Unit 2 Making a difference Using language—高一英语外研版（2019）必修第三册课前导学
重点单词
extend __________________
mission __________________
disease __________________
disability __________________
territory __________________
sensitive __________________
generous __________________
hesitate __________________
cancer __________________
royal __________________
institution __________________
assistance __________________
registration __________________
confirmation __________________
重点短语
hesitate to do / be hesitant to do /about sth. __________________
despite/in spite of + n./doing __________________
come across __________________
come up with __________________
raise money __________________
volunteer to do sth. __________________
重难知识点
过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语时，具有被动或完成的含义。对于及物动词的过去分词，往往同时体现被动与完成；而不及物动词的过去分词，仅表示完成。
a. 及物动词的-ed形式作定语时一般兼有被动和完成的意义。
the broken window 一扇被打破的窗户
the stolen bike 一辆被盗的自行车
b. 不及物动词的-ed形式作定语时只有完成意义。
the risen sun 一轮升起的太阳
an escaped prisoner 一名逃犯
过去分词作定语，常可视为省略了 “which /that + be” 的定语从句：
the letter written by my father = the letter which/that was written by my father我父亲写的信
The book written by him is very popular.=The book which was written by him is very popular.
这本书是他写的，很受欢迎。
the fallen leaves = the leaves which/that have fallen落叶
一般情况下，单个过去分词作定语，常置于其所修饰的名词之前：
a damaged car 一辆受损的汽车
an organized event 一场组织有序的活动
但当过去分词自身带有修饰成分，或者出于强调等特殊目的时，也可以后置：
the people involved in this project 参与这个项目的人们
The house built recently is very modern. 最近建的房子很现代。
四、基础自测
1.The _____(lose) time can never be found again.
2.The room is empty except for a bookshelf _____(stand) in one corner.
3.Mrs. White showed her students some old maps ___________(borrow) from the library.
4.You cannot accept an opinion ___________(offer) to you unless it is based on facts.
5.In some languages, 100 words make up hall of all words ___________(use) in daily conversations.
6.In the museum I saw a lot of paintings ___________(paint) by some famous painters.
7.In the past, some people used ___________(train) monkeys to make money.
8.The company ________ (make) up of more than thirty branches all over the country is facing a serious financial crisis.
9.The manager was satisfied to see many new products ________ (develop) after tireless efforts.
10.The cashless paying system ____________ (install) three years ago helps reduce students queuing time.
五、拓展练习
短文填空
Chinese people help other distant countries to develop. Zhang Bingbing and some people doubt ①_____ it is worth it, because China also has many areas that are still in need of development.
Zhang Bingbing’s mother is a medical doctor, and for the last two years, she ②_____ (work) as a volunteer consultant in Tanzania, Africa, as a part of a medical team ③_____ (send) by the Chinese government.
④_____ (honest) speaking, when her mother first left for Africa, she was upset. Her mother took good care of her and was her best friend. They were never apart. So she was unhappy about her mother's leaving without even ⑤_____ (ask) for her input.
But she began to hear about the work her mother was doing in Tanzania. While the country is quite beautiful and has much natural wealth, many of the people are quite poor and live without things we take for ⑥_____ (grant). Many dangerous diseases ⑦_____ are rare in China are quite commonly contracted in this country. Now, not only are Tanzanians helped by the hospital, but people in neighbouring ⑧_____ (country) are helped as well. It has made ⑨_____ big difference to their lives. Her mother and her team have devoted ⑩_____ (they) to helping people there.
She is proud of the work that her mother has done and she is now supportive of it.
阅读补全
How to Become a Volunteer
Once you have decided that you would like to give some of your time to help others. You need to make some decisions. ①________. Some have a sense that they want to "give something back" whilst others want to meet new people or learn new skills. Whatever the reason, charities in the UK really rely on volunteers because without them, they simply wouldn't be able to carry out their work.
Firstly, what sort of organisation do you want to help You might have a particular charity in mind-perhaps you have been affected by some of the issues that a charity aims to support, like cancer or children who need help. ②________. Many local schools rely on parents or other members of the community who come in regularly to read with the children or help with their maths. ③________. Think about your existing skills: do you prefer hands-on work Are you good with people do you have a background in administration or secretarial work Charities need volunteers to work in shops, organise or manage fundraising events,drive vehicles (for instance, to take elderly people to day centres or animals to vets) or, in the case of animal charities, walk dogs or check out foster homes.
Now comes the part where you actually look for a volunteering position that matches well with the two decisions you have just made. Most charities have a dedicated website with a section aimed at attracting potential volunteers. ④________. Other smaller charities might not have the IT capabilities or funds to do this (could you offer help to create a website, perhaps) in which case, you would usually need to phone or visit their offices to find out how you can help.
You will be welcomed with open arms!
