专题07 动词的时态和语态及主谓一致
目录
01考情透视·目标导航 2
02知识导图·思维引航 3
03考点突破·考向探究 4
考点一 考查一般现在时态和语态及主谓一致 4
【真题研析】 4
【核心精讲】 4
【命题预测】 5
考点二 考查一般过去时态、语态及主谓一致 6
【真题研析】 6
【核心精讲】 7
【命题预测】 8
考点三 考查现在完成时态和语态及主谓一致 8
【真题研析】 8
【核心精讲】 9
【命题预测】 12
考点四 考查现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时 12
【真题研析】 12
【核心精讲】 13
【命题预测】 14
考点五 考查一般将来时和过去将来时 15
【真题研析】 15
【核心精讲】 15
【命题预测】 16
考点六 被动语态和主谓一致高频总结 16
【真题研析】 16
【核心精讲】 16
【命题预测】 18
04 重难点突破 时态、语态及主谓一致的综合运用 18
动词的时态和语态及主谓一致
考点 目标要求 考题统计及展示 考情分析
考查一般现在时态和语态及主谓一致 熟练掌握一般现在时的用法,及与之相关的语态及主谓一致 (2024·新高考I卷)60.walks一般现在时及主谓一致; (2023·全国乙卷)means一般现在时及主谓一致 (2022 新高考I卷)is designed一般现在时的被动语态及主谓一致 (2021年浙江卷1月)is considered一般现在时的被动语态及主谓一致 从近三年高考试题来看,试题以语法填空的形式命题,题目中等,以考查学生对有关时态、语态及主谓一致的掌握情况,强化语言运用能力和语境理解。动词的时态和语态是高考必考点。 预计在2025年高考中,以语法填空的形式命题。
考查一般过去时态、语态及主谓一致 熟练掌握一般过去时的用法,及与之相关的语态及主谓一致 (2024 新高考Ⅱ卷)38.were一般过去时及主谓一致 (2024 新高考Ⅱ卷)41.was built一般过去时的被动语态及主谓一致 (2024 全国甲卷) 44.were一般过去时及主谓一致 (2023·1月新高考浙江卷)were permitted一般过去时的被动语态及主谓一致 (2022 新高考I卷)were一般过去时及主谓一致 (2023年新高考II卷)wished一般过去时及主谓一致 (2023·1月新高考浙江卷)featured一般过去时及主谓一致 (2022 新高考Ⅱ卷)threw一般过去时及主谓一致
考查现在完成时态和语态及主谓一致 熟练掌握现在完成时的用法,及与之相关的语态及主谓一致 (2024年1月浙江高考真题)62.have started现在完成时及主谓一致 (2022 全国甲卷)has walked现在完成时及主谓一致 (2022年浙江卷1月)have promised现在完成时及主谓一致
考点一 考查一般现在时态和语态及主谓一致
1.(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 60 (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time.
2.(2024·北京高考卷)When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps us identify important areas of our lives and 13 (give) us the opportunity to make right choices.
3.(2023·全国乙卷)The remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
4.(2022 新高考I卷)After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP ______ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”.
5.(2021年浙江卷1月)It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 _______ (consider) healthy.
一般现在时
一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空必考的语法项目,而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。
1.谓语动词的构成:do/does
2.基本用法
(1)表示经常性的动作。【记住这些时间状语标志词是快速解题的关键】
常与usually,always,often,sometimes,never,every day等表示频度的时间状语连用。
On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.星期一早晨,我通常花费一小时开车去上班。
(2)表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。
表示客观真理时,即使主句是一般过去时,宾语从句还要用一般现在时。
As we all know, the earth travels around the sun.众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。
(3)表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。
谓语动词是come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return, live, fly等,可以用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
My dream school starts at 8:30 am and ends at 3:30 pm.
我理想的学校上午8:30上课,下午3:30放学。
(4)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
If you come this afternoon, we'll have a meeting.如果你今天下午过来,我们将开个会。
1.(2025·东北三省三校联考)Take Christmas as an example. At its heart (lie) the story of Jesus Christ’s birth, a symbol of love, hope and rebirth. This festival is celebrated worldwide, showing the agreement of faith and culture across borders.
2.(2025·东北三省三校联考)The festival’s emphasis on family ties and continuity (root) in Confucian values and reflects the collectivist nature of Chinese society.
3.(2025·广东省佛山市H7联盟高三摸底联考)In the vast and wind-swept steppes of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, there exists a great connection between the people and their music. The connection (present) by the appealing melodies(旋律) of the morin khuur, a two-stringed instrument often referred to as the horse-headed fiddle (琴).
4.(2025·广东省佛山市H7联盟高三摸底联考)Despite modernization and urbanization, the morin khuur (remain) a precious part of daily life for many families in Irmer Mongolian.
考点二 考查一般过去时态、语态及主谓一致
1. (2024 新高考Ⅱ卷) “Some of the things that Tang was writing about ___38___ (be)also Shakespeare’s concerns. I happen to know that Tang’s play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways to Romeo and Juliet.”
