英语词性，基本句型和句子成分分析
词性，句子成分和基本句型是分析句子结构的基础，通过识别句子中的主语、谓语、宾语等成分以及各成分之间的修饰关系，可以更准确地理解句子的含义，对于长难句的理解尤为重要。
一. 英语十种词性
英语词类分十种，分别是：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词
名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如：boy, family，glass，friendship，courage.
代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。
如：I，my, myself, mine, something, all, same, another, one .
形容词(adj.)：修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如：good, right, white, clever .
数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。
如：one, two, three, first, second, third, hundred, million.
动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。 如：be, like, walk, write.
副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词，其他副词或整个句子,说明时间、地点、程 度等。
如：now, here, often, quietly, slowly, very, quite.
冠词(art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.
介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind, with, at .
连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before, that, whether, whatever .
感叹词：感叹词是用来表示说话时表达的喜怒哀乐等情感的词。
如Oh，Ah，Dear.
二. 英语句子成分
句子主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语。
1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，谓语动作的发出者，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句（名词性成分）表示。
练一练：划出主语并说出什么词充当的主语
1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
2. We often speak English in class.
3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.
4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
5. Smoking does harm to the health.
6. The rich should help the poor.
7. It is necessary to master a foreign language.
8. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。由动词表示。谓语的构成如下：
a、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning.
b、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
如：We are students.
练一练：找出下列句子的谓语
1. The teacher asked me to clean the classroom.
2. She must finish her homework today.
3. She looks beautiful.
4. Tom can speak English.
5. He told me how to make a chair.
3. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面，宾语一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等名词性成分充当。
练一练：划出宾语并说出什么词充当的宾语
1. They went to see an exhibition yesterday.
2. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.
3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
4. He pretended not to see me.
5. I enjoy listening to popular music.
6. I think（that）he is fit for his office.
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
4. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语及表语从句表示。
练一练：划出表语并说出什么词充当的表语
Our teacher of English is an American.
Is it yours
His hobby is playing football.
The weather has turned cold.
His job is to teach English.
The speech is exciting.
Three times seven is twenty-one
The machine must be out of order.
Time is up. The class is over.
The truth is that he has never been abroad.
5. 宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的动作或特征身份等。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
练一练：划出宾语补足语并说出什么词充当的宾语补足语
His father named him Dongming.
They painted their boat white.
Let the fresh air in.
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
We saw her entering the room.
We found everything in the lab in good order.
We will soon make our city what your city is now.
6. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下词性表示：名词，形容词，代词，分词，动名词，不定式短语，介词短语等
练一练：划出定语并说出什么词充当的定语
Guilin is a beautiful city.
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.
There are thirty women teachers in our school.
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.
He is reading an article about how to learn English.
I like the book you lent me last week.
I plan to go to the vegetable shop to buy some potatoes.
7. 同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。通常由名词或代词表示。
e.g. Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is kind to us. 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。
分析： Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语, 指同一人。
练一练：划出同位语并说出什么词充当的同位语。
1. We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
2. He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.
他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。
3. I think life itself is a learning process.
生活本身就是一个学习的过程。
8. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：副词，介词短语，不定式，分词，从句，名词
练一练：划出状语并说出什么词充当的状语。
Light travels most quickly.
Once you begin, you must continue.
Wait a minute.
He is in the room making a model plane.
He has lived in the city for ten years.
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.
状语可以分为以下几种：
How about meeting again at six （时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. （原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. （条件状语）
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. （地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old. （让步状语）
I am taller than he is. （比较状语）
三. 英语句子基本结构
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：
主谓结构 He runs quickly
主系表结构 He seems interested in the book
（常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep， become，turn等）
主谓宾结构 They found their home easily．
主谓双宾结构 He offered me his seat/his seat to me．
（带双宾语的动词有：give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等）
主谓宾补结构 They named the boy Charlie．
巩固练习
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He managed to finish the work in time.
8. Do you have anything else to say
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
11. Would you please tell me your address
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.
二. 找出下列句子的主干，并分析基本句型。
1.We always work hard at English.
2. He said he didn't come.
3. She watched her daughter playing the piano.
4. Your job today is to help the old.
5. Speaking doesn't mean doing.
6. By the time I got to the station, the train had left.
7. The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage.
8. It takes me an hour to get there.
三. 在括号中写出句子成分
1．They( ) are working（ ） on the farm（ ） now（ ）.
