重难语法01 名词冠词介词代词及其它
目录
题型综述 2
解题攻略 2
考向01 名词 3
考向02 冠词 5
考向03 介词 9
考向04 代词 10
高考练场 15
高考语法填空对名词、冠词、介词和代词的考查较为灵活，需要学生在掌握基本语法知识的基础上，结合语境进行判断和运用。平时的学习中，建议多积累固定搭配和典型例句，通过大量练习提高语感和语法运用能力。
一、名词
名词的单复数形式
规则变化：如名词以 -s, -es 结尾的复数形式（e.g., books, boxes）。
不规则变化：如 man → men, child → children, mouse → mice 等。
不可数名词：如 advice, information, furniture 等，通常没有复数形式，但可以通过量词短语表达复数意义（e.g., a piece of advice, pieces of furniture）。
名词的所有格
名词所有格形式：如 Tom's book（汤姆的书），表示所属关系。
双重所有格：如 a friend of mine（我的一个朋友）。
抽象名词的具体化
抽象名词在特定语境下可以具体化，如 success（成功）→ a success（一个成功的人或事）。
二、冠词
不定冠词（a/an）的用法
表示“一个”或“一类”，用于单数可数名词前。
特殊用法：如 a university（一所大学）中，虽然 university 以元音字母开头，但发音以辅音音素开头，因此用 a。
定冠词（the）的用法
表示特指，如 the book on the table（桌上的那本书）。
用于独一无二的事物前，如 the sun, the earth。
用于乐器前，如 play the piano（弹钢琴）。
用于方位名词前，如 the east, the west。
零冠词的用法
不用冠词的情况：如抽象名词（peace, happiness）和物质名词（water, air）单独使用时；复数名词表示泛指时（e.g., dogs are loyal animals）；某些固定搭配中（e.g., go to school, at home）。
三、介词
介词的基本用法
表示时间、地点、原因、方式等。如：in the morning（在早上），at the station（在车站），because of（因为），by car（乘汽车）。
介词短语的固定搭配
动词与介词的搭配：如 look for（寻找），listen to（听），depend on（依赖）。
形容词与介词的搭配：如 interested in（对……感兴趣），good at（擅长），different from（与……不同）。
介词的辨析
易混淆的介词：如 between（两者之间）和 among（三者或以上之间）；in（在……内）和 on（在……上）。
四、代词
人称代词
主格（I, you, he, she, it, we, they）和宾格（me, you, him, her, it, us, them）的用法。
注意主格和宾格的区别，如：He loves me.（他爱我。）
物主代词
形容词性物主代词（my, your, his, her, its, our, their）和名词性物主代词（mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs）的区别。
例如：This is my book.（这是我的书）和 This book is mine.（这本书是我的）。
反身代词
表示“自己”，如 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves。
常用于强调或表示动作的主体和对象一致，如：He hurt himself.（他伤到了自己）。
不定代词
包括 some, any, none, all, both, either, neither, each, every 等。
注意它们的用法和区别，如：some（一些）用于肯定句，any（任何）用于否定句或疑问句；both（两者都）和 either（两者之一）的区别。
指示代词
包括 this, that, these, those。
注意它们的用法，如：this/that（近指/远指）；these/those（近指/远指的复数）。
一、 名词
一）、 名词的种类
专有名词 普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词
个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词
二）、 名词的数
1. 可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
情况 方法 例词
一般情况 加－s students，teachers，doc tors，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾 加－es glasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs
以辅音字母＋y结尾 变y为i再加－es families，babies，armies，bodies
以元音字母＋y结尾 加－s boys，toys，pianos，photos
以f或fe结尾 大都变f或fe为v，再加－es thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾 通常加－s radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos
有的加－es heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
【名师点睛】
①以-o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es，也可以加-s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。
②以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，再加-ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。
但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves，也可以直接加-s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。
③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctor→women doctors
(2)不规则变化
①自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children man男人→men tooth牙→teeth
foot脚，英尺→feet mouse老鼠→mice phenomenon现象→phenomena
medium传播媒介→media
②常见单复数同形的名词：
Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill.
Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked.
③合成名词的复数形式：
son-in-law → sons-in-law passer-by → passers-by story-teller → story-tellers
【名师点睛】
名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl student → girl students 但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：woman singer → women singers
2. 不可数名词
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义
success 成功 成功的人或事
pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事
beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物
comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger 危险 危险的人或因素
delight 高兴 令人高兴的事
failure 失败 失败的人或事物
surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情
shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情
pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料 coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡
chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔 hair 头发→a hair 一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
（3）“of+抽象名词”相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有importance, value, use, significance, help 等。
It’s of no practical use to me. 这对我没什么实际用途。
The work I am doing is not of much value. 我做的工作没有多大价值。
3. 表示数量的词(组)与名词的搭配
◆修饰可数的量词： a number of, the number of, many, a great/good many few , a few, several
◆修饰不可数的量词： a large amount of , huge amounts of, a great deal of, much, too much little, a little ◆两个皆可修饰的量词：some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of , quantity of
三）、 名词的格
1. -’s所有格
①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。
Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。
②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber’s在理发店 at the teacher’s在老师办公室
2. of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the content of the novel小说的内容
the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字
3. 双重所有格
指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。
a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)
二、 冠词
考点一：不定冠词
1. 与可数名词单数连用, 表示类别，泛指一类人或事物。
—I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over the keyboard.
—You shouldn’t put drinks near a computer.
2. 用来表示不确定的某一个, 相当于 a certain。
—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith
—Sorry, wrong number. There isn’t a Mr. Smith here.
3.用于数量、时间等名词前, 表示＂每一（单位）的……＂。
I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
4. 在抽象名词、物质名词前(特别是这两种名词有定语修饰时)用不定冠词, 使之意义具体化, 表示＂一种＂、
＂一件＂、＂一份＂等。
It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.我被邀请参加聚会是一种荣誉。(honour是抽象名词,an honour指一件荣誉的事)
5. 不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示＂再一，又一＂。
She didn’t like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.
她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。
【名师点睛】
有些单词以元音字母开头，但读音却以辅音开头，这些单词前要用不定冠词a； 相反，有些以辅音字母开头、读音却以元音开头的单词前要用不定冠词an。如：a useful book，an hour，an honest child等。
考点二：定冠词
1. 用来特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。所特指的名词常被短语或定语从句所修饰。
Of all the reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was the most
important one.
2. 指说话的双方都知道的人或事物。
Don’t worry if you can’t come to the party. I’ll save some cake for you.
3. 复述上文中提到的事物。
There is a shelf in my father’s room. The shelf is new.
4. 用于单数可数名词之前, 表示该类事物, 相当于 a。
When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to the hotel; I can find you a bed in my flat.
5. 序数词和形容词最高级前。比较级前若表示特指时也要用定冠词 the。
The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have a third one because the second one is rather too small.
6. 用于复数姓氏之前, 表示＂夫妇＂或＂全家＂。
The Whites settled down in Canada last year.
去年怀特一家在加拿大定居。
7. 表示世界上独一无二事物的名词前。
the sun, the moon, the earth, the world
8. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词、江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河及些建筑物等名称前。
According to the World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent the spread of AIDS.
9. 定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。
Many of the injured are still in danger.
许多受伤者仍处于危险中。
the rich the poor, the old
the wounded the living the dead
10. 用在方位名词和西洋乐器名词前。
the east 东部 play the piano 弹钢琴
考点三：零冠词
1. 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。
Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts.
偏远地区非常需要教师。
2. 称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。
Dr. Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，＂A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and
Cambridge.＂
这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们，这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。
3. 月、季、星期、节假、洲前；三餐、球类、惯用语前；学科、棋类名词前，用零冠词。
A year can be divided into four seasons — spring，summer，autumn and winter.
一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
4. no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。
There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world.
天下没有免费的午餐。
5. 在turn(变成)作表语的名词前不用冠词，但become后的可数名词作表语时前要加冠词。
He became a doctor while his brother turned teacher.
他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。
三、 介词
考点一：常用介词的基本用法
I heard a shot on (the morning of ) March 18. 三月十八日(早晨) 我听到一声枪响。
She has been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。
They worked hard through the winter. 整个冬天他们都在努力工作。
We have known each other since ten years ago. 我们十年前就认识了。
We will have learned 2000 English words by the end of this term.
到本学期结束前，我们将学了两千英语单词了。
He walked across the road carefully. 他小心地走过马路。
He walked through the forest alone. 他独自一人走过森林。
They hid themselves among the trees. 他们躲在树林中。
考点二：介词短语用法
常见的介词搭配：
1. “介词＋ 名词”型
(1) in 构成的短语
in advance 在前头，事先，预先 in case 如果，万一
in charge主管，掌管，看管 in common共有，共同，公有
in demand有需要的 in doubt 感到疑惑的，难以确定的
in effect实际上，生效 in fact事实上
in order按序，井然有序，情况良好； 恰当 in progress进行中
in return作为回报 in vain徒劳
in turn依次，替换地；相应地，转而
(2) on构成的短语
on guard 在值勤 on leave在休假
on holiday在度假 on strike罢工
on sale出售 on loan借贷
on the move在移动，搬迁；离开 on the march在行军
on the go正在活动，正在奔走 on the air正在广播
(3) beyond构成的短语
beyond one's power是某人力所不及的 beyond praise夸不胜夸
beyond one's reach够不着 beyond description难以形容
beyond words无法用语言形容 beyond doubt无疑
beyond one's understanding 无法理解
(4) under构成的短语
under development 在发展中 under observation在观察中
under test在测试中 under construction在建设中
under examination在检查(调查)中 under consideration在考虑中
under repair在修理中
(5) at 构成的短语
at length 详细地，长时间 at sea茫然
at will任意地 at work在上班
at lunch在吃午饭 at rest在休息
at table在吃饭 at school上学
at church做礼拜 at peace处于和平状态
(6) out of 构成的短语
out of breath 上气不接下气 out of balance失去平衡
out of date过时 out of patience不耐烦
out of control失去控制 out of business破产
out of style过时，不时髦 out of the ordinary不寻常的
out of touch失去联系
2． 复杂介词型
(1) 表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于，因为”。
because of：表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)；
on account of：常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素。
(2) 表示“除……之外”。
with the exception of＝ except, except for“除……之外”；
apart from (＝美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词，既可表示“除……之外”，相当于except (for), 又可以表示“除……之外，(还，也)”，相当于besides；
in addition to“除……之外(还，也)”，相当于besides。
(3) 表示“有关，关于”。
concerning=regarding“关于，就……而论，在……方面”；
with respect to“关于，就……而言”；
as for和as to用于句首时表示“至于”。
(4) 表示“在……之前”。
ahead of=in advance of，可表示“(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前，更早”， 还可表示“领先，优于”；
in front of 多指空间的前后关系，“在……前方”。
(5) 表示“支持，赞成”。
in support of 维护，支持，支援；
in favor of 可指某人“支持，赞成”，也可指事物“有利于……”
(6) 表示“鉴于，由于；根据，按照”。
in the light of 按照，考虑到 in terms of 就……而言，谈到
according to 根据；按照 in view of 鉴于，因为
(7) 表示“尽管”。
in spite of 尽管，不管
考点三：动词短语中介词
1.动词＋ away构成的短语动词有：
throw away扔掉 put away把……收拾好 give away捐赠，分发
carry away运走 run away 潜逃，跑开 go away 走开
2．动词＋ for构成的短语动词有：
answer for负责 provide for供给 all for要求
plan for打算，为……计划hope for希望，期待 ask for索取，寻找
send for派人去请 go for努力获取 pay for偿还，赔偿
3．动词＋on构成的短语动词有：
try on试穿，试验 put on穿上，上演 have on穿着，戴着
pull on穿，戴 hold on不挂断，坚持，继续 carry on继续开展，坚持
keep on继续 go on继续 get on上（车）
4．动词＋over构成的短语动词有：
come over过来 hand over移交 go over仔细检查，复习
get over克服，恢复 look over检查 think over仔细考虑
take over接受，接管 hand over 移交 turn over翻转
5．动词＋ up构成的短语动词有：
bring up抚育，培养 call up召唤，打电话给 come up走上前来，长出
cut up切碎 fix up修理 give up放弃；go up 上升，增长
grow up 长大 look up尊敬，向上看，查寻 make up虚构，弥补，组成
put up举起，搭建 set up建立，创（纪录） pick up 捡起，（开车）接某人，偶然得到
send up发射 show up 揭露，露面 turn up出现，把……调高一点
6．动词＋out构成的短语动词有：
come out出来 go out出去，熄灭 look out留神，当心
walk out走出 set out出发，开始 put out扑灭，生产
give out发出，发表 hand out分发 pick out挑选
find out找出，发现 speak out大声地说 turn out生产，结果是
get out出去，离开 carry out实行，执行 work out计算出，解决，实行，行得通
bring out出版 start out 出发，动身。
四、 代词
考点一：人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
一、 人称代词
1. 人称代词的分类和数：
2. 人称代词作主语时要用主格，作宾语时用宾格，作表语时常用宾格。
She’s my classmate.