B. It might be a charity you want to volunteer with
C. They also advertise specific roles that are currently available
D. What benefits can you bring to where you volunteer
E. Once you have decided where you want to volunteer,you then have to decide what sort of volunteer work you want to do
F. People take up volunteering for lots of different reasons
答案以及解析
一、
v. 持续
n. 职责；使命
n. 疾病，病
n. 残疾，残障
n. 地区，地方
adj. 敏感的，容易生气的
adj. 慷慨的，大方的
v. 迟疑，犹豫
n. 癌症
adj. 王室的，皇家的
n. 机构，团体
n. 帮助，援助
n. 登记，注册
n. 证实，证明
二、
犹豫做某事
尽管
偶然遇见，碰见
提出，想出，追上
筹集资金
自愿做某事
四、
1.答案：lost
解析：考查过去分词作定语。句意: 失去的时间再也不能找回来了。本空修饰名词time, 且名词time与动词lose之间为被动关系, 故本空应用过去分词作定语。 故填lost。
2.答案：standing
解析：考查现在分词作定语。句意: 除了角落里立着的一个书架外, 房间里空无一物。本空修饰名词bookshelf, 且名词bookshelf与动词stand之间为主动关系, 故本空应用现在分词作定语。 故填standing。
3.答案：borrowed
解析：考查过去分词短语作定语。句意:怀特太太给学生们看了一些从图书馆借来的旧地图。本空修饰名词maps,且名词maps与动词borrow之间为被动关系,故应用过去分词短语作定语。故填borrowed。
4.答案：offered
解析：考查过去分词短语作定语。句意:你不能接受提供给你的意见,除非它是基于事实的。本空修饰名词opinion,且名词opinion与动词offer之间为被动关系,故应用过去分词短语作定语。故填offered。
5.答案：used
解析：考查过去分词短语作定语。句意:在一些语言中,100个单词构成了日常会话中使用的所有单词的一半。本空修饰名词words,且名词words与动词use之间为被动关系,故应用过去分词短语作定语。故填used。
6.答案：painted
解析：考查过去分词短语作定语。句意:在博物馆里我看到许多著名画家画的画。本空修饰名词paintings,且名词paintings与动词paint之间为被动关系,故应用过去分词短语作定语。故填painted。
7.答案：trained
解析：考查过去分词作定语。句意:过去,有些人用受过训练的猴子赚钱。本空修饰名词monkeys,且名词monkeys与动词train之间为被动关系,故应用过去分词作定语。故填trained。
8.答案：made
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：这家在全国有三十多家分公司的公司正面临着严重的财务危机。设空处在句中作非谓语，和句子的逻辑主语the company之间是逻辑的被动关系，应用动词的过去分词的形式作后置定语。故填made。
9.答案：developed
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：经理很高兴看到经过努力开发出的许多新产品。分析句子结构可知，句子的主语是The manager，谓语是was satisfied to see,宾语是many new products, develop与products在逻辑上是被动关系，因此用其过去分词形式developed作宾语补足语，表被动和完成。故填developed。
10.答案：installed
解析：考查过去分词。句意：三年前安装的无现金支付系统有助于减少学生排队时间。分析句子可知，设空处作定语修饰名词system，二者之间是被动关系，应填过去分词形式。故填installed。
五、
短文填空：
答案：① whether/ if② has been working③ sent④ Honestly⑤ asking
⑥ granted⑦ which/ that⑧ countries⑨ a⑩ themselves
解析：①考查宾语从句。句意:张冰冰和一些人怀疑这是否值得，因为中国也有很多地区仍需要发展。doubt意为“怀疑”，在肯定句中，其后的宾语从句用whether或if引导。
②考查时态。句意：……在过去的两年里，她一直在非洲坦桑尼亚当志愿顾问……。根据时间状语for the last two years可知此处应用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，且此处强调动作的延续，故用现在完成进行时。
③考查非谓语动词。分析可知此处是非谓语动词作定语，修饰名词短语a medical team,且与send之间是被动关系，故用过去分词。
④考查副词。honestly speaking意为“说实话”，是固定搭配。置于句首honestly的首字母要大写。故填Honestly。
⑤考查动名词。without是介词，其后跟名词或动名词，故此处填asking。
⑥考查固定搭配。take...for granted认为……是理所当然;对……不予重视。此处指许多人相当贫穷，并且他们的生活中没有我们认为是理所当然的东西。
⑦考查限制性定语从句。分析可知设空处引导定语从句，其先行词是Many dangerous diseases,关系词在从句中作主语，故用关系代词which或that。
⑧考查名词复数。此处指帮助邻近的国家的人民， country意为“国家”，为可数名词，其前无限定词，并结合语境可知应用复数，故填countries。
⑨考查冠词。make a difference“有影响，起作用”，是固定搭配。
⑩考查代词。devote oneself to (doing) sth.致力于(做)某事。故填themselves。
阅读补全：
答案：FBEC
解析：(1)F.推理判断题。根据后文"Some have a sense that they want to "give something back" whilst others want to meet new people or learn new skills.Whatever the reason,charities in the UK really rely on volunteers because without them,they simply wouldn't be able to carry out their work.(有些人觉得他们想要"回馈社会",而有些人则想认识新朋友或学习新技能。不管出于什么原因,英国的慈善机构真的很依赖志愿者,因为没有他们,他们就无法开展工作)"可知,后文主要列举了人们从事志愿者工作的一些原因,F选项中reasons对应后文中reason。故F选项"人们从事志愿工作有很多不同的原因"符合语境,故选F。
(2)B.细节理解题。根据上文"Firstly,what sort of organisation do you want to help You might have a particular charity in mind-perhaps you have been affected by some of the issues that a charity aims to support,like cancer or children who need help.(首先,你想帮助什么样的组织 你可能已经有了一个特定的慈善机构——也许你已经受到了一些慈善机构旨在支持的问题的影响,比如癌症或需要帮助的儿童)"以及后文"Many local schools rely on parents or other members of the community who come in regularly to read with the children or help with their maths.(许多当地学校依靠家长或其他社区成员定期来与孩子一起阅读或帮助他们学习数学)"可知,本段的主旨主要是关于志愿组织的选择,本句与上文并列,都是对选择志愿组织的设想。故B选项"可能是一个你想去做志愿者的慈善机构"符合语境,故选B。
