专题02 阅读理解之主旨大意题
目录
01考情透视·目标导航 2
02知识导图·思维引航 3
03考点突破·考向探究 4
考点一 考查总结文章标题 4
【真题研析】 4
【核心精讲】 6
【命题预测】 7
考点二 考查文章大意题 9
【真题研析】 9
【核心精讲】 12
【命题预测】 13
考点三 考查段落大意题 15
【真题研析】 15
【核心精讲】 17
【命题预测】 18
04 重难点突破 主旨要义题的解题关键 19
阅读理解之主旨大意题
考点 目标要求 年份 卷别 考题统计 考情分析
主旨大意题 考查着眼于文章整体，归纳、总结文章标题、大意及段落大意的能力 2024 新高考I卷 26 从近三年高考试题来看，主旨大意题主要集中考查：文章标题、文章大意；段落大意。 主旨大意题在高考中出现次数稳定，通常1-2题。说明文和议论文的主题句多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。记叙文多在文章末尾点题，但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，需要考生在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。 预计在2025年高考主旨大意题仍然有1-2题。
新高考II卷 31
全国甲卷 27
浙江卷1月 35
2023 新高考I卷 32
新高考II卷 27
全国甲卷
全国乙卷 32
浙江卷1月 27、35
2022 新高考I卷 32
新高考II卷 31
全国甲卷 27、31、32
全国乙卷 31
考点一 考查总结文章标题
1. (2024全国甲卷B篇)
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals（声音）that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators（食肉动物）. Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
27. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
(一)理解标题的三大特点：1. 概括性——准确而又简短；2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)确定文章标题：1. 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，看哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2. 反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3. 研读、比较四个选项：研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等。
2.（2024年1月浙江高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Later, the Better D．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
3.(2023年1月·浙江卷·阅读理解D篇)
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D．Solar Farms: A New Development
通过文章的主题句总结概括文章标题：
本文主题句放在文章的末尾，先摆出事实细节，最后总结, 从而得出结论, 要求考生耐心地读完全文。
有时主题句首尾呼应，开篇先提出主题，结尾再次升华主题。
总结文章标题解题指导
标题归纳题要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。标题是文章中心思想的精练表达。此类题目主要考查考生把握主题和理解中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。
1.文章标题类设问方式
·The best title of the passage is ________.
·Which of the following is the best title of the passage
·What would be the best title for the passage
·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.
2.文章标题的特点
①概括性：能概括全文并体现文章的主旨；
②针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；
③新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；
④精准性：不改变原文的意思和感彩
⑤简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
3.错误选项的特点
①断章取义(仅为文中一细节)；②以偏概全；③离题太远
4.解题技巧：
关键词法 反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词
主题句法 根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题
串联法 分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题
逆向法 根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项
5.思维方法：
要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。
① 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
② 反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；
③ 研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。
1.（2025·安徽省皖南八校高三第二次大联考）
Researchers studied nearly 450 grassy structures built over two years by white-browed sparrow weavers (肯尼亚织雀) living in the Kalahari Desert in South Africa.
“Experiments show that inexperienced male birds will watch familiar males choosing nest- building materials and then use that information to adjust their own choices. For example, they preferred a pink tape before, rather than an orange one, but they will prefer the orange one if they see others using it,” says Maria Cristina Tello-Ramos, a researcher.
This bird species builds grass structures that serve two purposes: They can be turned into a safe spot to hatch eggs, but they’re also shelters where birds can safely rest inside at night. Birds shape grass into a tube, which ends up being shaped basically like an upside- down letter “U”.
To learn more, Maria and her coworkers measured every single structure built by 43 family groups over two seasons. They analyzed everything from the length of the tubes to the tubes’ width to the angle between the U-shaped tubes’ “arms”. They intended to see what might account for the observed differences, carefully considering factors like temperatures, wind speed, and the number of birds in each family. They couldn’t find any explanation for why the birds were building such different structures. “And since it’s known that these birds are highly social,” says Tello-Ramos, “it seems probable that family members are just copying each other, creating a culture of nest-building that gets passed down again and again and again.”
Sometimes a family will take an outsider under their wing and let it join the group. “What I found most fascinating was the fact that when a new sparrow weaver joins the group, it doesn’t bring the cultural transmission of its old group,” says Catherine Sheard, a biologist. “That wouldn’t have been what I predicted.”
31．What is the best title for the text
A．Colorful Nests Are a Fashion for Birds B．Tradition Lies in nest-building Materials
C．Birds Build Their Culture into Their Nests D．Nest-Building Reflects Birds’ Gender
2.（2025·湘豫名校联考）
Take a walk down any major beach and it likely won’t be long before you see some abandoned rubbish, which eventually makes their way into the ocean where it degrades over decades or even centuries. For the most part, spotting all that garbage still requires eyes and a fair deal of walking. But that could one day change thanks to a new satellite imaging technique.
A team developed a new tool that highlights unique spectral characters in plastics, which could accurately identify plastic items on beaches and tell them from sand, water, and plants.
Satellite imagery has, for years, been used to help scientists identify plastics floating in the ocean. This process works relatively well for identifying large pieces of plastic in the water, but it’s far less effective at spotting plastics on beaches. Coastal plastics often mix in or is partially buried by sand which makes spotting it much more difficult.
The team created a new spectral index, the Beached Plastic Debris Index (BPDI), which looks for patterns of reflected light from plastics. To test their new tool, the researchers collected various types of plastic trash that would likely be found on a beach. They finally settled on 14 different plastic targets and placed them 3.7 meters apart from each other on a beach in Victoria, Australia.
Once the plastics were in place, the satellite flew far overhead and took a series of photos. Researchers applied their index to the images and compared them to three other already-developed indices intended for detecting plastics, two for plastics on land and one for objects floating in the ocean. The BPDI index well outperformed the other three indices in terms of accuracy. The other three generally struggled to identify plastics and, in some cases, would even misidentify shadows as trash. Still, the BPDI index wasn’t perfect. In particular, the study notes it was difficult to identify transparent and translucent polymers like plastic water bottles and bags.
