容词；短时间的，短暂的
2. 副词；简短地，简要地
3. 动词；给（某人）指示，向（某人）介绍情况
4. 形容词；简洁的，简单的
5. 名词；指示
exchange
【归纳】exchange既可作名词也可作动词。
★作名词时，意为：①交换， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )互换（常用搭配：in exchange for）；②交谈，对话，争论；③兑换，汇兑；④（不同国家人或团体之间的）交流，互访。如：21世纪教育网版权所有
They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.21cnjy.com
There’ve been some bitter exchanges between the two groups.2·1·c·n·j·y
What is the rate (比率) of exchange between the dollar and the pound www-2-1-cnjy-com
I’m going to go on an exchange visit to Paris.
★作动词时，意为“交换，互换，兑换”，常用搭 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )配：exchange sth. with sb.；exchange sth. for sth.。如：21·cn·jy·com
At the end of the g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ame players traditionally exchange shirts with each other.
He exchanged the black jacket for a blue one.
Where can I exchange my dollars for pounds
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 你可以在旅馆把它们换成美元。
________________________________________
2. 我们需要促进思想和信息的公开交流。
________________________________________
3. 我们学校与法国的一所学校进行交流。
________________________________________
4. 他与经理握手，相互交谈了几句。
________________________________________
参考答案
exchange
【即学即练】
1. You can exchange them for dollars in the hotel.
2. We need to promote an open exchange of ideas and information.
3. Our school does an exchange with a school in France.
4. He shook hands and exchanged a few words with the manager.
get used to
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳get used to的意思及用法。
1. Don’t worry — you’ll soon get used to his sense of humor.www.21-cn-jy.com
2. I found the job tiring at first but I soon got used to it.
3. Judy is beginning to get used to driving in this city.
【自我归纳】get used to意为“________”, 后面可接名词、代词或 ________（句1-句3）。
【拓展】含used的其他短语：
★ be used to do ... / be used for doing ... 被用来做……。如：
The ship was used to ferry supplies to them during the war.
The blue cases are used for storing old papers.
★ be used to doing ... 习惯于做……。如：
I’m not used to eating so much for supper.
★ used to do ... 过去经常做……。如：
I used to smoke, but I gave up a couple of years ago. 2-1-c-n-j-y
【即学即练】用以上含used短语的适当形式填空。
1. Mary ________ love ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) cats but one attacked her and she doesn’t like them any more.
2. I didn’t understand ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the accent when I first moved here but I quickly ________ it.
3. The knife ________ cutting meat.
参考答案
get used to
【自我归纳】习惯于；动词-ing形式
【即学即练】
1. used to 2. got used to 3. is used for
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. I don’t kn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ow what your expectations are of London, but knowing that you’ve never travelled outside of Asia, I thought I’d tell you a bit about what you can expect to find. (P36)
【分析】本句是一个由but连接的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )并列复合句。but前面的分句中，I don’t know是主句，what your expectations are of London是________从句，其中of London修饰expectations。but后面的分句中，动词-ing形式短语knowing that ... Asia作________，I’d tell you ... find作thought的宾语，其中what you can expect to find又作about的宾语。 21世纪教育网版权所有
【句意】我不知道您对伦敦有什么期望，但我知道您从来没有到亚洲以外的地方旅行过，所以我想告诉您一些这里的情况。 21cnjy.com
2. To avoid getti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng confused about the British tipping system, you need to check your bill to see if a tip is included or not. (P36)
【分析】本句是一个主从复合句。To ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )avoid ... system和to see if ... or not都是不定式短语充当________；if a tip is included or not是一个由 if引导的从句，作动词see的宾语。
【句意】为了避免对英国小费制度的困惑，您要查看账单上是不是包括小费。
【仿写】为了招待客人，简查看冰箱里是否有足够的食物。
To treat guests, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Jane checked the refrigerator __________________________________________.