(3)E.主旨归纳题。根据后文"Think about your existing skills:do you prefer hands-on work are you good with people do you have a background in administration or secretarial work Charities need volunteers to work in shops,organise or manage fundraising events,drive vehicles (for instance,to take elderly people to day centres or animals to vets) or,in the case of animal charities,walk dogs or check out foster homes.(想想你现有的技能:你更喜欢动手工作吗 你善于与人相处吗 你有行政或秘书工作的背景吗 慈善机构需要志愿者在商店工作,组织或管理筹款活动,开车(例如,送老人去日托中心或把动物送到兽医那里),或者,在动物慈善机构,遛狗或检查寄养家庭)"可知,本段的主旨是关于从事哪种志愿者的建议,故E选项"一旦你决定了你想去哪里做志愿者,你就必须决定你想做什么样的志愿者工作"符合语境,故选E。
(4)C.推理判断题。根据上文"Now comes the part where you actually look for a volunteering position that matches well with the two decisions you have just made.Most charities have a dedicated website with a section aimed at attracting potential volunteers.(现在轮到你去寻找一份与你刚才做出的两个决定相匹配的志愿工作了。大多数慈善机构都有一个专门的网站,网站上有一个版块旨在吸引潜在的志愿者)"可知,上文提到大多数慈善机构都有一个专门的网站,网站上有一个版块旨在吸引潜在的志愿者,故本句承接上文,继续说明慈善机构对于志愿者职位的提供情况,C选项They指代上文charities。故C选项"他们也会宣传目前可用的特定职位"符合语境,故选C。Unit 2 Making a difference Developing ideas—高一英语外研版（2019）必修第三册课前导学
重点单词
certificate __________________
treatment __________________
ministry __________________
military __________________
achievement __________________
obtain __________________
temporary __________________
major __________________
further __________________
obtain __________________
drug __________________
chief __________________
重点短语
去世 __________________
俗语说 __________________
站起来 __________________
处于危险之中 __________________
登上火车 __________________
重难知识点
On leaving school, Winton worked in banks in Germany and France.
表示时间的介词有 at, on, in, by, after, before, for, since, during, until 等。
1. at
具体时刻：表示在某一具体时间点。
I will meet you at 5 PM.（我会在下午5点见你。）
把某一段时间看作某一时刻：也可以使用 at。
At sunrise, we started our journey.（在日出时，我们开始了旅程。）
节假日：表示在某个节假日。
We usually have a big dinner at Christmas.（我们通常在圣诞节吃大餐。）
2. on
具体某一天：表示在具体的某一天或某一天的某段时间。
I have a meeting on Monday.（我周一有个会议。）
详细描述某一天的某段时间：
She arrived on the evening of her birthday.（她在生日当晚到达。）
3. in
上下午、晚上：表示在某个时间段内。
I usually work in the morning.（我通常在早上工作。）
季节、月份、年度、世纪：表示在某个较长的时间段内。
We go skiing in winter.（我们在冬天去滑雪。）
人的一生：表示在某个人的一生中。
In his lifetime, he traveled to over 50 countries.（在他的一生中，他去了50多个国家。）
将来一段时间之后：表示从现在算起的一段时间之后。
I will finish the project in two weeks.（我将在两周后完成这个项目。）
4. after
接时间段：表示从过去某个时间算起的一段时间之后，谓语动词用过去时态。
She left after ten minutes.（她十分钟后离开了。）
接具体时间点：也可用于将来时。
We will have dinner after 7 PM.（我们将在晚上7点后吃晚饭。）
5. by
到某个时间点为止：表示在某个时间点之前完成某事，常与完成时连用。
I will finish the report by tomorrow.（我将在明天之前完成报告。）
6. before
接具体时间点：表示在某个时间点之前发生某事。
Please submit your application before the deadline.（请在截止日期前提交申请。）
接动词-ing形式：
Before leaving, make sure to turn off the lights.（在离开之前，确保关灯。）
7. for
时间段：表示持续的一段时间。
I have lived here for five years.（我在这里住了五年了。）
完成时态：由 for 作时间状语的句子常用完成时态，不与短暂性动词连用。
She has been studying for two hours.（她已经学习了两个小时了。）
表示说话前的动作：谓语动词用一般过去时。
He waited for an hour before leaving.（他等了一个小时才离开。）
8. since
具体时间点：表示从某个具体时间点开始一直持续到现在。
I have known her since 2010.（我从2010年就认识她了。）
完成时态：since 短语作时间状语时，主句谓语动词常用完成时态。
He has been working here since last year.（他从去年开始就在这里工作。）
9. during
在……期间：表示在某个时间段内。
I read a lot during the summer.（我在夏天读了很多书。）
10. until
直到……：表示某个动作或状态持续到某个时间点。
I will wait until 6 PM.（我会等到下午6点。）
not…until…：表示直到某个时间点才发生某事。
I didn’t realize it until yesterday.（直到昨天我才意识到。）
四、基础自测
1.She excelled in every subject,but she never seemed to be proud of her _____________ (achieve).
