Unit 2 Iconic Attractions Reading and Thinking——高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、课前预习
1. 重点词汇
foundation n. ______________
political adj. ______________
located adj.位于
equator n.赤道
barbecue n.户外烧烤;烤架
bakery n.面包( 糕饼)店;面包
joint n.公共场所;关节adj. ______________
butcher n.肉贩; 屠夫; 剑子手
premier adj. ______________ n.总理;首相
herb n.药草;香草;草本
hollow adj. ______________
vibrate v. ______________
horn n.(乐器)号
pitch n.音高
straightforward adj. ______________
slogan n.标语;口号
minister n.部长;大臣;外交使节
2. 重点短语
record one's experiences ______________
do some research on ______________
be located in/at/to... ______________
on the globe 在地球上
refer to...as... ______________
prime minister 首相; 总理
iconic sites 标志性的景点
the Sydney Opera House ______________
major in ______________
share sth. with sb. 与某人分享某物
one's first impressions of ______________
fast-food joints 快餐店
on the other hand ______________
along with 连同，一起
三、重点句型
1. However, as I major in social studies, I'm more interested in meeting people in Australia and experiencing their culture, food, and way of life. (as引导的原因状语从句)
2. For example, "Bondi" in "Bondi Beach" is an Aboriginal word meaning "water breaking over rocks". (现在分词作后置定语)
二、易错点讲解
1. can hardly/can't wait to do sth. 迫不及待地做某事
On hearing the news, he couldn't wait to get home, increasing his pace.
听到这个消息，他迫不及待地想回家,加快了脚步。
I bought a new leather coat for my father and I couldn't wait to send it to him.我给爸爸买了一件新皮衣,我迫不及待地想寄给他。
Susan couldn't wait to declare that she would marry Henry, one of the world champions.
苏珊迫不及待地宣布她要嫁给亨利,世界冠军之一。
拓展：
can't help doing sth. 忍不住做某事
can't help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事
can't help but do sth.不得不做某事
2. It is/was time (for sb.) to do sth. 是(某人)该做某事的时候了。
(1) It's (high/about) time that sb. did/should do...
到了某人做……的时间了。
It is high time that we said/should say goodbye.
到了我们说再见的时候了。
(2) It/This is the first/second...time that...(从句用现在完成时)
It/This was the first/second…time that...(从句用过去完成时)
这是……第一/二……次……
This is the first time that I have been away from my home for such a long time.
这是我第一次离开家这么长时间。
This was the second time that I had participated in the 100-meter race.
这是我第二次参加 100 米赛跑。
三、基础练习
1.With the progress of history, the old __________ (politics) system had become unable to adapt to the requirements of economic and social development.
2.Innsbruck stole my heart with the stunning architecture, majestic mountains and friendly people. I couldn't wait __________ (return) to explore more of this delightful European city.
3.With each problem concerning the globe and the area__________ (discuss), the summit closed successfully.
4.We all share a __________ (join) responsibility to protect and preserve our heritage sites, not just for ourselves, but for future generations.
5.He was impressed __________ the rural architectural work designed by the young architects.
6.Systemic damage to Nature will take away the __________ (found) of human survival and development.
7. __________ (locate) in the city of Guanghan, the ruins covering an area of 12 square km are believed to be the remains of the Shu Kingdom.
8.The astronaut remained __________ contact with ground control throughout the flight.
9.The National Aquatics Center, also__________(refer) to as the "Water Cube", had been transformed into the "Ice Cube " for the Winter Olympic Games.
10.Forty of the course __________ (participate) are offered employment with the company.
四、思维拓展
1.阅读理解
In today’s digital era, social media users are increasingly coming across fake news online. This leads to the pressing issue: What causes people to fall for misinformation on the Internet
According to researchers at the Penn State College of Information Sciences and Technology, users can easily fall into an echo chamber(回声室)—a sort of virtual space where users consume only one-sided news, eventually distrusting any opposing views. “We all tend to agree with the group opinion. Hence, people naturally get together with others who hold the same opinion,” said Dongwon Lee, one of the researchers. “But if you’re not cautious, there is a high risk of falling into an echo chamber.”
To prevent this phenomenon, the researchers have crafted a novel tool, a game named ChamberBreaker, to help players resist echo chambers and reduce the rate of fake news spread. The fundamental approach employed by ChamberBreaker centers around a decision-making procedure that mirrors the creation of echo chambers. In ChamberBreaker, a player is tasked with trying to have community members fall into an echo chamber. To begin, the player is randomly assigned a situation that focuses on a health, political or environmental issue, and is presented with six pieces of news on that topic. Then, the player selects news that could cause the other members to fall into an echo chamber while at the same time maintaining their trust. If successful, the community members will fall into an echo chamber and the player will witness the resulting negative effects on the community.
After developing ChamberBreaker, researchers tested it with over 800 subjects to see if it raised awareness of echo chambers and changed news consumption behaviors. The researchers found that those who played ChamberBreaker were significantly more likely to state their intention to observe online information from more diverse perspectives and showed an increased awareness of the echo chamber phenomenon.
Ultimately, the researchers hope that their methodology can excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study related to information consumption. The application of tools like ChamberBreaker, which focuses on fostering analytical reasoning, may lead us towards a more informed online community.