3. We’re certainly ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )more used to Chinese humour so don’t be surprised if you hear laughter when you don’t think anything’s funny. (P36)
【分析】本句是一个由so连接的并 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )列复合句。so前面的分句是一个简单句。so后面的分句中，__________是主句，if you ... funny是条件状语从句，其中when 引导时间状语从句，think后又跟了一个省略了that的宾语从句。 21教育网
【句意】我们比较习惯中国式的幽默，所以您觉得没有什么好笑时听到笑声，不要感到吃惊。
参考答案
1. 【分析】宾语；原因状语
2.【分析】目的状语
【仿写】to see if / whether there is enough food or not21·cn·jy·com
3. 【分析】don’t be surprised
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
GRAMMAR
后跟动词-ing形式还是不定式？
英语中后跟动词-ing形式或不定式作宾语的动词大致可分为四类：
一、有些（短语）动词后可跟动词-ing形式 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作宾语，但不能跟不定式作宾语。这类动词有：admit, avoid，can’t help, consider, enjoy, fancy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine, involve, mention, mind, miss, practise, prevent, put off, quit, risk, suggest等。21·世纪*教育网
二、有些动词后可跟不定式作宾语，但不能跟动词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )-ing形式作宾语。这类动词有：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, beg, care, choose, dare, decide, demand, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seem, wait, wish等。
三、有些（短语）动词后既可跟不定式作宾语，又 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )可跟动词-ing形式作宾语，意义上区别不大。这类动词有：begin, can’t bear, continue, fear, hate, like, love, prefer, start等。
四、有些（短语）跟不定式作宾 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语与跟动词-ing形式作宾语，意义是有区别的。这类动词有：remember, forget, regret, stop, try, mean, need, want, go on等。如：
verb + doing (meaning) + to do (meaning)
mean to involve or will result in to intend to do something
Flying to another continent usually means spending hours in a plane. I meant to go running this morning, but I overslept.
need to require something to be done to it to feel it necessary to do something
That floor is dirty. It needs washing. I feel sick and need to see a doctor.
want need to be done to feel that you would like to do something
The carpet really wants cleaning. What do you want to eat
go on to continue to stop one action and change to another
They went on playing even though the weather was bad. After he had exp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lained the theory，he went on to give us several examples.
注：need和want 表示“需要”时，其后既可以跟动词-ing形式的主动式表被动意义，也可跟动词不定式的被动式。如：21世纪教育网版权所有
The plants want watering / to be watered daily. 这些花草需要天天浇水。
【即学即练】
I. 按照示例，改写下面句子。
例：I am not willing to see him again. (want)
→I don’t want to see him again.
1. Cindy didn’t go to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the theatre any more when she moved out of London. (give up)
→_________________________________________________21教育网
2. The manager fina ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lly came to a firm decision to close the office. (determine)
→_________________________________________________21cnjy.com
3. She insisted that we tell her what was happening. (demand)21·cn·jy·com
→_________________________________________________www.21-cn-jy.com
4. The prisoners made an effort to escape, but failed. (attempt) www-2-1-cnjy-com
→_________________________________________________2-1-c-n-j-y
5. If you don’t l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ike it, don’t behave as if you’re interested. (pretend) 21*cnjy*com
→_________________________________________________【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
II. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. ①I remember _ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_______ (leave) my wallet on the table, but now it isn’t there.
②He never remembered ________ (lock) the door when he went out.【版权所有：21教育】
2. ①Don’t forget ________ (take) the books with you when you leave. 21教育名师原创作品
②I’ll never forget ________ (fall) off my bike for the first time. 21*cnjy*com
3. ①After a bad sta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rt, the team went on ________ (win) the championship.
②I asked Jane a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) question but she went on ________ (read) and didn’t answer.
4. ①Leaving univer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sity meant ________ (give) up his dream of becoming a doctor.
②I’m sorry. I didn’t mean ________ (be) rude.
5. ①I believe you w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ill not regret ________ (move) to this great city. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
②I regret ________ (say) that we have no news for you. 2·1·c·n·j·y
6. ①Do you ever stop ________ (think) how other people might feel 【出处：21教育名师】
②Stop ________ (bother) your brother. He needs to finish his homework.
7. ①Try ________ (press) that key again and see if the program stops this time.
②I’m tryin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g ________ (learn) Spanish at the moment, but it isn’t easy!
8. ①The girl doesn’t want ________ (separate) from her parents.
②The roof wants ________ (repair) in a few places.
参考答案
I. 1. Cindy gave ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )up going to the theatre when she moved out of London.
2. The manager finally determined to close the office.
3. She demanded to know / to be told what was happening.
4. The prisoners attempted to escape, but failed.
5. If you don’t like it, don’t pretend to be interested.
II. 1. ①leaving ②to lock 2. ①to take ②falling 3. ①to win ②reading
4. ①giving ②to be 5. ①moving ②to say 6. ①to think ②bothering
7. ①pressing ②to learn 8. ①to be separated ②repairing / to be repaired
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
conduct
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着从a-f中找出与各句中conduct相符合的释义。
1. His conduct disagrees with his words.
2. Little Tom conducted himself far better than expected.21·世纪*教育网
3. A guide conducted us around the ruins of the ancient city.21·cn·jy·com
4. It is Mr. Smith who is going to conduct at tonight’s concert.
5. We are co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nducting a survey to find out what people think of their local bus service.