2.After a week’s _____________(treat),the football player recovered from his injury.
3._____________ the aid of my English teacher,I have made great progress this term.
4.We regret to tell you that your size is _____________ (temporary) unavailable.
5.The _____________(major) were in favor of the suggestion that we should go there by high-speed train.
6.Unfortunately,his grandfather passed last year due to heart trouble.
7.Do remember to keep a record _____________ the information you get, or you will forget.
8.The soldiers set off immediately to save those who were _____________danger in the flood-hit area.
9. _____________one point he considered becoming a professional soccer player, but finally he made a career in tennis.
10.Tom slowly rose _____________ his feet and left the meeting room without saying a word.
五、拓展练习
短文填空
Tu Youyou is universally acknowledged as a scientist of great ①____________ (achieve). Born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, Tu Youyou graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. In 1967, she was chosen for a research team ②____________ was formed by the government with the aim of discovering a new treatment ③____________ malaria and two years later she became the head of the project in Beijing. She and her teammates examined over 2,000 old medical texts, ④____________ (evaluate) 280, 000 plants for their medical properties, and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. As a ⑤____________ (commit) and patient scientist, she never acknowledged defeat whatever difficulty she met. After failing to draw out useful extract by ⑥____________ (boil) the sweet wormwood, she began even ⑦____________ (careful) thinking and research work. She drew ⑧____________ conclusion that boiling the sweet wormwood ⑨____________ (destroy) its medical properties. So she used a lower temperature ⑩____________ (draw) out the extract and finally she succeeded.
阅读理解
Think of somebody you really admire. You will probably find that their success didn’t come easily. As the “Father of Hybrid Rice(杂交水稻)”, Yuan Longping got over great difficulties and spent his whole life working to reduce world hunger and helping to feed the country with the largest population.
Wu Mengchao, the “Father of Chinese Hepatobiliary Surgery(肝胆外科)”, focused on saving people’s lives for nearly eighty years. He performed more than 16,000 operations during his life. Holding the surgeon’s knife for such a long time deformed his fingers, which are not in the shape of normal ones. Wu once said, “It would my greatest happiness if I could work at the operating table until my dying day.”
In 1969, in order to solve the problem of treating malaria(疟疾), Tu Youyou, the pharmacologist(药学家) took on the job as head of a research team. She and her teammates performed different kinds of experiments. However, the results were disappointing. Instead of giving up They kept trying. Finally, in 1972, they made it! In 2015, at the age of 85, she received Nobel Prize.
Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb(灯泡) believed that every failure was a step towards success. He once said, “If I find 10,000 ways something won’t work, I haven’t failed. I am not discouraged, because every wrong try is another step forward.”
Some people only became successful after their deaths. Not like Pablo Picasso who became famous and very rich during his lifetime, the artist Vincent van Gogh only sold one painting all through his life and that was to a friend. But he kept painting and he painted more than 2,000 artworks in the following ten years. Now his paintings are very popular and they sell for millions of pounds.
One thing all these people have in common is sticking to their goals no matter what.
1.What do Yuan Longping and Wu Mengchao have in common
A.They succeeded in solving world problems.
B.They spent all their lives serving people.
C.They achieved a lot in the medical field.
D.They are remembered for their happiness.
2.The underlined phrase deformed his fingers could be replaced by _____.
A.changed the shape of his fingers B.made him feel down
C.gave him too much pressure D.got his fingers cut off
3.It is clear that _____.
A.Pablo Picasso became famous after his death
B.Vincent van Gogh painted 2,001 artworks in his life
C.it took Tu Youyou’s team about 3 years to reach their goal
D.Thomas Edison tried 10,000 ways before he invented the light bulb
4.What does the writer mainly want to tell us
A.Not everyone can be successful.
B.The more difficulties, the better.
C.Great achievements aren’t made naturally.
D.Great hopes make great men.