I bought a present for him.
【名师点睛】
在强调句中人称代词的使用应该根据人称代词具体作什么成分而定。
I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.
It was I that first arrived at the airport.
二、 物主代词
1.物主代词的分类和数：
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
形容词性物主代词 my our your your his/her/its their
名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his/hers/its theirs
2. 物主代词的用法：
（1）形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动名词的前置定语，不能单独使用。
（2）名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与of连用作
后置定语，但不能单独作定语
This isn’t my shirt; mine is over there.
三、 反身代词
1. 反身代词的形式
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 myself yourself himself / herself /itself
复数 ourselves yourselves themselves
2. 反身代词常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce等动词后和by, for, to ,of 等介词后作宾语
All of them enjoyed themselves. 所有的人都玩得很好。
Help yourself to some fish. 请自己动手吃点鱼吧。
3. 反身代词有时用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语，表示身体或精神处于正常状态。
You don’t seem yourself today. 你今天好像不太好。
4. 强调用法：
反身代词在强调用法中表示强调，即用来加强某个名词或者代词的语气，可译成“亲自”、“本人”。此时，它在句中作同位语。即使去掉，也不影响句子的完整性。如：
You must do it yourself. 你必须自己做。
I myself did the homework last night。
昨晚是我自己做了家庭作业。
5. 含有反身代词的短语
for oneself 给(为)自己，独自 to oneself 对自己
say to oneself 心里想 talk / speak to oneself 自言自语
come to oneself 苏醒过来 absent oneself 缺席
beside oneself 失常，若狂 by oneself 独自地，单独地
of oneself 独自，自发地
考点二：指示代词和替代词
1. this, that, these, those的区别
（1）this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(those)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
This is my desk and that is yours.
In those days they could not go to school.
（2）this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。
I want to tell you this：the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.
He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.
（3）为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.
（4）this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍，that用于询问对方；this和that可以当副词用，相当于副词 so。
Can hard work change a person that much
2. one, the one, that, it的区别
易混词 含义
this 指代上文说过的事物或下文要提到的事物。代替可数名词复数用these。
that 用来指代上文提到的某一个名词，可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词，表示特指。代替可数名词复数用those(相当于the ones)，后面必须有定语。
one (复数形式是ones)只能用来指代上文提到的某一个可数名词单数，表示同名异物。其前可以有定语，其后也可以有定语。
it 指上文提到的同一个事物，也可指代前面(或后面)整句话的意思。通常还可用作形式主语或形式宾语。
The population of Shandong is larger than that of Qinghai. 山东的人口比青海的人口多。
I don’t like the blue shirt. I like the yellow one. 我不喜欢这件蓝色的衬衫。我喜欢那件黄色的。
I can’t find my hat. I don’ t know where I put it. 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪儿了。
考点三：不定代词
1. both, either, neither, , all, none, no one, nobody
Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。
He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子，都不富有。
He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子，都不富有。
2. few, a few 与 little, a little的用法
It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难，没几个人能懂。
It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难，但是有些人懂。
Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧，我身上没带什么钱。
Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。
3. other, the other, another与others的用法
(1) 指单数时的区别：若泛指用another，若特指用 the other。如：
Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。
Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
(2) 指复数时的区别：若泛指用 other(后接复数名词)，若特指用the other(后接复数名词)。如：
There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。
Where have the other students gone 其他学生都到哪里去了？
(3) others的用法：它永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”，同样
地 the others 大致相当于“the other＋复数名词”。如：
Other people [Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。
He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。
(4) another的用法：一般只能表单数，且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或 few 修饰时，
则也可接复数名词。如：
We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。
In another two weeks it’ll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。
考点四：it的用法
一、用作形式主语，替代动词不定式，动名词或从句
1. It is clear (obvious，true，possible，certain...) that...该句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语
从句，常译为＂清楚（显然，真的，可能，肯定……）＂。
It is very clear that he doesn’t like it.＝That he doesn’t like it is very clear. 很明显他不喜欢它。
2. It is said (reported/learned/believed/thought/known/told/hoped...) that...该句型中的it仍是形式主语，真正主语
是that引导的主语从句；该结构常译为＂据说（据报道，据悉……）＂。
It is reported that another satellite has been put into orbit. 据报道又一颗卫星被送入轨道。
3. It is time (about time，high time) that...该句型中that后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是从句的谓语
动词常用过去时态表示虚拟，有时也用should＋动词原形，should不能省略，常译为＂是（正是）……的
时候了＂。
It is time that children should go to bed.＝It is time that children went to bed. 孩子们该睡了。
4. It is the first (second...) time that...该句型中的that从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，
由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后
面从句则用过去完成时态，该结构中that可以省去；it有时用this/that替换，常译为＂是第一次做……＂。
It is the first time I have been here. 这是我第一次到这里来。
5. It is a pity (a shame/an honour/a good thing/a fact/a surprise/...) that...该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should＋动词原形），should可省略，表示出乎意料，常译为＂竟然＂。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。
It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！
It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！
6. It happens (seems，looks，appears) that...该句型中it是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen，
seem等词是不及物动词。
It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来他再过几天才能回来。
7. It be＋adj.(kind, nice, brave, clever, stupid...) of sb＋to do sth该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定
式的逻辑主语由of引起，句中的形容词必须是表示逻辑主语特征的形容词（即句中的形容词是修饰逻辑
主语的）。常见的形容词有bad，brave，careless，clever，cruel，foolish，good(好心的)，honest，horrible，
kind，lazy，modest，naughty，nice，polite，rude，silly，stupid，wise，wrong等。这个句型可以转换为：
sb is＋adj.＋to do sth
It is kind of you to say so.＝You are kind to say so. 你这么说真是太善良了。
8. It be＋adj.(difficult，easy，hard，important) for sb to do sth该句型与上一个同属一个句型。不定式的逻辑
主语由for引起，形容词常表示重要性、紧迫性、频繁程度、难易、安全等情况（即句中的形容词是修饰
动词不定式的）。常见的形容词有important，necessary，natural，easy，safe，common，normal，hard，difficult，
dangerous，unusual，impossible，pleasant等。
It is important for her to come to the party.＝It is important that she (should) come to the party.
对她来说，参加这次聚会很重要。
9. It takes sb some time to do sth 做某事花费某人……时间
It took me five days to solve the problem. 解决这个问题花了我五天时间。
10. It costs sb some money to do sth 做某事花费某人……钱
It will cost my father five thousand yuan to buy such a computer. 买这台电脑花了我父亲5, 000元。
11. It’s up to sb to do sth 应由某人(负责)做……
It is up to you to decide whether to take the job or not. 做不做这份工作由你决定。
12. It’s useless/(of) no use/(of) no good doing sth
该句型常译为＂做……是徒然的/没有益处的＂，句中的动名词短语是真正的主语，表语可以是no use(＝not any use)，no good(＝not any good)等。
It’s no use arguing with her. 跟她争论没有用。
二、作形式宾语
1. 用于 ＂主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语＂ 句型中：当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词或宾语
从句时，常用it作形式宾语，而往往把真正的宾语——不定式、动名词或宾语从句置于补足语之后。
I think it important that we should keep calm. 我认为我们应该保持安静，这很重要。
I feel it my duty that I should devote myself to teaching. 我感到致力于教学是我的责任。
I make it a rule that I read English every morning. 每天早晨读英语是我的习惯。
2. 用于＂主语＋及物动词＋宾语＂句型中：有些动词或短语动词不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，需要在从句前先加上形式宾语it。
①appreciate，dislike，hate，like，love，make(按时到达，成功)，have(表明，坚持说)，take(认为，猜想)，hide(隐瞒)，publish(公布)，put(表达，写出来)等。
I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon. 我认为你会很快离开上海。
The report has it that no one was to blame for the accident. 报告表明没有人要对这次事故负责。
We published it that we had finished the project ahead of time. 我们宣布我们已提前竣工了。
②answer for(承担……的后果)，count on(期待)，depend on(依靠)，insist on(坚持主张，坚决要求)，see to(确保)等。
I am counting on it that you will come. 我期待你会来。
三、it构成强调句
1. 强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。
2. 强调句型强调的成分
强调句型强调的成分：主语、宾语、状语。被强调部分指人时，用who或that皆可；指物时，只能用that；被强调部分是时间、地点，原因或方式状语时，不用when，where，why或how而用that。
It was the beautiful lady that/who I met in the hotel yesterday.
我昨天在旅馆里遇到的正是这位漂亮女士。(强调宾语)
It was in Beijing that we visited the Bird’s Nest and Water Cube.
正是在北京我们参观了鸟巢和水立方。(强调地点状语)
It is my mother who/that reminds me to get up on time every day.
每天都是我妈妈提醒我按时起床。(强调主语)
3. 对not...until结构的强调
not...until结构的强调句型为＂It is/was not until...that...＂在这一固定句型中，由于not已经前移，that后只能用肯定形式。
He didn’t go to bed until ten o’clock.→It was not until ten o’clock that he went to bed. 直到10点他才睡觉。
I didn’t realize it until I got off the bus.→It was not until I got off the bus that I realized it.