Looking to the future, the researchers want to move these findings out of limited test environments and into the real world. That could mean partnering with other organizations specializing in coastal plastic removal to use their satellite imagery technique.
15．What can be the best title for the text
A．The Beached Plastic Debris Index
B．A New Technique for Identifying Plastics on Beaches
C．A New Tool to Identify New Light Spectrum
D．New Satellite Techniques for Ocean Exploration
考点二 考查文章大意题
1.(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) C篇
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
11. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
本文的文章大意需要从文中各段进行总结，最后总结概括文章大意。
文章在不同的段落里说明了巴比伦微型农场的特点：减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等，很显然这都是农场的优势。故A选项正确。它是对全文的高度概括，语言精练。
2.（2023年1月·浙江卷·阅读理解B 篇）
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
27．What is the text mainly about
A．How to get on well with other family members.
B．How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D．How to control the budget when buying groceries.
记叙文的文章大意：纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历,主旨就在文首。
本题是一篇记叙文，文章大意需要归纳总结文中的主要内容。
3.（2020·全国新课标II·阅读理解B 篇）
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
27．What is the text mainly about
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program.
科研报告或调查报告：反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，内容主要包括“科研实验 结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分,文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段,且常伴有 according to a study, a study showed/proved, this is suggested by the results of new research on, scientists recently reported, a study claimed 等。
文章大意解题指导
1.解题思路
2. 文章大意类设问方式
·What's the main idea/point of the passage
·The passage is mainly about ________.
·The passage is mainly concerned about ________.
·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage
·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage
·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
3.解题技巧：
方法1：主题句法
解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
转折词 如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。
总结词 如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。
疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。
方法2：高频词法
全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
方法3：逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。
1.（2025·四川省攀枝花市高三统考）
If you recently had trouble figuring out if an image of a person is real or generated through artificial intelligence (AI), you’re not alone. According to a new study from University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, researchers found that people had more difficulty than was expected distinguishing who is a real person and who is artificially generated.
The Waterloo study saw 260 participants provided with 20 unlabeled pictures: 10 of which were of real people obtained from Google searches, and the other 10 generated by Stable Diffusion or DALL-E, two commonly used AI programs that generate images.
Participants were asked to label each image as real or AI-generated and explain why they made their decision. Only 61% of participants could tell the difference between AI-generated people and real ones, far below the 85% threshold (门槛) that researchers expected. “People are not as adept at telling the difference as they think they are,” said Andrea Pocol, a PhD candidate in Computer Science at the University of Waterloo.
Participants paid attention to details such as fingers, teeth, and eyes as possible indicators when looking for AI-generated content — but their assessments weren’t always correct. Pocol noted that the nature of the study allowed participants to compare photos in detail, while most Internet users look at images in passing. “People who are just scrolling through online information in a rush or don’t have time won’t pick up on these clues,” Pocol said.
Pocol added that the extremely rapid rate at which AI technology is developing makes it particularly difficult to understand the potential for ill-intentioned or illegal action caused by AI-generated images. The pace of academic research and law-making isn’t often able to keep up:AI-generated images have become even more realistic since the study began in late 2022.
“Disinformation isn’t new, but the tools of disinformation have been constantly evolving and progressing,” Pocol said. “It may get to a point where people, no matter how trained they are, will still struggle to distinguish real images from false ones. That’s why we need to develop tools to identify and prevent this.”
11．What is the text mainly about
A．Methods of distinguishing disinformation. B．Challenges caused by AI-generated images.
C．Difficulties in telling AI-generated images. D．Differences between real and false images.
2.（2025·湖南省郴州市高三统考）
Some scientists fear researchers are misusing ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence(AI)chatbots to produce scientific literature, citing a rise in questionable AI words in published papers. Some of these remarks — such as the careless inclusion of “certainly, here is a possible introduction for your topic” in a recent paper from Elsevier Inc.’s Surfaces and Interfaces — are reasonably obvious evidence that a scientist used an AI chatbot known as a large language model(LLM). But “that’s probably only the tip of the iceberg,” says Elisabeth Bik. A representative of Elsevier Inc. told SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN that the publisher regrets the situation and is investigating how the paper could have “slipped through” the evaluation process.
LLMs are designed to generate text, but what they produce may or may not be accurate. “The problem is that these tools are not good enough yet to trust,” Bik says. They’ll be in what computer scientists call hallucinations: simply put, they make stuff up. “Specifically, for scientific papers,” Bik notes, an AI “will generate references that don’t exist.” So if scientists place too much anaclisis in LLMs, study authors risk putting AI-produced mistakes into their work, mixing more potential for error into the already messy reality of scientific publishing.
Andrew Gray, a librarian and researcher at University College London, recently hunted for AI buzzwords(流行语)in scientific papers using Dimensions, a data-analytics platform that its developers say tracks more than 140 million papers worldwide. He searched for words improperly used by chatbots, such as “intricate” “meticulous” and “commendable”. These indicator words, he says, show the problem more clearly than any “giveaway” AI phrase a careless author might copy into a paper. At least60,000 papers — slightly more than 1 percent of all scientific articles published globally last year— may have used an LLM, according to Gray’ s analysis. Other studies that focused specifically on subsections of science suggest even more reliance on LLMs. One such investigation found that up to 17.5 percent of recent computer science papers exhibit signs of AI writing.
15．What is the main idea of the text
A．The development of large language models in recent years.
B．The rise of AI chatbots in scientific literature is uncontrollable.
C．The potential risks of relying on AI chatbots for scientific literature.
D．The publishers are responsible for the misuse of AI chatbots in literature.