2. (2024 新高考Ⅱ卷) A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare’s Birthplace Garden in 2017. Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion, ___41___ (build)at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
3. (2024 全国卷卷) They 44 (be)part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
4.(2023·1月新高考浙江卷)Citizens of higher social classes ________ (permit)to live closer to the center of the circles.
5.(2022 新高考I卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ______ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
1.本题中的解题关键是:previously (之前地),可是很多考生不知道这个词的意思,造成解题失误。如果考生不能准确理解文章的意思,试题中will也对考生造成误导,由将来时转到一般过去时的跨度较大。再者,本句还是一个长难句。
2.找准试题中的时间关键线索是解题的关键所在。
3.高考试题中的主谓一致一般难度都较小,只要我们能判断出真正的主语是谁或者说主语的核心词是谁就可以了。本题中areas是主语,故用were。
6.(2023年新高考II卷) As a little girl, I (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up. Now, I’m living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.
根据“标志性时间状语”快速解决时态问题
(1) 试题中有yesterday, last night,a few days ago,the other day等过去时间标志,要想到用一般过去时。
(2)本题中的As a little girl就是标志性的过去时间状语,故很快就判断出用一般过去时
7.(2023·1月新高考浙江卷)The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often ________ (feature)beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars(柱子).
8. (2022 新高考Ⅱ卷)He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. He quickly ______ (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out.
根据 “并列谓语动词”解决时态问题
(1) 当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时,它们之间可能是同时发生,也可能有一定的先后关系,我们可以根据这种谓语动词的关系来判定时态。同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语,谓语动词的时态要一致。
(2)本题中的looked up and saw ,started就是断定空处时态的隐含时间线索。
一般过去时
1.谓语动词的构成:did
2.基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用,如yesterday, last month, just now, the other day, three days ago, in 1989等。【记住这些时间状语标志词是快速解题的关键】
The other day I came across an old friend on the top of Mount Tai.
前几天,我在泰山顶上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(3)表达“原以为/本来认为/原希望”等意义时,know,think,expect等动词常用一般过去时。Much to my disappointment,the film is not as moving as I expected.
使我非常失望的是,这部电影不像我原来预料的一样感人。
(4)常见句型:【高频再现】
①It is time that sb. should do/did sth.
该到……的时候了
②It is/has been+一段时间+since...did sth.
自从做某事已经一段时间了
③would/had rather sb. did sth.
宁愿某人做某事
It is time that we took action to protect our environment.该到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。
As far as I know,it is/has been three years since he joined the army.据我所知,他参军三年了。
(5)句中暗含有表示过去的时间状语。【难点提醒】
George said that he would come to school to see me the next day,but he didn't.乔治说他会在第二天来学校看我,但是他没有来。
1.(2025·江苏省海门中学高三第一次调研)The opening ceremony of the Tang Xianzu Theater Festival and International Theater Exchange Month — a series of programs to honor Tang Xianzu and to strengthen international cultural exchanges — (hold) in the renowned (著名的) Chinese playwright’s birthplace of Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province, on Sept. 28.
2.(2025·江苏省南京市六校联合体期中)Named after the ancient name for Xi’an in Shaanxi Province, which
(serve) as the capital of the Tang Dynasty for over 280 years, the movie brings to life some of the most iconic figures in Chinese literary history.
3.(2025·内蒙古多校高三上学期第一次联考)The panda (hold)in captivity (圈养) until her death in 2000.
4.(2025·广东省清远市高三上学期一模)“Experience China: Dunhuang Culture Enters New Zealand” exhibition kicked off in New Zealand's largest city Auckland on Monday. The exhibition (bring) by the Gansu Provincial Information Office and the Dunhuang Academy, with the aim of vividly showcasing the rich cultural heritage of China.
考点三 考查现在完成时态和语态及主谓一致
1.(2024年1月浙江高考真题)If your supermarket sells loose produce, then buying smaller quantities is easier. Over the last two years, some supermarkets 62 (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
2.(2022 全国甲卷)In the last five years, Cao ______ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
3.(2022年浙江卷1月)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly 200 academics —many of them climate scientists __________ (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
根据“标志性时间状语”快速解决时态问题
(1) 试题中有since,so far,up to now,in the last/past few years等与现在相关的时间标志,要想到用现在完成时。
(2)上面试题中的over the past 20 years, since it opened to the public,since the effort started two years ago,In the last five years就是标志性的与现在相关的时间状语,故很快就判断出用现在完成时。
现在完成时、过去完成时与现在完成进行时
(一)现在完成时
1.谓语动词的构成:+done
2.基本用法
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语:already,so far,never,just,before,recently,for a long time,in the past/last few years等。
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的10年中我们的城市发生了很大变化。
(2)表示过去已经开始,一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态,常与“since+时间点”或“for+时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
He moved here in 2019 and he has lived here ever since.
他2019年搬到这里,自那之后他一直住在这里。
3.现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.当你读完这本书请归还给我。
【高频再现】注意牢记以下固定句型:
①It is/has been+时间段+since...
