Unit 12 Innovation Writing Workshop—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、重点单词
n. 娱乐 ____________
v. 提出(某观点、方法等) ____________
v. 捐献(器官)，献(血) ____________
v. 通信 ____________
v. 发射；发动，发起，开始从事 ____________
n. 百万 ____________
adj. 正确无误的 ____________
v. 减少，降低 ____________
v. 克服(困难) ____________
v. 控制，管理 ____________
二、重点短语
归结为 ________________________
怒不可遏 ________________________
大笑起来 ________________________
三、知识讲解
...but it wasn't until 1857 that a man called Elisha Otis designed and built a machine that used hydraulics to carry people between the floors of a building.
……但是直到1857 年，才有一个叫伊莱沙·奥的斯的人设计并制造了一台机器，它使用液压系统把人运送到建筑物的各个楼层。
分析句子结构可知，这是一个强调句型。被强调的部分是时间状语not until 1857，定语从句that used hydraulics to carry people between the floors of a building 修饰先行词a machine。
not until强调句型
It was not until some dead fish emerged from the river that we knew the river had already been polluted.
直到一些死鱼从河里冒出来，我们才知道河水已经被污染了。
（1）强调"not until..."结构中由until 引导的短语或从句时，其结构为"It is/was not until...that+ 其他部分."。
（2）not until置于句首时，主句用部分倒装，until引导的从句不倒装。
Not until she saw the improvement of her son was she overcome with excitement.
直到她看到儿子有了好转，她才激动起来。
四、基础练习
1.I need some _____ (boil) water to wash down medicine after breakfast.
2.The method is ______ (specific) designed for groups.
3.On a social level, ______ (improve) in the quality of life can contribute greatly to social harmony.
4.Marine insurance is governed by a strict series of rules and ______ (regulate) .
5.Not being exposed to sunlight is the reason for the good ______ (preserve) of the ancient painting.
6.The villagers were sound asleep when a sudden______ (explode) woke them up.
7.That's a powerful lesson on how important it can be to______ (accurate) communicate with each other.
8.The wide______ (available) of mobile phones largely shortens the distance between people.
9.Ancient China was the first country______ (navigate) the ships with highly developed compasses in the world.
10.A survey carried out last year showed that 80% of the middle-aged in this city were in favour of the ______ (propose) on health care reform.
五、拓展练习
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
11.What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
12.What does the underlined word "declutter" in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
13.What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
14.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
15.To move towards a healthier future while meeting the rise in demand for delivery services, many of the world's cities have started replacing cars and trucks with cargo(货物) bikes. ①________ . And they indicate a step towards creating a more eco-friendly urban lifestyle.
Studies have already shown that cargo bikes save 90 percent in carbon emissions, making them a much cleaner way to deliver goods and services, while reducing air pollution. These bikes offer a variety of other benefits as well. ②_______ . They deliver packages 60 percent faster than cars or trucks, while bikes are more effective at reducing traffic due to their small size. Cargo bikes are also a financially effective alternative to a truck or a car. First of all, they cost less to buy in advance. ③________ . Besides, maintenance and repair costs are cheaper too.
④______ . Many Scottish cities have teamed up with delivery service company DHL to put these cargo bikes to use. And there, DHL is piloting electric-powered cargo bikes for small deliveries to create more healthy urban environments in its cities. New York City also included Amazon on their list of delivery companies using cargo bikes that are newly permitted to park in commercial loading zones to help get trucks off the city's crowded streets.
⑤_______ . Not only have these bikes already been used by many cities worldwide, but these cargo bikes have the ability to deliver 25 percent of goods and 50 percent of light deliveries in cities. It seems certain that this greener means of transportation for deliveries can look forward to a bright and sustained presence in the world's urban centers.