考点三 考查段落大意题
1.(2024新课标I卷)B篇 26题
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
记叙文往往没有明显的主题句，因为记叙文以记叙和描述性的语言讲述人和物的故事，所以，在总结段意时，我们要从字里行间中体会、感悟作者的意图，总结出段落大意。
2.（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇节选）
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
( )32.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式。
3.（2023·1月浙江卷·阅读理解C篇节选）
Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that’s why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.
31．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.
B．The human brain has potential yet to be developed.
C．Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.
D．Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
段落大意题解题指导
1.整体思路
2.段落大意类设问方式
·What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...
·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
·The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1
·What is the first paragraph mainly about
3.解题技巧：
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。
1.（2025·山西省长治市高三月考）
The sustainable village of the future, if Martina Waldemar and Joao Almeida have any say about it, will have solar panels, earthen buildings, and a form of regenerative agriculture that copies nature to produce climate-friendly food. The field hands who work there will earn wages well above what’s standard for this rural area of Portugal. There will be coworking space with fast internet. “The life can be easy,” Mr. Almeida says of his family’s project, which they call Gandum Village.
12．What does Paragraph 1 focus on
A．All jobs will be carried out remotely. B．A sustainable life can be enjoyable.
C．Climate is friendly to agriculture. D．Eco-friendly villages need high-paid farmers.
2.（2025·湖南省郴州市高三统考）
Demand for nickel to make electric vehicle (EV) batteries is forecast to double to more than 6 million tonnes (吨) per year by 2040. Yet mining and refining it is environmentally destructive and, depending on where and how it is produced, mining a tonne of nickel generates between 10 and 59 tonnes of CO2. Phytomining for nickel avoids these problems.
10．What does paragraph 3 mainly want to tell us
A．The great need for nickel.
B．The main reasons for phytomining.
C．The practical application of phytomining.
D．The disadvantages of conventional mining.
3.（2025·河北省省级联考）
Most companies working on AI, including ChatGPT maker OpenAI, don’t disclose their emissions. But, last week, Google released a new sustainability report. Deep within the 86-page report, Google said its greenhouse gas emissions rose last year by 48% since 2019. It owes that rise to its data center energy consumption and supply chain emissions.
28．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3
A．AI’s great demand for energy. B．AI’s scientific improvement.
C．The powerful function of AI. D．The complicated operation of AI.
04重难点突破 主旨要义的解题关键
主旨要义题重难点突破：
1．命题规律：主旨大意题旨在考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力，是阅读理解中的高难度题，一定要把它作为最后一道题来做。概括全文大意最简单的方法就是把每段的大意串起来考虑。
2．考查类型：主要考查文章标题、段落大意题、文章大意题。
3．考查趋势：主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中的必考点，每年必考，一般考查1——2题。
4．选项特点：
正确选项特征
概括性 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段
覆盖性 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小
精确性 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩
模糊性 不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词
干扰选项特征
主题扩大 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反
偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上
5．解题技巧：
文章大意题找主题句的技巧：
①段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
②首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
③作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
④ 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
段落首尾兼顾法寻找主题句：
①段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。
②段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。
③无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。
标题归纳题找主题句
①概括性：概括全文，体现主旨；
②针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；
③新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；
④简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
1.（2025·河北省省级联考）
A newly engineered type of soil can draw water out of thin air to provide plants with water and manage controlled release of fertilizer (肥料) for a constant supply of nutrients.
Supporting this exciting smart soil system is a hydrogel (水凝胶) material. In experiments, the soil containing hydrogel led to the growth of larger, healthier plants, compared to regular soil, all while using less water and fertilizer. The technology is also universal enough to be adopted across a wide range of climates, from dry regions to temperate areas.
Agriculture today accounts for 70% of global freshwater withdrawals and up to 95% in some developing countries as our global population continues to rise. The U. N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) emphasizes the importance of improving irrigation (灌溉) efficiency, adopting water-saving technologies and promoting crops with lower water footprints to ensure sustainable food production and water resource management.
Meanwhile, traditional farming methods, especially irrigation and fertilizing, face significant difficulties. As climate change intensifies and water resources become increasingly rare, the need for more efficient and sustainable irrigation practices has never been more urgent. Additionally, conventional fertilization techniques often result in too much nutrient exposure, reducing nutrient uptake efficiency and causing environmental pollution, and farmable land degradation.
“The lack of water coupled with a growing population has an immediate impact on food security,” said Yu, professor of Materials Science in the Cockrell School. “This new class of hydrogels offers a solution to meet the pressing needs of water and efficient nutrient uptake in modern sustainable agriculture.”
In experiments, plants rooted in the hydrogel soil saw a 138% increase in crop length compared to a control group in regular soil. And the improved soil can achieve 40% water savings, significantly reducing the need for frequent irrigation and ensuring strong crop development.
This research builds on previous discoveries involving hydrogels that can pull water from the atmosphere and make farming more efficient. The project will continue, and the researchers’ next moves involve integrating different types of fertilizers and longer field tests.
35．What can be the best title for the text
A．Smart Soil Can Water and Feed Itself
B．Hydrogel Will Take the Place of Soil
C．Modern Agriculture Is Facing Drought
D．Smart Soil Is Approved for Promotion
2.（2025·四川省绵阳市涪城区绵阳中学二模）
Confirmation bias refers to people’s tendency to seek out information that supports their existing beliefs. While it’s usually subconscious, its impacts are significant. It can cloud people’s judgement and decision-making processes.
One explanation for confirmation bias is that it is an efficient way to process information. Humans are constantly fed with information and cannot possibly take the time to carefully process each piece. It is adaptive for humans to rely on subconscious, automatic judgements that contribute to the efficiency. Another reason why people show confirmation bias is to protect their self-worth. People like to feel good about themselves, and discovering a belief they highly value is incorrect makes them feel bad about themselves. Therefore, confirmation bias will encourage them to disregard the information contrary to their belief.