一、单句语法填空
1．It is the fact that (graduate) from British Universities are working all over the island. (给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】graduates
【详解】考查名词。句意：事实上，从英国大学毕业的毕业生们正在全岛各地工作。此处为名词作主语，graduate意为“毕业生”，结合谓语动词are working可知，此处应为名词复数形式。故填graduates。
2．She got a headache if she had to read for any (long) of time. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】length
【详解】考查名词。句意：如果她需要长时间阅读，她就会头痛。此处为名词作宾语，long的名词为length意为“（持续）时间的长短”，且为不可数名词。故填length。
3．The little boy gave his all in the game, playing without (hesitate) even when he was injured. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】hesitation
【详解】考查名词。句意：小男孩在比赛中全力以赴，即使受伤也毫不犹豫地打球。分析句子可知，“without”为介词，空格处应用名词，作宾语，“hesitate”意为“犹豫的”，形容词词性，对应的名词为“hesitation”，意为“犹豫”，为不可数名词。故填hesitation。
4．People often have different opinions on some hot issues, so it is impossible to make (assume) about people's reactions. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】assumptions
【详解】考查名词。句意：人们常常对一些热点问题有不同意见，因此不可能对人们的反应做出假设。设空处应填名词作宾语，assume的名词是assumption，因此处为泛指，使用复数形式。故填assumptions。
5．Outsiders have often overlooked the huge variety of musical (instrument) in Africa in the mistaken belief that Africans play only drums. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】instruments
【详解】考查名词。句意：外来者常常错误地认为非洲人只会打鼓，从而忽视了非洲各种各样的乐器。由musical可知，句子表示“外来者常常错误地认为非洲人只会打鼓，从而忽视了非洲各种各样的乐器”，空格处意为“乐器”，是instrument，由the huge variety of可知，此处用复数，故填instruments。
6．Today is September 10th. It’s (teacher) Day. Let’s say “Thank you” to our teachers. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】Teachers’
【详解】考查名词所有格。句意：今天是九月。今天是教师节。让我们对老师说声“谢谢”。根据“Let’s say “Thank you” to our teachers.”可知，此处指“教师节”，应用固定表达Teachers’ Day，是用复数名词的所有格形式来表示一类人的节日。故填Teachers’。
7．The meat at this (butcher) is always very fresh. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】butcher’s
【详解】考查名词所有格。句意：这家肉铺的肉总是很新鲜。在英文中，表示店铺、住宅、公共机构、公共建筑物以及教堂的名字或某人家时，名词所有格后经常不出现它所修饰的名词。at the butcher’s意思是“在肉店”。故填butcher’s。
8．The (president) attending the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】president’s
【详解】考查名词所有格。句意：总统亲自出席会议给了他们很大的鼓励。此处是动名词的复合结构one’s doing，one’s是动名词的逻辑主语，故填president’s。
9．Realizing small goals will also give you (encourage) to achieve your long-term goal. （所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】encouragement
【详解】考查名词。句意：实现小目标也会鼓励你实现长期目标。空处作宾语，应填名词encouragement“鼓励”，用作不可数名词，故填encouragement。
10．There are different (activity) in our school clubs. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】activities
【详解】考查名词复数。句意：我们学校俱乐部有不同的活动。activity“活动”是可数名词，作there be句型的主语，结合形容词different和系动词are可知，应用复数形式。故填activities。
11．It can be big headache for the working parents to find reliable childcare during the busy holiday season. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】a
【详解】考查冠词。句意：对于工作的父母来说，在繁忙的假期里找到可靠的托儿服务是一件很头疼的事情。该句为“it作形式主语，不定式短语作真正主语”结构，结合句意可知，headache指的是“一件令人头疼的事”为泛指意义，所以此处使用不定冠词，big的首个音素为辅音音素，所以使用不定冠词a。故填a。
12．It’s dangerous for a green hand like you to drive at speed of 120 kilometres an hour. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】a
【详解】考查冠词。句意：像你这样的新手以每小时120公里的速度开车是很危险的。at a speed of是固定短语，意为“以……的速度”，因此空格处用a，故填a。
13．People have tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】a
【详解】考查冠词。句意：人们总是倾向于他们感兴趣的东西。短语have a tendency to表示“倾向于”。故填a。
14．There, I would always see same elderly lady feeding the pigeons. （用适当的词填空）
【答案】the
【详解】考查冠词。句意：在那里，我总是看到同一个老太太在喂鸽子。same前需要使用定冠词the。故填the。
15．It is evident that AI will have impact on people’s lives in the future. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】an
【详解】考查冠词。句意：很明显，人工智能将在未来对人们的生活产生影响。分析句子可知，句中涉及固定短语have an impact on…，意为“对……产生影响”，空格处应用不定冠词an。故填an。
16．As consequence, children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thought or creative ideas. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】a
【详解】考查冠词。句意：因此，孩子们变得如此依赖父母，以至于他们没有独立的思考或创造性的想法。as a consequence为固定短语，意为“因此，结果”。故填a。
17．It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make real difference. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】a
【详解】考查冠词。句意：这表明急救知识可以产生真正的影响。make a(n)...difference意为“产生……影响，起……作用”，为固定搭配，空后的real发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。故填a。
18．This restaurant offers unique dining experience, combining flavors from different cultures. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】a
【详解】考查冠词。句意：这家餐厅提供独特的用餐体验，融合了不同文化的风味。experience表示“经历、体验”是可数名词，此处泛指“一种独特的用餐体验”，unique是以辅音音素开头，故填a。
19．He would rather earn honest income than bet on becoming rich overnight. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】an
【详解】考查冠词。句意：他宁愿挣一份诚实的收入，也不愿赌一夜暴富。income表示泛指，应用不定冠词修饰，且honest是以元音音素开头，故填an。
20．Army helicopters tried to evacuate injured after the earthquake. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】the
【详解】考查冠词。句意：地震后，军用直升机试图疏散伤者。“the + 形容词” 表示一类人，the injured表示“伤者；受伤的人”。根据句意，故填the。
21．Traditional Miao clothing and jewellery are recognized worldwide their high quality of craft skills and unique designs, which include hundreds of different styles. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】for
【详解】考查介词。句意：苗族传统服饰和珠宝因其高质量的工艺技能和独特的设计而享誉世界，其中包括数百种不同的风格。根据空前“are recognized”和空后“their high quality of craft skills and unique designs”可知，此处是固定搭配：be recognized for“因……而被认可”。故填for。
22．There is no better place to get delicious, filling, fun and glorious food in one of the many wet markets in Shanghai. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】than
【详解】考查介词。句意：在上海众多的湿货市场中，没有比这更好的地方可以买到美味、饱腹、有趣和美味的食物了。根据空前的There is no better place和句意可知，此处使用介词than“(用以引出比较的第二部分)比”。故填than。
23．I think she has many good qualities being beautiful. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】besides
【详解】考查介词。句意：我认为她除了长得漂亮之外，还有很多好的品质。根据句意以及分析句子结构可知，此处表示“除了……还有”，应使用介词besides。故填besides。
24．He won the badminton match the fact that he was playing with the wrong hand. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】despite
【详解】考查介词。句意：尽管他用错了手，但他还是赢得了羽毛球赛。根据句意可知，此处意为“尽管......”，且空后为名词the fact，故应用介词despite“尽管”，故填despite。
25．Live, high-detail satellite mapping could probably be used to keep tags on anybody at any time, the person’s knowledge. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】without
【详解】考查介词。句意：实时的、高细节的卫星地图可能会被用来在任何人不知情的情况下，随时对任何人保持标记。根据句意可知，句中指“在人们不知情的情况下”，随时对任何人保持标记，故空格处应用介词“without”，意为“没有”，“without one’s knowledge”表示“在某人不知情的情况下”。故填without。
26．It started with things assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten characters from zip codes. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】like
【详解】考查介词。句意：它开始于评估贷款申请的信用风险，通过阅读邮政编码中的手写字符来分类邮件。“assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten characters from zip codes”是对前面things举的例子，空格处意为“像，比如”，需填介词like。故填like。
27．76 participants different countries walked shoulder to shoulder through the performance zone in a program that greeted all the people around the world. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】from
【详解】考查介词。句意：来自不同国家的76名选手肩并肩走过表演区，向全世界人民致意。分析句子结构，主语为“76 participants ____ different countries”，其中，“76 participants”与“different countries”之间的逻辑关系是：76名选手来自于不同国家。介词from表示“来自于”。故填from。
28．However, it did not stop her from completing her college and graduate studies before becoming a white-collar worker in Shanghai, her parents’ great support. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】due to/thanks to
【详解】考查介词。句意：然而，由于父母的大力支持，这并没有妨碍她在上海完成大学和研究生学业，成为一名白领。根据上文“it did not stop her from completing her college and graduate studies before becoming a white-collar worker in Shanghai”以及下文的“great support”可知，因为父母的支持她才能完成学业。介词短语due to/thanks to，表示“因为”，后接名词。故填due to/thanks to。
29．Everybody was touched words after they heard her moving story. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】beyond
【详解】考查介词。句意:在他们听说她的感人的故事之后，每个人都被感动得难以言表。空格处在句中充当程度状语，beyond words为固定短语，意为“难以言表”。故填beyond。
30．We should adopt positive attitude failures in life. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】towards/to
【详解】考查介词。句意：我们应该以积极的态度对待生活中的失败。根据句意及空前的attitude可知，此处应填介词to/towards，表示“对……的态度”。故填towards或to。
31．Bored, Tom couldn’t concentrate what his mother was saying. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】on
【详解】考查介词。句意：无聊的汤姆无法集中注意力听他妈妈在说什么。concentrate on是固定短语，意为“专注于……”。故填on。
32． all the terrifying facts, however, some conservationists say there is still hope. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】Despite
【详解】考查介词。句意：然而，尽管有这些可怕的事实，一些自然资源保护主义者表示仍有希望。介词despite (尽管)表让步，首字母大写。故填Despite。
33．These days, many totem poles no longer exist of decay and rot. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】because
【详解】考查固定短语。句意：如今，许多图腾柱因腐烂而不复存在。because of“因为”是固定搭配，符合句意，后接名词decay and rot作宾语。故填because。
34．The total amount of packaging increased 12% between 1999 and 2005. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】by
【详解】考查介词。句意：1999年至2005年间，包装总量增长了12%。短语increase by表示“增长了”。故填by。
35．When I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back the girl, who was giving me the most optimistic, largest smile I had ever seen. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】at
【详解】考查介词。句意：当我从她爷爷奶奶那里拿钱时，我回头看了看那个女孩，她给了我我见过的最乐观、最灿烂的笑容。结合句意表达“回头看”用look back at。故填at。
36．Appearance isn’t : in the long run, people will form their opinions about us based on how we behave, not on how we look. （用适当的词填空）
【答案】everything
【详解】考查代词。句意：外表不是一切：从长远来看，人们会根据我们的行为而不是我们的外表来形成对我们的看法。空前是系动词，所以空处应填形容词，名词或者代词作表语，根据句意，此处表达“外表不是一切”之意，用代词everything。故填everything。
37．The taboos of one culture may be very different from of another. （用适当的词填空）
【答案】those
【详解】考查代词。句意：一种文化中的禁忌可能与另一种文化中的禁忌大不相同。分析句子结构可知，设空处指代上文的taboos，需用those来替代，表特指，表示“those taboos”，即“那些禁忌”。故填those。
38．“ made me feel that there were many things worth sharing in my life, and it also gave me a sense of mission,” she explains. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】It/This
【详解】考查代词。句意：她解释说：“这让我觉得在我的生命中有很多值得分享的东西，也让我有了使命感。”根据句意以及and连接的it可知，此处为代指上文一件事，用代词it或者this。出现在句首，注意首字母大写。故填It/This。
39．Instead of having to choose one or the other, we can benefit from of the approaches. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】both
【详解】考查代词。句意：我们不必二选一，两种方法都能让我们受益。分析句意可知，题干中出现了one，the other可以推测此题应该会考查关于两者之间的一些代词：either, both等。后面又出现of和复数名词approaches，可以确定填入both表示“两者都”符合语境。故填both。