A. The future for cargo bikes is promising
B. People think that cargo bikes cause damage
C. They have an effect on the urban environment
D. Second, they do not require the purchase of fuel
E. The demand for delivery services is increasing quickly
F. It is reported that the use of bikes allows for faster deliveries
G. Many cities have started using this eco-friendly means of deliveries
答案以及解析
1.答案：boiled
解析：句意为:早饭之后，我需要一些开水喝药。“被煮开的水”用boiled water表达。
2.答案：specifically
解析：考查副词。此处修饰谓语动词，应用副 词作状语。句意：这个方法是专为小组设计的。
3.答案：improvement
解析：考查名词。分析句子成分可知，空格处作主语，应用名词。故填improvement。句意：从社 会层面的角度，生活质量的提高可以大大促进社会 和谐。
4.答案：regulations
解析：考查名词。空格处与rules并列作of 的 宾语，根据rules的提示可知此处用名词复数。句意： 海损保险受一系列严格的规章条例制约。
5.答案：preservation
解析：考查名词。句意：不暴露在阳光下 是那幅古画保存良好的原因。空前有定冠词the， 且有形容词good修饰，空后有介词of，故填名词 preservation。
6.答案：explosion
解析：句意为: 村民们睡得正沉,忽然一阵爆炸声惊醒了他们。设空处前有 a 和形容词 sudden 修饰,应用名词单数形式。故填 explosion。
7.答案：accurately
解析：句意为: 这是一个深刻的教训, 告诉我们彼此之间准确沟通是多么重要。设空处修饰动词 communicate,应用副词,作状语。故填 accurately。
8.答案：availability
解析：句意为: 手机的可广泛利用性极大地缩短了人们之间的距离。根据设空处前面的定冠词 The 和空后的介词 of 可知,设空处应填写名词作主语。故填 availability。
9.答案：to navigate
解析：句意为:古代中国是世界上第一个使用非常先进的指南针为船只导航的国家。根据句子成分划分, 设空处作后置定语, 修饰名词 country。当名词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,常用不定式作定语。故填 to navigate。
10.答案：proposal
解析：考查名词。空格处作介词of的宾语，且前 面有定冠词the修饰，应用名词。故填proposal。句 意：去年进行的一项调查显示，这个城市中80%的中年人赞成医疗改革的提议。
11.答案： B
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段"The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism"和最后一段"a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle"可知，本书旨在倡导一种数字极简主义生活方式。故选B。
12.答案： A
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段"Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days."可知，本段介绍了"数字清理"这一方法。clear-up(整理，清理)与划线词含义相近。故选A。
13.答案： C
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段"In the final chapter of part one, I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter."和"You'll hear these participants' stories"可知，这本书第一部分的最后一章提供了真实的例子。故选C。
14.答案： A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段"You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances."可知，作者在第二部分建议读者在需要的时候使用这些方法。故选A。
15.答案：①-⑤ CFDGA
解析：本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了正在兴起的货运自行车，人们选择这种送货方式，不仅环保，而且还经济实惠。
①根据下文"And they indicate a step towards creating a more eco-friendly urban lifestyle.(它们向创造更环保的城市生活方式迈出了一步。)"可知，这些货运自行车对环境有好的影响。选项C"They have an effect on the urban environment(它们对城市环境有影响)"正是此意，有引出下文的作用。故选C。
②根据下文"They deliver packages 60 percent faster than cars or trucks, while bikes are more effective at reducing traffic due to their small size.(它们递送包裹的速度比汽车或卡车快60%，而自行车由于体积小，在缓解交通方面更有效。)"可知，这里讲的是货运自行车速度快。选项F"It is reported that the use of bikes allows for faster deliveries(据报道，使用自行车可以更快地送货)"与下文一致。故选F。
③根据上文的"First of all, they cost less to buy in advance.(首先，提前购买成本更低。)"以及下文的"Besides, maintenance and repair costs are cheaper too. (此外，维护和维修费用也更便宜。)"可知，这里在罗列货运自行车在经济方面的好处。选项D"Second, they do not require the purchase of fuel(第二，它们不需要购买燃料)"也是经济方面带来的好处，而且"second"和 "First of all"以及"Besides"一致。故选D。
④根据下文"Many Scottish cities have teamed up with delivery service company DHL to put these cargo bikes to use.(许多苏格兰城市已经与快递服务公司DHL合作，使用这些货运自行车。)"以及"New York City also included Amazon on their list of delivery companies using cargo bikes that are newly permitted to park in commercial loading zones to help get trucks off the city's crowded streets.(纽约市还将亚马逊(Amazon)列入了使用货运自行车的快递公司名单。这些货运自行车新获准停放在商业装货区，以帮助卡车驶离该市拥挤的街道。)"可知，本段主要介绍了一些开始使用货运自行车的城市。选项G"Many cities have started using this eco-friendly means of deliveries(许多城市已经开始使用这种环保的送货方式)"与下文段意一致。故选G。
⑤根据下文"It seems certain that this greener means of transportation for deliveries can look forward to a bright and sustained presence in the world's urban centers.(似乎可以肯定的是，这种更环保的运输方式可以在世界城市中心带来光明并持续存在。)"可知，本段主要讲述的是货运自行车的未来。选项A"The future for cargo bikes is promising(货运自行车的未来是充满希望的)"与本段段意一致。故选A。Unit 12 Innovation Lesson 2 Aha Moment—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、重点单词
n. (木材、碳等天然材料的)纤维 ____________
adj. 大量的 ____________
v. 说明，阐明 ____________
v. 保存(食物) ____________
adj. 多产的；丰饶的；富有成效的 ____________
n. 设备，装置；修辞手段 ____________
n. 显微管 ____________
n. 人造卫星；卫星 ____________
adj. 最好的；最重要的 ____________
adj. 恒久不变的 ____________
n. 生物学家 ____________
n. 结果，后果 ____________
n. 导弹，飞弹 ____________
二、重点短语
急救电话 ________________________
下降到 ________________________
出现 ________________________
三、知识讲解
But actually, he had buried himself a great deal in the study of it for years.