11.What can be learned about an online echo chamber
A. It encourages well-judged views.
B. It gathers like-minded individuals.
C. It functions as a virtual reality platform.
D. It serves as a tool for identifying fake information.
12.What is ChamberBreaker’s core method against echo chambers
A. Assignment of situations. B. Trust-building exercises.
C. News selection strategy. D. Community impact assessment.
13.Which of the following can show ChamberBreaker’s effectiveness
A. The results of scientific testing.
B. The theoretical framework of the game.
C. The description of the game procedures.
D. The common challenges faced during gameplay.
14.What is the likely long-term effect of playing ChamberBreaker
A. Reducing news inquiry. B. Encouraging passive reading.
C. Strengthening prejudiced views. D. Enhancing critical thinking.
2. 语法填空
The 78th United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution(决议) on Friday, officially ①_________ (announce) the Lunar New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, as a UN floating holiday. Experts said the move shows the ②_________ (significance) influence of Chinese culture and will contribute ③_________ the promotion of the Global Civilization Initiative.
The Lunar New Year not only bears the ideas of peace and harmony ④_________ (value) by Chinese civilization but also carries the common values of humanity such as family harmony and harmonious coexistence between humans ⑤_________ nature.
The reason why the Lunar New Year can pass national borders and is increasingly welcomed by many countries ⑥_________ (lie) mainly in the rich cultural heritage of China and the driving force of globalization. As the world’s second-largest economy, China’s cultural elements have spread alongside its economic influence. In the trend of globalization, people’s interest in diverse cultures is ⑦_________ (gradual) increasing, and the Lunar New Year has become a major means for people ⑧_________ (communicate) and connect.
Therefore, the official ⑨_________ (recognize) of the Chinese New Year as a UN holiday fully reflects an emphasis on the inheritance and innovation of civilization, ⑩_________ will promote exchanges and mutual learning among diverse world cultures and actively embody the UN’s values of diverse and inclusive cultural ideals.
答案以及解析
基础练习
1.答案： political
解析：句意为:随着历史的进步,旧的政治制度已经不能适应经济和社会发展的要求。设空处修饰名词system,作定语,表示“政治的”,应用形容词。故填political。
2.答案： to return
解析：句意为:因斯布鲁克以其绝美的建筑、雄伟的高山和友好的人民贏得了我的心。我迫不及待地想回去对这个令人愉快的欧洲城市进行更深的探索。can’t/couldn't wait to do sth为固定搭配,意为“迫不及待做某事”。故填to return。
3.答案：discussed
解析：句意为: 随着有关全球和地区问题的逐一讨论完毕,这次峰会圆满闭幕。此处为 “with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,设空处用非谓语动词作 with 复合结构中的宾语补足语, discuss 与 each problem 之间为逻辑上的被动关系, 表示动作的完成,所以应用过去分词。故填 discussed。
4.答案：joint
解析：句意为:保护我们的遗址是我们共同的责任,这不仅是为了我们自己,也是为了我们的后代。分析句子成分可知,设空处修饰名词responsibility,应用形容词作定语。故填joint。
5.答案：with/by
解析：句意为:他对这些年轻建筑师设计的乡村建筑作品印象深刻。此处考查短语be impressed with/by...,意为“对……印象深刻”。故填with/by。
6.答案： foundation
解析：句意为:对大自然的系统性破坏将夺走人类生存和发展的基础。设空处作动词短语take away的宾语,且空前有定冠词the修饰,空后有介词of,应用名词。故填foundation。
7.答案： Located
解析：句意为:该遗址位于广汉市,占地12平方千米,被认为是蜀国遗址。分析句子成分可知,该句已有谓语are believed to be,设空处应用非谓语动词作状语;be located in为固定用法,意为“位于;坐落于”。故填Located。
8.答案： in
解析：句意为:这名宇航员在整个飞行过程中始终与地面控制人员保持着联系。in contact with...为固定搭配,意为“与……联系”。故填in。
9.答案：referred
解析：考查过去分词。分析句子结构可知,句中已有谓语,故设空处应使用非谓语动词。refer to... as...意为“把……称为……”,分析语境可知这里指refer to the National Aquatics Center as the "Water Cube", The National Aquatics Center 和 refer to 之间是被动关系,故应用过去分词作定语。句意:国家游泳中心,也被称为“水立方”,已被改造成冬奥会使用的“冰立方”。
10.答案：participants
解析：句意为:有四十名参加课程的学员被公司录用。Forty of the course为句子的主语,空前有表示部分概念的数词和定冠词修饰,course为名词作定语,结合句意可知,此处应填名词participant,表示“参与者”,且应用复数形式。
思维拓展
1.阅读理解
11.答案：B
解析：根据文章的第二段中的“users can easily fall into an echo chamber (回声室)—a sort of virtual space where users consume only one-sided news, eventually distrusting any opposing views. ‘We all tend to agree with the group opinion. Hence, people naturally get together with others who hold the same opinion’”可知，用户可能会陷入一个回声室，这是一种虚拟空间，在这里用户只消费单一观点的新闻，并最终不信任任何相反的观点。我们都倾向于同意群体观点，因此人们自然地与持有相同观点的人聚在一起。这表明回声室会聚集持有相同观点的个体。
12.答案：C