40．The little boy pulled right hand out of the pocket. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】his
【详解】考查形容词性物主代词。句意：小男孩把右手从口袋里抽出来。结合句意空应处填形容词性物主代词his，作定语。故填his。
41．The difference between a man who succeeds and who does not lies only in the way each treats opportunities. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】one
【详解】考查代词。句意：一个成功的人和一个不成功的人之间的区别只在于他们对待机会的方式。空处泛指前面的a man，用代词one代指。故填one。
42．In order to keep team members positive and motivated, the team leader needs to show these qualities. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】himself
【详解】考查代词。句意：为了保持团队成员积极主动，团队领导本人应展示出这些品质。根据句意，应填入反身代词，故填himself 。
43．Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ greatly from of the past. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】those
【详解】考查代词。句意：因为装备了现代化的设施，现在的图书馆已经和过去的图书馆完全不同了。结合句意，空处需要填一个代词指代上文提到的libraries，为复数名词；空后有of the past可知，为特指。代指特指复数名词用代词those。故填those。
44．Over time, as the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so would cook more quickly. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】it/they
【详解】考查代词。句意：随着时间的推移，随着人口的增长，人们开始将食物切成小块，这样烹饪食物速度会更快。/随着时间的推移，随着人口的增长，人们开始将食物切成小块，以便更快地烹饪。空处缺少主语，空处可用it指代food，也可用they指代pieces。故填it或they。
45．I like singing my sister likes dancing. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】while
【详解】考查连词。句意：我喜欢唱歌，而我妹妹喜欢跳舞。空处应填连词，结合句意此处表示空前后两种情况的对比，意为“……而，……然而”，应用并列连词while。故填while。
46．I could have ignored him when he fell down, I stopped to help him. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】but
【详解】考查连词。句意：他摔倒时我本可以不理他，但我停下来帮了他。后文“I stopped to help him”和前文是转折关系，应用连词but连接，表示转折。故填but。
47．Office workers tried to put out the fire, it was impossible to control it. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】but
【详解】考查连词。句意：办公室工作人员试图扑灭大火，但无法控制火势。由“tried to put out the fire”和“it was impossible to control it”可知，句子表示“办公室工作人员试图扑灭大火，但无法控制火势”，前后句子是转折关系，空格处用but表转折，故填but。
48．Drug abuse has serious effects on individuals physically and mentally, the economic losses caused by drug abuse are great. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】and
【详解】考查连词。句意：毒品滥用对个人的身心影响严重，造成的经济损失巨大。根据句意可知，前后句子是并列关系，空格处用and表并列，故填and。
49．As a result of showing up, Jason took opportunities got him closer to his goal. He sent work to a student show and was accepted by Robin Rule, the owner of Rule Gallery. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】and
【详解】考查连词。句意：由于经常露面，他抓住所有机会，朝着自己的目标不断前进。他把作品寄给了一个学生展览，并被Rule画廊的老板Robin Rule接受了。分析句子可知，took opportunities和got him closer都是句子谓语，为并列关系，故用并列连词and。
50．Hotels are largely given over to rooms for individuals, “Home is thought of as a place for a family over years, hosting lots of different activities.” (用适当的词填空)
【答案】while
【详解】考查并列句连词。句意：酒店在很大程度上是给个人的房间，而“家被认为是一个家庭多年来的地方，举办许多不同的活动。”由“Hotels are”和“Home is”可知，前后两句是并列关系，表示两种情况的对比，空格处意为“而”，用while，故填while。
51．Their rich cultural heritage promotes health and well-being, both physically mentally. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】and
【详解】考查固定短语。句意：他们丰富的文化遗产促进了身心健康。这里需要用连词and连接两个并列的副词physically和mentally，both...and...意为“既……又……”，为固定短语。故填and。
52．Visitors can not only observe a wide variety of kites, traditional and modern, small and giant, also engage in kite-making workshops, art performances and experiential activities. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】but
【详解】考查连词。句意：游客不仅可以观赏各式各样的风筝，包括传统的与现代的、小的和巨型的，还能参与风筝制作工坊、艺术表演以及体验活动 。本句考查固定搭配“not only...but also...”，表示“不仅……而且”，用于连接两个并列的成分，在本句中连接两个谓语动词短语“observe a wide variety of kites”以及“engage in kite-making workshops, art performances and experiential activities”。故填but。
53．Either Tom his twin sisters are going to put on a performance tomorrow evening. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】or
【详解】考查固定短语。句意：不是汤姆就是他的双胞胎姐妹明天晚上要演出。固定短语either...or...表示“要么……要么……”，符合题意。故填or。
54．After contrasting advanced literature abstract art, I have determined to choose the latter as my optional course. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】with/and
【详解】考查介词或连词。句意：在将高级文学与抽象艺术进行对比后，我决定选择后者作为我的选修课。contrast...with/and...意为“将……与……对比”，为固定搭配。故填with/and。
55．The resultant material was to be studied by experts psychology. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】in
【详解】考查介词。句意：这种合成材料将由心理学领域的专家进行研究。根据句意及空后psychology可知，空处应用介词in表示“在某个领域中”，此处表示“在心理学领域的专家”。故填in。
56．Opportunity and challenge are two things of one issue, either of which can transform the other. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】into
【详解】考查介词。句意：机遇和挑战是一个问题的两个方面，两者都可以转化为另一个。transform into“转化为”是固定搭配。故填into。
57．The boss wishes that his sick outstanding manager could pull and come back to work as soon as possible. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】through
【详解】考查介词。句意：老板希望他生病的优秀经理能尽快恢复工作。短语pull through表示“恢复”。故填through。
58．With the Chinese New Year the corner, children are eagerly expecting the reunion dinner and other celebrations. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】around
【详解】考查介词。句意：随着中国新年的来临，孩子们正在期待团圆饭和其他庆祝活动。around the corner“即将发生”，为固定短语，本空用介词around，符合题意。故填around。
59．The old man’s voice was shaking, all his efforts to control it. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】despite
【详解】考查介词。句意：尽管竭力控制，老人的声音还是有些颤抖。空后是名词短语，此处表示“尽管”，应用介词despite，故填despite。
60．You need to find the right balance these two conflicting goals. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】 between
【详解】考查介词。句意：你需要在这两个相互冲突的目标之间找到恰当的平衡。结合后文“these two conflicting goals”可知空处需要用介词连接，表示“在……之间”，故填between。
二、语篇语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chinese medicine is an old way of healing that has been used in China for thousands of years. In recent years, the preservation of Chinese medicine 1 (become) a subject of concern due to various factors such as modernization and globalization.
Chinese medicine represents a 2 (value) aspect of the world’s medical diversity. 3 (protect) it is crucial not only for preserving China’s cultural heritage but also for contributing to global medical knowledge. Just as biodiversity is critical to ecosystems, diversity in medical practice is critical to human health.
Chinese medicine carries 4 it a deep understanding of the human body’s relationship to nature and the concept of balance between yin and yang. By safeguarding this practice, we preserve a wealth of knowledge of health, 5 can offer alternative perspectives on treatment and prevention.
In the digital age, technology can aid in the preservation and 6 (promote) of traditional Chinese medicine. Efforts should 7 (make) to create digital archives (档案) of ancient texts, medicinal recipes, and treatment methodologies. The development of applications and online platforms can facilitate the learning and the sharing of knowledge among doctors and enthusiasts worldwide.
Preserving Chinese medicine is not 8 (mere) about maintaining a medical tradition; it is about protecting a cultural legacy and ensuring the continued relevance of 9 (it) wisdom in modern healthcare. By recognizing 10 importance and integrating modern research methods, we can ensure that Chinese medicine continues to evolve and benefit humanity.
【答案】
1．has become 2．valuable 3．Protecting/To protect 4．with 5．which 6．promotion 7．be made 8．merely 9．its 10．the
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中医是一种古老的治疗方法，在中国已经使用了数千年。近年来，由于现代化和全球化等各种因素的影响，中医药的保护已经成为人们关注的话题。
1．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：近年来，由于现代化和全球化等各种因素的影响，中医药的保护已经成为人们关注的话题。根据“In recent years”（近年来）是现在完成时的标志词，现在完成时的结构为“have/has +过去分词”，主语“the preservation of Chinese medicine”是第三人称单数，助动词用 has，“become”的过去分词是“become”。故填has become。
2．考查形容词。句意：中医代表了世界医学多样性的一个有价值的方面。这里修饰名词 “aspect” 要用形容词，“value”的形容词形式是“valuable”，表示“有价值的”。故填valuable。
3．考查动名词和动词不定式。句意：保护它不仅对保护中国的文化遗产至关重要，而且对促进全球医学知识的发展也至关重要。分析句子结构，这里缺少主语，动词作主语要用动名词形式或者动词不定式形式，所以填“Protecting”或者“To protect”。故填Protecting/To protect。
4．考查动词短语。句意：中医对人体与自然的关系以及阴阳平衡的概念有着深刻的理解。“carry with”是固定搭配，表示“随身携带，带有”，这里表示中医带有对人体与自然关系以及阴阳平衡概念的深刻理解，所以此处填介词“with”。故填with。
5．考查定语从句。句意：通过保护这种做法，我们保留了丰富的健康知识，这些知识可以为治疗和预防提供不同的观点。分析句子可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是 “a wealth of knowledge of health”，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词 “which”引导。故填which。
6．考查名词。句意：在数字时代，科技可以帮助保存和推广传统中医。“and”连接两个并列的名词，“preservation”是名词“保护”，“promote”的名词形式是“promotion”，表示“推广”。故填promotion。
7．考查动词语态。句意：应该努力创建古代文本、医药配方和治疗方法的数字档案。“efforts” 与“make”之间是被动关系，即“努力应该被做出”，“should”是情态动词，含有情态动词的被动语态结构为“情态动词+ be +过去分词”，“make”的过去分词是“made”。故填be made。
8．考查副词。句意：保护中医不仅仅是维护一种医学传统；它是关于保护文化遗产，并确保其智慧在现代医疗保健中的持续相关性。由副词修饰动词可知，这里修饰动词“is”要用副词，“mere”的副词形式是“merely”，表示“仅仅，只不过”。故填merely。
9．考查代词。句意：保护中医不仅仅是维护一种医学传统；它是关于保护文化遗产，并确保其智慧在现代医疗保健中的持续相关性。这里修饰名词 “wisdom” 要用形容词性物主代词，“it”的形容词性物主代词是“its”。故填its。
10．考查冠词。句意：认识到中医药的重要性，并结合现代研究方法，我们可以确保中医药不断发展，造福人类。根据句意以及空后importance为名词可知，这里特指中医的重要性，所以用定冠词“the”。故填the。
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Traditional handicrafts are getting a new life through poverty 11 (reduce) programs in China. The Sixth China Intangible Cultural Heritage Expo (展览会) 12 (kick) off on Oct 23 in Jinan and showed several poverty-alleviation (扶贫) projects 13 used intangible cultural heritage.
14 (dress) in clothing bearing horsetail embroidery (刺绣), Song Shuixian, a national-level inheritor of the intangible heritage in Southwest China’s Guizhou province, promoted such embroidered products at the expo.
Horsetail embroidery uses horse hair and silk thread 15 raw materials. The skill of weaving (编织)horse hair with thread 16 sewing traditional patterns has been passed down for generations by the Shui ethnic group in Guizhou. “In the past, the embroidery 17 (main) appeared on aprons, but now we put them on daily clothes, handbags and notebooks to increase the embroidery’ s 18 (commerce) value and meet consumers' demand,” Song says.
The 54-year-old ethnic Shui woman started learning horsetail embroidery from her mother as a child. Since then, she has vowed to herself that she would dedicate her life to 19 (protect) the handicraft.
Following her suggestion, 20 center for protecting and inheriting horsetail embroidery was founded in Sandu last year. “Now we have a better place to train more women in the skills of horsetail embroidery,” Song says.