但实际上，多年来他一直潜心研究这个问题。
bury oneself in 专心致志于
You will have to bury yourself in your studies if you want to pass the exam.
你如果想通过考试，就得专心致志地学习。
The researcher buried himself in the investigation with the hope of a new finding.
那个研究人员专心致志于研究工作，希望能有新的发现。
（1）bury oneself in= be buried in 专心致志于
bury... in sth 使陷入，把……插入某物
（2）devote oneself to = be devoted to 专心于……，致力于……
lose oneself in = be lost in 沉迷于；专心致志于
seat oneself = be seated 就座
He was sitting with his head buried in a book.
他坐着埋头看书。
He stood there with his hands buried in his pockets.
他站在那里，手插在口袋里。
四、基础练习
1.______ (subsequent) , she'd be given more work and greater responsibilities.
2.It______ (occur) to me that I had left my books behind!
3.When she was told the satisfying result, she couldn't help______ (let) out a scream of excitement.
4.______ (bury) himself in the newspaper, he didn't notice what was happening.
5.Every learner is advised to make a frequent______ (evaluate) of their studies in each stage.
6.All the audience gave him a burst of applause for his______ (incredible) brilliant performance.
7.To make matters worse, little actual progress______ (make) by the end of last month.
8.It is generally believed that success arises out of perspiration as well as______ (inspire).
9.As far as I am concerned, no success can be made merely______ coincidence.
10.At the sight of the old pictures, my memories flashed back to my college life all of______ sudden.
五、拓展练习
An international team of researchers from Sweden and the UK have developed an innovative way of interpreting biological signals produced by our skin. Using data obtained from a Philips wrist-worn wearable sensor device that can also measure movement, the researchers' system displays information in the form of colourful spiral graphics(螺旋图形) in real time on a smartphone, as well as a recording of data, for the wearer to interpret and reflect on.
The prototype(雏形) visualisation system, called 'Affective Health', was developed by experts in Human-Computer Interaction looking into how new and emerging computer technologies can be used to design engaging visualisations on smartphones.
A study group of 23 people were given the Affective Health prototype to use for a month. Importantly, the researchers purposely did not tell the participants what the devices were useful for. Instead, they gave guidelines that Affective Health could collect information relating to both physical and emotional reactions, how increased sweating increased the conductivity, and how this was represented by different colours. The participants were left to decide the best ways of using the technology.
The researchers found that this open design stage of the study led to some participants using the system as a tool to measure and help manage their stress levels. While others, including outstanding athletes, used the device to get information on their training and recovery programmes. Other uses included logging information on their lives and tracking emotions. But interestingly, few would use the technology for more than one purpose.
Although the open design phase helped reveal several different practices Affective Health prototypes could be used for, the prototype lacked some of the functions needed to make it a good tool for a specific role—such as a sports training system, or as a stress management tool. The researchers found the need for a second, more tailored step in the design process to make devices specific to particular roles.
11.What were the participants unaware of about the prototype
A. Its function as a measuring tool.
B. Its reactions to physical activity.
C. Its colourful spiral graphics.
D. Its specified uses.
12.What interested the researchers
A. People used the device quite differently.
B. Few used the device to help better themselves.
C. Many considered the device a single-purpose tool.
D. Many purposely avoided the device's certain functions.
13.What can be learned about Affective Health
A. It has a rising market share.
B. It causes trouble for users.
C. It lacks competitiveness.
D. It needs improvement.
14.What can be the best title for the text
A. Sweat, a Mood Detector
B. Time to Reflect on Ourselves
C. Colourful Sensors Gain Popularity
D. Technologies Interpret Biodata from the Skin
15.A scientist is a person who explores and examines aspects of a certain field to better understand how they function. The process of exploration follows a strict set of rules known as the scientific method.①______
The primary duty of a scientist in any field is to do research. ②______A scientist who specializes in microbiology could study germs, while a scientist who studies the atmosphere could research the pattern of the wind.
Apart from devoting themselves to the research, a scientist can also work for employers. ③______Besides, universities and some governmental organizations also require scientists to teach and research. Some scientists are able to get research funds independently or participate in a funded scientific project and spend their time working toward a clear goal.
④______This usually means getting a PhD in the chosen field. In many cases, it also means finding work opportunities during school. They can provide the person with practical experience. Many scientists regularly publish their findings or notes of their work.
Some scientists, such as a doctor, might require official certificates (证书) . ⑤______ The requirements and duties of scientists are as broad and various as the area which they study.
A.Being a scientist requires a very good education.
B.In different fields, their research can be different.
C.Others might only need membership in an association.
D.A scientist may make use of the results of others' research.
E.The purpose of science is to produce useful models of reality.
F.There are large companies that hire scientists to help with their products.
G.The method ensures that new discoveries are factual and not just theories.