Researches show that confirmation bias is strong and widespread. In studies examining my-side bias, people were able to generate and remember more reasons supporting their side of a controversial issue than the opposing side. Only when a researcher directly asked people to generate arguments against their own beliefs were they able to do so. It is not that people are incapable of generating arguments that are contrary to their beliefs, but, rather, people are not motivated to do so.
Confirmation bias also surfaces in interpersonal communication. When interacting with people who perceivers think have certain personalities, the perceivers will ask questions that are biased toward supporting the perceivers’ beliefs. If a new roommate is expected to be friendly and outgoing, Maria may ask her if she likes to go to parties rather than asking if she often studies in the library.
Confirmation bias may lead to incomplete and misinterpreted understanding of an issue or topic, as crucial information may be overlooked or dismissed. Thus, to avoid it, people are supposed to diversify the sources of information accessed as seeking multiple perspectives brings a broader understanding of the subject matter and allows for well-rounded decision-making. Another way is to actively challenge the bias by questioning assumptions and relying on evidence rather than personal opinions, which helps us consciously recognize informational biases and minimize their impact.
15．What is the passage mainly about
A．The role of my-side bias in enhancing people’s own beliefs.
B．The effects of information overload on decision-making process.
C．The impact of confirmation bias on interpersonal communication.
D．Understanding of confirmation bias and strategies to overcome it.
3.（2025·四川省绵阳市涪城区绵阳中学二模）
Indeed, the demonstration seemed impressive. When Cook pointed the camera at a restaurant, the AI assistant Siri could tell him what was on the menu. It also could answer his questions fairly well and learn about the users from their interactions with their devices. For instance, Siri could know if a user’s mother was calling and acted appropriately.
8．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．The Glowtime event. B．iPhone 16’s AI features.
C．Tim Cook’s performance. D．The future of AI phones.
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)专题02 阅读理解之主旨大意题
目录
01考情透视·目标导航 2
02知识导图·思维引航 3
03考点突破·考向探究 4
考点一 考查总结文章标题 4
【真题研析】 4
【核心精讲】 7
【命题预测】 8
考点二 考查文章大意题 10
【真题研析】 10
【核心精讲】 14
【命题预测】 16
考点三 考查段落大意题 18
【真题研析】 18
【核心精讲】 20
【命题预测】 21
04 重难点突破 主旨要义题的解题关键 23
阅读理解之主旨大意题
考点 目标要求 年份 卷别 考题统计 考情分析
主旨大意题 考查着眼于文章整体，归纳、总结文章标题、大意及段落大意的能力 2024 新高考I卷 26 从近三年高考试题来看，主旨大意题主要集中考查：文章标题、文章大意；段落大意。 主旨大意题在高考中出现次数稳定，通常1-2题。说明文和议论文的主题句多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。记叙文多在文章末尾点题，但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，需要考生在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。 预计在2025年高考主旨大意题仍然有1-2题。
新高考II卷 31
全国甲卷 27
浙江卷1月 35
2023 新高考I卷 32
新高考II卷 27
全国甲卷
全国乙卷 32
浙江卷1月 27、35
2022 新高考I卷 32
新高考II卷 31
全国甲卷 27、31、32
全国乙卷 31
考点一 考查总结文章标题
1. (2024全国甲卷B篇)
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals（声音）that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators（食肉动物）. Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
27. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。
(一)理解标题的三大特点：1. 概括性——准确而又简短；2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)确定文章标题：1. 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，看哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2. 反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3. 研读、比较四个选项：研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等。
2.（2024年1月浙江高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Later, the Better D．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
3.(2023年1月·浙江卷·阅读理解D篇)
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D．Solar Farms: A New Development
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D。
通过文章的主题句总结概括文章标题：
本文主题句放在文章的末尾，先摆出事实细节，最后总结, 从而得出结论, 要求考生耐心地读完全文。
有时主题句首尾呼应，开篇先提出主题，结尾再次升华主题。
总结文章标题解题指导
标题归纳题要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。标题是文章中心思想的精练表达。此类题目主要考查考生把握主题和理解中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。
1.文章标题类设问方式
·The best title of the passage is ________.
·Which of the following is the best title of the passage
·What would be the best title for the passage
·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.
2.文章标题的特点
①概括性：能概括全文并体现文章的主旨；
②针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；
③新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；
④精准性：不改变原文的意思和感彩
⑤简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
3.错误选项的特点
①断章取义(仅为文中一细节)；②以偏概全；③离题太远
4.解题技巧：
关键词法 反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词
主题句法 根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题
串联法 分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题
逆向法 根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项
5.思维方法：
要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。
① 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
② 反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；
③ 研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。
1.（2025·安徽省皖南八校高三第二次大联考）
Researchers studied nearly 450 grassy structures built over two years by white-browed sparrow weavers (肯尼亚织雀) living in the Kalahari Desert in South Africa.
“Experiments show that inexperienced male birds will watch familiar males choosing nest- building materials and then use that information to adjust their own choices. For example, they preferred a pink tape before, rather than an orange one, but they will prefer the orange one if they see others using it,” says Maria Cristina Tello-Ramos, a researcher.
This bird species builds grass structures that serve two purposes: They can be turned into a safe spot to hatch eggs, but they’re also shelters where birds can safely rest inside at night. Birds shape grass into a tube, which ends up being shaped basically like an upside- down letter “U”.
To learn more, Maria and her coworkers measured every single structure built by 43 family groups over two seasons. They analyzed everything from the length of the tubes to the tubes’ width to the angle between the U-shaped tubes’ “arms”. They intended to see what might account for the observed differences, carefully considering factors like temperatures, wind speed, and the number of birds in each family. They couldn’t find any explanation for why the birds were building such different structures. “And since it’s known that these birds are highly social,” says Tello-Ramos, “it seems probable that family members are just copying each other, creating a culture of nest-building that gets passed down again and again and again.”