表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大学毕业已十年了。
②This/It/That is the first/second/third...time that...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”,that从句中要用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次游览这座城市。
③This is+the+形容词最高级+名词+that...结构,that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
注意避免思维定式:一看到for+时间段,就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时),还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年,现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.大山在中国住了许多年。
(二)过去完成时
1.谓语动词的构成:had+done
2.基本用法
(1)表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”,常见的时间状语有by...,until...,when...,before...等。【解题关键】
When he was in Beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时,他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
(2)表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生,这种情况多见于宾语从句。
He remembered that he had left the key at home.
他记得他把钥匙落家了。
(3)过去完成时的常用句型【高频再现】
①It was the first/second...time that...
这是第一/第二……次……
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
这是那个男孩第三次迟到了。
②had hardly...when刚……就……;had no sooner...than一……就……。如:
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.
我刚打开门,他就打了我。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose 等,用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我们原来预料你们能够赢比赛。
(三) 现在完成进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:been+doing
2.基本用法
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间,一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
For days the kids have been looking for others we can help.
几天以来,孩子们一直在找我们能够帮助的其他人。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him many times this morning,but there's no answer.
今天早晨我一直给他打了很多电话,但是没人接。
(1)有少数几个双音节形容词,既可以加 er和 est,又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词有:common, handsome, quiet, pleasant, cruel, stupid, friendly等。
(2)有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度,因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有:right (正确的), wrong (错误的), excellent (优秀的), possible (可能的), empty (空的), first (第一的), wooden (木制的), final (最后的), east (东方的), last (最后的), favourite (最喜欢的)等。
(3)不规则变化
1.(2025·浙江Z20名校联盟高三第一次联考)This practice (prove) to be beneficial in terms of ensuring the growth of the industry so far, evidenced by the successful cooperation between DreamWorks and Reliance Entertainment in India.
2.(2025·江苏省海安高级中学高三月考)Understanding the story behind Nian Gao not only enriches your knowledge of Chinese culture but also provides a deeper appreciation for the traditions that (pass) down through generations.
3.(2025·重庆巴蜀中学高考适应性月考卷(二))Since 1994, the San Diego Zoo (work) with the Sichuan conservation center to carry out cooperative research on the species’ behavior and disease prevention.
考点四 考查现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时
1.(2023·天津·高考真题)Some restaurants are happy to provide a free cake if you let them know in advance that you ________a group for a birthday party.
A.will be bringing B.have brought
C.have been bringing D.were bringing
2.(2021·天津·高考真题)Good evening, everybody. Professor King ________ his lecture in a moment, but let me introduce him first.
A.delivered B.will be delivering
C.was delivering D.has been delivering
3.(2015·天津·高考真题)Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she ______ a class at that time.
A.will teach B.would teach
C.has taught D.will be teaching
4.(2012·辽宁·高考真题)I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I ________ to Shanghai.
A.will be flying B.will fly
C.have been flying D.have flown
5.(2008·辽宁·高考真题)—Have you got any job offers
—No. I ______.
A.waited B.had been waiting C.have waited D.am waiting
6.(2008·重庆·高考真题)Teenagers their health because they play computer games too much.
A.have damaged B.are damaging C.damaged D.will damage
7.(2018·北京·高考真题)Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
A.is working B.was working
C.has worked D.had worked
现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时
(一)现在进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:+doing
2.基本用法
(1)表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态,常与时间状语now,at the moment,at present等连用。
He is watching a football match on TV at home now.
他现在正在家里看电视上的足球赛。
(2)一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come, go, leave, get, start, open, arrive, begin, return等常用现在进行时表将来。
I am leaving for Shanghai to attend an important international meeting.我要出发去上海参加一个重要的国际会议。
(3)现在进行时态与频率副词always,constantly连用表达某种感彩,如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。
You are always forgetting the important thing.
你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)
(二)过去进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:+doing
2.基本用法
(1)过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。
He was playing basketball with his friends on the playground at 3:00 pm yesterday.昨天下午3点他正在操场与他的朋友们一起打篮球。
(2)表示过去一个动作发生时另外一个动作正在进行。
She was watching TV when a burglar broke into her house.
她正在看电视,这时一个盗贼闯入她家。
(3)表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作,此用法常见动词有go,begin,leave,arrive,come,return等。
I was coming to visit you later that day,but I had to phone and cancel.
我本打算那天晚些时候去看你,但是我不得不打电话取消了。
(三)将来进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:will be doing
2.基本用法
表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。
This time next week I'll be lying on the beach,enjoying the sunshine.
下星期这个时候,我正躺在海滩上,享受着阳光。
1.(2024·江苏省高三名校联考检测试题) One day when she (cycle) to school, she bumps into a handsome student named Souta, who turns out to be a “Closer” — a person charged with “closing doors to another world”.
2.The coach, rather than the players (be) working out when I entered the gym.
3.Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she (teach) a class at that time.