解析：根据文章第三段的“The fundamental approach employed by ChamberBreaker centers around a decision-making procedure that mirrors the creation of echo chambers... Then, the player selects news that could cause the other members to fall into an echo chamber while at the same time maintaining their trust.”可知，ChamberBreaker的核心方法是一个决策程序，该程序反映了回声室的创建。在游戏中，玩家需要选择新闻，让其他成员陷入回声室，同时保持他们的信任。
13.答案：A
解析：根据文章的第四段可知，文章提到研究者们用超过800个对象测试了ChamberBreaker，以查看它是否提高了玩家对回声室的认识并改变了新闻消费行为。这表明游戏有效性的证据来自于科学测试的结果。
14.答案：D
解析：文章最后提到，研究者们希望他们的方法能够激发对信息消费相关的科学和学术研究的更大兴趣，并且ChamberBreaker的应用，着重于培养分析推理，可能会引导我们打造一个更加明智的在线社区。这意味着玩Chamber Breaker的长期效应可能是增强批判性思维。
2. 语法填空
答案：①announcing ②significant ③to ④valued ⑤and ⑥lies ⑦gradually ⑧to communicate ⑨recognition ⑩which
解析：①考查非谓语动词。句意：联合国第78届大会在周五正式宣布农历新年，又称春节，为联合国流动假日。分析句子结构，本句谓语为passed，空格处作非谓语，此处应用动词announce“宣布”的现在分词形式，作状语，故填 announcing。
②考查形容词。句意：专家表示，这一举措显示了中国文化的重要影响力，有助于推动全球文明倡议。空格处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词 influence，significance是名词，其形容词是significant，意为“重要的”，故填significant。
③考查介词。句意：专家表示，这一举措显示了中国文化的重要影响力，有助于推动全球文明倡议。结合句意和空前的contribute可知，本空填介词to，contribute to意为“有助于”，为固定搭配。故填to。
④考查非谓语动词。句意：农历新年不仅承载着中华文明所崇尚的和平与和谐的理念，也承载着家庭和睦、人与自然和谐相处等人类共同的价值观。分析句子结构，本句谓语为bears，空格处作非谓语，动词value“重视，珍视”与the ideas of peace and harmony是逻辑上的被动关系，应用动词的过去分词形式，作后置定语，故填valued。
⑤考查连词。句意：农历新年不仅承载着中华文明所崇尚的和平与和谐的理念，也承载着家庭和睦、人与自然和谐相处等人类共同的价值观。between...and...意为“在……和……之间”，为固定搭配，故填and。
⑥考查动词时态。句意：农历新年之所以能超越国界，并受到许多国家的欢迎，主要是因为中国丰富的文化遗产和全球化的驱动力。lie in“在于”。分析句子结构，空格处作谓语，根据句意和is可知，本句陈述事实，时态为一般现在时，主语是The reason是第三人称单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式，故填lies。
⑦考查副词。句意：在全球化的趋势下，人们对多元文化的兴趣逐渐增加，农历新年已成为人们交流联系的主要手段。空格处应用副词修饰动词increasing，gradual是形容词，其副词是 gradually，意为“逐渐地”，故填gradually。
⑧考查非谓语动词。句意：在全球化的趋势下，人们对多元文化的兴趣逐渐增加，农历新年已成为人们交流联系的主要手段。分析句子结构，本句谓语为has become，此处用非谓语动词，用动词communicate“交流”的不定式作后置定语，修饰名词means。故填to communicate。
⑨考查名词。句意：因此，正式承认中国新年为联合国节日，充分体现了对文明传承和创新的重视，将促进世界不同文化之间的交流互鉴，积极体现联合国多元包容的文化理想价值观。空格处应用名词作主语，recognize是动词，其名词是recognition，意为“承认”，是不可数名词。故填recognition。
⑩考查定语从句。句意：因此，正式承认中国新年为联合国节日，充分体现了对文明传承和创新的重视，将促进世界不同文化之间的交流互鉴，积极体现联合国多元包容的文化理想价值观。分析句子结构可知，本空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the official recognition，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。Unit 2 Iconic Attractions Using Language——高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、课前预习
1. 重点词汇
distribution n. __________________
pouch n.育儿袋; 小袋子; 荷包
temporary adj. __________________
phase n. __________________
trunk n.树干
licensed adj. __________________
license v. __________________ n.(= licence) 许可证; 执照
session n.一场;一段时间;会议
frequency n.发生率;重复率;( 声波或电磁波振动的 ) 频率
violent adj. __________________
violence n.暴力; 暴行
nest n. __________________
mammal n.哺乳动物
biology n.生理; 生物学
hatch vi.孵出;破壳vt.使孵出;策划; ( 尤指)密谋
capacity n. __________________
fence n.栅栏;围栏
prison n. __________________
grand adj. __________________
2. 重点短语
(be) unique to __________________
a symbol of __________________
a flock of 一群(羊或鸟)
geothermal park 地热公园
a handful of __________________
at birth 出生时
encounter with __________________
against the law __________________
interaction with __________________
in the interest of 为了……的利益
public safety 公共安全
pick up __________________
make sure 确保
in a good state __________________
come across __________________
not at all __________________
3. 重点句型
1. Kangaroos can hit and kick very hard, so please folks, if you see some kangaroos, remember they're not for petting! (if引导的条件状语从句)
2.My favourite is a little creature called the Tasmanian devil. (过去分词短语作后置定语)
3. They are really quite cute, but the truth is, koalas are very sensitive creatures who can easily panic because of even small changes in their environment. (who引导的定语从句)
二、易错点讲解
1. with 复合结构
①with+宾语+adj./adv./介词短语（表示状态）
②现在分词（表示主动或进行）
③过去分词（表示被动或完成）
④动词不定式（表示未做）
He often sleeps with the windows open. (形容词作宾补)
他经常开着窗户睡觉。
The teacher walked into the classroom with a book in his hand. (介词短语作宾补)
老师手里拿着一本书走进了教室。
With many unexpected problems emerging, he was like a cat on hot bricks. (现在分词作宾补)
由于出现了许多意想不到的问题,他像一只热锅上的蚂蚁。
With so much homework to do, he won't have time to go shopping. (动词不定式作宾补)
有那么多家庭作业要做,他没有时间去购物。
2. until/till 引导时间状语从句
肯定句 +until/till... 直到……(主中使用延续性谓语动词)
not...until/till... 直到……才……(主句中使用非延续性谓语动词)
We stayed at the spot until the rescue team came.