答案以及解析
一、
n.证明书
n.治疗;疗法
n.政府部门
n.军队
n.成绩，成就
v.获得，得到
adj.暂时的
adj. 重要的，主要的
adj. 更多的，附加的
v. 获得，得到
n. 药物，药材
adj. 最高级别的，首席的
二、
pass away
as the saying goes
rise to one's feet
in danger
board a train
四、
achievement
treatment
With
temporarily
majority
away
of
in
At
to
五、
短文填空
答案： achievement; that/which; for; evaluated; committed; boiling; more careful; a; destroyed; to draw
解析：①考查词性转换。句意:屠呦呦被普遍认为是一个具有伟大成就的科学家。of后接抽象名词表示某人或某物具有的某种特征或性质,故填achievement。
②考查关系词。此处指她被选入一个由政府成立的科研团队。设空处引导定语从句,先行词为a research team,从句中缺少主语,故填that或which。
③考查介词。a new treatment for malaria意为“治疗疟疾的新药”,故填for。
④考查动词的时态。句中的examined、设空处和tested作并列谓语,用一般过去时,故填evaluated。
⑤考查词性转换。committed 为形容词,意为“尽心尽力的”,和patient一起作scientist的定语。
⑥考查非谓语动词。by doing sth.意为“通过做某事”,by为介词,后接动名词。
⑦考查形容词比较级。此处指她开始甚至更加仔细的思考和研究工作,故填more careful。
⑧考查固定搭配。draw a conclusion that...得出……的结论。
⑨考查动词时态。由上下文语境可知这是发生在过去的事情,应用一般过去时,故填destroyed。
⑩考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知,此处用动词不定式表示目的。故填to draw。
阅读理解
1.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。由第一段中的Yuan Longping got over great difficulties and spent his whole life working to reduce world hunger and helping to feed the country with the largest population.(作为"杂交水稻之父",袁隆平克服重重困难,终其一生致力于减少世界饥饿,帮助养活世界上人口最多的国家。)以及第二段中的Wu Mengchao, the "Father of Chinese Hepatobiliary Surgery", focused on saving people's lives for nearly eighty years.(吴孟超, "中国肝胆外科之父",近八十年来专注于挽救生命。)可知袁隆平和吴孟超的共同点就是"一生都在为人民服务"。所以答案为B。
2.答案：A
解析：词义猜测题。由第二段Wu Mengchao, the "Father of Chinese Hepatobiliary Surgery(肝胆外科)", focused on saving people's lives for nearly eighty years. He performed more than 16,000 operations during his life. Holding the surgeon's knife for such a long time deformed his fingers, which are not in the shape of normal ones. Wu once said, "It would my greatest happiness if I could work at the operating table until my dying day."(吴孟超, "中国肝胆外科之父",近八十年来专注于挽救生命。他一生中做了超过16000例手术。长时间握着手术刀,他的手指变形了,已经不是正常的形状了。吴孟超曾说: "如果我能在手术台上工作到生命的最后一天,那将是我最大的幸福。")可知,which指代上文"Holding the surgeon's knife for such a long time",因此推断,长时间握手术刀导致对他的手指造成了一定的影响,他的手指变形了,这不是正常的形状。所以划线词意为“使手指变形”。A.changed the shape of his fingers改变了手指的形状;B.made him feel down让他感到沮丧;C.gave him too much pressure给了他太大的压力;D.got his fingers cut off他的手指被切掉了。所以答案为A。
3.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。由第三段In 1969, in order to solve the problem of treating malaria(疟疾), Tu Youyou, the pharmacologist(药学家) took on the job as head of a research team. She and her teammates performed different kinds of experiments. However, the results were disappointing. Instead of giving up They kept trying. Finally, in 1972, they made it!(1969年,为了解决治疗疟疾的问题,药理学家屠呦呦担任了一个研究小组的组长。她和她的队友进行了不同种类的实验。然而,结果令人失望。而不是放弃 他们一直在努力。最终,在1972年,他们成功了!)可知,1969年开始研究,1972年成功,一共花了屠呦呦团队三年时间达成目标。所以答案为C。
4.答案：C
解析：写作意图题。由第一段Think of somebody you really admire. You will probably find that their success didn't come easily.(想想你真正崇拜的人。你可能会发现他们的成功来之不易。)以及最后一段One thing all these people have in common is sticking to their goals no matter what.(这些人都有一个共同点,那就是无论如何都要坚持自己的目标。)可知,本文主要通过介绍名人的事迹,告诉我们伟大的成就不是天生的。所以答案为C。Unit 2 Making a difference Understanding ideas—高一英语外研版（2019）必修第三册课前导学
重点单词
internal __________________
effective __________________
earn __________________
donate __________________
recycle __________________
foundation __________________
fund __________________
insight __________________
perseverance __________________
reality __________________
重点短语
突然笑起来 __________________
决心做某事 __________________
同时 __________________
亲眼 __________________
make his dream a reality __________________
benefit from __________________
turn out to do __________________
重难知识点
After several months, Ryan had raised the $2,000, with which a well was built near a primary school in Uganda.
过去完成时
一、基本概念
在英语时态中,“时”指动作发生的时间,“态”指动作的样子和状态。过去完成时表示“在过去某一时间或动作之前就已经发生或完成了的动作或状态”。
二、基本结构
主动语态的基本结构:
1.肯定句:主语+had+done+其他.
2.否定句:主语+had+not+done+其他.
3.一般疑问句:Had+主语+done+其他
肯定回答:Yes, 主语+had.
