中考动词专题
目录
1. 动词的分类
2. 常考易错点
3. 常考动词短语
4. 动词时态
5. 动词语态
6. 中考真题演练
一、动词的分类
1. 实义动词
★及物动词
需宾语,如“love”“need”。 例句:“I love my country.”
被动语态:“The book was written by him.”
★不及物动词
独立完整,如“run”“fly”。例句:“The birds are flying.”
需介词搭配,如“look at the picture”“arrive in Beijing”。
2. 动词短语
★动词 + 介词:宾语放介词后,如“look for”“We are looking for the lost key.”;常见“look after”“ask for”“laugh at”。
★动词 + 副词:宾语是名词可前后放,代词放前,如“put up”“Put up the picture.”“Put it up.”;常见“give up”“pick up”“think over”。
★动词 + 副词 + 介词:宾语放介词后,如“go on with”“Let's go on with our work.”;常见“catch up with”。
★动词 + 名词 + 介词:宾语放介词后,如“take care of”“We should take care of the old.”;常见“make use of”“pay attention to”。
3. 系动词
★be动词:“am/is/are/was/were”,如“I am a student.”“He was at home yesterday.”。
★感官类:“look”“sound”“smell”“taste”“feel”,如“The flower smells sweet.”“The music sounds wonderful.”。
★变化类:“become”“get”“grow”“go”“turn”,如“It gets dark.”“The leaves turn yellow in autumn.”“He went mad.”。
★状态类:“keep”“stay”“remain”,如“Keep quiet.”“The shop stays open till 9 in the evening.”。
★ 系动词需与表语搭配,如“be”用于描述身份,“look”用于视觉感受,“become”用于变化过程,“keep”用于持续状态。
4. 助动词
★助动词be的用法:
“am/is/are + 动词 - ing”构成现在进行时,如“She is reading a book now.”。
“was/were + 动词 - ing”构成过去进行时,如“They were running at this time yesterday.”。
“be + 过去分词”构成被动语态,如“The letter was sent yesterday.”。
★助动词do与have的用法:
“do/does/did”用于疑问句和否定句,如“Do you like music ”“He doesn't like music.”;也可加强语气,如“I do like English.”。
“have/has + 过去分词”构成现在完成时,如“I have seen the film.”。
“had + 过去分词”构成过去完成时,如“He had left before I arrived.”。
“have/has + been + 动词 - ing”构成现在完成进行时,如“They have been waiting for you for two hours.”
★助动词will/shall的用法:
“will/shall + 动词原形”构成一般将来时,“shall”用于第一人称,“will”用于各人称,如“I will/shall go to Beijing tomorrow.”。
“would/should + 动词原形”构成过去将来时,“should”用于第一人称,“would”用于各人称,如“He said he would go to the park.”
5. 情态动词
★can (could):
表示能力,如“Tom can swim.”;
表示请求,如“Can I have a glass of water ”;
表示可能性,如“He can't be at home.”。
★may (might):
表示可能性,如“He may come tomorrow.”;
表示请求,如“May I use your pen ”;
表示祝愿,如“May you be happy.”。
★must:
表示义务,如“We must obey the traffic rules.”;
表示肯定猜测,如“He must be ill.”。
★shall (should):
“shall...?”用于第一人称提建议,如“Shall we go for a walk ”;
“should”用于各人称表示义务,如“Students should study hard.”。
★will (would):
用于第二人称提建议,如“Will/Would you please close the window ”;
用于各人称表示意愿,如“I will help you if you need.”。
★had better:
表示建议,如“You'd better wear warm clothes.”“You'd better not go out at night.”。
二、常考易错点
1. 动词短语与代词宾语的位置
★ 动词 + 副词型短语:当宾语是代词时,必须放在动词与副词之间,如“put it on”“take them away”;若宾语是名词,如“put the coat on”,两种表达皆可。
★ 例句:“put it on”“put on the coat”“put the coat on”正确,“put on it”错误。
2. 延续性动词与非延续性动词
★ 延续性动词:可与时间段状语连用,如“He has lived here for ten years.”。
★ 非延续性动词:不能与时间段状语连用,需转换为延续性动词,如“He has been away for two days.”