我们一直待在现场直到救援队来。
We will not leave until we have finished our assignment.
直到完成任务,我们才离开。
拓展：
需使用 until 的两种情况:
强调句: It was not until...that.
倒装: not until置于句首
Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was fully recognized.
巴赫于1750年去世,但是直到19世纪早期他的音乐天赋才被完全认可。
Not until all the fish had died did the farmers realize how serious the pollution was.
直到所有的鱼都死了,农民们才意识到污染的严重性。
三、基础练习
1.We can’t imagine the trouble they had in _____________(practice) their spoken English.
2.________(fortunate), with the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted, causing widespread concern about its long-term effects on ecosystem.
3.The project, ________ which the team attaches significant value and sees as a key foundation for future development, is expected to succeed.
4.As a high school student, I have the same dream as my classmates of ________(admit) to our ideal universities.
5.We believe ________ entirely possible to achieve our goals, provided that we continue to work hard and maintain our focus throughout the process.
6.The research team led by professor Harry is carrying out ________ experiment on animals at present.
7.________ (graduate) with a background in science and technology are in high demand in the job market.
8.He would prefer _________ (stay) home rather than go out on such a rainy day.
9.Don’t call me at 2 tomorrow afternoon because I ________(occupy) myself with a scientific experiment then.
10.They have lost the match, _________ means they have to train hard for another four years.
四、思维拓展
1. 阅读理解
When consuming information, we try to acquire more signals and less noise. We feel like the more information we consume the more signals we receive. While this is probably true on an absolute basis, Nassim Taleb argues in the book Antifragile that it is not true on a relative basis. As you consume more data and the ratio (比率) of noise to signals increases, you know less about what’s going on and you are likely to cause more unintentional trouble.
The supply of information to which we are exposed under modernity is transforming humans from a calm person to a neurotic (神经质的) one. For the purpose of our discussion, the first person only reacts to real information, and the second largely to noise. The difference between the two will show us the difference between noise and signals. Noise is what you are supposed to ignore; signals are what you need to heed.
In science, noise is a generalization beyond the actual sound to describe random information that is totally useless for any purpose, and that you need to clean up to make sense of what you are listening to. You can use and take advantage of noise and randomness, but noise and randomness can also use and take advantage of you, particularly with the data you get on the Internet or through other media. The more frequently you look at data, the more noise you are likely to get, and the higher the noise-to-signal ratio is.
Say you look at information on a yearly basis—the changes you see will all be large ones. The ratio of signals to noise is about one to one—this means that about half the changes are real improvements or degradations, and the other half come from randomness. But if you look at the very same data on a daily basis, the composition would change to 95 percent noise and 5 percent signals, and the changes you see daily will certainly be small.
11.What opinion does Nassim Taleb probably hold
A.It’s hard to know the real truth.
B.The noise-to-signal ratio is changing.
C.The information explosion can be harmful.
D.More information brings more signals.
12.What does the underlined word “heed” probably mean in paragraph 2
A.Notice. B.Analyse. C.Solve. D.Describe.
13.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.Causes and harms of more noise.
B.The meaning and impact of noise.
C.The relationship between noise and signals.
D.Advantages and disadvantages of noise.
14.How should we handle information according to the author
A.Check it frequently. B.Make use of online data.
C.Look at key changes. D.Focus on all changes in it.
2.七选五
Why don’t birds on a wire get a shock
Now how is that possible The fact is, for a living creature to get a shock there has to be a substantial flow of currents through the body. ① _______ Firstly, the bird not only forms a circuit with the wire, but it also offers high resistance to currents, so currents pass through the wire instead of the bird.
It’s a bit like this, would you prefer going on a smooth road or a road full of holes The answer is obvious. ② _______ All objects offer some amount of resistance to the flow of currents, depending on the material.
③ _______ However, the most important reason why currents don’t pass through the bird is, there is barely any voltage (电压) difference across the bird. Current flow is actually just a flow of minute charged particles (粒子). These charged particles need an energy input in order for them to move. The amount of energy needed to move the charges from one point to another is measured in terms of the potential difference between the two points.