Sometimes a family will take an outsider under their wing and let it join the group. “What I found most fascinating was the fact that when a new sparrow weaver joins the group, it doesn’t bring the cultural transmission of its old group,” says Catherine Sheard, a biologist. “That wouldn’t have been what I predicted.”
31．What is the best title for the text
A．Colorful Nests Are a Fashion for Birds B．Tradition Lies in nest-building Materials
C．Birds Build Their Culture into Their Nests D．Nest-Building Reflects Birds’ Gender
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了鸟儿在筑巢方面存在相互模仿，形成一种筑巢文化并代代相传的现象。
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段““What I found most fascinating was the fact that when a new sparrow weaver joins the group, it doesn’t bring the cultural transmission of its old group,” says Catherine Sheard, a biologist. “That wouldn’t have been what I predicted.” (生物学家凯瑟琳·谢尔德说：“我发现最令人着迷的是，当一个新的肯尼亚织雀加入这个群体时，它不会带来旧群体的文化传播。这不是我所预料的。”)”结合本文主要讲述了鸟儿在筑巢方面存在相互模仿，形成一种筑巢文化并代代相传的现象，因此C项“鸟把它们的文化建立在它们的巢里”适合作文章标题。故选C。
2.（2025·湘豫名校联考）
Take a walk down any major beach and it likely won’t be long before you see some abandoned rubbish, which eventually makes their way into the ocean where it degrades over decades or even centuries. For the most part, spotting all that garbage still requires eyes and a fair deal of walking. But that could one day change thanks to a new satellite imaging technique.
A team developed a new tool that highlights unique spectral characters in plastics, which could accurately identify plastic items on beaches and tell them from sand, water, and plants.
Satellite imagery has, for years, been used to help scientists identify plastics floating in the ocean. This process works relatively well for identifying large pieces of plastic in the water, but it’s far less effective at spotting plastics on beaches. Coastal plastics often mix in or is partially buried by sand which makes spotting it much more difficult.
The team created a new spectral index, the Beached Plastic Debris Index (BPDI), which looks for patterns of reflected light from plastics. To test their new tool, the researchers collected various types of plastic trash that would likely be found on a beach. They finally settled on 14 different plastic targets and placed them 3.7 meters apart from each other on a beach in Victoria, Australia.
Once the plastics were in place, the satellite flew far overhead and took a series of photos. Researchers applied their index to the images and compared them to three other already-developed indices intended for detecting plastics, two for plastics on land and one for objects floating in the ocean. The BPDI index well outperformed the other three indices in terms of accuracy. The other three generally struggled to identify plastics and, in some cases, would even misidentify shadows as trash. Still, the BPDI index wasn’t perfect. In particular, the study notes it was difficult to identify transparent and translucent polymers like plastic water bottles and bags.
Looking to the future, the researchers want to move these findings out of limited test environments and into the real world. That could mean partnering with other organizations specializing in coastal plastic removal to use their satellite imagery technique.
15．What can be the best title for the text
A．The Beached Plastic Debris Index
B．A New Technique for Identifying Plastics on Beaches
C．A New Tool to Identify New Light Spectrum
D．New Satellite Techniques for Ocean Exploration
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一个团队开发了一种新工具，可以突出塑料中独特的光谱特征，能够准确地识别海滩上的塑料垃圾。
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“A team developed a new tool that highlights unique spectral characters in plastics, which could accurately identify plastic items on beaches and tell them from sand, water, and plants.(一个团队开发了一种新工具，可以突出塑料中独特的光谱特征，可以准确地识别海滩上的塑料物品，并将它们与沙子、水和植物区分开来)”结合文章主要说明了一个团队开发了一种新工具，可以突出塑料中独特的光谱特征，能够准确地识别海滩上的塑料垃圾，所以B选项“一种新的海滩塑料识别技术”最适合作文章标题。故选B。
考点二 考查文章大意题
1.(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) C篇
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
11. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
本文的文章大意需要从文中各段进行总结，最后总结概括文章大意。
文章在不同的段落里说明了巴比伦微型农场的特点：减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等，很显然这都是农场的优势。故A选项正确。它是对全文的高度概括，语言精练。
2.（2023年1月·浙江卷·阅读理解B 篇）
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
27．What is the text mainly about
A．How to get on well with other family members.
B．How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D．How to control the budget when buying groceries.
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.(如果你想过一种更可持续的生活方式，可能不是你周围的每个人都准备好加入这一运动)”及第二段中的“I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.(在这个过程中，我学到了一些东西，我希望如果你在一个不总是支持你的家庭中尽最大努力去弄清楚如何做出改变，你会感到鼓舞)”可知，文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。故选C。
记叙文的文章大意：纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历,主旨就在文首。
本题是一篇记叙文，文章大意需要归纳总结文中的主要内容。
3.（2020·全国新课标II·阅读理解B 篇）
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
27．What is the text mainly about
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。
科研报告或调查报告：反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，内容主要包括“科研实验 结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分,文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段,且常伴有 according to a study, a study showed/proved, this is suggested by the results of new research on, scientists recently reported, a study claimed 等。
文章大意解题指导
1.解题思路
2. 文章大意类设问方式
·What's the main idea/point of the passage
·The passage is mainly about ________.
·The passage is mainly concerned about ________.
·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage
·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage
·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
3.解题技巧：
方法1：主题句法
解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
转折词 如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。
总结词 如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。
疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。
方法2：高频词法
全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
方法3：逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。
1.（2025·四川省攀枝花市高三统考）
If you recently had trouble figuring out if an image of a person is real or generated through artificial intelligence (AI), you’re not alone. According to a new study from University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, researchers found that people had more difficulty than was expected distinguishing who is a real person and who is artificially generated.
The Waterloo study saw 260 participants provided with 20 unlabeled pictures: 10 of which were of real people obtained from Google searches, and the other 10 generated by Stable Diffusion or DALL-E, two commonly used AI programs that generate images.