★ 常见转换:“buy - have”“borrow - keep”“leave - be away (from)”“begin/start - be on”“die - be dead”。
3. 感官系动词词义辨析
★ “look”强调视觉感受,“sound”强调听觉感受,“smell”强调嗅觉感受,“taste”强调味觉感受,“feel”强调触觉感受。
★ 使用场景:后接形容词作表语,而非副词,如“The food tastes delicious.”,而非“The food tastes deliciously.”。
4. 情态动词答语
★Could... 开头的疑问句:
肯定回答常用“Yes, you can.”,否定回答常用“No, you can't.”。
例如:“Could I use your computer ”“Yes, you can.”“No, you can't.”
★Must... 开头的疑问句:
肯定回答用“Yes, you must.”,否定回答用“No, you needn't.”或“No, you don't have to.”。
例如:“Must I finish my homework now ”“Yes, you must.”“No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to.”
不能用“mustn't”回答“Must... ”开头的疑问句,因为“mustn't”表示“禁止,不允许”。
★May... 开头的疑问句:
肯定回答:
“Yes, you may/can.”:较为正式和常用,例:“May I come in ”“Yes, you may/can.”
“Yes, please do.”:语气较温和、客气,带有允许和鼓励的意味。例:“May I use your pen ”“Yes, please do.”
“Sure/Of course.”:比较口语化、简洁的肯定回答,例:“May I ask you a question ”“Sure/Of course.”
否定回答:
“No, you may not/can't/mustn't.”:may not/can't.”比较直接,mustn't”语气则更强烈,有“禁止”之意。
“I'm afraid not.”:这种回答比较委婉,通常用于不太好直接拒绝的情况。
“Sorry, you can't/may not.”:也是比较委婉的否定回答,例:“May I park my car here ”“Sorry, you can't/may not. It's a no - parking zone.”
情态动词专练
1、—May I take this book out of the reading room —No, you ______. You must read it here.
A. mightn't B. won't C. needn't D. mustn't
答案:D
解析:用 may 提问表示“请求许可”,否定回答常用 mustn't,表示“禁止,不允许”。
2、—______ I borrow your dictionary —Sure. Here you are.
A. May B. Must C. Need D. Should
答案:A
解析:根据答语“Sure. Here you are.”可知,问句是在请求许可,用 May I... 表示“我可以…吗?”。
3、You ______ drive your car so fast. It's very dangerous.
A. wouldn't B. shouldn't C. couldn't D. mightn't
答案:B
解析:shouldn't 表示“不应该”,这里是说不应该开车那么快,因为很危险,故选 B。
4、—Must I finish my homework now —No, you ______. You can do it tomorrow.
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. shouldn't
答案:C
解析:以 Must 开头的一般疑问句,否定回答用 needn't 或 don't have to,表示“不必”。
5、The girl in the classroom ______ be Mary. She called me from Beijing just now.
A. mustn't B. needn't C. shouldn't D. can't
答案:D
解析:can't 表示“不可能”,根据“She called me from Beijing just now.”可知,在教室里的女孩不可能是玛丽。
三、常考动词短语
1. look短语
★ look at:看、注视,如“He is looking at the picture.”
★ look for:寻找,如“She is looking for her lost key.”
★ look after:照顾,如“They look after the children.”
★ look forward to:期待,如“They look forward to the holiday.”
★ look up:查阅,如“She looks up the word in the dictionary.”
2. get短语
★ get up:起床,如“He gets up early every day.”
★ get on/off:上车/下车,如“She gets on the bus.”
★ get to:到达,如“They get to the station on time.”
★ get along/on with:与……相处,如“They get along well with each other.”
★ get in:进入,如“She gets in the car.”
3. put短语
★ put on:穿上,如“She puts on her coat.”
★ put up:张贴,如“They put up the notice.”
★ put off:推迟,如“He put off the meeting.”
★ put away:收起来,如“She puts away her books.”
★ put out:扑灭,如“The firemen put out the fire.”
4. take短语
★ take off:脱下,如“He takes off his hat.”
★ take away:拿走,如“She takes away the book.”
★ take care of:照顾,如“They take care of the children.”