否定回答:No, 主语+hadn’t.
4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+had+主语+done+其他
被动语态的结构:
主语+had (not)+been+done+其他.
三、基本用法
1.表示“在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作或状态”,即“过去的过去”,可以用by,before等介词(短语)或一个时间状语从句来表示,如:
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到从宇宙飞船发来的200张图片。
2.表示“从过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态”,常和for,since构成的时间状语连用。如:
I had waited at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当一辆公共汽车终于到来时,我在公共汽车停靠站已等了20分钟。
3.先叙述过去发生的事情,在此之后追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。如:
Mr Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
4.过去完成时还常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。如:
He said that he had known her well. 他说他很了解她。
5.用在状语从句中:描述在过去不同时间发生的两个动作,发生在前的,用过去完成时;发生在后的,用一般过去时。如:when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的复合句。如:
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。
注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如:
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后,努力提高他的英语水平。
6.过去完成时还可用在“hardly…when…”“no sooner…than…”scarcely...when.. “It was the first (second…) time (that)…”等固定句型中。如:
No sooner had he arrived here than he went away again. 他刚到这儿就又走了。
四、基础自测
1.In ______(relieve) the girl took a deep breath.
2.What was once regarded as impossible has now become a _____(real).
3.All through growing up I was never an _____(attract) person. I was overweight and picked on.
4.Smart lights can be particularly _____(benefit) for some cities.
5.He will explain how the expert made such a positive ________ (contribute) to the education.
6.If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you'll have no trouble _____(answer) these questions.
7.The majority of people are _____(effect) speakers because they train to be.
8.The loss of big trees was the greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water _____(short).
9.The blood _____(donate) saved his life, and he decided that once he turned 18, he would begin donating blood as regularly as he could.
10.In tonight’s Easter special, they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious _____(inspire) on a budget.
五、拓展练习
完形填空
Rene Compean had never thought that his venturing along a new path would put himself in big trouble. With only a bar of signal and less than ten percent 1 remaining on his cell phone, Compean was unprepared for anything more than the two-hour journey he’d planned. “SOS. My phone is going to die. I’m lost,” he 2 a friend, attaching a photo showing where he was.
Sixty miles away, Ben Kuo was working at home when he read a social media post. The local search-and-rescue teams had spent the previous night 3 locating Compean, so they released the photo to the public, hoping someone might know the location.
Kuo works in the tech industry, and he has always loved 4 where photos are taken. He frequently tries to 5 where movie scenes, television shows, or commercials were filmed. And he is often successful. When he saw the blurry (模糊的) image of Compean’s legs surrounded by an endless landscape of rocks and plants, he 6 pulled up a satellite map on his pean’s car was parked near a campground, so he 7 his search to the surrounding area.
After comparing the photo to the satellite map, Kuo realized he must be on the south side that was much like the environment in the image. The 8 step was cross-referencing (交叉验证) the original photo with 3-D images of the area from a satellite map. The locations 9 ! Soon, a search-and-rescue team helicopter found Compean.
“Ben’s help allowed us to get to that location much sooner than we probably would have,” the rescue team said in the press release afterward. Kuo said, “I had never thought my unusual hobby could make a big 10 to others.”
1.A. networks B. battery C. storage D. fuel
2.A. called B. ordered C. texted D. lost
3.A. unsuccessfully B. encouragingly
C. hopefully D. merely
4.A. keeping up with B. chatting about
C. making up for D. looking for
5.A. visit B. paint C. identify D. collect
6.A. immediately B. hardly C. carefully D. potentially
7.A. preferred B. narrowed C. stopped D. slowed
8.A. difficult B. interesting C. unexpected D. final
9.A. appeared B. missed C. matched D. conflicted
10.A. success B. difference C. day D. adventure
七选五
I was eleven years old when I spotted my neighbour, Julie, working in her garden. She asked me if I would help her cut back the hedge (树篱) overgrown over the pathway. I agreed and my brother Josh also came along to help us. We wheeled Julie’s garden bin (垃圾桶) down to the hedge. ①_______
We posted photos of our handiwork on “Our Malmesbury”, our local Facebook Group. The community reaction was amazing. A wheelchair user was so grateful that he didn’t have to go onto the road anymore to pass the hedge. ②_______ Many people raised their hands to volunteer and do more to keep our town tidy.
③_______ Before, it looked a bit run down, but now, the place looks cleaner and tidier. Residents comment how amazing the roses look when they flower and make the place brighter.
To keep the projects going, I managed to sort funding through local businesses and associations. I used a website online that lists available grants (补助). ④_______So Julie applied on our behalf. The funding has helped us obtain trees, plants and gardening equipment.
When we first started, everything was done out of my parent’s garage. I started with nothing, just borrowing equipment we already had. But as time went on, donations came in from the local community. ⑤_______It got so big that we had to move this all to Julie’s.
Our Facebook Page currently sits at 669 members. I’m so pleased that six years later, the campaign is still in full swing. Our mission won’t stop.