考点五 考查一般将来时和过去将来时
1.(2025·黑龙江省实验中学高三月考)The girl, as well as her parents, (be) going to visit China next week.
2.(2025·广东省佛山市南海区南执高级中学高三段考)As he proudly signed his name at the bottom of the page, Beethoven tried to imagine how people (respond) when they heard it for the first time.
3.(2025·江苏省扬州中学月考)In those days, whenever I had trouble, I (turn) to Mr. Smith for help.
一般将来时和过去将来时
(一)一般将来时
1.表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态常用以下四种结构
(1)will/shall+动词原形
(2)be going to+动词原形
(3)be to+动词原形
(4)be about to do sth.
2.基本用法
(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,即单纯的将来事实。
He will graduate from Beijing University next year.
明年,他将毕业于北京大学。
(2)be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。
Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.
瞧那乌云,天要下雨了。
(3)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事,或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library.
当我们进了图书馆,就要遵守这些规章制度。
(4)be about to do sth.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。
The train is about to leave.
火车即将开出。
(二)过去将来时
1.谓语动词的构成:
2.基本用法
过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态,常用于宾语从句中。
The shop would soon close,and all the people would go home.
这个商店不久将关闭,所有的人将回家。
1.(2025·上海交通大学附属中学浦东实验高中期中)Larry’s parents made up their mind that they (buy) a new house once their little daughter changed her job.
2.(2025·北京市朝阳区质量检测)Tom was my leader and he promised that he (help)me if necessary.
3.It is reported that the new famous astronomer (visit) our school in a few days.
考点六 被动语态和主谓一致高频总结
1.(2025·吉林省东北师范大学附属中学高三摸底)Ho Feng- Shan decided to give visas to whoever applied. Consequently, he issued thousands of Shanghai visas until he ( transfer) back to China in 1940.
2.(2025·广东省佛山市南海区段考)Cotton (use) by humans for over three thousand years.
3.(2025·福建省厦门第一中学高三开学考试)So why did you open a letter that (address) to me
4.As a matter of fact, not your deskmate but you (be) to blame for the matter.
被动语态的高频考点
(1)不能用被动语态的特殊动词
①系动词类(look,seem,feel,taste,sound,prove,appear等)。
②表示主语特征的词(read,wash,write,sell,wear,lock等),常与not,hardly,well,easily,badly,nicely等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料容易洗。
(2)get构成的表示被动的短语
此类短语主要有get paid/lost/hurt等。
We get paid every week.我们按周获得薪酬。
(3)主动形式表示被动意义
①在need,want,require,deserve,bear等动词;worth等形容词的后面,动名词主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。
②在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。
主谓一致的 “三原则”
(1)“语法一致”原则
1.可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数;可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
2.在定语从句中,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数保持一致。
3.单个的动词-ing形式、名词性从句作主语,谓语动词一般用单数。但what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时,谓语动词用复数。
4.主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, but, except, along with, rather than等连接另一主语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
(2)“意义一致”原则
1.集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词则用单数形式;若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词则用复数形式。常见的集体名词有:family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
2.“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数及其表示的意义;all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。“a number of+名词”作主语,其谓语动词常用复数形式;“the number of+名词”作主语,其谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。
(3)“就近一致”原则
1.由either ...or ..., neither ...nor ..., not only ...but also ...等连接的并列主语或者在there be句型中,谓语动词常与最邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
2.在There be句型中,若有几个并列成分作主语,谓语动词的单复数形式由最邻近的主语决定。
1.(2025·黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学高三期中)Twenty years (have) passed since he left his hometown.
2.(2025·福建省厦门第一中学高三开学考试)The children (drill) to leave the classroom quickly when the fire bell rang.
3.(2025江苏省某校月考)Last Year, large amounts of money (spend) on building the bridge.