6. Water conducts heat faster than air.
a. v. 表现 b. v. 传导（热或电等能量） c. v. 组织，安排，实施，执行
d. n.行为，举止 e. v. 指挥 f. v. 带领，引导
【自我归纳】通过观察上面的句子可知，conduct在句1-句6中的释义分别为：
1 →________；2 → ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )________；3 →________；4 →________；5 → ________；6 → ________。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. Your children conduct themselves well.
____________________________________________________________
2. The prisoner was set free early because of good conduct.www-2-1-cnjy-com
____________________________________________________________
3. The guide co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nducted us on a tour of the oldest museum in the country.www.21-cn-jy.com
____________________________________________________________
4. The experiments were conducted by scientists in New York.2·1·c·n·j·y
____________________________________________________________
参考答案
conduct
【自我归纳】1 →d；2 →a；3 →f；4 →e；5 →c；6 →b。
【即学即练】
1. 你的孩子们表现甚佳。
2. 这名罪犯因表现良好提前获释。
3. 导游带我们游览了这个国家最老的博物馆。
4. 那些实验是由纽约的科学家进行的。
attach
【归纳】attach是动词，意为： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )①把……固定，把……附（在……上）；②认为有重要性（或意义、价值、分量等），重视；③与……有联系，与……有关联。如：
The old man attached his horse to a tree and went into the house.21世纪教育网版权所有
They have attached a number of conditions to the agreement.
The government shoul ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d attach primary importance to the development of the economy.
No blame attaches to you in this affair.
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 他们认为这项研究十分重要。
_______________________________________________
2. 他们在这份报告中附上了用户意见。
_______________________________________________
参考答案
attach
【即学即练】
1. They attach great importance to this research.
2. They attached the opinions collected from users to this report.21cnjy.com
spot
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳spot的意思。
1. Which has spots, the leopard (豹) or the tiger
2. Her skirt was covered with spots of mud.
3. This is our favorite holiday spot.
4. I finally spotted my friend in the crowd.
5. Neighbors spotted smoke coming out of the house.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
【自我归纳】spot既可作名词，也可作动词。
★作名词时，意为：①斑点（句1）；②污点，脏点，污迹（句2）；③________（句3）。
★作动词时，意为“看见、发现” （句5、句6）。
【拓展】 a spot of 少量的，一点。如：Would you like a spot of lunch
on the spot在现场，到现场，当场，立即。如：
We’ll have a pol ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ice officer on the spot immediately.
Any workers found breaking these rules will be fired on the spot.【版权所有：21教育】
【即学即练】写出下面句子中画线部分的中文释义。
1. On the way, we s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )potted a man holding a piece of paper that said, “Lost my job. Family to Feed.” ________ 21*cnjy*com
2. The summer before ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) I went off to college, Mom stood me in her usual spot behind the ironing board and said, “Pay attention. I’m going to teach you to iron.” ________
3. Cowles loved the story and bought it on the spot. ________
参考答案
spot
【自我归纳】地点
【即学即练】1. 看见、发现 2. 地点 3. 当场，立即
familiar
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳familiar的意思及用法。
1. This kind of situation was all too familiar to Thomas. 21*cnjy*com
2. Are you familiar with this type of machine
3. Michael doesn’t like to be too familiar with his staff.21教育名师原创作品
【自我归纳】familiar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是形容词，意为：①熟悉的，常见的，常听说的（常用搭配：be familiar ________ sb.）（句1）；②通晓，熟悉（常用搭配：be familiar with sth.）（句2）；③随便的（常用搭配：be familiar with sb.）（句3）。
【拓展】familiar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ity n.（不可数名词）意为：①熟悉，通晓（常用搭配：familiarity with sth.）；②友好随和，亲近。如：
Ellen’s familiarity with pop music is astonishing.
You should not address your teacher with such familiarity.
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 你熟悉他们使用的计算机软件吗？
_______________________________________
2. 住在面包店附近的人都很熟悉这种气味。
_______________________________________
3. 他对这两种当地语言如此精通令我吃惊。
_______________________________________
参考答案
familiar
【自我归纳】to
【即学即练】
1. Are you familiar with the computer software they use 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
2. The smell is very familiar to everyone who lives near a bakery.
3. His familiarity with the two local languages surprised me.
see off
【归纳】see off意为：①为……送行，送别；②赶走，驱逐（某人）；③（在游戏、战斗等活动中）打败，击败。如：
Anne saw Terry off at the station.