A. The whole town was inspired to follow our lead.
B. When I first tried to apply, I wasn’t of legal age.
C. All three of us tackled away at it until we reduced it.
D. With many willing hands, our town has transformed.
E. I even won a grant to fund the planting of Queen apple trees.
F. This was the beginning of many community projects completed by volunteers.
G. Your garage got filled up so quickly with brushes, gardening tools and leaf blowers.
答案以及解析
一、
adj. 内部的
adj. 有效的，产生预期效果的
v. 挣（钱）
v. 捐赠，捐献
v. 再利用，回收利用
n.基金会
v. 为……提供资金，资助
n. 顿悟，猛醒
n. 不屈不挠，坚持不懈
n. 真实，现实
二、
break into a smile
be determined to do=decide to do
at the same time=in the meantime
with one’s own eyes
实现他的梦想
从....中获益，受益于
结果是....
四、
1.答案：relief
解析：考查名词。句意：女孩如释重负，深吸了一口气。作介词的宾语，应用名词relief，短语in relief“如释重负”。故填relief。
2.答案：reality
解析：考查名词。句意：曾经被认为是不可能的事情现在变成了现实。become a reality意为“变成现实”。故填reality。
3.答案：attractive
解析：考查形容词。句意：从小到大，我从来都不是一个有吸引力的人。我超重了，还被欺负了。person为名词，前面需要形容词修饰。故填attractive。
4.答案：beneficial
解析：句意：智能灯对一些城市尤其有利。be为系动词，后跟形容词作表语。故填beneficial。
5.答案：contribution
解析：考查名词。句意：他将解释这位专家是如何对教育做出如此积极的贡献的。分析句子可知，空格处应用名词，作“made”的宾语，“contribute”意为“贡献”，动词词性，对应的名词为“contribution”，意为“贡献”，根据a可知，用单数形式。故填contribution。
6.答案：answering
解析：考查动名词。句意：如果你的意识足够敏锐，你回答这些问题就不会有困难。have trouble doing sth.做某事有困难。故填answering。
7.答案：effective
解析：句意：大多数人之所以能成为有效的演讲者，是因为他们受过训练。speakers为名词，前面需用形容词修饰，作定语。故填effective。
8.答案：shortage
解析：考查名词。句意：在树木缺水最严重的地区，大树的损失是最大的。water在此处作定语，后面跟名词形式。water shortage 缺水。故填shortage。
9.答案：donations
解析：考查名词。句意：献血挽救了他的生命，他决定一旦年满18岁，就开始尽可能地定期献血。blood为定语，后面跟名词，blood donation献血。因为不止一次献血，所以donation用复数形式。故填donations。
10.答案：inspiration
解析：考查名词。句意：在今晚的复活节特别节目中，他们来帮助在预算上需要一些美好的灵感的家庭。 delicious为形容词，后面跟名词。故填inspiration。
五、
完形填空
1 答案：B
解析：考查名词及语境理解。A.networks网络;B.battery电池;C.storage储存;D.fuel燃料。句意:Compean的手机只有一格信号,电池剩余不足10%,除了原定的两小时行程外,他对任何事情都毫无准备。根据下文"remaining on his cellphone, Compean was unprepared for anything more than the two-hour journey he'd planned"可知,由于准备不足,Compean的手机电池剩余不足10%。故选B。
2.答案：C
解析：考查动词及语境理解。A.called呼叫;B.ordered命令; C.texted发短信;D.lost丢失。句意:"SOS。我的手机快没电了。我迷路了,"他给一个朋友发短信,并附上了一张他当时所在位置的照片。根据下文"a friend, attaching a photo showing where he was"可知,Compean是给朋友发了短信,并附上一张所在位置的照片。故选C。
3.答案：A
解析：考查副词及语境理解。A.unsuccessfully不成功地;B.encouragingly鼓励地;C.hopefully有希望地;D.merely仅仅。句意:当地搜救队在前一晚未能成功找到Compean,所以他们把照片公布给了公众,希望有人能知道位置。根据下文"so they released the photo to the public, hoping someone might know the location"可知,当地搜救队把照片公布给了公众,希望有人能知道位置,因此他们前一晚是未能成功找到Compean。故选A。
4.答案：D
解析：考查动词短语及语境理解。A.keeping up with跟上;B.chatting about闲聊;C.making up for弥补;D.looking for寻找。句意:Kuo在科技行业工作,他一直喜欢寻找拍照的地方。根据下文描述的Kuo用卫星地图找图片里的位置的一系列操作,以及"where photos are taken"可推知,Kuo是喜欢寻找拍照的地方。故选D。
5.答案：C
解析：考查动词及语境理解。A.visit参观;B.paint绘画; C.identify识别;D.collect收集。句意:他经常试图识别电影场景、电视节目或商业广告的拍摄地点。根据下文描述的Kuo用卫星地图找图片里的位置的一系列操作,以及"where movie scenes, television shows, or commercials were filmed"可推知,Kuo会试图识别这些东西的拍摄地点。故选C。
6.答案：A