04重难点突破 时态、语态及主谓一致的综合运用
1. 动词的时态和语态及主谓一致考点的解题关键:
(1)通过“标志性状语”解决时态问题
在题干中,yesterday, tomorrow, always, since, in the past few years, over the years, by+时间, so far等都是动词时态常用的标志性状语,做题时可以通过寻找这些标志性状语来判定时态。
(2)通过“并列谓语动词”解决时态问题
当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时,它们之间可能是同时发生,也可能有一定的先后关系,我们可以根据这种谓语动词的关系来判定时态。同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语,谓语动词的时态要一致。
(3)通过“语境暗示”解决时态问题
有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下,通过“语境暗示”,正确分析语境也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
(4)通过“时态定义”解决时态问题
准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。
(5)通过“固定句式”解决时态问题
掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方法。
【高频再现】
①It's (high) time sb did sth表示“正是某人做某事的时候”,从句要用一般过去时。
②It is/has been ... since ... 表示“自从……以来……”,since 之前用一般现在时或现在完成时,since后用一般过去时或接表示过去的时间状语。
③sb was/were doing sth when sb did sth表示“正在做某事,这时突然……”。
④“It/This/That is/was+the+形容词最高级+n.+定语从句”句型中,定语从句的时态用现在/过去完成时。
⑤“It is/was the first time+that从句”句型中,从句的时态一般用现在/过去完成时。
⑥hardly, scarcely, barely+过去完成时+when+一般过去时,表示“一(刚)……就……”。
⑦no sooner+过去完成时+than+一般过去时,表示“一(刚)……就……”。
⑧by (the end of)+过去时间,句子谓语动词用过去完成时,表示“到过去某时为止,已经做了某事”。
⑨by (the end of)+将来时间,句子谓语动词用将来完成时,表示“到将来某时为止,已经做了某事”。
⑩“祈使句+and/or/otherwise+陈述句”,陈述句用一般将来时。
①在时间、条件状语从句中,主句用一般/过去将来时,从句用一般现在/过去时。
②在宾语从句中,如果主句用一般过去时,从句应用过去的某种时态;从句表示客观事实或真理,用一般现在时。
2.通过“逻辑关系”解决语态问题
有时候做题时,我们对于时态问题比较关注,但往往忽略了语态,因此我们可以采用“先语态、后时态”的方式。解决语态问题主要是根据谓语动词与句子主语之间的逻辑关系,二者为主动关系用主动语态,是被动关系则用被动语态。
3.主谓一致把握三原则即可。(语法填空中主谓一致的难度较小,一般就是根据真正主语的单复数判断谓语动词的单复数)。
语法填空
(2025·福建省福州市第一次质量检测)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。(标黄题号为本专题考点)
The term Xuan paper first appeared in On Famous Paintings through the Ages, a book written by Tang Dynasty scholar Zhang Yanyuan, 1 he described Xuan paper as an ideal carrier for calligraphy and painting. Handmade Xuan paper from Jingxian county, East China’s Anhui province, 2 (list) as a gift to the imperial court then for its supreme quality,
During the Tang and Song Dynasties Xuan paper reached its peak of 3 (popular) and quality. The traditional craft (工艺) of making Xuan paper is extremely 4 (demand). Sandalwood bark, a plant native to southern China, 5 (go) through108 procedures over the course of three years before it can transform into fine Xuan paper.
The flow of ink determines the output of Chinese art, and Xuan paper outshines others with its excellent ability 6 (give) full play to ink. Different proportions (比例) of bar k to straw during the paper- making process can create different canvases (帆布) best suited 7 artistic expression u freehand ink paintings or calligraphy. The unique quality of Xuan paper is 8 (high) valued in the world of Chinese calligraphy and painting.
Xuan paper is very resistant to damage brought by time. It is this durability 9 has made the preservation of many valuable works from ancient China possible. The long history, unique craftsmanship, and high quality of Xuan paper have made it a 10 (treasure) cultural heritage of China.
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)专题07 动词的时态和语态及主谓一致
目录
01考情透视·目标导航 2
02知识导图·思维引航 3
03考点突破·考向探究 4
考点一 考查一般现在时态和语态及主谓一致 4
【真题研析】 4
【核心精讲】 5
【命题预测】 6
考点二 考查一般过去时态、语态及主谓一致 7
【真题研析】 7
【核心精讲】 9
【命题预测】 10
考点三 考查现在完成时态和语态及主谓一致 11
【真题研析】 11
【核心精讲】 12
【命题预测】 15
考点四 考查现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时 16
【真题研析】 16
【核心精讲】 17
【命题预测】 19
考点五 考查一般将来时和过去将来时 20
【真题研析】 20
【核心精讲】 20
【命题预测】 21
考点六 被动语态和主谓一致高频总结 22
【真题研析】 22
【核心精讲】 23
【命题预测】 24
04 重难点突破 时态、语态及主谓一致的综合运用 25
动词的时态和语态及主谓一致
考点 目标要求 考题统计及展示 考情分析
考查一般现在时态和语态及主谓一致 熟练掌握一般现在时的用法,及与之相关的语态及主谓一致 (2024·新高考I卷)60.walks一般现在时及主谓一致; (2023·全国乙卷)means一般现在时及主谓一致 (2022 新高考I卷)is designed一般现在时的被动语态及主谓一致 (2021年浙江卷1月)is considered一般现在时的被动语态及主谓一致 从近三年高考试题来看,试题以语法填空的形式命题,题目中等,以考查学生对有关时态、语态及主谓一致的掌握情况,强化语言运用能力和语境理解。动词的时态和语态是高考必考点。 预计在2025年高考中,以语法填空的形式命题。
考查一般过去时态、语态及主谓一致 熟练掌握一般过去时的用法,及与之相关的语态及主谓一致 (2024 新高考Ⅱ卷)38.were一般过去时及主谓一致 (2024 新高考Ⅱ卷)41.was built一般过去时的被动语态及主谓一致 (2024 全国甲卷) 44.were一般过去时及主谓一致 (2023·1月新高考浙江卷)were permitted一般过去时的被动语态及主谓一致 (2022 新高考I卷)were一般过去时及主谓一致 (2023年新高考II卷)wished一般过去时及主谓一致 (2023·1月新高考浙江卷)featured一般过去时及主谓一致 (2022 新高考Ⅱ卷)threw一般过去时及主谓一致
考查现在完成时态和语态及主谓一致 熟练掌握现在完成时的用法,及与之相关的语态及主谓一致 (2024年1月浙江高考真题)62.have started现在完成时及主谓一致 (2022 全国甲卷)has walked现在完成时及主谓一致 (2022年浙江卷1月)have promised现在完成时及主谓一致
考点一 考查一般现在时态和语态及主谓一致
1.(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 60 (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time.