Participants were asked to label each image as real or AI-generated and explain why they made their decision. Only 61% of participants could tell the difference between AI-generated people and real ones, far below the 85% threshold (门槛) that researchers expected. “People are not as adept at telling the difference as they think they are,” said Andrea Pocol, a PhD candidate in Computer Science at the University of Waterloo.
Participants paid attention to details such as fingers, teeth, and eyes as possible indicators when looking for AI-generated content — but their assessments weren’t always correct. Pocol noted that the nature of the study allowed participants to compare photos in detail, while most Internet users look at images in passing. “People who are just scrolling through online information in a rush or don’t have time won’t pick up on these clues,” Pocol said.
Pocol added that the extremely rapid rate at which AI technology is developing makes it particularly difficult to understand the potential for ill-intentioned or illegal action caused by AI-generated images. The pace of academic research and law-making isn’t often able to keep up:AI-generated images have become even more realistic since the study began in late 2022.
“Disinformation isn’t new, but the tools of disinformation have been constantly evolving and progressing,” Pocol said. “It may get to a point where people, no matter how trained they are, will still struggle to distinguish real images from false ones. That’s why we need to develop tools to identify and prevent this.”
11．What is the text mainly about
A．Methods of distinguishing disinformation. B．Challenges caused by AI-generated images.
C．Difficulties in telling AI-generated images. D．Differences between real and false images.
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由第一段“If you recently had trouble figuring out if an image of a person is real or generated through artificial intelligence (AI), you’re not alone. According to a new study from University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, researchers found that people had more difficulty than was expected distinguishing who is a real person and who is artificially generated. (如果你最近很难判断一张人物图片是真实的还是通过人工智能生成的，你并不孤单。根据加拿大安大略省滑铁卢大学的一项新研究，研究人员发现，人们区分真实人物和人工智能生成的人物比预期的要困难得多。)”可知，本文主要讲述的是很难区分出人工智能生成的图像。故选C。
2.（2025·湖南省郴州市高三统考）
Some scientists fear researchers are misusing ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence(AI)chatbots to produce scientific literature, citing a rise in questionable AI words in published papers. Some of these remarks — such as the careless inclusion of “certainly, here is a possible introduction for your topic” in a recent paper from Elsevier Inc.’s Surfaces and Interfaces — are reasonably obvious evidence that a scientist used an AI chatbot known as a large language model(LLM). But “that’s probably only the tip of the iceberg,” says Elisabeth Bik. A representative of Elsevier Inc. told SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN that the publisher regrets the situation and is investigating how the paper could have “slipped through” the evaluation process.
LLMs are designed to generate text, but what they produce may or may not be accurate. “The problem is that these tools are not good enough yet to trust,” Bik says. They’ll be in what computer scientists call hallucinations: simply put, they make stuff up. “Specifically, for scientific papers,” Bik notes, an AI “will generate references that don’t exist.” So if scientists place too much anaclisis in LLMs, study authors risk putting AI-produced mistakes into their work, mixing more potential for error into the already messy reality of scientific publishing.
Andrew Gray, a librarian and researcher at University College London, recently hunted for AI buzzwords(流行语)in scientific papers using Dimensions, a data-analytics platform that its developers say tracks more than 140 million papers worldwide. He searched for words improperly used by chatbots, such as “intricate” “meticulous” and “commendable”. These indicator words, he says, show the problem more clearly than any “giveaway” AI phrase a careless author might copy into a paper. At least60,000 papers — slightly more than 1 percent of all scientific articles published globally last year— may have used an LLM, according to Gray’ s analysis. Other studies that focused specifically on subsections of science suggest even more reliance on LLMs. One such investigation found that up to 17.5 percent of recent computer science papers exhibit signs of AI writing.
15．What is the main idea of the text
A．The development of large language models in recent years.
B．The rise of AI chatbots in scientific literature is uncontrollable.
C．The potential risks of relying on AI chatbots for scientific literature.
D．The publishers are responsible for the misuse of AI chatbots in literature.
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第二段的“LLMs are designed to generate text, but what they produce may or may not be accurate.(LLMs旨在生成文本，但它们生成的内容可能是准确的，也可能不准确)”可知，文本主要介绍依赖AI聊天机器人撰写科学文献的潜在风险。故选C。
考点三 考查段落大意题
1.(2024新课标I卷)B篇 26题
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。
记叙文往往没有明显的主题句，因为记叙文以记叙和描述性的语言讲述人和物的故事，所以，在总结段意时，我们要从字里行间中体会、感悟作者的意图，总结出段落大意。
2.（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇节选）
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
( )32.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
【答案】B
【解析】段落大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same…the accuracy of the estimate will go down.”可知,本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的,各不相同的误差平均在一起,相互抵消,就会产生更准确的估计,独立估计的平均因误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式。
3.（2023·1月浙江卷·阅读理解C篇节选）
Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that’s why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.
31．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.
B．The human brain has potential yet to be developed.
C．Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.
D．Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
【答案】A
【解析】段落大意题。根据最后一段的“Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations.(意义的产生是通过社会互动的过程，而不是计算的过程，这种互动塑造了我们头脑中符号的内容。赋予意义的规则不仅存在于我们的头脑中，也存在于社会之外，存在于社会记忆、社会习俗和社会关系中。)”可知，从最后一段我们能了解到社会互动是理解符号的关键。故选A。
段落大意题解题指导
1.整体思路
2.段落大意类设问方式
·What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...
·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
·The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1
·What is the first paragraph mainly about
3.解题技巧：
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。
1.（2025·山西省长治市高三月考）
The sustainable village of the future, if Martina Waldemar and Joao Almeida have any say about it, will have solar panels, earthen buildings, and a form of regenerative agriculture that copies nature to produce climate-friendly food. The field hands who work there will earn wages well above what’s standard for this rural area of Portugal. There will be coworking space with fast internet. “The life can be easy,” Mr. Almeida says of his family’s project, which they call Gandum Village.