【答案】
11．reduction 12．kicked 13．that/which 14．Dressed 15．as 16．and 17．mainly 18．commercial 19．protecting 20．a
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国传统手工艺马尾绣通过扶贫项目焕发新生。
11．考查名词。句意：在中国，通过“减贫项目”，传统手工艺正焕发新的生机。poverty reduction programs 表示“减贫项目”，所以此处应使用 reduce的名词形式 reduction。故填 reduction。
12．考查时态和语态。句意：第六届中国非物质文化遗产展览会于10月23日在济南拉开帷幕，展示了几项利用非物质文化遗产来扶贫的项目。因为句子缺少谓语动词，所以设空处考查谓语动词的时态语态。根据句中所给出的时间状语 Oct 23 以及 and 后连接的并列动词 showed为过去式可知，设空处用一般过去时。故填 kicked。
13．考查定语从句。句意：第六届中国非物质文化遗产展览会于 10月23日在济南拉开帷幕，展示了几项利用非物质文化遗产来扶贫的项目。分析本句结构可知，此处应该使用有效连词。同时结合句意及设空后文可推知，此处考查定语从句关系词。used intangible cultural heritage 缺少主语, 且设空处关系词指代前面的 projects，应使用关系代词 that或 which。故填 that/which。
14．考查非谓语动词。句意：穿着带有马尾绣的衣服，中国西南贵州省国家级非物质文化遗产传承人宋水仙在展览会上宣传了此类刺绣。分析句子结构可知，设空处所在句子的谓语动词为promoted, 故此处应填入非谓语动词；be dressed in 表示“穿着……”，且位于句首，首字母需要大写。故填 Dressed。
15．考查介词。句意：马尾绣用马毛和丝线作原料。根据句意可知，这里考查短语 use... as...表示“把……用作……”。 故填 as。
16．考查连词。句意：用线编织马毛和缝制传统花纹的技艺在贵州水族中代代相传。分析句子结构可知，设空处前后的 weaving horse hair with thread和sewing traditional patterns 属于并列结构，缺少连词。故填 and。
17．考查副词。句意：在过去，刺绣主要出现在围裙上。根据本句的谓语动词appeared 可知，此处应该用形容词 main的副词形式修饰该动词。故填 mainly。
18．考查形容词。句意：但现在我们把它们放在日常衣服、手提包和笔记本上，以增加刺绣的商业价值，满足消费者的需求。根据句意并结合空后的名词 value可知，此处需填入 commerce的形容词，来修饰空后 value，表示“商业价值”。故填commercial。
19．考查非谓语动词。句意：从那以后，她已默默地发誓她将毕生致力于保护手工艺品。dedicate one’s life to doing sth 表示“把自己的一生奉献给……”，此处应使用protect 的动名词形式。故填 protecting。
20．考查冠词。句意：去年，在她的建议下，三都成立了一家马尾绣保护传承中心。空后 center为单数名词，此处缺少冠词修饰，且 center以辅音音素开头，应使用不定冠词a。故填a。
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A new study by researchers from the University of Toronto, Hangzhou Normal University and Harvard University has found that 21 (simple) expressing trust in young children can promote their honesty.
Conducted through 22 series of field experiments with 328 kindergarteners, the international study was intended to know whether children were less likely to cheat in a simple test of counting accuracy if the adult 23 (direct) the test had previously conveyed her trust in them. The results showed that when adults trusted children to help with small tasks, such as holding their house keys, and 24 (express) that they would trust them in the future, the children were significantly less likely to cheat on a subsequent test compared to children 25 weren’t given such trust messages.
“We were astonished by how powerful an effect a simple expression of trust had 26 children’s subsequent honesty was,” said Professor Li Zhao of Hangzhou Normal University. “It seems that even at a young age,children understand the value of trust and are willing to behave more honestly in response to feeling 27 (trust).”
Not only do the findings have important theoretical implications, but they also offer 28 (practice) guidance to help parents and educators in developing moral character from an early age. “ 29 (we) results point to the promise of using trust rather than threats or punishment 30 (develop) good qualities in children,” said Dr. Zhao.
【答案】
21．simply 22．a 23．directing 24．expressed 25．who/that 26．on/upon 27．trusted 28．practical 29．Our 30．to develop
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项新研究发现，简单地表达对幼儿的信任可以促进他们的诚实。
21．考查副词。句意：多伦多大学、杭州师范大学和哈佛大学的研究人员进行的一项新研究发现，简单地表达对幼儿的信任可以促进他们的诚实。由副词修饰动词可知，此处为副词simply“简单地”作状语修饰动词expressing。故填simply。
22．考查冠词。句意：通过对328名幼儿园儿童进行的一系列实地实验，这项国际研究旨在了解，如果指导测试的成年人事先表达了对孩子们的信任，孩子们是否更不可能在一个简单的计数准确性测试中作弊。分析句子可知，此处为固定短语a series of“一系列的”，所以此处为冠词a的填入。故填a。
23．考查非谓语动词。句意：通过对328名幼儿园儿童进行的一系列实地实验，这项国际研究旨在了解，如果指导测试的成年人事先表达了对孩子们的信任，孩子们是否更不可能在一个简单的计数准确性测试中作弊。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰the adult，the adult和direct为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式。故填directing。
24．考查动词时态。句意：结果显示，当成年人信任孩子帮助完成一些小任务，比如拿房子钥匙，并表示将来会信任他们时，与没有得到这种信任信息的孩子相比，孩子在随后的测试中作弊的可能性要低得多。所填词与该句中的trusted为并列关系，故用所给动词的过去式 expressed。故填expressed。
25．考查定语从句。句意：结果显示，当成年人信任孩子帮助完成一些小任务，比如拿房子钥匙，并表示将来会信任他们时，与没有得到这种信任信息的孩子相比，孩子在随后的测试中作弊的可能性要低得多。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词children在从句中作主语成分，所以为关系代词who/that引导。故填who/that。
26．考查介词。句意：杭州师范大学的李钊教授说：“我们惊讶地发现，一个简单的信任表达对孩子们随后的诚实有多么强大的影响。”“have an effect on/ upon...”意为“对……有影响”，为固定搭配。故填on/ upon。
27．考查非谓语动词。句意：似乎即使在很小的时候，孩子们也明白信任的价值，并且愿意表现得更诚实，以回应被信任的感觉。根据句意以及空前feel为系动词，此处表示“被信任”，应用过去分词化的形容词trusted作表语。故填trusted。
28．考查形容词。句意：这些发现不仅具有重要的理论意义，而且还为帮助父母和教育者从小培养道德品质提供了实践指导。由空后guidance为名词可知，此处为形容词practical“实践的”作定语修饰该名词，满足句意要求。故填practical。
29．考查代词。句意：我们的研究结果表明，用信任而不是威胁或惩罚来培养孩子的良好品质是有希望的。由空后results为名词可知，此处为形容词性物主代词作定语修饰该名词。故填Our。
30．考查动词不定式。句意：我们的研究结果表明，用信任而不是威胁或惩罚来培养孩子的良好品质是有希望的。“use sth. to do sth.”为固定用法，意为“用某物做某事”，所以用动词不定式to develop。故填to develop。
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chinese consumers are pursuing more personalized and flexible travel options for the National Day holiday, with significant increases 31 (see) in bookings for self-driving tours and independent travel. Both traditional cultural tours and autumn short journeys are gaining 32 (popular).
Running a week, the National Day holiday stands as the last long holiday of the year, 33 (lead) to a considerable increase in flexible scheduling by consumers. As of Sept 20, bookings of flights and hotels during the holiday both exceeded (超过) 34 (level) recorded during the same period last year, Tuniu said.
The holiday is the best time 35 (enjoy) fall foliage (秋季彩叶). Some of the most popular domestic destinations include Huangguoshu Waterfall in Guizhou province, 36 stands as the largest waterfall in Asia; Lushan Mountain as well as Huangshan Mountain in Anhui province.
Taking self-driving tours 37 (emerge) as one of the most popular modes of travel for Chinese consumers in recent years. For the National Day holiday, 38 increasing number of travelers are choosing to take high-speed trains to their destinations, and then rent cars for self-driving experiences.
39 (remarkable), more female travelers have embarked on self-driving tours. From beaches with breathtaking views 40 vast grasslands, women have been traveling further.
【答案】
31．seen 32．popularity 33．leading 34．levels 35．to enjoy 36．which 37．has emerged 38．an 39．Remarkably 40．to
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国消费者在国庆假期追求更加个性化和灵活的旅行选择，自驾游和独立旅行的预订显著增加。
31．考查非谓语动词。句意：国庆假期，中国消费者追求更加个性化和灵活的旅行选择，自驾游和独立旅行的预订显著增加。see(看得见，看到)作with复合结构中宾语补足语，是非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语increases构成被动关系，故用过去分词表被动。故填seen。
32．考查名词。句意：传统文化游和秋季短途游都越来越受欢迎。提示词作宾语，用名词popularity，表示“受欢迎”，不可数名词。故填popularity。
33．考查非谓语动词。句意：国庆假期为期一周，是一年中最后一个长假，导致消费者灵活安排的时间大幅增加。分析句子结构可知，“(lead) to a considerable increase in flexible scheduling by consumers”作结果状语，lead(导致)用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语the National Day holiday构成主动关系，故用现在分词表主动。故填leading。
34．考查名词的数。句意：截至9月20日，假期期间的航班和酒店预订量均超过了去年同期水平，途牛表示。可数名词level作宾语，意为“数量，水平”，前文没有冠词修饰，用复数形式。故填levels。
35．考查非谓语动词。句意：假期是欣赏秋季彩叶的最佳时机。名词time后常用不定式作定语；the best time to do sth.意为“做某事的最佳时机”。故填to enjoy。
36．考查定语从句。句意：一些最受欢迎的国内目的地包括贵州省的黄果树瀑布，它是亚洲最大的瀑布；还有庐山和安徽省的黄山。“ stands as the largest waterfall in Asia”为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Huangguoshu Waterfall，指物，先行词在从句中作主语，故用关系代词which引导从句。故填which。
37．考查时态。句意：近年来，自驾游已成为中国消费者最受欢迎的旅行方式之一。emerge(出现，形成)是谓语动词，结合时间状语“in recent years”可知，描述从过去持续到现在的行为，应用现在完成时，主语为动名词短语Taking self-driving tours，助动词用has。故填has emerged。
38．考查冠词。句意：国庆假期，越来越多的游客选择乘坐高铁前往目的地，然后租车自驾游。结合句意，表示“越来越多的”短语为an increasing number of。故填an。
39．考查副词。句意：值得注意的是，更多的女性旅行者开始了自驾游。提示词修饰后文整个句子，应用副词remarkably作状语，意为“不寻常地，引人注目地”；句首单词首字母要大写。故填Remarkably。
40．考查介词。句意：从风景如画的海滩到辽阔的草原，女性旅行者的脚步越走越远。from...to...为固定短语，意为“从……到……”。故填to。
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
So far, smartphones have been a jack-of-all-trades. But can you imagine that in the near future, you’ll probably be able to use them to test if milk has gone bad without even 41 (open) the container Researchers up to now 42 (develop) a new smartphone sensor to help with this. The high-tech method could one day reduce the current waste of 20% of dairy products.
43 (interest), the new sensor isn’t the world’s first non-invasive (非侵入性的) method of testing the freshness of milk. However, previous techniques either were too 44 (convenient) or only worked with transparent (透明的) and semi-transparent milk containers. The sensor, on the other hand, favors mass 45 (adopt), as it relies on the built-in vibration motor of the average smartphone.
Contrary 46 the popular belief, “best-by” and “use-by” dates can’t accurately predict 47 milk will go bad, as that depends on a series of factors. Milk 48 (keep) at correct temperatures can still be good 49 couple of days after its use-by date. However, improper conditions can cause it to go bad before the use-by date, so it makes more sense for users to check the freshness right before consumption 50 (avoid) food poisoning.