答案以及解析
1.答案：Subsequently
解析：考查副词。空格处位于句首，有逗 号与后面的内容隔开，且提示词为形容词，故判断 此处应用副词作状语，修饰整个句子。故填 Subsequently。句意：随后，她将被赋予更多的工作 和更大的责任。
2.答案：occurred
解析：句意为: 我忽然想起来我忘记带走我的书了! it occurs to sb that... 为固定句式,意为 “某人突然想起……”,其中 it 为形式主语, that 引导的从句为真正的主语。根据从句的时态为过去完成时可知, 设空处应为发生在过去的动作,用一般过去时。故填 occurred。
3.答案：letting
解析：句意为: 当她被告知这一令人满意的结果时, 她忍不住发出激动的尖叫声。can't help doing sth 为固定表达, 意为“忍不住做某事”。故填 letting。
4.答案：Burying
解析：句意为: 他埋头读报, 没有注意到发生了什么。 bury oneself in sth 为固定表达,意为“专注于/投身于某事”。设空处为非谓语作状语, bury 和句子主语 he 之间为逻辑上的主动关系, 且 bury 表示的动作与句子谓语动作同时发生,应用其现在分词形式。故填 Burying。
5.答案：evaluation
解析：句意为:建议每位学习者在每个阶段都应经常对自己的学业进行评价。分析句子成分可知, 设空处为名词作宾语, 且空前有不定冠词 a 及形容词 frequent 修饰, 应用名词单数。故填 evaluation。
6.答案：incredibly
解析：句意为: 所有的观众对他精彩绝伦的表演报以热烈的掌声。设空处为副词作状语, 修饰形容词 brilliant 。故填 incredibly。
7.答案：had been made
解析：句意为:更糟糕的是,截至上个月末,没有取得多少实质性进展。根据句子成分分析, 设空处为谓语;再根据时间状语 by the end of last month 可知,设空处应使用过去完成时,且 progress 和 make 之间为被动关系,应用被动语态。故填 had been made。
8.答案：inspiration
解析：句意为: 人们通常认为成功源自汗水和灵感。设空处为名词作介词宾语。故填 inspiration。
9.答案：by
解析：句意为: 在我看来, 成功不可能仅仅靠巧合获得。by coincidence 意为“碰巧”。故填 by 。
10.答案：a
解析：句意为:一看到这些老照片,我的记忆突然回到我的大学生活。all of a sudden 为固定短语,意为 “突然”。故填 a。
11.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段关键句"A study group of 23 people were given the Affective Health prototype to use for a month. Importantly, the researchers purposely did not tell the participants what the devices were useful for."(一个由23人组成的研究小组使用了一个月的Affective Health原型机。重要的是，研究人员故意不告诉参与者这些设备的用途。)可知，研究人员没告诉参与者Affective Health原型机的用途，由此可知，参与者不知道原型机的具体用途。故选D。
12.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段关键句"But interestingly, few would use the technology for more than one purpose."(但有趣的是，很少有人会将该技术用于多个目的。)可知，研究人员发现，有趣的是，很少有人会将该技术用于多个目的，由此可知，研究人员感兴趣的是许多人认为该装置是一种单一用途的工具。故选C。
13.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段内容"Although the open design phase helped reveal several different practices Affective Health prototypes could be used for, the prototype lacked some of the functions needed to make it a good tool for a specific role—such as a sports training system, or as a stress management tool. The researchers found the need for a second, more tailored step in the design process to make devices specific to particular roles."(尽管开放设计阶段帮助揭示了Affective Health原型机可用于的几种不同实践，但该原型机缺乏某些功能，无法使其成为特定角色的良好工具，如运动训练系统或压力管理工具。研究人员发现，在设计过程中需要第二个更为定制的步骤，以使设备针对于特定角色。)可知，Affective Health原型机缺乏某些功能，无法成为特定角色的良好工具，需要进一步改进，以使设备针对于特定角色，由此可知，Affective Health原型机需要改进。故选D。
14.答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段关键句"An international team of researchers from Sweden and the UK have developed an innovative way of interpreting biological signals produced by our skin."(来自瑞典和英国的一个国际研究团队开发了一种解释我们皮肤产生的生物信号的创新方法。)可知，本文主要介绍了一个名为"Affective Health原型机"的新发明，可以解读我们皮肤产生的生物信号，可以用来观测我们的情绪变化，"Technologies Interpret Biodata from the Skin"意为"技术从皮肤解读生物数据"，选项能够概括文章主要内容。故选D。
15.答案：GBFAC
解析：①细节句。上文提到探索过程中需要遵循科学方 法,G项“The method ensures that new discoveries are factual and not just theories.”中的“The method”和上 文中的“method”相呼应，因此G项承接上文，符合语 境。故选G。
②过渡句。根据上文“The primary duty of a scientist in any field is to do research.”和下文“A scientist who specializes in microbiology could study germs, while a scientist who studies the atmosphere could research the pattern of the wind.”可知，在不同领域的科学家研究 的东西不一样;B项“In different fields, their research can be different.”正好说明这一点，承上启下，符合语 境。故选B。
③细节句。上文提到科学家可以受雇于他人，F项 “There are large companies that hire scientists to help with their products.”中的“hire scientists”和上文中的 “work for employers”相呼应，因此F项承接上文，符 合语境。故选F。
④主旨句。空格处位于段首，故推测为本段的主旨句。下文“This usually means getting a PhD in the chosen field. In many cases, it also means finding work opportunities during school.”讲了科学家和教育之间 的联系,A项“Being a scientist requires a very good education.”说明了成为科学家需要良好的教育，引领 下文，符合语境。故选A。
⑤细节句。上文提到一些科学家可能需要正式证 书,C项“Others might only need membership in an association.”中的“Others”和上文中的“Some scientists”相呼应，“need”和“require”相呼应，“membership in an association”和“official certificates” 相呼应，因此C项承接上文，符合语境。故选C。Unit 12 Innovation Lesson 3 Stephen Hawking—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、重点单词
adj. 联合的，共同的，共有的 ____________
n. 电路，线路；环形道路 ____________
v. 出现，浮现 ____________
n. 评估，评价 ____________
adj. 宏伟的，壮丽的，隆重的 ____________
n. 重力，引力 ____________
n. 改善，改进；改进之处 ____________
v. (使)爆炸；急剧增长 ____________