12．What does Paragraph 1 focus on
A．All jobs will be carried out remotely. B．A sustainable life can be enjoyable.
C．Climate is friendly to agriculture. D．Eco-friendly villages need high-paid farmers.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The sustainable village of the future, if Martina Waldemar and Joao Almeida have any say about it, will have solar panels, earthen buildings, and a form of regenerative agriculture that copies nature to produce climate-friendly food. The field hands who work there will earn wages well above what’s standard for this rural area of Portugal. There will be coworking space with fast internet. ‘The life can be easy,’ Mr. Almeida says of his family’s project, which they call Gandum Village.(如果Martina Waldemar和Joao Almeida对此有什么意见的话，未来的可持续村庄将拥有太阳能板、土坯建筑和一种模仿自然生产气候友好型食物的再生农业。在那里工作的田间工人将获得远高于葡萄牙这一农村地区标准的工资。那里还将有带有快速网络的共享工作空间。‘生活可以很轻松，’Almeida先生谈到他家族的项目时说道，他们称之为Gandum Village)”可知，本段主要介绍了Gandum Village这个可持续村庄项目的特点，包括其采用的可持续生活方式和较高的工资待遇，并强调这种生活可以是轻松的。因此，本段主要说明可持续生活可以是令人愉悦的。故选B项。
2.（2025·湖南省郴州市高三统考）
Demand for nickel to make electric vehicle (EV) batteries is forecast to double to more than 6 million tonnes (吨) per year by 2040. Yet mining and refining it is environmentally destructive and, depending on where and how it is produced, mining a tonne of nickel generates between 10 and 59 tonnes of CO2. Phytomining for nickel avoids these problems.
10．What does paragraph 3 mainly want to tell us
A．The great need for nickel.
B．The main reasons for phytomining.
C．The practical application of phytomining.
D．The disadvantages of conventional mining.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Demand for nickel to make electric vehicle (EV) batteries is forecast to double to more than 6 million tonnes (吨) per year by 2040. Yet mining and refining it is environmentally destructive and, depending on where and how it is produced, mining a tonne of nickel generates between 10 and 59 tonnes of CO2. Phytomining for nickel avoids these problems.(预计到2040年，用于制造电动汽车电池的镍需求量将翻一番，达到每年600多万吨。然而，开采和提炼镍对环境是有害的，而且根据镍的产地和生产方式的不同，开采一吨镍会产生10至59吨的二氧化碳。植物镍的开采避免了这些问题)”可知，本段主要介绍了植物采矿的原因：镍的需求量大，现行的开采方式存在的缺点。最后一句总结本段内容，植物采矿可以避免这些问题。由此推断，本段主要介绍采用植物采矿的原因。故选B。
3.（2025·河北省省级联考）
Most companies working on AI, including ChatGPT maker OpenAI, don’t disclose their emissions. But, last week, Google released a new sustainability report. Deep within the 86-page report, Google said its greenhouse gas emissions rose last year by 48% since 2019. It owes that rise to its data center energy consumption and supply chain emissions.
28．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3
A．AI’s great demand for energy. B．AI’s scientific improvement.
C．The powerful function of AI. D．The complicated operation of AI.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Most companies working on AI, including ChatGPT maker OpenAI, don’t disclose their emissions. But, last week, Google released a new sustainability report. Deep within the 86-page report, Google said its greenhouse gas emissions rose last year by 48% since 2019. It owes that rise to its data center energy consumption and supply chain emissions.(大多数从事人工智能研究的公司，包括ChatGPT的制造商OpenAI，都没有披露他们的排放量。但是，上周谷歌发布了一份新的可持续发展报告。在这份长达86页的报告中，谷歌表示，自2019年以来，其去年的温室气体排放量增长了48%。该公司将这一增长归因于其数据中心的能源消耗和供应链排放)”可知，本段中心讨论的话题是人工智能对能源的巨大需求。故选A。
04重难点突破 主旨要义的解题关键
主旨要义题重难点突破：
1．命题规律：主旨大意题旨在考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力，是阅读理解中的高难度题，一定要把它作为最后一道题来做。概括全文大意最简单的方法就是把每段的大意串起来考虑。
2．考查类型：主要考查文章标题、段落大意题、文章大意题。
3．考查趋势：主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中的必考点，每年必考，一般考查1——2题。
4．选项特点：
正确选项特征
概括性 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段
覆盖性 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小
精确性 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩
模糊性 不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词
干扰选项特征
主题扩大 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反
偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上
5．解题技巧：
文章大意题找主题句的技巧：
①段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
②首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
③作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
④ 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
段落首尾兼顾法寻找主题句：
①段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。
②段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。
③无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。
标题归纳题找主题句
①概括性：概括全文，体现主旨；
②针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；
③新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；
④简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
1.（2025·河北省省级联考）
A newly engineered type of soil can draw water out of thin air to provide plants with water and manage controlled release of fertilizer (肥料) for a constant supply of nutrients.
Supporting this exciting smart soil system is a hydrogel (水凝胶) material. In experiments, the soil containing hydrogel led to the growth of larger, healthier plants, compared to regular soil, all while using less water and fertilizer. The technology is also universal enough to be adopted across a wide range of climates, from dry regions to temperate areas.
Agriculture today accounts for 70% of global freshwater withdrawals and up to 95% in some developing countries as our global population continues to rise. The U. N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) emphasizes the importance of improving irrigation (灌溉) efficiency, adopting water-saving technologies and promoting crops with lower water footprints to ensure sustainable food production and water resource management.
Meanwhile, traditional farming methods, especially irrigation and fertilizing, face significant difficulties. As climate change intensifies and water resources become increasingly rare, the need for more efficient and sustainable irrigation practices has never been more urgent. Additionally, conventional fertilization techniques often result in too much nutrient exposure, reducing nutrient uptake efficiency and causing environmental pollution, and farmable land degradation.