【答案】
41．opening 42．have developed 43．Interestingly 44．inconvenient 45．adoption 46．to 47．when 48．kept 49．a 50．to avoid
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是智能手机传感器在食品检测领域的新应用，特别是用于非侵入式测试牛奶新鲜度的技术。
41．考查动名词。句意：但你能想象在不久的将来，你可能不用打开容器就能用它们来检测牛奶是否变质了吗？without是介词，空格处用动名词opening作宾语，故填opening。
42．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，研究人员已经开发出一种新的智能手机传感器来帮助解决这个问题。由up to now可知，句子时态用现在完成时，主语Researchers是复数，助动词用have。故填have developed。
43．考查副词。句意：有趣的是，这种新型传感器并不是世界上第一个检测牛奶新鲜度的非侵入式方法。空格处用副词interestingly作状语，修饰整句话，interestingly意为“有趣的是”，位于句首的单词首字母大写，故填Interestingly。
44．考查形容词。句意：然而，以前的技术要么太不方便，要么只适用于透明和半透明的牛奶容器。根据语境可知，句子表示“以前的技术要么太不方便，要么只适用于透明和半透明的牛奶容器”，空格处意为“不方便”，用形容词作表语，是inconvenient。故填inconvenient。
45．考查名词。句意：另一方面，这种传感器更倾向于大规模采用，因为它依赖于普通智能手机的内置振动马达。mass是形容词，修饰名词，adopt的名词是adoption，意为“采用”，是不可数名词，故填adoption。
46．考查介词。句意：与人们普遍的看法相反，“最佳食用”和“保质期”并不能准确预测牛奶何时会变质，因为这取决于一系列因素。contrary to是固定短语，意为“和……相反”，因此空格处用介词to，故填to。
47．考查宾语从句。句意：与人们普遍的看法相反，“最佳食用”和“保质期”并不能准确预测牛奶何时会变质，因为这取决于一系列因素。空格处引导的是宾语从句，根据语境可知，句子表示““最佳食用”和“保质期”并不能准确预测牛奶何时会变质”，空格处意为“什么时候”，用when，故填when。
48．考查非谓语动词。句意：在适当温度下保存的牛奶在保质期后几天仍然是好的。句中谓语是can be，空格处用非谓语动词，Milk和keep之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此空格处用过去分词作后置定语，故填kept。
49．考查冠词。句意：在适当温度下保存的牛奶在保质期后几天仍然是好的。a couple of是固定短语，意为“几个”，因此空格处用a，故填a。
50．考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，不适当的条件会导致它在食用日期之前变质，因此用户在食用前检查新鲜度以避免食物中毒更有意义。根据语境可知，句子表示“不适当的条件会导致它在食用日期之前变质，因此用户在食用前检查新鲜度以避免食物中毒更有意义”，空格处用动词式表目的，故填to avoid。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)重难语法01 名词冠词介词代词及其它
目录
题型综述 2
解题攻略 2
考向01 名词 3
考向02 冠词 5
考向03 介词 9
考向04 代词 10
高考练场 15
高考语法填空对名词、冠词、介词和代词的考查较为灵活，需要学生在掌握基本语法知识的基础上，结合语境进行判断和运用。平时的学习中，建议多积累固定搭配和典型例句，通过大量练习提高语感和语法运用能力。
一、名词
名词的单复数形式
规则变化：如名词以 -s, -es 结尾的复数形式（e.g., books, boxes）。
不规则变化：如 man → men, child → children, mouse → mice 等。
不可数名词：如 advice, information, furniture 等，通常没有复数形式，但可以通过量词短语表达复数意义（e.g., a piece of advice, pieces of furniture）。
名词的所有格
名词所有格形式：如 Tom's book（汤姆的书），表示所属关系。
双重所有格：如 a friend of mine（我的一个朋友）。
抽象名词的具体化
抽象名词在特定语境下可以具体化，如 success（成功）→ a success（一个成功的人或事）。
二、冠词
不定冠词（a/an）的用法
表示“一个”或“一类”，用于单数可数名词前。
特殊用法：如 a university（一所大学）中，虽然 university 以元音字母开头，但发音以辅音音素开头，因此用 a。
定冠词（the）的用法
表示特指，如 the book on the table（桌上的那本书）。
用于独一无二的事物前，如 the sun, the earth。
用于乐器前，如 play the piano（弹钢琴）。
用于方位名词前，如 the east, the west。
零冠词的用法
不用冠词的情况：如抽象名词（peace, happiness）和物质名词（water, air）单独使用时；复数名词表示泛指时（e.g., dogs are loyal animals）；某些固定搭配中（e.g., go to school, at home）。
三、介词
介词的基本用法
表示时间、地点、原因、方式等。如：in the morning（在早上），at the station（在车站），because of（因为），by car（乘汽车）。
介词短语的固定搭配
动词与介词的搭配：如 look for（寻找），listen to（听），depend on（依赖）。
形容词与介词的搭配：如 interested in（对……感兴趣），good at（擅长），different from（与……不同）。
介词的辨析
易混淆的介词：如 between（两者之间）和 among（三者或以上之间）；in（在……内）和 on（在……上）。
四、代词
人称代词
主格（I, you, he, she, it, we, they）和宾格（me, you, him, her, it, us, them）的用法。
注意主格和宾格的区别，如：He loves me.（他爱我。）
物主代词
形容词性物主代词（my, your, his, her, its, our, their）和名词性物主代词（mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs）的区别。
例如：This is my book.（这是我的书）和 This book is mine.（这本书是我的）。
反身代词
表示“自己”，如 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves。
常用于强调或表示动作的主体和对象一致，如：He hurt himself.（他伤到了自己）。
不定代词
包括 some, any, none, all, both, either, neither, each, every 等。
注意它们的用法和区别，如：some（一些）用于肯定句，any（任何）用于否定句或疑问句；both（两者都）和 either（两者之一）的区别。
指示代词
包括 this, that, these, those。
注意它们的用法，如：this/that（近指/远指）；these/those（近指/远指的复数）。
一、 名词
一）、 名词的种类
专有名词 普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词
个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词
二）、 名词的数
1. 可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
情况 方法 例词
一般情况 加－s students，teachers，doc tors，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾 加－es glasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs
以辅音字母＋y结尾 变y为i再加－es families，babies，armies，bodies
以元音字母＋y结尾 加－s boys，toys，pianos，photos
以f或fe结尾 大都变f或fe为v，再加－es thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾 通常加－s radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos
有的加－es heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
【名师点睛】
①以-o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es，也可以加-s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。
②以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，再加-ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。
但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves，也可以直接加-s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。
③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctor→women doctors
(2)不规则变化
①自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children man男人→men tooth牙→teeth
foot脚，英尺→feet mouse老鼠→mice phenomenon现象→phenomena
medium传播媒介→media
②常见单复数同形的名词：
Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill.
Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked.
③合成名词的复数形式：
son-in-law → sons-in-law passer-by → passers-by story-teller → story-tellers
【名师点睛】
名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl student → girl students 但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：woman singer → women singers
2. 不可数名词
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义
success 成功 成功的人或事
pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事
beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物
comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger 危险 危险的人或因素
delight 高兴 令人高兴的事
failure 失败 失败的人或事物
surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情
shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情
pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料 coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡
chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔 hair 头发→a hair 一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
（3）“of+抽象名词”相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有importance, value, use, significance, help 等。
It’s of no practical use to me. 这对我没什么实际用途。
The work I am doing is not of much value. 我做的工作没有多大价值。
3. 表示数量的词(组)与名词的搭配
◆修饰可数的量词： a number of, the number of, many, a great/good many few , a few, several
◆修饰不可数的量词： a large amount of , huge amounts of, a great deal of, much, too much little, a little ◆两个皆可修饰的量词：some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of , quantity of
三）、 名词的格
1. -’s所有格
①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。
Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。
②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber’s在理发店 at the teacher’s在老师办公室
2. of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the content of the novel小说的内容
the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字
3. 双重所有格
指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。
a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)
二、 冠词
考点一：不定冠词
1. 与可数名词单数连用, 表示类别，泛指一类人或事物。
—I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over the keyboard.
—You shouldn’t put drinks near a computer.
2. 用来表示不确定的某一个, 相当于 a certain。
—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith
—Sorry, wrong number. There isn’t a Mr. Smith here.
3.用于数量、时间等名词前, 表示＂每一（单位）的……＂。
I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
4. 在抽象名词、物质名词前(特别是这两种名词有定语修饰时)用不定冠词, 使之意义具体化, 表示＂一种＂、
＂一件＂、＂一份＂等。
It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.我被邀请参加聚会是一种荣誉。(honour是抽象名词,an honour指一件荣誉的事)
5. 不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示＂再一，又一＂。
She didn’t like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.
她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。【名师点睛】
有些单词以元音字母开头，但读音却以辅音开头，这些单词前要用不定冠词a； 相反，有些以辅音字母开头、读音却以元音开头的单词前要用不定冠词an。如：a useful book，an hour，an honest child等。
考点二：定冠词
1. 用来特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。所特指的名词常被短语或定语从句所修饰。
Of all the reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was the most
important one.
2. 指说话的双方都知道的人或事物。
Don’t worry if you can’t come to the party. I’ll save some cake for you.
3. 复述上文中提到的事物。
There is a shelf in my father’s room. The shelfis new.
4. 用于单数可数名词之前, 表示该类事物, 相当于 a。
When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to the hotel; I can find you a bed in my flat.
5. 序数词和形容词最高级前。比较级前若表示特指时也要用定冠词 the。
The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have a third one because the second one is rather too small.
6. 用于复数姓氏之前, 表示＂夫妇＂或＂全家＂。
The Whites settled down in Canada last year.
去年怀特一家在加拿大定居。
7. 表示世界上独一无二事物的名词前。
the sun, the moon, the earth, the world
8. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词、江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河及些建筑物等名称前。
According to he World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent the spread of AIDS.
9. 定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。
Many of the injured are still in danger.
许多受伤者仍处于危险中。
the rich the poor, the old
the wounded the living the dead
10. 用在方位名词和西洋乐器名词前。
the eas 东部 play the piano 弹钢琴
考点三：零冠词
1. 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。
Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts.
偏远地区非常需要教师。
2. 称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。
Dr. Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，＂A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and
Cambridge.＂
这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们，这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。
3. 月、季、星期、节假、洲前；三餐、球类、惯用语前；学科、棋类名词前，用零冠词。
A year can be divided into four seasons — spring，summer，autumn and winter.
一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
4. no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。
There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world.
天下没有免费的午餐。
5. 在turn(变成)作表语的名词前不用冠词，但become后的可数名词作表语时前要加冠词。
He became a doctor while his brother turned teacher.
他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。
三、 介词
考点一：常用介词的基本用法
I heard a shot on (the morning of ) March 18. 三月十八日(早晨) 我听到一声枪响。
She has been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。
They worked hard through the winter. 整个冬天他们都在努力工作。
We have known each other since ten years ago. 我们十年前就认识了。
We will have learned 2000 English words by the end of this term.