解析：考查副词及语境理解。A.immediately立刻;B.hardly几乎不;C.carefully仔细地;D.potentially潜在地。句意:当他看到Compean的腿被无尽的岩石和植物包围的模糊图像时,他立即在笔记本电脑上调出了一张卫星地图。根据上文"so they released the photo to the public, hoping someone might know the location"可知,当地搜救队把照片公布给了公众,希望有人能知道Compean的位置,当时情况很紧急,因此Kuo是立即在笔记本电脑上调出了一张卫星地图。故选A。
7.答案：B
解析：考查动词及语境理解。A.preferred更喜欢;B.narrowed使缩小; C.stopped停止;D.slowed放慢。句意:Compean的车停在一个露营地附近,所以他把搜索范围缩小到周边地区。根据上文"Compean's car was parked near a campground"可知,Kuo可以根据Compean的车停放的位置,把搜索范围缩小到周边地区。故选B。
8.答案：D
解析：考查形容词及语境理解。A.difficult困难的;B.interesting有趣的;C.unexpected意外的;D.final最终的。句意:最后一步是将原始照片与卫星地图上该地区的3D图像进行交叉比对。根据下文"The locations____!Soon, a search-and-rescue team helicopter found Compean."可知,比对结果显示后,搜救队就开始实施救援了,因此将原始照片与卫星地图上该地区的3D图像进行交叉比对是Kuo所做工作的最后一步。故选D。
9.答案：C
解析：考查动词及语境理解。A.appeared出现;B.missed错过;C.matched匹配;D.conflicted冲突。句意:地点匹配!根据下文"Soon, a search-and-rescue team helicopter found Compean."可知,搜救队的直升机找到了Compean,因此Kuo找到的地点的3D图像和照片是匹配的。故选C。
10.答案：B
解析：考查名词及语境理解。A.success成功;B.difference差异;C.day天;D.adventure冒险。句意:Kuo说:"我从来没有想过我不寻常的爱好会对别人产生很大的影响。”根据上文"Ben's help allowed us to get to that location much sooner than we probably would have"可知, Ben的帮助使救援队能够比原本更快地到达那个地点,更快地找到了Compean,因此Kuo的爱好是对Compean产生了很大的影响,短语make a difference to意为”对......有影响,对.....有重要意义"。故选B。
七选五
答案：CADBG
解析：①由上文“I was eleven years old when I spotted my neighbor Julie working in her garden. She asked me if I would help her cut back the hedge(树篱)overgrown over the pathway. I agreed and my brother Josh also came along to help us. We wheeled Julie's garden bin(垃圾桶)down to the hedge.(我11岁那年，看到邻居朱莉在花园里干活。她问我是否愿意帮她修剪长得高过了小路的树篱。我答应了，我哥哥乔希也来帮我们。我们把朱莉的垃圾桶推到树篱旁。)"可知，上文描述的是作者和兄弟一起帮助邻居修剪树篱的情景。本空应描述修剪树篱的过程和结果。C选项“All three of us tackled away at it until we reduced it.(我们三个人一直在努力修剪，直到把它修剪好。)”能够承接上文，符合语境。故选C。
②由上文A wheelchair user was so grateful that he didn't have to go onto the road anymore to pass the hedge.(一位轮椅使用者非常感激，因为他不必在上路时绕过树篱了。)可知，上文讲述的是修剪完树篱给社区带来的好处之一。本空应继续阐述修剪树篱的影响，A选项The whole town was inspired to follow our lead.(整个小镇都受到鼓舞，效仿我们的做法。)能够承接上文，说明修剪树篱的行为给整个小镇带来的影响，符合语境。故选A。
③由下文Before, it looked a bit run down, but now, the place looks cleaner and tidier.(以前，这里看起来有点破旧，但现在，这个地方看起来更干净、更整洁了。)可知，下文讲述的是小镇发生的变化。本空应概括小镇的变化，D选项With many willing hands, our town has transformed.(在许多乐于助人的帮助下，我们的小镇已经发生了转变。)”能够承接上文，说明许多人的自愿参与给小镇带来的变化，同时引出下文小镇变得更加整洁的具体描述，符合语境。故选D。
④由上文“I used a website online that lists available grants(补助).(我使用了一个在线网站，上面列出了可用的补助。)”以及下文“So Julie applied on our behalf.(所以朱莉代表我们申请了。)”可知，上文描述申请补助，下文描述别人代替申请，本空应描述不能申请补助的原因。B选项“When I first tried to apply, I wasn't of legal age.(当我第一次尝试申请时，我还未到法定年龄。)”能解释为什么是朱莉代表申请，符合语境。故选B。
⑤由上文“But as time went on, donations came in from the local community.(但随着时间的推移，来自当地社区的捐赠陆续到来。)”以及下文“It got so big that we had to move this all to Julie's.(东西变得如此之多，以至于我们不得不把所有这些搬到朱莉家去。)”可知，上文描述捐赠陆续到来，下文描述不得不把所有这些搬到朱莉家去，本空应描述捐赠的东西过多放不下了。G选项“Your garage got filled up so quickly with brushes, gardening tools and leaf blowers.(你的车库很快就被刷子、园艺工具和吹叶机填满了。)”符合语境，描述了捐赠的物品使车库填满，后来不得不搬到朱莉家。故选G。