“The lack of water coupled with a growing population has an immediate impact on food security,” said Yu, professor of Materials Science in the Cockrell School. “This new class of hydrogels offers a solution to meet the pressing needs of water and efficient nutrient uptake in modern sustainable agriculture.”
In experiments, plants rooted in the hydrogel soil saw a 138% increase in crop length compared to a control group in regular soil. And the improved soil can achieve 40% water savings, significantly reducing the need for frequent irrigation and ensuring strong crop development.
This research builds on previous discoveries involving hydrogels that can pull water from the atmosphere and make farming more efficient. The project will continue, and the researchers’ next moves involve integrating different types of fertilizers and longer field tests.
35．What can be the best title for the text
A．Smart Soil Can Water and Feed Itself
B．Hydrogel Will Take the Place of Soil
C．Modern Agriculture Is Facing Drought
D．Smart Soil Is Approved for Promotion
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“A newly engineered type of soil can draw water out of thin air to provide plants with water and manage controlled release of fertilizer (肥料) for a constant supply of nutrients.(一种新型工程土壤可以从稀薄的空气中汲取水分，为植物提供水分，并控制肥料的释放，以保持养分的持续供应)”提出了一种新型土壤，这种土壤可以从空气中汲取水分，并能控制化肥的用量。然后文章通过与普通土壤的对比介绍了新型土壤的优势。由此可知，本文主要介绍了一种可以自动浇水和施肥的智能土壤，所以A项“智能土壤可以自我浇水和喂养”为本文最好的标题。故选A。
2.（2025·四川省绵阳市涪城区绵阳中学二模）
Confirmation bias refers to people’s tendency to seek out information that supports their existing beliefs. While it’s usually subconscious, its impacts are significant. It can cloud people’s judgement and decision-making processes.
One explanation for confirmation bias is that it is an efficient way to process information. Humans are constantly fed with information and cannot possibly take the time to carefully process each piece. It is adaptive for humans to rely on subconscious, automatic judgements that contribute to the efficiency. Another reason why people show confirmation bias is to protect their self-worth. People like to feel good about themselves, and discovering a belief they highly value is incorrect makes them feel bad about themselves. Therefore, confirmation bias will encourage them to disregard the information contrary to their belief.
Researches show that confirmation bias is strong and widespread. In studies examining my-side bias, people were able to generate and remember more reasons supporting their side of a controversial issue than the opposing side. Only when a researcher directly asked people to generate arguments against their own beliefs were they able to do so. It is not that people are incapable of generating arguments that are contrary to their beliefs, but, rather, people are not motivated to do so.
Confirmation bias also surfaces in interpersonal communication. When interacting with people who perceivers think have certain personalities, the perceivers will ask questions that are biased toward supporting the perceivers’ beliefs. If a new roommate is expected to be friendly and outgoing, Maria may ask her if she likes to go to parties rather than asking if she often studies in the library.
Confirmation bias may lead to incomplete and misinterpreted understanding of an issue or topic, as crucial information may be overlooked or dismissed. Thus, to avoid it, people are supposed to diversify the sources of information accessed as seeking multiple perspectives brings a broader understanding of the subject matter and allows for well-rounded decision-making. Another way is to actively challenge the bias by questioning assumptions and relying on evidence rather than personal opinions, which helps us consciously recognize informational biases and minimize their impact.
15．What is the passage mainly about
A．The role of my-side bias in enhancing people’s own beliefs.
B．The effects of information overload on decision-making process.
C．The impact of confirmation bias on interpersonal communication.
D．Understanding of confirmation bias and strategies to overcome it.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Confirmation bias refers to people’s tendency to seek out information that supports their existing beliefs. While it’s usually subconscious, its impacts are significant. It can cloud people’s judgement and decision-making processes. (确认偏误指的是人们倾向于寻找支持自己现有信念的信息。尽管这通常是潜意识的，但其影响却十分重大。它会使人们的判断和决策过程变得模糊)”和最后一段“Confirmation bias may lead to incomplete and misinterpreted understanding of an issue or topic, as crucial information may be overlooked or dismissed. Thus, to avoid it, people are supposed to diversify the sources of information accessed as seeking multiple perspectives brings a broader understanding of the subject matter and allows for well-rounded decision-making. Another way is to actively challenge the bias by questioning assumptions and relying on evidence rather than personal opinions, which helps us consciously recognize informational biases and minimize their impact. (确认偏误可能导致对某个问题或话题的理解不完整和误解，因为关键信息可能会被忽视或驳回。因此，为了避免这种情况，人们应该多样化信息来源，因为从多个角度获取信息有助于更全面地理解主题，并做出周全的决策。另一种方法是主动挑战偏见，通过质疑假设并依赖证据而非个人意见，这有助于我们有意识地识别信息偏见并最大限度地减少其影响)”可知，文章主要讲述了对确认偏误的理解以及克服它的策略。故选D。
3.（2025·四川省绵阳市涪城区绵阳中学二模）
Indeed, the demonstration seemed impressive. When Cook pointed the camera at a restaurant, the AI assistant Siri could tell him what was on the menu. It also could answer his questions fairly well and learn about the users from their interactions with their devices. For instance, Siri could know if a user’s mother was calling and acted appropriately.
8．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．The Glowtime event. B．iPhone 16’s AI features.
C．Tim Cook’s performance. D．The future of AI phones.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“When Cook pointed the camera at a restaurant, the AI assistant Siri could tell him what was on the menu. It also could answer his questions fairly well and learn about the users from their interactions with their devices. For instance, Siri could know if a user’s mother was calling and acted appropriately.(当库克将摄像头对准一家餐厅时，人工智能助手Siri可以告诉他菜单上有什么。它还可以很好地回答他的问题，并从用户与设备的互动中了解用户。例如，Siri可以知道用户的母亲是否在打电话，并做出适当的反应)”可知，本段主要介绍了iPhone已经具备的AI功能。故选B。
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