n. 水手，海员 ____________
adj. 机械的 ____________
adv. 特定地，专门地 ____________
二、重点短语
保持好奇心 ________________________
尽管 ________________________
仰望星空 ________________________
决定做某事 ________________________
阻止某人做某事 ________________________
一种不同的方式 ________________________
三、知识讲解
Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control).
霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，而且因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症（一种影响肌肉控制的疾病）的挑战而令人敬佩。
not just... but also...
not just... but also... 也作not only... but also...，意为“不但……，而且……”，连接并列成分，在本句中连接两个并列的原因状语。
This is not just/only an honour for myself, but also recognition and encouragement for all scientists in China.
这不仅是我个人的荣誉，也是对中国所有科学家的认可和鼓励。
（1）not only...but also... 连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式遵循“就近”原则。
（2）not only 放在句首时，所在的句子要用倒装结构，但but also后的句子不倒装。
Not only do the nurses want a pay increase, but they also want reduced working hours.
护士们不仅想涨工资，而且还想减少工作时间。
（3）A as well as B“不但B，而且A”，该结构作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要与A保持一致。
The boy's brother as well as his parents is willing to donate blood to him.
不仅那个男孩的父母，而且他的弟弟也愿意给他献血。
四、基础练习
1.I don't think you realise the______ (grave) of the situation.
2.______ (rare) has a lecture attracted so much media attention.
3.The boy was elected as one of the______ (influential) students in his school last term.
4.The professor has achieved______ (universe) recognition for his striking academic achievements.
5.Undoubtedly, we have more challenges______ (overcome) in the long run of science exploration.
6.Generally speaking, the first year provides students with a sound______ (theory) basis for later study in college.
7.English speakers also enjoy poems from China, those from the Tang Dynasty______ particular.
8.As a result of economic recession, the turnover of physical stores in this district declined______ 20% last year.
9.There, you'll find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup—and the wrappers are pressed _____ hand rather than rolled.
10.Only by making innovations ________education can we cultivate people with high quality.
五、拓展练习
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上) participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the "I'll have what she's having" effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I
11.What is the recent study mainly about
A.Food safety. B.Movie viewership.
C.Consumer demand. D.Eating behavior.
12.What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in Paragraph 1 refer to
A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons.
13.Why did the researchers hire the actor
A.To see how she would affect the participants.
B.To test if the participants could recognize her.
C.To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D.To study why she could keep her weight down.
14.On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph
A.How hungry we are. B.How slim we want to be.
C.How we perceive others. D.How we feel about the food.
15.Characteristics of an excellent scientist
The Free Dictionary defines(定义) a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially natural science or physical science.
①_____. Let's look at some characteristics of an excellent scientist.
Curiosity.
②______. Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse discovered things mainly because they wanted to know how things work. If a scientist doesn't have the drive to ask questions or even wonder, then he/she never gets to the first stage of the scientific process.
Patience.
③______. There are very few jobs that take longer than this one. Even if you think you have received some education on science, you still have a lot of scientific research to do. If you're an instant-gratification(及时满足的) type of person, this may not be the best choice for you.
Ethical(道德的) qualities.
In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater good, a scientist must have a desire to improve people's life as well as the environment and living things, since they are all linked and they can affect one another in the long run. A scientist must report findings honestly regardless of personal or outside commercial(商业的) interests. Sticking to an old belief contradicted(反驳) by evidence is dishonest. ④_____.