A bird sitting on high-tension wires has both its feet placed firmly on the same wire. ④ _______ In order for currents to flow through the bird, there must be a sizeable difference in voltage across the body. The potential difference between the bird’s two feet is tiny and so a very small current flows through the bird which can barely be registered.
⑤ _______ On the other hand if it were to touch the wire and some other object connected to the ground, it would receive a deadly shock.
A.Currents travel like water.
B.There are differences in birds’ shapes.
C.Just like you, the current prefers taking the easier path.
D.This is just one of the reasons why birds don’t get a shock.
E.However, there’s barely any current running through the bird’s body for two reasons.
F.Therefore, the net potential difference from one end of the bird to the other is almost zero.
G.If the bird were to touch the wire and another wire at the same time, it would receive a mild shock.
答案以及解析
基础练习
1.答案：practicing
解析：have trouble (in) doing sth. 是一个固定句型，意为 “做某事有困难”，practice 是动词，意为 “练习”，这里说他们在练习英语口语方面有困难，所以填 practicing。
2.答案：Unfortunately
解析：fortunate"幸运的",根据句意"不幸的是,随着工业化的发展,环境受到了污染,引起了人们对其对生态系统的长期影响的广泛关注。"可知,要用其反义词的副词形式unfortunately(不幸地)修饰句子,句首单词首字母大写。故填:Unfortunately。
3.答案：to
解析：考查介词。句意:该项目被团队视为重要的价值,并被视为未来发展的关键基础,预计将取得成功。attach significant value to“重视”,固定短语,故此处使用“to which”引导非限制性定语从句,修饰project,故填to。
4.答案：being admitted
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意:作为一名高中生,我和我的同学们有着同样的梦想,那就是被我们理想的大学录取。本题考查固定短语be admitted to,意为“被……录取”,根据空前介词of可知,空处需填动名词的被动形式being admitted,作宾语。故填being admitted。
5.答案：it
解析：考查it的用法。句意:我们相信,只要我们继续努力工作,并在整个过程中保持专注,我们完全有可能实现我们的目标,空处使用it作形式宾语,后面的动词不定式to achieve our goals是真正的宾语,故填it。
6.答案：an
解析：考查冠词,句意:哈里教授领导的研究小组目前正在进行动物实验,此处泛指“一个动物实验”,使用不定冠词,且experiment是以元音音素开头,故填an。
7.答案：Graduates
解析：考查名词复数,句意:有科学技术背景的毕业生在就业市场上需求量很大,空处是名词作主语,结合are可知应用名词复数形式,首字母应大写,故填Graduates。
8.答案：to stay
解析：考查动词不定式。句意:在这样的下雨天,我宁愿呆在家里也不愿出去。根据句意可知,句中考査了固定搭配prefer to do sth rather than do sth,意为"宁愿……而不愿……",其中动词不定式充当的是prefer的宾语。故填to stay。
9.答案：will be occupying
解析：根据时间状语 “at 2 tomorrow afternoon” 可知，这里说的是明天下午两点这个将来的时刻正在进行的动作，要用将来进行时，其结构为 will be doing，occupy oneself with sth. 是 “忙于某事” 的意思，所以填 will be occupying。
10.答案：which
解析：这里考查非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个句子 “They have lost the match”，在从句中作主语，指代这件事，所以要用关系代词 which 引导定语从句。
思维拓展
1. 阅读理解
11.答案：C
解析：根据第一段中的“We feel like the more information we consume the more signals we receive”和“Nassim Taleb argues…you know less about what’s going on and you are likely to cause more unintentional trouble”可知，Nassim Taleb认为接触到过多的信息反而会使人们更不知道发生了什么，也可能引发更多无意识的麻烦。
12.答案：A
解析：根据第二段中的“For the purpose of our discussion, the first person only reacts to real information, and the second largely to noise. The difference between the two will show us the difference between noise and signals. Noise is what you are supposed to ignore”可知,本段提到这两种人的不同会向我们展示信息“噪声”和“信号”的区别，信息“噪声”是我们应该忽视的，因此与之相对的“信号”应是需要我们留意或关注的信息。
13.答案：B
解析：根据第三段内容可知,本段第一句“In science, noise is a generalization beyond the actual sound to describe random information that is totally useless for any purpose, and that you need to clean up to make sense of what you are listening to”主要介绍了噪声在科学中的定义,后面的内容讲述了它会干扰信息处理，频繁查看数据会增加噪声和降低信噪比。
14.答案：C
解析：根据最后一段中作者假设的两种情况“Say you look at information on a yearly basis…the changes you see daily will certainly be small”可知，假设每年查看一次数据, 你看到的变化都会是大变化，信噪比大约是1：1。如果每天查看一次同样的数据，信噪比就会变为5：95，你每天看到的变化都会是小变化。由此可推知，作者的建议是在应对大量信息(想从中获取真正的有价值的信息)时，应该关注数据的大变化(重要变化)，忽略一些细微的变化(不重要的变化)。
2.七选五
答案：ECDFG
解析：①由下文“Firstly, the bird not only forms a circuit with the wire, but it also offers high resistance to currents, so currents pass through the wire instead of the bird.(首先，鸟不仅与电线形成电路，而且对电流具有高电阻，因此电流通过电线而不是鸟。)”可知，这里解释了为什么电流不通过鸟的原因。而E项“However, there’s barely any current running through the bird’s body for two reasons.(然而，由于两个原因，几乎没有电流流过这只鸟的身体。)”符合语境，其中reasons与下文的解释对应，有启下作用。故选E项。