到本学期结束前，我们将学了两千英语单词了。
He walked across the road carefully. 他小心地走过马路。
He walked through the forest alone. 他独自一人走过森林。
They hid themselves among the trees. 他们躲在树林中。
考点二：介词短语用法
常见的介词搭配：
1. “介词＋ 名词”型
(1) in 构成的短语
in advance 在前头，事先，预先 in case 如果，万一
in charge主管，掌管，看管 in common共有，共同，公有
in demand有需要的 in doubt 感到疑惑的，难以确定的
in effect实际上，生效 in fact事实上
in order按序，井然有序，情况良好； 恰当 in progress进行中
in return作为回报 in vain徒劳
in turn依次，替换地；相应地，转而
(2) on构成的短语
on guard 在值勤 on leave在休假
on holiday在度假 on strike罢工
on sale出售 on loan借贷
on the move在移动，搬迁；离开 on the march在行军
on the go正在活动，正在奔走 on the air正在广播
(3) beyond构成的短语
beyond one's power是某人力所不及的 beyond praise夸不胜夸
beyond one's reach够不着 beyond description难以形容
beyond words无法用语言形容 beyond doubt无疑
beyond one's understanding 无法理解
(4) under构成的短语
under development 在发展中 under observation在观察中
under test在测试中 under construction在建设中
under examination在检查(调查)中 under consideration在考虑中
under repair在修理中
(5) at 构成的短语
at length 详细地，长时间 at sea茫然
at will任意地 at work在上班
at lunch在吃午饭 at rest在休息
at table在吃饭 at school上学
at church做礼拜 at peace处于和平状态
(6) out of 构成的短语
out of breath 上气不接下气 out of balance失去平衡
out of date过时 out of patience不耐烦
out of control失去控制 out of business破产
out of style过时，不时髦 out of the ordinary不寻常的
out of touch失去联系
2． 复杂介词型
(1) 表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于，因为”。
because of：表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)；
on account of：常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素。
(2) 表示“除……之外”。
with the exception of＝ except, except for“除……之外”；
apart from (＝美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词，既可表示“除……之外”，相当于except (for), 又可以表示“除……之外，(还，也)”，相当于besides；
in addition to“除……之外(还，也)”，相当于besides。
(3) 表示“有关，关于”。
concerning=regarding“关于，就……而论，在……方面”；
with respect to“关于，就……而言”；
as for和as to用于句首时表示“至于”。
(4) 表示“在……之前”。
ahead of=in advance of，可表示“(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前，更早”， 还可表示“领先，优于”；
in front of 多指空间的前后关系，“在……前方”。
(5) 表示“支持，赞成”。
in support of 维护，支持，支援；
in favor of 可指某人“支持，赞成”，也可指事物“有利于……”
(6) 表示“鉴于，由于；根据，按照”。
in the light of 按照，考虑到 in terms of 就……而言，谈到
according to 根据；按照 in view of 鉴于，因为
(7) 表示“尽管”。
in spite of 尽管，不管
考点三：动词短语中介词
1.动词＋ away构成的短语动词有：
throw away扔掉 put away把……收拾好 give away捐赠，分发
carry away运走 run away 潜逃，跑开 go away 走开
2．动词＋ for构成的短语动词有：
answer for负责 provide for供给 all for要求
plan for打算，为……计划hope for希望，期待 ask for索取，寻找
send for派人去请 go for努力获取 pay for偿还，赔偿
3．动词＋on构成的短语动词有：
try on试穿，试验 put on穿上，上演 have on穿着，戴着
pull on穿，戴 hold on不挂断，坚持，继续 carry on继续开展，坚持
keep on继续 go on继续 get on上（车）
4．动词＋over构成的短语动词有：
come over过来 hand over移交 go over仔细检查，复习
get over克服，恢复 look over检查 think over仔细考虑
take over接受，接管 hand over 移交 turn over翻转
5．动词＋ up构成的短语动词有：
bring up抚育，培养 call up召唤，打电话给 come up走上前来，长出
cut up切碎 fix up修理 give up放弃；go up 上升，增长
grow up 长大 look up尊敬，向上看，查寻 make up虚构，弥补，组成
put up举起，搭建 set up建立，创（纪录） pick up 捡起，（开车）接某人，偶然得到
send up发射 show up 揭露，露面 turn up出现，把……调高一点
6．动词＋out构成的短语动词有：
come out出来 go out出去，熄灭 look out留神，当心
walk out走出 set out出发，开始 put out扑灭，生产
give out发出，发表 hand out分发 pick out挑选
find out找出，发现 speak out大声地说 turn out生产，结果是
get out出去，离开 carry out实行，执行 work out计算出，解决，实行，行得通
bring out出版 start out 出发，动身。
四、 代词
考点一：人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
一、 人称代词
1. 人称代词的分类和数：
2. 人称代词作主语时要用主格，作宾语时用宾格，作表语时常用宾格。
She’s my classmate.
I bought a present for him.
【名师点睛】
在强调句中人称代词的使用应该根据人称代词具体作什么成分而定。
I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.
It was I that first arrived at the airport.
二、 物主代词
1.物主代词的分类和数：
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
形容词性物主代词 my our your your his/her/its their
名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his/hers/its theirs
2. 物主代词的用法：
（1）形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动名词的前置定语，不能单独使用。
（2）名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与of连用作
后置定语，但不能单独作定语
This isn’t my shirt; mine is over there.
三、 反身代词
1. 反身代词的形式
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 myself yourself himself / herself /itself
复数 ourselves yourselves themselves
2. 反身代词常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce等动词后和by, for, to ,of 等介词后作宾语
All of them enjoyed themselves. 所有的人都玩得很好。
Help yourself to some fish. 请自己动手吃点鱼吧。
3. 反身代词有时用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语，表示身体或精神处于正常状态。
You don’t seem yourself today. 你今天好像不太好。
4. 强调用法：
反身代词在强调用法中表示强调，即用来加强某个名词或者代词的语气，可译成“亲自”、“本人”。此时，它在句中作同位语。即使去掉，也不影响句子的完整性。如：
You must do it yourself. 你必须自己做。
I myself did the homework last night。
昨晚是我自己做了家庭作业。
5. 含有反身代词的短语
for oneself 给(为)自己，独自 to oneself 对自己
say to oneself 心里想 talk / speak to oneself 自言自语
come to oneself 苏醒过来 absent oneself 缺席
beside oneself 失常，若狂 by oneself 独自地，单独地
of oneself 独自，自发地
考点二：指示代词和替代词
1. this, that, these, those的区别
（1）this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(those)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
This is my desk and that is yours.
In those days they could not go to school.
（2）this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。
I want to tell you this：the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.
He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.
（3）为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.
（4）this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍，that用于询问对方；this和that可以当副词用，相当于副词 so。
Can hard work change a person that much
2. one, the one, that, it的区别
易混词 含义
this 指代上文说过的事物或下文要提到的事物。代替可数名词复数用these。
that 用来指代上文提到的某一个名词，可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词，表示特指。代替可数名词复数用those(相当于the ones)，后面必须有定语。
one (复数形式是ones)只能用来指代上文提到的某一个可数名词单数，表示同名异物。其前可以有定语，其后也可以有定语。
it 指上文提到的同一个事物，也可指代前面(或后面)整句话的意思。通常还可用作形式主语或形式宾语。
The population of Shandong is larger than that of Qinghai. 山东的人口比青海的人口多。
I don’t like the blue shirt. I like the yellow one. 我不喜欢这件蓝色的衬衫。我喜欢那件黄色的。
I can’t find my hat. I don’ t know where I put it. 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪儿了。
考点三：不定代词
1. both, either, neither, , all, none, no one, nobody
Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。
He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子，都不富有。
He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子，都不富有。
2. few, a few 与 little, a little的用法
It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难，没几个人能懂。
It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难，但是有些人懂。
Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧，我身上没带什么钱。
Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。
3. other, the other, another与others的用法
(1) 指单数时的区别：若泛指用another，若特指用 the other。如：
Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。
Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
(2) 指复数时的区别：若泛指用 other(后接复数名词)，若特指用the other(后接复数名词)。如：
There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。
Where have the other students gone 其他学生都到哪里去了？
(3) others的用法：它永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”，同样
地 the others 大致相当于“the other＋复数名词”。如：
Other people [Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。
He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。
(4) another的用法：一般只能表单数，且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或 few 修饰时，
则也可接复数名词。如：
We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。
In another two weeks it’ll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。
考点四：it的用法
一、用作形式主语，替代动词不定式，动名词或从句
1. It is clear (obvious，true，possible，certain...) that...该句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语
从句，常译为＂清楚（显然，真的，可能，肯定……）＂。
It is very clear that he doesn’t like it.＝That he doesn’t like it is very clear. 很明显他不喜欢它。
2. It is said (reported/learned/believed/thought/known/told/hoped...) that...该句型中的it仍是形式主语，真正主语
是that引导的主语从句；该结构常译为＂据说（据报道，据悉……）＂。
It is reported that another satellite has been put into orbit. 据报道又一颗卫星被送入轨道。
3. It is time (about time，high time) that...该句型中that后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是从句的谓语
动词常用过去时态表示虚拟，有时也用should＋动词原形，should不能省略，常译为＂是（正是）……的
时候了＂。
It is time that children should go to bed.＝It is time that children went to bed. 孩子们该睡了。
4. It is the first (second...) time that...该句型中的that从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，
由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后
面从句则用过去完成时态，该结构中that可以省去；it有时用this/that替换，常译为＂是第一次做……＂。
It is the first time I have been here. 这是我第一次到这里来。
5. It is a pity (a shame/an honour/a good thing/a fact/a surprise/...) that...该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should＋动词原形），should可省略，表示出乎意料，常译为＂竟然＂。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。
It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！
It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！
6. It happens (seems，looks，appears) that...该句型中it是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen，
seem等词是不及物动词。
It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来他再过几天才能回来。
7. It be＋adj.(kind, nice, brave, clever, stupid...) of sb＋to do sth该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定
式的逻辑主语由of引起，句中的形容词必须是表示逻辑主语特征的形容词（即句中的形容词是修饰逻辑
主语的）。常见的形容词有bad，brave，careless，clever，cruel，foolish，good(好心的)，honest，horrible，
kind，lazy，modest，naughty，nice，polite，rude，silly，stupid，wise，wrong等。这个句型可以转换为：
sb is＋adj.＋to do sth
It is kind of you to say so.＝You are kind to say so. 你这么说真是太善良了。
8. It be＋adj.(difficult，easy，hard，important) for sb to do sth该句型与上一个同属一个句型。不定式的逻辑
主语由for引起，形容词常表示重要性、紧迫性、频繁程度、难易、安全等情况（即句中的形容词是修饰
动词不定式的）。常见的形容词有important，necessary，natural，easy，safe，common，normal，hard，difficult，
dangerous，unusual，impossible，pleasant等。
It is important for her to come to the party.＝It is important that she (should) come to the party.
对她来说，参加这次聚会很重要。
9. It takes sb some time to do sth 做某事花费某人……时间
It took me five days to solve the problem. 解决这个问题花了我五天时间。
10. It costs sb some money to do sth 做某事花费某人……钱
It will cost my father five thousand yuan to buy such a computer. 买这台电脑花了我父亲5, 000元。
11. It’s up to sb to do sth 应由某人(负责)做……
It is up to you to decide whether to take the job or not. 做不做这份工作由你决定。
12. It’s useless/(of) no use/(of) no good doing sth
该句型常译为＂做……是徒然的/没有益处的＂，句中的动名词短语是真正的主语，表语可以是no use(＝not any use)，no good(＝not any good)等。
It’s no use arguing with her. 跟她争论没有用。
二、作形式宾语
1. 用于 ＂主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语＂ 句型中：当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词或宾语
从句时，常用it作形式宾语，而往往把真正的宾语——不定式、动名词或宾语从句置于补足语之后。
I think it important that we should keep calm. 我认为我们应该保持安静，这很重要。
I feel it my duty that I should devote myself to teaching. 我感到致力于教学是我的责任。
I make it a rule that I read English every morning. 每天早晨读英语是我的习惯。
2. 用于＂主语＋及物动词＋宾语＂句型中：有些动词或短语动词不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，需要在从句前先加上形式宾语it。
①appreciate，dislike，hate，like，love，make(按时到达，成功)，have(表明，坚持说)，take(认为，猜想)，hide(隐瞒)，publish(公布)，put(表达，写出来)等。
I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon. 我认为你会很快离开上海。
The report has it that no one was to blame for the accident. 报告表明没有人要对这次事故负责。
We published it that we had finished the project ahead of time. 我们宣布我们已提前竣工了。
②answer for(承担……的后果)，count on(期待)，depend on(依靠)，insist on(坚持主张，坚决要求)，see to(确保)等。
I am counting on it that you will come. 我期待你会来。
三、it构成强调句
1. 强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。
2. 强调句型强调的成分
强调句型强调的成分：主语、宾语、状语。被强调部分指人时，用who或that皆可；指物时，只能用that；被强调部分是时间、地点，原因或方式状语时，不用when，where，why或how而用that。
It was the beautiful lady that/who I met in the hotel yesterday.
我昨天在旅馆里遇到的正是这位漂亮女士。(强调宾语)
It was in Beijing that we visited the Bird’s Nest and Water Cube.
正是在北京我们参观了鸟巢和水立方。(强调地点状语)
It is my mother who/that reminds me to get up on time every day.