★ take part in:参加,如“She takes part in the competition.”
★ take place:发生,如“The meeting takes place tomorrow.”
5. give短语
★ give up:放弃,如“He gives up smoking.”
★ give away:赠送,如“She gives away her old clothes.”
★ give out:分发,如“The teacher gives out the papers.”
★ give back:归还,如“She gives back the book.”
★ give in:让步,如“He gives in to his friend's request.”
6. turn短语
★ turn on:打开,如“She turns on the TV.”
★ turn off:关闭,如“She turns off the light.”
★ turn up:调高,如“She turns up the volume.”
★ turn down:调低,如“She turns down the sound.”
★ turn around:转身,如“She turns around to see who is calling.”
7. come短语
★ come on:快点,如“Come on, we are late.”
★ come in:进来,如“She comes in the room.”
★ come true:实现,如“Her dream comes true.”
★ come up with:想出,如“She comes up with a good idea.”
★ come from:来自,如“She comes from China.”
8. go短语
★ go to school/work:上学/上班,如“She goes to school every day.”
★ go home:回家,如“She goes home after school.”
★ go out:出去,如“She goes out with her friends.”
★ go on:继续,如“She goes on with her work.”
★ go shopping/swimming:去购物/游泳,如“She goes shopping every weekend.”
9. make短语
★ make up:组成;编造;化妆;弥补
★ make sure:确保;查明
★ make a decision:做决定
★ make friends with:与……交朋友
★ make a living:谋生
四、动词时态
1. 一般现在时
★构成:
肯定句:主语 + 动词原形(当主语为第三人称单数时,动词加 -s 或 -es)。
否定句:主语 + don't/doesn't + 动词原形。
一般疑问句:Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形?
★用法:
表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
表示客观真理、科学事实。
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。
2. 一般过去时
★构成:
肯定句:主语 + 动词的过去式。
否定句:主语 + didn't + 动词原形。
一般疑问句:Did + 主语 + 动词原形?
★用法:
表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
★动词过去式变化规则:
一般情况下,在动词原形后直接加 -ed。
以不发音的 e 结尾的动词,直接加 -d。
以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词,变 y 为 i,再加 -ed。
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写这个辅音字母,再加 -ed。
★常见不规则动词过去式:
go - went,do - did,have - had,is/am - was,are - were,come - came,see - saw,make - made,take - took,get - got 等。
3. 一般将来时
★构成:
will/shall + 动词原形:will 可用于各种人称,shall 常用于第一人称(I/we)。
be going to + 动词原形:表示打算、计划做某事,或根据迹象推测即将发生的事。
★用法:
表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。
表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。
4. 现在进行时
★构成:主语 + be(am/is/are) + 动词的现在分词(动词原形 + -ing)。
★用法:
表示现在正在进行的动作。
表示现阶段正在进行的动作,但此刻不一定在进行。
★动词现在分词变化规则:
一般情况下,在动词原形后直接加 -ing。
以不发音的 e 结尾的动词,去 e 加 -ing。
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写这个辅音字母,再加 -ing。
5. 现在完成时
★构成:主语 + have/has + 过去分词。
例句:I have finished my homework.(我已经完成了作业。)
★用法:
·表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
·表示从过去某一时间开始持续到现在的动作或状态。常与 already(已经)、yet(还)、just(刚刚)、ever(曾经)、never(从未)、since(自从)、for(持续)等时间状语连用。
例句:She has lived here for ten years.(她已经在这里住了十年。)
6. 过去进行时
★构成:主语 + was/were + 现在分词。
例句:I was reading a book at 8 p.m. yesterday.(昨晚8点我正在读书。)
★用法:
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。常与 at that time(那时)、at this time yesterday(昨天这个时候)、when(当……时)等时间状语连用。
例句:They were playing football when it started to rain.(开始下雨时,他们正在踢足球。)
五、动词语态
1. 主动语态
主语是动作的执行者。例句:He wrote a letter.(他写了一封信。)
2. 被动语态
主语是动作的承受者。构成:主语 + be + 过去分词。例句:The letter was written by him.(这封信是他写的。)
用法:强调动作的承受者或不知道动作的执行者。例句:The window was broken.(窗户被打破了。)
六、中考真题演练
1.(2024 河北)—What did you do last weekend
—I______my grandparents in the countryside.