②由上文“It’s a bit like this, would you prefer going on a smooth road or a road full of holes The answer is obvious.(有点像这样，你更喜欢走平坦的路还是满是凹凸不平的路？答案是显而易见的。)”可知，这里提出问题，显而易见，你会选择平坦的路。而C项“Just like you, the current prefers taking the easier path.(和你一样，电流更喜欢走更容易的路。)”符合语境，其中you与上文对应，path与上文 road对应，有承上作用。故选C项。
③由下文“However, the most important reason why currents don’t pass through the bird is, there is barely any voltage (电压) difference across the bird.(然而，电流不能通过鸟的最重要原因是，鸟身上几乎没有任何电压差。)”可知，这里在讲另外的原因，而D项“This is just one of the reasons why birds don’t get a shock(这只是鸟类不会受到电击的原因之一)”符合语境，其中This指代上文的解释，just one of the reasons也与后文the most important reason 对应，所以本句有承上启下作用。故选D项。
④由上文“A bird sitting on high-tension wires has both its feet placed firmly on the same wire.(一只鸟坐在高压电线上，双脚牢牢地放在同一根电线上。)”可知，这里讲述鸟的双脚是放在同一根电线上，而F项“Therefore, the net potential difference from one end of the bird to the other is almost zero(因此，从鸟的一端到另一端的净电势差几乎为零。)”符合语境，针对上一句的现象解释了鸟不被点击的原因。所以有承上作用。故选F项。
⑤由下文“On the other hand if it were to touch the wire and some other object connected to the ground, it would receive a deadly shock.(另一方面，如果它接触到电线和其它连接到地面的物体，它会受到致命的电击)”可知，这里讲述了鸟会被电击的一种情况，而G项“If the bird were to touch the wire and another wire at the same time, it would receive a mild shock(如果这只鸟同时接触电线和另一根电线，它会受到轻微的电击)”符合语境，也讲了鸟被电击的一种情况，If与后文对应，有启下作用。故选G项。Unit 2 Iconic Attractions Learning About Language——高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、课前预习
1. 重点词汇
frog n.蛙; 青蛙
arrow n. _____________
entitle v. _____________
getaway n.适合度假的地方
dive v. & n. _____________
kayaking n.划皮艇
freedom n. _____________
domain n. _____________
sponsor v. _____________ n.( 法案等的) 倡议者;赞助者
liberty n.自由
golf n.高尔夫球运动
strait n. _____________
sample n.样本;样品
monument n.纪念碑( 或馆、堂、像等 ) ; 历史遗迹
kiwi n.几维(新西兰鸟)
geyser n.间歇泉
2. 重点短语
be native to _____________
vast land 广阔的陆地
peak season 高峰季节
spiritual world 精神世界
be convinced that... _____________
say goodbye to _____________
make up _____________
play a part in _____________
either...or... _____________
personally speaking 就我个人而言
an attitude towards 对……的态度
feel at home 感到宾至如归
agree with 同意
3. 重点句型
1. Thailand is a premier holiday destination, attracting tourists from all over the world. (现在分词作结果状语)
2. It's almost time for me to say goodbye to Australia. (It is/was time (for sb.) to do sth.)
3. It is said that now nearly half of all Australian citizens were either born overseas or have parents who were born overseas. (It is said that...)
二、易错点讲解
1.过去分词作定语
(1) 过去分词作定语时,相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。分词所表示的动作与其所修饰的名词构成被动关系。单个的过去分词作定语时，常置于其所修饰的名词前;而过去分词短语作定语时，常置于其所修饰的名词后。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
= We must adapt our thinking to the conditions that changed.
我们必须调整思路来适应改变了的情况。
(2)用法
①过去分词修饰something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody等不定代词以及指示代词those等时,要放在这些词的后面。
He is one of those invited.
他是那些被邀请的人之一。
②单个的过去分词有时置于名词后作定语,表示强调。
The information gained is very precise.
获取的信息很准确。
③有些过去分词作前置定语与作后置定语时意思不同。
in the given time在既定的时间内
with the words given 用所给的单词
④及物动词的过去分词除表示“完成”的动作之外,还表示“被动”的意义。
fried chips 炸土豆条
不及物动词的过去分词常表示“完成”的动作,而不表示“被动”意义。
boiled water 开水
三、基础练习
1.There is no doubt that _________ (compete) people want to be the best at everything.
2.Tourism is a double-edged sword, _________ (boost) the economy but damaging the environment.
3.After hours of_________ (persuade), they agreed to abandon the risky plan.
4.Yesterday, I missed a successful concert. If only I_________ (attend) the concert last night.
5.He is thought_________ (act) foolishly, which has caused him to lose his job.
6.He told me that the injured man_________ (send) to the hospital half an hour before.
7.The local government thought that the programme was worthy_________ (support).
8.We must take measures to raise everyone’s _________ (aware) of protecting our environment.