每天都是我妈妈提醒我按时起床。(强调主语)
3. 对not...until结构的强调
not...until结构的强调句型为＂It is/was not until...that...＂在这一固定句型中，由于not已经前移，that后只能用肯定形式。
He didn’t go to bed until ten o’clock.→It was not until ten o’clock that he went to bed. 直到10点他才睡觉。
I didn’t realize it until I got off the bus.→It was not until I got off the bus that I realized it.
一、单句语法填空
1．It is the fact that (graduate) from British Universities are working all over the island. (给词的适当形式填空)
2．She got a headache if she had to read for any (long) of time. (所给词的适当形式填空)
3．The little boy gave his all in the game, playing without (hesitate) even when he was injured. (所给词的适当形式填空)
4．People often have different opinions on some hot issues, so it is impossible to make (assume) about people's reactions. (所给词的适当形式填空)
5．Outsiders have often overlooked the huge variety of musical (instrument) in Africa in the mistaken belief that Africans play only drums. (所给词的适当形式填空)
6．Today is September 10th. It’s (teacher) Day. Let’s say “Thank you” to our teachers. (所给词的适当形式填空)
7．The meat at this (butcher) is always very fresh. (所给词的适当形式填空)
8．The (president) attending the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (所给词的适当形式填空)
9．Realizing small goals will also give you (encourage) to achieve your long-term goal. （所给词的适当形式填空）
10．There are different (activity) in our school clubs. (所给词的适当形式填空)
11．It can be big headache for the working parents to find reliable childcare during the busy holiday season. (用适当的词填空)
12．It’s dangerous for a green hand like you to drive at speed of 120 kilometres an hour. (用适当的词填空)
13．People have tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in. (用适当的词填空)
14．There, I would always see same elderly lady feeding the pigeons. （用适当的词填空）
15．It is evident that AI will have impact on people’s lives in the future. (用适当的词填空)
16．As consequence, children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thought or creative ideas. (用适当的词填空)
17．It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make real difference. (所给词的适当形式填空)
18．This restaurant offers unique dining experience, combining flavors from different cultures. (用适当的词填空)
19．He would rather earn honest income than bet on becoming rich overnight. (用适当的词填空)
20．Army helicopters tried to evacuate injured after the earthquake. (用适当的词填空)
21．Traditional Miao clothing and jewellery are recognized worldwide their high quality of craft skills and unique designs, which include hundreds of different styles. (用适当的词填空)
22．There is no better place to get delicious, filling, fun and glorious food in one of the many wet markets in Shanghai. (用适当的词填空)
23．I think she has many good qualities being beautiful. (用适当的词填空)
24．He won the badminton match the fact that he was playing with the wrong hand. (用适当的词填空)
25．Live, high-detail satellite mapping could probably be used to keep tags on anybody at any time, the person’s knowledge. (用适当的词填空)
26．It started with things assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten characters from zip codes. (用适当的词填空)
27．76 participants different countries walked shoulder to shoulder through the performance zone in a program that greeted all the people around the world. (用适当的词填空)
28．However, it did not stop her from completing her college and graduate studies before becoming a white-collar worker in Shanghai, her parents’ great support. (用适当的词填空)
29．Everybody was touched words after they heard her moving story. (用适当的词填空)
30．We should adopt positive attitude failures in life. (用适当的词填空)
31．Bored, Tom couldn’t concentrate what his mother was saying. (用适当的词填空)
32． all the terrifying facts, however, some conservationists say there is still hope. (用适当的词填空)
33．These days, many totem poles no longer exist of decay and rot. (用适当的词填空)
34．The total amount of packaging increased 12% between 1999 and 2005. (用适当的词填空)
35．When I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back the girl, who was giving me the most optimistic, largest smile I had ever seen. (用适当的词填空)
36．Appearance isn’t : in the long run, people will form their opinions about us based on how we behave, not on how we look. （用适当的词填空）
37．The taboos of one culture may be very different from of another. （用适当的词填空）
38．“ made me feel that there were many things worth sharing in my life, and it also gave me a sense of mission,” she explains. (用适当的词填空)
39．Instead of having to choose one or the other, we can benefit from of the approaches. (用适当的词填空)
40．The little boy pulled right hand out of the pocket. (用适当的词填空)
41．The difference between a man who succeeds and who does not lies only in the way each treats opportunities. (用适当的词填空)
42．In order to keep team members positive and motivated, the team leader needs to show these qualities. (用适当的词填空)
43．Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ greatly from of the past. (用适当的词填空)
44．Over time, as the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so would cook more quickly. (用适当的词填空)
45．I like singing my sister likes dancing. (用适当的词填空)
46．I could have ignored him when he fell down, I stopped to help him. (用适当的词填空)
47．Office workers tried to put out the fire, it was impossible to control it. (用适当的词填空)
48．Drug abuse has serious effects on individuals physically and mentally, the economic losses caused by drug abuse are great. (用适当的词填空)
49．As a result of showing up, Jason took opportunities got him closer to his goal. He sent work to a student show and was accepted by Robin Rule, the owner of Rule Gallery. (用适当的词填空)
50．Hotels are largely given over to rooms for individuals, “Home is thought of as a place for a family over years, hosting lots of different activities.” (用适当的词填空)
51．Their rich cultural heritage promotes health and well-being, both physically mentally. (所给词的适当形式填空)
52．Visitors can not only observe a wide variety of kites, traditional and modern, small and giant, also engage in kite-making workshops, art performances and experiential activities. (用适当的词填空)
53．Either Tom his twin sisters are going to put on a performance tomorrow evening. (用适当的词填空)
54．After contrasting advanced literature abstract art, I have determined to choose the latter as my optional course. (用适当的词填空)
55．The resultant material was to be studied by experts psychology. (用适当的词填空)
56．Opportunity and challenge are two things of one issue, either of which can transform the other. (用适当的词填空)
57．The boss wishes that his sick outstanding manager could pull and come back to work as soon as possible. (用适当的词填空)
58．With the Chinese New Year the corner, children are eagerly expecting the reunion dinner and other celebrations. (用适当的词填空)
59．The old man’s voice was shaking, all his efforts to control it. (用适当的词填空)
60．You need to find the right balance these two conflicting goals. (用适当的词填空)
二、语篇语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chinese medicine is an old way of healing that has been used in China for thousands of years. In recent years, the preservation of Chinese medicine 1 (become) a subject of concern due to various factors such as modernization and globalization.
Chinese medicine represents a 2 (value) aspect of the world’s medical diversity. 3 (protect) it is crucial not only for preserving China’s cultural heritage but also for contributing to global medical knowledge. Just as biodiversity is critical to ecosystems, diversity in medical practice is critical to human health.
Chinese medicine carries 4 it a deep understanding of the human body’s relationship to nature and the concept of balance between yin and yang. By safeguarding this practice, we preserve a wealth of knowledge of health, 5 can offer alternative perspectives on treatment and prevention.
In the digital age, technology can aid in the preservation and 6 (promote) of traditional Chinese medicine. Efforts should 7 (make) to create digital archives (档案) of ancient texts, medicinal recipes, and treatment methodologies. The development of applications and online platforms can facilitate the learning and the sharing of knowledge among doctors and enthusiasts worldwide.
Preserving Chinese medicine is not 8 (mere) about maintaining a medical tradition; it is about protecting a cultural legacy and ensuring the continued relevance of 9 (it) wisdom in modern healthcare. By recognizing 10 importance and integrating modern research methods, we can ensure that Chinese medicine continues to evolve and benefit humanity.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Traditional handicrafts are getting a new life through poverty 11 (reduce) programs in China. The Sixth China Intangible Cultural Heritage Expo (展览会) 12 (kick) off on Oct 23 in Jinan and showed several poverty-alleviation (扶贫) projects 13 used intangible cultural heritage.
14 (dress) in clothing bearing horsetail embroidery (刺绣), Song Shuixian, a national-level inheritor of the intangible heritage in Southwest China’s Guizhou province, promoted such embroidered products at the expo.
Horsetail embroidery uses horse hair and silk thread 15 raw materials. The skill of weaving (编织)horse hair with thread 16 sewing traditional patterns has been passed down for generations by the Shui ethnic group in Guizhou. “In the past, the embroidery 17 (main) appeared on aprons, but now we put them on daily clothes, handbags and notebooks to increase the embroidery’ s 18 (commerce) value and meet consumers' demand,” Song says.
The 54-year-old ethnic Shui woman started learning horsetail embroidery from her mother as a child. Since then, she has vowed to herself that she would dedicate her life to 19 (protect) the handicraft.
Following her suggestion, 20 center for protecting and inheriting horsetail embroidery was founded in Sandu last year. “Now we have a better place to train more women in the skills of horsetail embroidery,” Song says.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A new study by researchers from the University of Toronto, Hangzhou Normal University and Harvard University has found that 21 (simple) expressing trust in young children can promote their honesty.
Conducted through 22 series of field experiments with 328 kindergarteners, the international study was intended to know whether children were less likely to cheat in a simple test of counting accuracy if the adult 23 (direct) the test had previously conveyed her trust in them. The results showed that when adults trusted children to help with small tasks, such as holding their house keys, and 24 (express) that they would trust them in the future, the children were significantly less likely to cheat on a subsequent test compared to children 25 weren’t given such trust messages.
“We were astonished by how powerful an effect a simple expression of trust had 26 children’s subsequent honesty was,” said Professor Li Zhao of Hangzhou Normal University. “It seems that even at a young age,children understand the value of trust and are willing to behave more honestly in response to feeling 27 (trust).”
Not only do the findings have important theoretical implications, but they also offer 28 (practice) guidance to help parents and educators in developing moral character from an early age. “ 29 (we) results point to the promise of using trust rather than threats or punishment 30 (develop) good qualities in children,” said Dr. Zhao.
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Chinese consumers are pursuing more personalized and flexible travel options for the National Day holiday, with significant increases 31 (see) in bookings for self-driving tours and independent travel. Both traditional cultural tours and autumn short journeys are gaining 32 (popular).
Running a week, the National Day holiday stands as the last long holiday of the year, 33 (lead) to a considerable increase in flexible scheduling by consumers. As of Sept 20, bookings of flights and hotels during the holiday both exceeded (超过) 34 (level) recorded during the same period last year, Tuniu said.
The holiday is the best time 35 (enjoy) fall foliage (秋季彩叶). Some of the most popular domestic destinations include Huangguoshu Waterfall in Guizhou province, 36 stands as the largest waterfall in Asia; Lushan Mountain as well as Huangshan Mountain in Anhui province.
Taking self-driving tours 37 (emerge) as one of the most popular modes of travel for Chinese consumers in recent years. For the National Day holiday, 38 increasing number of travelers are choosing to take high-speed trains to their destinations, and then rent cars for self-driving experiences.
39 (remarkable), more female travelers have embarked on self-driving tours. From beaches with breathtaking views 40 vast grasslands, women have been traveling further.
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So far, smartphones have been a jack-of-all-trades. But can you imagine that in the near future, you’ll probably be able to use them to test if milk has gone bad without even 41 (open) the container Researchers up to now 42 (develop) a new smartphone sensor to help with this. The high-tech method could one day reduce the current waste of 20% of dairy products.
43 (interest), the new sensor isn’t the world’s first non-invasive (非侵入性的) method of testing the freshness of milk. However, previous techniques either were too 44 (convenient) or only worked with transparent (透明的) and semi-transparent milk containers. The sensor, on the other hand, favors mass 45 (adopt), as it relies on the built-in vibration motor of the average smartphone.
Contrary 46 the popular belief, “best-by” and “use-by” dates can’t accurately predict 47 milk will go bad, as that depends on a series of factors. Milk 48 (keep) at correct temperatures can still be good 49 couple of days after its use-by date. However, improper conditions can cause it to go bad before the use-by date, so it makes more sense for users to check the freshness right before consumption 50 (avoid) food poisoning.
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