【答案】walks
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:此外,围绕温室的丝绸之路花园带领游客走过一段受古丝绸之路影响的旅程。walk sb. through,意为“带领某人穿过……”,空处为本句谓语动词,根据上文可知,本句时态为一般现在时,主语the Silk Route Garden为单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填walks。
2.(2024·北京高考卷)When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps us identify important areas of our lives and 13 (give) us the opportunity to make right choices.
【答案】gives
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:当我们放慢脚步时,我们会创造空间来反思我们的想法和情绪,这有助于我们确定生活中的重要领域,并给我们做出正确选择的机会。which引导的非限制性定语从句中,根据helps可知,从句使用一般现在时,which指代前边的整个句子,所以从句谓语应用第三人称单数形式gives,gives与helps并列,作并列谓语。故填gives。
3.(2023·全国乙卷)The remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
【答案】means
【解析】考查动词时态及主谓一致。空处在句中作谓语,本句阐述客观事实,应用一般现在时,且句子主语the remarkable development of this city为第三人称单数,故本空应填means。
4.(2022 新高考I卷)After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP ______ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”.
【答案】is designed
【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意:GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性,保护生物多样性,保护生态缓冲区,为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。设空处在句中作谓语,和句子的主语The GPNP之间为被动关系;叙述客观事实,应用一般现在时。故设空处应为一般现在时的被动语态,主语单数,谓语单数形式。故填is designed。
5.(2021年浙江卷1月)It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 _______ (consider) healthy.
【答案】is considered
【解析】考查动词被动语态。句意:它的计算方法是用一个人的体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方,BMI在19到25之间被认为是健康的。分析句子结构可知,句子缺少谓语,主语(a BMI)是单数,时态是一般现在时,且主语和consider是表被动关系,故填is considered。
一般现在时
一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空必考的语法项目,而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。
1.谓语动词的构成:do/does
2.基本用法
(1)表示经常性的动作。【记住这些时间状语标志词是快速解题的关键】
常与usually,always,often,sometimes,never,every day等表示频度的时间状语连用。
On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.星期一早晨,我通常花费一小时开车去上班。
(2)表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。
表示客观真理时,即使主句是一般过去时,宾语从句还要用一般现在时。
As we all know, the earth travels around the sun.众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。
(3)表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。
谓语动词是come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return, live, fly等,可以用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
My dream school starts at 8:30 am and ends at 3:30 pm.
我理想的学校上午8:30上课,下午3:30放学。
(4)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
If you come this afternoon, we'll have a meeting.如果你今天下午过来,我们将开个会。
1.(2025·东北三省三校联考)Take Christmas as an example. At its heart (lie) the story of Jesus Christ’s birth, a symbol of love, hope and rebirth. This festival is celebrated worldwide, showing the agreement of faith and culture across borders.
【答案】lies
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:它的核心是耶稣基督诞生的故事,象征着爱、希望和重生。句子描述客观事实,时态用一般现在时,句子是倒装句,主语the story of Jesus Christ’s birth是单数,因此空格处用第三人称单数,故填lies。
2.(2025·东北三省三校联考)The festival’s emphasis on family ties and continuity (root) in Confucian values and reflects the collectivist nature of Chinese society.
【答案】is rooted
【解析】考查固定短语,时态和主谓一致。句意:这个节日对家庭关系和连续性的强调植根于儒家价值观,反映了中国社会的集体主义本质。be rooted in是固定短语,意为“植根于”,句子描述客观事实,时态用一般现在时,主语The festival’s emphasis on family ties and continuity是抽象名词,单数意义,be动词用is,因此空格处是is rooted。故填is rooted。
3.(2025·广东省佛山市H7联盟高三摸底联考)In the vast and wind-swept steppes of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, there exists a great connection between the people and their music. The connection (present) by the appealing melodies(旋律) of the morin khuur, a two-stringed instrument often referred to as the horse-headed fiddle (琴).
【答案】is presented
【解析】考查时态语态。句意:这种联系通过morin khuur的迷人旋律展现出来,它是一种两弦乐器,通常被称为马头琴。本句在陈述事实,为一般现在时,主语The connection与谓语present为被动关系。 故填is presented。
4.(2025·广东省佛山市H7联盟高三摸底联考)Despite modernization and urbanization, the morin khuur (remain) a precious part of daily life for many families in Irmer Mongolian.