9.Extreme heatwaves ________(occur) in Chongqing recently, with temperatures reaching record highs.
10.Last week, some scientists claimed ________(discover)three new species on the remote island.
四、思维拓展
1. 阅读理解
Rogues(疯狗浪), called“ extreme storm waves” by scientists, are large, unexpected, and dangerous waves that are at least twice as high as the other waves around them, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These abnormal waves, which happen every day and all over the world, are highly unpredictable and can destroy ships that meet with them.
Rogue waves appear to form when large rough waves pass through one another, combining to form huge walls of water, according to NOAA. However, why and where they appear is unclear. But using 700 years’ worth of ocean data including historical records and data from buoys (浮标) in 158 locations around the world, researchers have now created a system for predicting these“ huge beasts”.
“ They are caused by a combination of many factors that, until now, have not been combined into a single risk assessment,” said lead author Dion H fner. H fner and his co- workers mapped the factors that may lead to rogue waves and used AI to make a single model that could determine the likelihood that a rogue wave will form.
The team trained a neural network using historical wave data. This generated a system that learned the causes of rogue waves by itself and could work to predict them. But the AI's methods were hid in a black box. This means scientists couldn't know how the AI did its workings. So H fner’s team applied another form of machine learning, which produced an equation (综合体) when fed data, rather than just a single prediction, helping the researchers to understand how the AI reached its predictions.
“ Our analysis demonstrates that abnormal waves occur all the time. In fact, we registered100,000 waves in our data set that can be defined as rogue waves,”H fner said. This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave, H fner added, and can better protect ships from being destroyed as the sail around the world. Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course.
11. How does the author introduce the topic
A. By using an example. B. By giving a definition.
C. By drawing a comparison. D. By making an assumption.
12. What can the system do according to paragraph 2
A. Monitor huge sea creatures. B. Guide ships around in the sea.
C. Prevent rouge waves from occurring. D. Forecast the hitting of rogue waves.
13. What is the disadvantage of the AI's methods
A. They aren't visually available. B. They depend on too many factors.
C. They make inaccurate predictions. D. They don't process data systematically.
14. How does H fner find the system
A. It requires more field tests. B. It has been widely used.
C. It needs further improvement. D. It has a promising future.
2.七选五
People in a series of layers in colder weather often adopt “the layering system”. Wearing multiple thin layers will keep you warmer than a single thicker layer, because warm air gets trapped between each piece of fabric. It may sounds complicated to some extent. ① _________
② _________ The layer closest to your skin should trap warm air against your body. But you want the fabric to be breathable, especially when you’re doing exercise, to avoid sweat getting trapped against your skin. Our body’s built-in cooling system is to sweat when we get too warm, and when the sweat evaporates (蒸发), it cools us.
Choose your mid-layers. While the base layer is all about controlling sweat and evaporation, the mid-layer’s main priority should be maintaining warmth. ③ _________ It is enough to keep warm in winter. But in really cold weather, some site s recommend adding a soft-shell jacket.
Buy the best outer-layer. ④ _________ There is no doubt that you need to look for a coat that’s wind and rain-proof if you’re heading outdoors. The color isn’t really that important when it comes to heat regulation, but we recommend opting for something that fills you with cheer.
Top it off with a hat. Contrary to popular belief, studies suggest we actually lose more heat from our torsos (躯干) than from our heads. However, once you’ve nailed your other layers it’s still worth wearing a hat.
Add a blanket if you’re in the house. ⑤ _________ A study of elderly hospitalized patients conducted Southern Illinois University School of Medicine found feels of being uncomfortable (in pain, being cold, or feeling anxious) were significantly reduced when a nice, warm blanket was provided.