Working habits.
An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest observation, keeping it in mind and recording it. ⑤______. He/She also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally. Networking skills connect him/her with colleagues working on similar projects where he/she may discover something new.
A. Becoming a scientist takes a long time.
B. An excellent scientist must be very curious about things.
C. It also defines a scientist as someone who uses scientific methods.
D. However, that belief shouldn't be changed without powerful evidence.
E. He/She can work well alone or in groups, depending on what's needed.
F. To make discoveries in human knowledge, you have to think differently.
G. One of the main places that many scientists work in is the research laboratory.
答案以及解析
1.答案：gravity
解析：句意为:我认为你没有意识到形势的严重性。设空处作宾语, 前有定冠词 the, 后有介词 of, 此处应用名词, 意为 “严重性”。故填 gravity。
2.答案：Rarely
解析：句意为: 很少有一场演讲能吸引如此多的媒体关注。设空处为副词作状语修饰谓语动词。当否定副词或表示否定含义的介词短语置于句首, 且句子主语为普通名词时,句子用部分倒装结构,故填 Rarely。
3.答案：most influential
解析：句意为: 这个男孩上学期被评选为校园最有影响力的学生之一。此处为 “one of +the+形容词最高级 +名词复数” 结构, 表示 “最……的……之一”, 设空处应使用形容词的最高级形式,故填 most influential。
4.答案：universal
解析：句意为: 这位教授因为他突出的学术成就而赢得了普遍认可。设空处为形容词作定语, 修饰其后面的名词 recognition, 故填 universal 。
5.答案：to overcome
解析：句意为: 毋庸置疑,在科学探索的漫漫征途中, 我们还有更多的挑战要克服。根据句子成分分析, 设空处为非谓语作定语,修饰其前面的名词 challenges 。根据句意可知, 非谓语所表示的动作为还未发生的动作, 故使用动词不定式作后置定语,故填 to overcome。
6.答案：theoretical
解析：句意为: 一般而言, 大学一年级的学习会为学生的后续学习提供扎实的理论基础。设空处为形容词作定语,修饰其后面的名词 basis,故填 theoretical。
7.答案：in
解析：句意为:说英语的人也喜欢中国的诗歌, 尤其是唐朝的诗歌。in particular 为固定短语,意为 “特别; 尤其”。故填 in。
8.答案：by
解析：句意为: 由于经济衰退,去年该区实体店营业额下降了 20%。“ decline by+百分数” 意为“下降了……减少了……”。故填 by 。
9.答案：by
解析：句意为:在那里,你会发现它们的做法不同—面皮更多,汤汁更少,而且面皮是用手压制的,而不是擀的。by hand是固定短语,意为“用手工”。故填by。
10.答案：in
解析：考查介词。句意：只有通过创新教育才能培养高质量的人。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处在教育方面进行创新，应用介词in。故填in。
11.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的"According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake."可知, 根据《消费者研究杂志》最近的一项研究, 我们的饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D项。
12.答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的"And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions, it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid."可知, 研究表明, 与现有的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反, 你真正需要避开的是食量大且又高又瘦的人。由"contrary to"可推断出, 画线词和"heavier people"含义相反。故选D项。picky挑剔的; 难伺候的。
13.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的"To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments."可知, 为了验证社交对饮食习惯的影响, 研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知, 在两个实验中, 胖型和瘦型演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做, 吃的食物比平常多。然而, 当演员是瘦型的时候, 参与者们进食更多。由此推断, 研究人员雇用演员是为了查看演员如何影响参与者。故选A项。
14.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit."可知, 如果一个超重的人吃很大一份, 我会忍住一点, 因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多, 我会跟着做。因此推断我们对自己饮食的调整是以分析他人的饮食习惯和结果(即如何看待他人)为基础的。故选C项。
15.答案：①-⑤ CBADE
解析：本文是一篇说明文。作者通过这篇文章向我们描述了优秀的科学家的性格特点。
①与前文The Free Dictionary defines(定义) a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially natural science or physical science.相呼应，选项C还将科学家定义为使用科学方法的人，选项C符合语境。故选C。
②根据下一句话Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse discovered things mainly because they wanted to know how things work可知一个优秀的科学家对事物一定很好奇，选项B符合语境。故选B。
③根据下一句There are very few jobs that take longer than this one.可知成为一名科学家需要很长时间，选项A符合语境。故选A。
④根据前文A scientist must report findings honestly regardless of personal or outside commercial interests. Sticking to an old belief contradicted by evidence is dishonest无论个人利益还是商业利益，科学家必须诚实地报告发现。坚持与证据相矛盾的旧信仰是不诚实的。选项D However, that belief shouldn't be changed without powerful evidence.(然而，没有强有力的证据，这种信仰不应改变。)是承接上一句话来描述的，符合语境。故选D。
⑤下一句He/She also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally.讲述的是科学家的工作方式，由句子中的also可知本空也是来描述科学家的工作方式。选项E He/She can work well alone or in groups, depending on what's needed.描写的是科学家可以单独或团体工作，这取决于工作的需要，符合语境。故选E。Unit 12 Innovation Lesson 1 Scientific Breakthroughs—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、重点单词
adj. 用电的 ____________
n. 垃圾 ____________
adj. 科学(上)的 ____________
adj. 立刻的，马上的 ____________
n. 轨道 ____________
adj. 后来，随后 ____________
n. 研究的结果；发现 ____________
adj. 谦虚的，谦卑的 ____________
n. 海军 ____________
n. 物理学家 ____________
n. 圆管，管子 ____________
adv. 有效率地，高效能地 ____________
adj. 一无所知的，一窍不通的 ____________
adj. 理论的 ____________
n. 意外收获，额外的好处 ____________
v. (使)沸腾，煮沸 ____________
二、重点短语
与某人通信 ________________________
相当于……，类似于…… ________________________
想出，计算出，弄清楚 ________________________
发射人造卫星 ________________________
同时 ________________________
挑选 ________________________
三、知识讲解
1. ...at the same time，scientists figured out how to split the atom.