2．Seeing（ ）is（ ） believing （ ）
3．All of us（ ） like （ ）Kobe Bryant （ ）very much （ ）
4 .She（ ） became（ ） a doctor （ ）in 1998 （ ）
5.The book（ ） lying on the floor（ ） is（ ） mine （ ）
6 .Suddenly （ ）it（ ） began to rain （ ）
7.To catch the train ,（ ）I（ ） got up （ ）early yesterday （ ）
8.I（ ） always find（ ） her （ ）happy （ ）
9.He （ ）wonders （ ）if I （ ）still study
（ ） English （ ）
10.The letter（ ） which I received the day before yesterday（ ） was（ ） from a friend of mine （ ）
四. 分析判断下列空中所缺的词性
From there, v _________can see almost all of New York City.
Although Alice felt c _________, she still kept the air-condition on.
Please c ________our general manager if you are not satisfied with our house cleaning.
She looked h ________ at me after she knew her marks.
Walking a _______ the road, and you will be there in five minutes.
Behind his c _________face, he is truly nervous and embarrassed inside.
I believe we c________ beat the team if we take it seriously.
After t _________some stones at the old man’s window, the naughty boys r_________ away as fast as they could.
I will tell you the key to the questions a _______ you answer them yourselves.
Just i________ what will happen in ten years’ time.
Even if you have never visited New York, there is a good c _________for you to see the Empire State Building.
We s________ similar hobbies and experiences, so we become good friends.
I’m t_______ sorry for the mistakes I have made.
Tommy didn’t talk to Sarah u_______ she apologized to him.
You should apologize to your mother before she gets a _________.
I didn’t return the book in time. I _______, I brought it home and hid it in the closet.
Customers usually buy the product immediately if salesmen are s________ in persuading them to buy it.
What the teacher said was easy to follow. H_______, he repeated it so that every student can follow him.
I have not slept well s _______ I failed the exam last time.
His w_______ is to become a scientist.
提高练习
分析下列长难句并翻译
This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation.
分析：
翻译：
On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
分析：
翻译：
In looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants.
分析：
翻译：
For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need and without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.
分析：
翻译：
The careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements ( 刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
分析：
翻译：
Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself.
分析：
翻译：
Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives.
分析：
翻译：
We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able to cope with the approach of death and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death.
分析：
翻译：
Having made a choice within these limits， we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks.
分析：
翻译：
The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation's moral climate, says this ethics (伦理) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.
分析：
翻译：英语词性，基本句型和句子成分分析
词性，句子成分和基本句型是分析句子结构的基础，通过识别句子中的主语、谓语、宾语等成分以及各成分之间的修饰关系，可以更准确地理解句子的含义，对于长难句的理解尤为重要。
一. 英语十种词性
英语词类分十种，分别是：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词
名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如：boy, family，glass，friendship，courage.
代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。
如：I，my, myself, mine, something, all, same, another, one .
形容词(adj.)：修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如：good, right, white, clever .
数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。
如：one, two, three, first, second, third, hundred, million.
动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。 如：be, like, walk, write.
副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词，其他副词或整个句子,说明时间、地点、程 度等。
如：now, here, often, quietly, slowly, very, quite.
冠词(art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.
介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind, with, at .
连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before, that, whether, whatever .
感叹词：感叹词是用来表示说话时表达的喜怒哀乐等情感的词。
如Oh，Ah，Dear.
二. 英语句子成分
句子主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语。
1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，谓语动作的发出者，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句（名词性成分）表示。
练一练：划出主语并说出什么词充当的主语
1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名词做主语）
2. We often speak English in class. （代词做主语）
3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词做主语）
4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式做主语）
5. Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词做主语）
6. The rich should help the poor. （名词化形容词做主语）
7. It is necessary to master a foreign language. （It 形式主语，不定式为真正主语）
8. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句做主语）
2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。由动词表示。谓语的构成如下：
a、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning.
b、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
如：We are students.