A. Simple but effective.
B. Wear more layers if necessary.
C. And it can easily be achieved.
D. Select a breathable base layer.
E. But there are some effective tricks to make it.
F. The main function of it is to protect you from the elements.
G. A good one usually consists of one or two pieces of breathable woolen cloth.
答案以及解析
基础练习
1.答案：competitive
解析：根据句意,空格处要填形容词修饰名词people, compete动词,竞争,其形容词是competitive,有竞争力的,在句中作定语修饰名词people,故答案为competitive。
2.答案：boosting
解析：这里句子已经有动词is,所以这里的boost要处理为非谓语动词,而boost与主语tourism之间是主动关系,故用其现在分词形式boosting。
3.答案：persuasion
解析：考查名词。句意:经过几个小时的劝说,他们同意放弃这个冒险的计划。空处位于介词of之后,应填所给词的名词形式,persuasion"说服,劝说"是抽象名词,不可数。故填persuasion。
4.答案：had attended
解析：if only:只要,表示要是………多好啊,引导的句子要用虚拟语气,根据时间状语last night(昨天晚上),可知这里表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,要用过去完成时,其结构为had done, attend的过去分词是attended,故答案为:had attended。
5.答案：to have acted
解析：根据句意,结合短语be thought to do sth.:被认为做某事,以及 “act:表现”发生在“is thought:被认为”之前,可知用动词不定式的完成式to have acted.故答案是to have acted。
6.答案：had been sent
解析：考查时态和语态。句意:他告诉我受伤的人半小时前就被送往医院了。空处是that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词,根据句意和主句谓语动词told可知,send发生在1old之前,表示过去的过去,应用过去完成时态,从句主语the injured man和send之间是被动关系,故用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been sent。
7.答案：to be supported
解析：be worthy to do sth.值得做某事,动词不定式的被动形式为to be done,表示“值得被……”,此处指“值得被支持”,故填to be supported。
8.答案：awareness
解析：everyone’s 是名词所有格，后面接名词。aware 是形容词，意为 “意识到的”，其名词形式是 awareness，意为 “意识”，这里说提高每个人保护环境的意识，所以填 awareness。
9.答案：have occurred
解析：考查现在完成时,句意:重庆近日遭遇极端热浪,气温创历史新高,根据时间状语recently以及强调对现在造成的影响可知句子使用现在完成时,主语heatwaves是名词复数,故填have occurred。
10.答案：to have discovered
解析：考查不定式的现在完成时,句意:上周,一些科学家声称在那座偏远的岛屿上发现了三个新物种。claim to do sth.为固定短语表示“声称做某事”,这里discover这个动作发生在claimed之前,即“声称已经发现”,所以要用不定式的完成式to have discovered,故填to have discovered。思维拓展
1. 阅读理解
11.答案： B
解析：文章第一段“Rogues(疯狗浪), called‘extreme storm waves’ by scientists, are large, unexpected, and dangerous waves that are at least twice as high as the other waves around them, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).”（根据美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的说法，疯狗浪，被科学家称为“极端风暴浪”，是一种巨大的、出人意料的、危险的波浪，其高度至少是周围其他波浪的两倍。）通过对“Rogues（疯狗浪）”下定义的方式引出话题，所以选B。
12.答案： D
解析：第二段中“But using 700 years’ worth of ocean data including historical records and data from buoys (浮标) in 158 locations around the world, researchers have now created a system for predicting these‘huge beasts’.”（但是，利用700年的海洋数据，包括历史记录以及来自全球158个地点的浮标数据，研究人员现在已经创建了一个用于预测这些“巨大野兽”的系统。）明确提到这个系统是用来预测疯狗浪的，也就是能预报疯狗浪的来袭，所以选D。
13.答案： A
解析：第四段中“But the AI's methods were hid in a black box. This means scientists couldn't know how the AI did its workings.”（但是人工智能的方法隐藏在一个黑箱中。这意味着科学家们不知道人工智能是如何运作的。）说明其缺点是不可视，没办法直观看到其运作过程，所以选A。
14.答案： D
解析：最后一段中“This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave, H fner added, and can better protect ships from being destroyed as the sail around the world. Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course.”（哈夫纳补充说，这个系统能有效地显示疯狗浪的迹象，并且能在船只环球航行时更好地保护它们免遭破坏。航运公司可以使用带有该系统的设备来预测疯狗浪可能出现的时间和地点，以便寻找替代航线。）由此可看出哈夫纳认为这个系统有着积极的作用，有着良好的前景，所以选D。
2.七选五
答案：EDGFA
解析：①上文“Wearing multiple thin layers will keep you warmer than a single thicker layer, because warm air gets trapped between each piece of fabric. It may sounds complicated to some extent.(穿多层薄薄的衣服会比穿一层更厚的衣服更保暖，因为温暖的空气会被困在每一块织物之间。在某种程度上，这听起来可能很复杂)”以及下文中给出的方法说明如何选择穿多层衣服保暖是一个复杂的过程，但是文中给出了建议。E项“但也有一些有效的技巧可以做到这一点。”符合语境。故选E。
②下文“The layer closest to your skin should trap warm air against your body. But you want the fabric to be breathable, especially when you’re doing exercise, to avoid sweat getting trapped against your skin.(最靠近皮肤的那层应该能锁住温暖的空气。但你希望面料透气，尤其是在锻炼时，避免汗液滞留在皮肤上)”说明靠近皮肤的那层衣服需要透气。D项“选择透气的基层。”适合作本段的主旨句，统领全段。故选D。
③上文“While the base layer is all about controlling sweat and evaporation, the mid-layer’s main priority should be maintaining warmth. (虽然底层主要是控制汗液和蒸发，但中层的首要任务应该是保持温暖)”说明选择的中间层衣服应该以保暖为主。空处承上启下，G项中的“A good one”指代前文中的“the mid-layer”，而下文中的It指代该项中的“one or two pieces of breathable woolen cloth”，说明好的中间层通常由一两块透气的毛布组成。故选G。
④上文“Buy the best outer-layer.(买最好的外层)”说明外层的衣服很重要。空处承接前文，F项中的it指代前文中的“outer-layer”，说明外层衣服的功能是保护你免受恶劣天气的影响。所以F项“它的主要功能是保护你免受恶劣天气的影响。”符合语境。故选F。
⑤下文“A study of elderly hospitalized patients conducted Southern Illinois University School of Medicine found feels of being uncomfortable (in pain, being cold, or feeling anxious) were significantly reduced when a nice, warm blanket was provided.(南伊利诺伊大学医学院对住院的老年患者进行的一项研究发现，当提供一条漂亮、温暖的毯子时，不舒服（疼痛、寒冷或焦虑）的感觉会显著减少)”说明毯子的作用。空处承上启下，说明放一条毯子很简单，但是非常有效果。A项“简单但有效。”符合语境。故选A。