……同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子。
疑问词+ 动词不定式
How to increase the work efficiency is very important.
如何提高工作效率非常重要。
（1）可用于该结构的疑问词
疑问代词：who，whom，what，which；
疑问副词：when，where，how；
疑问词：whether
（2）常接该结构的动词：know，see，decide，tell，ask，consider， explain，learn，wonder 等。
（3）该结构在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
When to decorate the house hasn't been decided.
什么时候装修房子还不确定。（作主语）
They didn’t decide whether to tell the old lady the news.
他们没有决定是否告诉那位老太太这个消息。（作宾语）
The question is how to take apart the machine.
问题是如何拆卸这台机器。（作表语）
2. Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology, whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place.
如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。
本句是一个复合句，as引导方式状语从句；其中Without the breakthroughs...为含蓄虚拟条件，相当于if引导的虚拟条件句。
含蓄虚拟条件
有时虚拟的条件并不是直接通过if条件句来表示，而是用一些词或短语，如without，with，but，but for，otherwise，or等，或通过上下文暗示。
Without your advice, I would have failed.
没有你的忠告，我早就失败了。
But for your help, I wouldn't have made such a great scientific breakthrough.
要不是你的帮助，我不会有一个这么大的科学突破。
He was ill yesterday. Otherwise, he would have donated blood to the poor girl.
他昨天病了，否则他就会给那个可怜的女孩献血了。
四、基础练习
1.The company recently hired model Linda _______(launch) its new range.
2.He acknowledged ________ (donate) a great deal of money to the flooded area.
3.Researchers realize that they will have to adopt a more ________(science) approach in the future.
4.I found the talk both informative and ______ (entertain) .
5.Being equipped with global vision and the spirit of ______ (innovate) is crucial for China's young generation.
6.Every one of us considered the picking activity both meaningful and ______ (reward) .
7.They questioned the ______ (accurate) of the information in the file.
8.By means of modern technology we are able to communicate with each other ________ (instant) .
9.Born______ (gift) with music, the little girl wins great fame at an early age.
10.In addition to listening to a phrase paired with a photo of the______ (correspond) action, this app includes helpful vocabulary tips.
五、拓展练习
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. "The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks," she says. "They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful." Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts' classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. "We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they're eating differently," Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. "They get outside," she says, "and they feel successful."
11.What do we know about Abby Jaramillo
A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family.
C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
12.What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program
A. The kids' parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes.
C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens.
13.Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable.
14.What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Rescuing School Gardens. B. Experiencing Country Life.
C. Growing Vegetable Lovers. D. Changing Local Landscape.
15.Things You Should Stop Doing to Be Successful
Are you a happy person How often do you think of reasons why everyone around you is successful though they are not better than you in general What do you do wrong Here are some things you should stop doing to be successful.
①______
Different people may interpret "success" in different ways: some of them measure it in money, and other ones in positive changes to people around them and the world in general. ②_____ Don't worry about what other people think but care about what makes you happy.
Do not believe anything without questioning it.
③_____ They are critical thinkers, and they understand that we all are ruled by our prejudices, so they will always question new information.
Do not worry about all unpredictable things that may happen to you.
If you want to be successful, stop thinking about everything that may happen to you. ④_____ Be ready to improve and change your deeds and decisions when things suddenly don't go according to your plan.
Do not care about what other people think of you.
⑤______ Your attempts to become "good" for everyone will turn into nothing but new worries, stresses, and problems Successful people do not concentrate on the quantity of people to please, but worry about their quality and focus on developing friendships with people they really care about.