练一练：找出下列句子的谓语
1. The teacher asked me to clean the classroom.
2. She must finish her homework today.
3. She looks beautiful.
4. Tom can speak English.
5. He told me how to make a chair.
3. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面，宾语一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等名词性成分充当。
练一练：划出宾语并说出什么词充当的宾语
1. They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （名词做宾语）
2. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （代词，动名词和名词做宾语）
3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词和名词做宾语）
4. He pretended not to see me. （不定式做宾语）
5. I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词做宾语）
6. I think（that）he is fit for his office. （宾语从句做宾语）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
4. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语及表语从句表示。
练一练：划出表语并说出什么词充当的表语
Our teacher of English is an American. （名词做表语）
Is it yours （代词做表语）
His hobby is playing football. （动名词做表语）
The weather has turned cold. （形容词做表语）
His job is to teach English. （不定式做表语）
The speech is exciting. （形容词做表语）
Three times seven is twenty-one （数词做表语）
The machine must be out of order. （介词短语做表语）
Time is up. The class is over. （副词做表语）
The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句做表语）
5. 宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的动作或特征身份等。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
练一练：划出宾语补足语并说出什么词充当的宾语补足语
His father named him Dongming. （名词做宾补）
They painted their boat white. （形容词做宾补）
Let the fresh air in. （介词做宾补）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. （不定式做宾补）
We saw her entering the room. （动名词做宾补）
We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语做宾补）
We will soon make our city what your city is now. （句子做宾补）
6. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下词性表示：名词，形容词，代词，分词，动名词，不定式短语，介词短语等
练一练：划出定语并说出什么词充当的定语
Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词做定语）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country. （分词做定语）
There are thirty women teachers in our school. （数词和名词做定语）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised. （形容词和介词短语做定语）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. （不定式做定语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词和介词短语做定语）
He is reading an article about how to learn English. （介词短语做定语）
I like the book you lent me last week. （定语从句做定语）
I plan to go to the vegetable shop to buy some potatoes. （名词做定语）
7. 同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。通常由名词或代词表示。
e.g. Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is kind to us. 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。
分析： Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语, 指同一人。
练一练：划出同位语并说出什么词充当的同位语。
1. We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. （Chinese people 为名词做we的同位语）
我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
2. He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. （名词John 为his brother的同位语）
他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。
3. I think life itself is a learning process. （反身代词itself为life的同位语）
生活本身就是一个学习的过程。
8. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：副词，介词短语，不定式，分词，从句，名词
练一练：划出状语并说出什么词充当的状语。
Light travels most quickly. （副词做状语）
Once you begin, you must continue. （状语从句做状语）
Wait a minute. （名词做状语）
He is in the room making a model plane. （分词短语做状语）
He has lived in the city for ten years. （介词短语做状语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （不定式短语做状语）
状语可以分为以下几种：
How about meeting again at six （时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. （原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. （条件状语）
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. （地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old. （让步状语）
I am taller than he is. （比较状语）
三. 英语句子基本结构
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：
主谓结构 He runs quickly
主系表结构 He seems interested in the book
（常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep， become，turn等）
主谓宾结构 They found their home easily．
主谓双宾结构 He offered me his seat/his seat to me．
（带双宾语的动词有：give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等）
主谓宾补结构 They named the boy Charlie．
巩固练习
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
主语 定语
2. He handed me the newspaper.
宾语
3. I shall answer your question after class.
谓语 状语
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
定语
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
状语 状语
6. His job is to train swimmers.
表语
7. He managed to finish the work in time.
谓语 宾语 状语
8. Do you have anything else to say
宾语 定语
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
谓语
10. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
形式主语 表语 宾语补足语
11. Would you please tell me your address
间接宾语 直接宾语
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
状语
13. He found it important to master English.
形式宾语 真正宾语
14. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
状语， 状语
15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.
状语 状语
二. 找出下列句子的主干，并分析基本句型。
1.We always work hard at English.
主 谓
2. He said he didn't come.
主谓宾
5. She watched her daughter playing the piano.
主谓宾宾补
6. Your job today is to help the old.
主系表
7. Speaking doesn't mean doing.
主谓宾
8. By the time I got to the station, the train had left.
主谓
9. The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage.
主谓宾宾
10. It takes me an hour to get there.
主谓宾宾
三. 在括号中写出句子成分
1．They( 主 ) are working（ 谓 ） on the farm（ 状 ） now（ 状 ）.
2．Seeing（ 主 ）is（ 系动词 ） believing （ 表 ）
3．All of us（ 主 ） like （ 谓 ）Kobe Bryant （ 宾 ）very much （ 状 ）
4 .She（ 主 ） became（ 系动词 ） a doctor （ 表 ）in 1998 （ 状 ）
5.The book（ 主 ） lying on the floor（ 定 ） is（ 系动词 ） mine （ 表 ）
6 .Suddenly （ 状 ）it（ 主 ） began to rain （ 谓 ）
7.To catch the train ,（ 状 ）I（ 主 ） got up （ 谓 ）early yesterday （ 状 ）
8.I（ 主 ） always find（ 谓 ） her （ 宾 ）happy （ 宾补 ）
9.He （ 主 ）wonders （ 谓 ）if I （ 主 ）still study
（ 谓 ） English （ 宾 ）
10.The letter（ 主 ） which I received the day before yesterday（ 定 ） was（ 系动词 ） from a friend of mine （ 表 ）
四. 分析判断下列空中所缺的词性
From there, v _________can see almost all of New York City. 名词(visitors)
Although Alice felt c _________, she still kept the air-condition on. 形容词(cold)
Please c ________our general manager if you are not satisfied with our house cleaning. 动词（contact）
She looked h ________ at me after she knew her marks. 副词（happily）
Walking a _______ the road, and you will be there in five minutes. 介词（along）
Behind his c _________face, he is truly nervous and embarrassed inside. 形容词（calm）
I believe we c________ beat the team if we take it seriously. 情态动词 （can）
After t _________some stones at the old man’s window, the naughty boys r_________ away as fast as they could. 动词（threw）, 动词（ran）
I will tell you the key to the questions a _______ you answer them yourselves. 连词(after)
Just i________ what will happen in ten years’ time. 动词（imagine）
Even if you have never visited New York, there is a good c _________for you to see the Empire State Building. 名词 (chance)
We s________ similar hobbies and experiences, so we become good friends. 动词（share）
I’m t_______ sorry for the mistakes I have made. 副词（truly）
Tommy didn’t talk to Sarah u_______ she apologized to him. 连词(until)
You should apologize to your mother before she gets a _________. 形容词（angry）
I didn’t return the book in time. I _______, I brought it home and hid it in the closet. 副词 （instead）
Customers usually buy the product immediately if salesmen are s________ in persuading them to buy it. 形容词(successful)
What the teacher said was easy to follow. H_______, he repeated it so that every student can follow him. 副词 （however）
I have not slept well s _______ I failed the exam last time. 连词(since)
His w_______ is to become a scientist. 名词（wish）
提高练习
分析下列长难句并翻译
This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation.