【答案】remains
【解析】考查时态。句意:尽管现代化和城市化,马头琴仍然是许多内蒙古家庭日常生活中珍贵的一部分。此句主语是单数名词 the morin khuur,空处为谓语,根据上下文判断时态为一般现在时。故填remains。
考点二 考查一般过去时态、语态及主谓一致
1. (2024 新高考Ⅱ卷) “Some of the things that Tang was writing about ___38___ (be)also Shakespeare’s concerns. I happen to know that Tang’s play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways to Romeo and Juliet.”
【答案】were
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:“汤显祖所写的一些内容也是莎士比亚所关心的。我碰巧知道汤显祖的戏剧《牡丹亭》在某些方面与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》相似。”这里为本句谓语动词,根据句意以及定语从句时态可知,本句时态为一般过去时;主语为“some of the things”,复数。故填were。
2. (2024 新高考Ⅱ卷) A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare’s Birthplace Garden in 2017. Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion, ___41___ (build)at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
【答案】was built
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意:两年后,一座六米高的亭子在菲斯花园落成,该花园距离莎士比亚故居仅十分钟步行路程,其灵感来自《牡丹亭》。这里为本句谓语动词,根据时间状语“Two years later”可知,本句时态为一般过去时;主语为“a six-meter-tall pavilion”,单数,和动词“build”之间为被动关系,所以用被动语态。故填was built。
3. (2024 全国卷卷) They 44 (be)part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
【答案】were
【解析】考查时态。句意:他们是一个由15人组成的探险队的一部分,他们花了近五个星期的时间来见证那里的自然美景。本空前They指代上文提及的四个男人,时间为1870年,同时联系后文had spent的过去完成时可知,本空时态为过去式且为复数形式,故填were。
4.(2023·1月新高考浙江卷)Citizens of higher social classes ________ (permit)to live closer to the center of the circles.
【答案】were permitted
【解析】考查动词的被动语态。句意:高等阶层的公民被允许住在离中心地带更近的地方。分析句子结构可知,空格处在句中作谓语,和主语Citizens of higher social classes构成被动关系,因为是对过去事实的陈述应用一般过去时。故填were permitted。
5.(2022 新高考I卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ______ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
【答案】 were
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区,将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构,以提高效率,减少管理上的不一致性。设空处在that引导的限制性定语从句中作谓语,先行词为a significant number of areas,先行词在从句中作主语,根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时,根据主谓一致,从句主语复数,从句谓语复数形式。故填were。
1.本题中的解题关键是:previously (之前地),可是很多考生不知道这个词的意思,造成解题失误。如果考生不能准确理解文章的意思,试题中will也对考生造成误导,由将来时转到一般过去时的跨度较大。再者,本句还是一个长难句。
2.找准试题中的时间关键线索是解题的关键所在。
3.高考试题中的主谓一致一般难度都较小,只要我们能判断出真正的主语是谁或者说主语的核心词是谁就可以了。本题中areas是主语,故用were。
6.(2023年新高考II卷) As a little girl, I (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up. Now, I’m living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.
【答案】wished
【解析】考查时态。句意:小时候,我希望长大后成为一名动物园饲养员。根据“As a little girl…”可知,本空应用一般过去时。
根据“标志性时间状语”快速解决时态问题
(1) 试题中有yesterday, last night,a few days ago,the other day等过去时间标志,要想到用一般过去时。
(2)本题中的As a little girl就是标志性的过去时间状语,故很快就判断出用一般过去时
7.(2023·1月新高考浙江卷)The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often ________ (feature)beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars(柱子).
【答案】featured
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:这些高级官员和有钱商人的高大的四合院,通常以雕刻精美和被粉刷的房顶横梁和柱子为特点。分析句子结构可知,空格处需要填谓语动词,再结合上下文时态可知,空格处应用一般过去时。故填featured。
8. (2022 新高考Ⅱ卷)He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. He quickly ______ (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out.
【答案】threw
【解析】考查过去式。句意:他迅速把工具扔到一边,伸出胳膊跑了起来。根据句子结构,设空处与空后的and started构成并且结构。故应该使用一般过去时。throw为动词,意为“扔”,过去时为threw。故填threw。
根据 “并列谓语动词”解决时态问题
(1) 当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时,它们之间可能是同时发生,也可能有一定的先后关系,我们可以根据这种谓语动词的关系来判定时态。同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语,谓语动词的时态要一致。
(2)本题中的looked up and saw ,started就是断定空处时态的隐含时间线索。
一般过去时
1.谓语动词的构成:did
2.基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用,如yesterday, last month, just now, the other day, three days ago, in 1989等。【记住这些时间状语标志词是快速解题的关键】
The other day I came across an old friend on the top of Mount Tai.
前几天,我在泰山顶上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(3)表达“原以为/本来认为/原希望”等意义时,know,think,expect等动词常用一般过去时。Much to my disappointment,the film is not as moving as I expected.
使我非常失望的是,这部电影不像我原来预料的一样感人。
(4)常见句型:【高频再现】
①It is time that sb. should do/did sth.