A. Do not wait for the right time to do anything.
B. Do not let others decide what "success" is for you.
C. Successful people do not just accept any new information to be true.
D. As far as we all know, it's impossible to please all the people who surround us.
E. Try to feel comfortable with the reality and accept the fact that your future can't be predicted.
F. If you want to be successful, do not let others force their Interpretation of success on you.
G. Successful people never ignore or avoid problems, no matter how big and awful they seem.
答案以及解析
1.答案：to launch
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：这家公司最近聘请模特儿琳达为其发布新系列产品。此处应用不定式to launch表示目的，作状语，故填to launch。
2.答案：donating/having donated
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：他承认向洪灾地区捐赠了大量资金。“承认做过某事”，通常用acknowledge doing sth.,或acknowledge having done sth.。故填donating/having donated。
3.答案：scientific
解析：考查形容词。句意：研究人员意识到，未来他们必须采用更科学的方法。分析句子，设空处应该填写science的形容词scientific作定语修饰名词approach,故填scientific。
4.答案：entertaining
解析：考查形容词。空格处与and前的informative 并列，也应用形容词。故填 entertaining。 句意：我认为这次演讲知识与趣味并重。
5.答案：innovation
解析：考查名词。空格处作介词 of 的宾语，应 用名词。故填innovation。句意：拥有全球视野和创 新精神对中国的年轻一代至关重要。
6.答案：rewarding
解析：考查形容词。句意：我们每个人都认为 采摘活动既有意义又值得做。空格处与形容词 meaningful 并列，应用形容词rewarding，表示“值得做 的”。故填rewarding。
7.答案：accuracy
解析：考查名词。根据空格处前的定冠词the和 空格处后的介词of 可知应用名词，故填accuracy。句 意：他们怀疑档案中的信息的正确性。
8.答案：instantly
解析：考查副词。空格处作状语修饰动词 communicate,应用副词。故填instantly。句意：通过 现代技术，我们可以即时相互交流。
9.答案：gifted
解析：句意为: 这个小女孩生来就有音乐天分, 在很小的时候就有很大的名气。"be born +adj." 为固定表达, 意为 “生来……”, 此处应用形容词形式。be gifted with... 意为“天生……”。故填 gifted。
10.答案：corresponding
解析：句意为: 除了搭配了相应动作照片的短语外,这款应用程序还包含有用的词汇提示。设空处修饰名词 action,作定语,应用形容词。corresponding 意为 “相应的;符合的;相关的”。
11.答案： D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段"Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts"可知，Abby Jaramillo是Urban Sprouts项目的创始人。故选D。
12.答案： C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段"'The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,' she says. 'They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.'"和"some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt"可知，项目刚开始时，一些孩子不喜欢园艺工作。故选C。
13.答案： A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段"Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues."可知，该项目影响深远。故选A。
14.答案： C
解析：标题概括题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo发起Urban Sprouts项目，通过带领学生们种植蔬菜让他们对园艺产生兴趣的故事。故选C。
15.答案：①-⑤ BFCED
解析：本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了成功路上不能做的几件事。
①空格处是段落小标题。根据下文"Different people may interpret 'success' in different ways"(不同的人对成功有不同的理解。)，因此推断本段讲述不要让别人决定你的成功是什么。故选B。
②前文"Different people may interpret 'success' in different ways: some of them measure it in money, and other ones in positive changes to people around them and the world in general"(不同的人对成功的诠释不同，有的人认为有钱即是成功，而有的认为自己对他人和世界有积极的改变是一种成功。)因此可知对于成功的标准，不同的人有不同的理解。所以，如果你想成功，不要让别人把他们对成功的诠释强加于你。故选F。
③根据主题句"Do not believe anything without questioning it.(不要在没有质疑的前提下去相信任何事)"及下文中的"They are critical thinkers(他们是批判性的思想家)"可知，此处说明了成功的人的特征，会有质疑，不会仅仅接受任何新的信息都是真实的。故选C。
④本段主题句"Do not worry about all unpredictable things that may happen to you."(不要担心可能发生在你身上的所有不可预知的事情。)下文"Be ready to improve and change your deeds and decisions when things suddenly don't go according to your plan."(当事情突然不按照你的计划进行时，准备好改进和改变你的行为和决定。)因此推断，空格处承上启下说明，不要担心，要接受不能预测的未来。选项E中 accept the fact that your future can't be predicted与主题句相照应。故选E。
⑤由空格后内容"Your attempts to become 'good' for everyone will turn into nothing but new worries, stresses, and problems Successful people do not concentrate on the quantity of people to please, but worry about their quality and focus on developing friendships with people they really care about.( 你试图成为对每个人的都友好的尝试，只会变成新的忧虑、压力和问题，成功的人不会专注于取悦的人的数量，而是担心质量，专注于与他们真正关心的人发展友谊。)"可知，对每个人都好的尝试只会变成新的烦恼、压力和问题，因此推断要使我们周围的人所有都高兴是不可能的。故选D。