分析：主句的主干是This means that, that引导一个宾语从句;based on是过去分词短语作状语,。
翻译：这意味着我们在不断的评估和分析的心理过程的基础上,让自己的行为去配合别人的行为。
On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
分析：主句为he loses his enthusiasm and desire…, if引导了一个条件状语从句；on the other hand及though都是插入成分;不定式to find out...作定语,修饰desire。
翻译：但是另一方面,如果小孩受到过多冷落或是没有任何学习的机会,他将会丧失对生活的热情和自己寻找新鲜事物的欲望。
In looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants.
分析： 主句主干为America understands…..；in looking at….and at…是全句的方式状语；第一个that引导的是宾语从句作understands的宾语; 第二个that引导的是定语从句修饰policies。
翻译：通过观察出生率上涨和人口迁移的地区,美国人懂得增加雇员人数意味着促进为更多的少数民族人口、妇女和移民提供技能培训的政策出台。
For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need and without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.
分析：主句结构为reading newspapers demands skills and self-awareness, for引导介宾短语作原因状语。which引导非限定性定语从句对主句的主语加以进一步解释,是第一层从句;what引导宾从句,是第二层从句;as引导全句的时间状语。
翻译：由于这些原因,有效地读报--在不浪费时间又不错过你所需内容的前提下从报纸上获取你想要的信息——要求你在调整和运用这些阅读技巧时能够发挥自我意识。
The careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements ( 刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
分析：此句主句为the use of small monetary sparks creativity; suggesting引导的是主句的状语；that 引导suggest的宾语从句，accordingto引导全句的状语。
翻译：根据六月号的《个性与社会心理学学报》中的一项研究:谨慎地使用小额奖金能激发学校孩子的创造性,这就表明适当地加以激励确实有助于开发创造性。
Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself.
分析：主句的主干是Noisy confrontations have become...； so…that…引导的是结果状语从句; as much as引导比较结构, 将noisy confrontations与the pursuit of foxes相比。
翻译：捕猎者与阻拦者间的激烈冲突已十分普遍,这一现象如追猎狐狸本身一样几乎成为打猎的一个部分。
Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives.
分析：句的主干为Young athletes can learn--；for example为插入语;how和后面并列的三个不定式充当learn的宾语,that引导的定语从句修饰skills。
翻译：举例来说,年轻的运动员会学习到如何与他人合作,结交朋友,并获得受益终生的其他社交技能。
We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able to cope with the approach of death and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death.
分析：主句的主干是We found out,其后跟的是一个由that引导的宾语从句,是第一层从句,其主要结构是:patients were able to…and to…, 两个并列的不定式充当表语; who引导的定语从句修饰patients, 是第二层从句。
翻译：我们发现,被公开坦诚地告知病情的病人更能坦然地迎接死亡的来临,并能在生命结束之前接受这一现实。
Having made a choice within these limits， we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks.
分析：这是一个并列复合句。第一个分句的主干是we can have-..,having made a choice within these limits充当原因状语;第二个分句的主干是we tend to...，apart from引导状语；what引导宾语从句;两个分句由表转折的连词but连接。
翻译：在这些限定的范围内做了一番选择后,我们可以做某些改动,不过除了一些较小的调整之外,我们还是会受限于商店货架上所摆放的东西。
The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation's moral climate, says this ethics (伦理) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.
分析：句子主干为the fact is reason…; 前一个that引导的是the fact的同位语从句; says this ethics…是插入语; 后一个that引导的是hope的宾语从句。
翻译：芝加哥大学的这位伦理学教授说,普通市民开始认真思考国家的道德风气这一事实让我们有理由憧憬,出现的新观念将改善目前的道德状况。