The dogs will soon see off any thieves.
They saw off the other team in last night’s championship game.
【拓展】常见的含off的短语有：
go off意为：①离开（尤指去做某事）；②开火，爆炸；③（警报器等）突然发出巨响；④（电灯）熄灭。21教育网
put off意为“推迟，延迟”。
pay off意为：①付清，偿清；②得到好结果，取得成功。
set off意为：①出发，动身；②使（炸弹等）爆炸；③使（警报）响起。
【即学即练】用含off的短语的正确形式填空。
1. I saw Amy ________ angrily without telling us. 2-1-c-n-j-y
2. Never ________ till tomorrow what may be done today. 【出处：21教育名师】
3. The home team ________ the challengers by 68 points to 47.
4. Having said good-bye to their friends, they ________ for home.
5. All her hard work ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ________ in the end, and she finally passed the exam.
6. Wives used to ________ their husbands ________ to work at the front door, but this is no longer common.
参考答案
see off
【即学即练】
1. go off 2. put off 3. saw off
4. set off 5. paid off 6. see; off
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SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. When I first arrive ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d in San Francisco, I had a difficult time understanding certain aspects of the American way of doing things. (P40)
【分析】本句是一个主从复合句。When I first arrived in San Francisco是时间状语从句，主
句用了句型have a difficult time doing …，表示“________”。
【句意】刚到旧金山时，有段时间我觉得很难理解美国人的某些处事方式。
【仿写】我们说服他费了好大的劲。
____________________________________________21cnjy.com
2. I had a similar experience the last time I visited China. (P40)2·1·c·n·j·y
【分析】 本句是一个主从复合句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。I had a similar experience是主句。 the last time I visited China是时间状语从句。其中，________在句中相当于连词。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
注意：在英语中，the first / se ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cond / ... time, next time, every time, any time, the moment, the minute等都可以起连词作用，引导时间状语从句。21·世纪*教育网
【句意】上次访问中国时，我的经历和你的相似。
【仿写】上次我们去巴黎时天天下雨。
____________________________________________
3. I told her ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the coat suited her, but she looked very embarrassed, saying that it was a cheap one she had bought a long time ago. (P40)
【分析】本句是一个由but ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )连接的并列复合句。but前面的分句中，the coat suited her是省略了that的宾语从句。but后面的分句中，saying ... ago是动词-ing形式短语作_________状语，其中that it was a cheap ... ago是宾语从句，she had bought a long time ago又是一个定语从句，修饰先行词________。21世纪教育网版权所有
【句意】我告诉她那件外套很适合她，但她看上去很不好意思，说那件外套是很早以前买的，而且很便宜。
【仿写】我告诉琳达这只花瓶很漂亮，所以她看上去很高兴，说那是她十年前从一个朋友那买来的一件宝贝。
____________________________________________
4. They are now a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )minority group and most of them live in terrible conditions while the rest of us are quite well-off. (P42)
【分析】本句是一个并列句。while在句中表示________，意为“但是，然而”。
【句意】他们现在是少数群体，大部分人生活在恶劣的环境中，而我们这些人却很富足。
【仿写】肯很自信和外向，而凯特既害羞又安静。
____________________________________________
5. I wonder if they’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ll ever forgive the way they’ve been treated. (P42)
【分析】 本句是一个主从复合句。I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) wonder是主句；if they’ll ever forgive the way they’ve been treated是宾语从句，其中they’ve been treated是定语从句，修饰way。the way后接定语从句，且the way在定语从句中作状语时，引导词可以是that, in which，也可省略引导词。
【句意】我想知道土著人是否能原谅人们对待他们的方式。
【仿写】
① 我想知道你是否会回来。
____________________________________________
② 真正重要的是我们的生活方式。
____________________________________________
参考答案
1.【分析】做某事有困难，很费劲
【仿写】We had a difficult time persuading him.
2.【分析】the last time
【仿写】It rained every day the last time we went to Paris.21教育网
3.【分析】伴随; one
【仿写】I told Linda ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the vase was beautiful, so she looked very happy, saying that it was a treasure she bought from a friend ten years ago.21·cn·jy·com
4.【分析】对比
【仿写】Ken is very confident and outgoing while Kate is shy and quiet.
5.【仿写】
① I wonder if you will come back.
② What really matters is the way in which we live.www.21-cn-jy.com
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网