A. visit B. visited C. will visit D. have visited
解析:由 “last weekend” 可知,句子描述的是过去发生的动作,所以用一般过去时,visit 的过去式是 visited,选 B。
2.(2024 河南)The students______an English speech contest when the teacher came in.
A. have B. had C. are having D. were having
解析:when 引导的时间状语从句,从句是一般过去时,主句表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作,要用过去进行时。students 是复数,be 动词用 were,have 的现在分词是 having,所以选 D。
3.(2024 四川成都)—I'm sorry I'm late.
—It doesn't matter. The meeting______for only 5 minutes.
A. has begun B. has started C. has been on
解析:for only 5 minutes 表示一段时间,谓语动词要用延续性动词,begin 和 start 是短暂性动词,be on 表示 “进行,持续”,是延续性动词短语,这里用现在完成时,结构为 have/has + 过去分词,meeting 是单数,助动词用 has,所以选 C。
4.(2023 福建)—What are you doing, Tom
—I______my keys. I can't find them.
A. looking for B. looked for C. am looking for D. look for
解析:根据 “I can't find them” 可知是现在在找钥匙,是现阶段正在进行的事,所以选 A。
5.(2023 年鄂州市)—When did you______the club —Last month.
A. join B. join in C. take part in D. attend
解析:join 表示加入某个团体、组织或俱乐部,成为其中一员;join in 指参加小规模的活动;take part in 指参加群众性活动、会议等,并在其中发挥作用;attend 侧重参加会议、典礼、上学等。根据语境,这里说加入俱乐部,所以用 join,选 A。
6.(2024 杭州)The old man______live in the countryside, but now he______living in the city.
A. used to; used to B. was used to; was used to
C. used to; is used to D. was used to; used to
解析:used to do sth. 过去常常做某事;be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事。这里表示老人过去常住在乡村,现在习惯住在城市,选 C。
7.(2023 南京)The little boy______his seat to an old lady on the bus yesterday.
A. offered B. offers C. will offer D. has offered
解析:yesterday 是一般过去时的标志,offer 的过去式是 offered,所以选 A,小男孩昨天在公交车上主动把座位让给了一位老妇人。
8.(2023 山东威海)—The boy is two years old. He himself.
—Don't worry. He is old enough to take care of himself now.
解析:needn't 为 need 的否定式,意为 “没有必要,无需” ;need 既做情态动词,也可做实义动词;have to 意思是 “不得不,必须” 。根据语境,小男孩太小没有必要自己照顾自己,答案可填 needn't 。
9.(2024 江苏苏州)—Can you help me. The math problem's too difficult.
—Sure. Let me try.
A. work out B. take out C. look out D. put out
解析:work out 表示 “解决;算出” ,look out 意为 “小心” ;take out 意思是 “取出” ;put out 表示 “扑灭” 。根据 “math problem” 可知是解决数学问题,选 A。
10.(2024 河南)The sports meeting______next week if the weather is fine.
A. will hold B. was held C. is held D. will be held
解析:“next week” 表明时态为一般将来时,而 the sports meeting(运动会)是被举办,所以用一般将来时的被动语态,其结构是 will be + 过去分词,hold 的过去分词是 held ,因此选 D。
11.(2024 湖北武汉)—______your homework yet —Yes, I did it two hours ago.
A. Did; finish B. Have; finished C. Do; finish D. Will; finish
解析:“yet” 是现在完成时的标志词,现在完成时的结构为 have/has + 过去分词,所以第一空用 have ;第二空用 finished ,“Did you...” 是一般过去时的结构标志,答案选 B。
12.(2024 四川成都)These books______out of the reading room. You have to read them here.
A. can't take B. must be taken C. can't be taken
解析:“These books” 和 “take out” 是被动关系,即书是被带出阅览室,所以用被动语态。根据 “You have to read them here” 可知书不能被带出阅览室,排除 B ;被动语态结构为 be + 过去分词,take 的过去分词是 taken ,选 C。