该到……的时候了
②It is/has been+一段时间+since...did sth.
自从做某事已经一段时间了
③would/had rather sb. did sth.
宁愿某人做某事
It is time that we took action to protect our environment.该到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。
As far as I know,it is/has been three years since he joined the army.据我所知,他参军三年了。
(5)句中暗含有表示过去的时间状语。【难点提醒】
George said that he would come to school to see me the next day,but he didn't.乔治说他会在第二天来学校看我,但是他没有来。
1.(2025·江苏省海门中学高三第一次调研)The opening ceremony of the Tang Xianzu Theater Festival and International Theater Exchange Month — a series of programs to honor Tang Xianzu and to strengthen international cultural exchanges — (hold) in the renowned (著名的) Chinese playwright’s birthplace of Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province, on Sept. 28.
【答案】was held
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意:9月28日,汤显祖戏剧节暨国际戏剧交流月开幕式在这位中国著名剧作家的故乡江西省抚州举行,汤显祖戏剧节暨国际戏剧交流月是一系列纪念汤显祖、加强国际文化交流的活动。hold做本句谓语,和主语The opening ceremony of the Tang Xianzu Theater Festival and International Theater Exchange Month之间是被动关系,用被动语态,根据时间状语on Sept. 28可知,用一般过去时,主语为单数。故填was held。
2.(2025·江苏省南京市六校联合体期中)Named after the ancient name for Xi’an in Shaanxi Province, which
(serve) as the capital of the Tang Dynasty for over 280 years, the movie brings to life some of the most iconic figures in Chinese literary history.
【答案】served
【解析】考查动词。句意:这部电影以陕西省西安市的古名命名,西安市作为唐朝的首都有280多年的历史,这部电影将中国文学史上一些最具代表性的人物栩栩如生地呈现出来。陈述过去的动作,用一般过去时。故填served。
3.(2025·内蒙古多校高三上学期第一次联考)The panda (hold)in captivity (圈养) until her death in 2000.
【答案】was held
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意:这只大熊猫被圈养起来,直到2000年去世。这里为本句谓语动词,根据时间状语“in 2000”可知,本句时态为一般过去时;主语为“the panda”,单数,和动词“hold”之间为被动关系,所以用被动语态。故填was held。
4.(2025·广东省清远市高三上学期一模)“Experience China: Dunhuang Culture Enters New Zealand” exhibition kicked off in New Zealand's largest city Auckland on Monday. The exhibition (bring) by the Gansu Provincial Information Office and the Dunhuang Academy, with the aim of vividly showcasing the rich cultural heritage of China.
【答案】was brought
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意:此次展览由甘肃省新闻办公室和敦煌研究院承办,旨在生动展示中国丰富的文化遗产。分析句子可知,空处需要谓语动词,主语The exhibition和bring之间是动宾关系,应用被动语态,而文中描述的活动已经结束,即动作发生在过去,应用一般过去时。故填was brought。
考点三 考查现在完成时态和语态及主谓一致
1.(2024年1月浙江高考真题)If your supermarket sells loose produce, then buying smaller quantities is easier. Over the last two years, some supermarkets 62 (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
【答案】have started
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意:在过去的两年里,一些超市开始销售鸡肉或沙拉包装,设计成两半,拆分成两份。根据“Over the last two years”可知,此处应用现在完成时。动词start意为“开始”。故填have started。
2.(2022 全国甲卷)In the last five years, Cao ______ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
【答案】has walked
【解析】考查动词时态及主谓一致。在过去的五年中,曹操穿越了六大洲的34个国家,2016年,他到达了乞力马扎罗山顶,这是非洲最高的山峰。根据时间状语in the last five years可知,此处应用现在完成时。故填has walked。
3.(2022年浙江卷1月)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly 200 academics —many of them climate scientists __________ (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
【答案】have promised
【解析】考查动词时态及主谓一致。句意:例如,在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上,自从两年前成立以来,大约有200个学者,他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。根据时间状语“since+过去时间”可知主句应使用现在完成时,故填have promised。
根据“标志性时间状语”快速解决时态问题
(1) 试题中有since,so far,up to now,in the last/past few years等与现在相关的时间标志,要想到用现在完成时。
(2)上面试题中的over the past 20 years, since it opened to the public,since the effort started two years ago,In the last five years就是标志性的与现在相关的时间状语,故很快就判断出用现在完成时。
现在完成时、过去完成时与现在完成进行时
(一)现在完成时
1.谓语动词的构成:+done
2.基本用法
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语:already,so far,never,just,before,recently,for a long time,in the past/last few years等。
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的10年中我们的城市发生了很大变化。
(2)表示过去已经开始,一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态,常与“since+时间点”或“for+时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
He moved here in 2019 and he has lived here ever since.
他2019年搬到这里,自那之后他一直住在这里。
3.现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.当你读完这本书请归还给我。
【高频再现】注意牢记以下固定句型:
①It is/has been+时间段+since...
表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大学毕业已十年了。
②This/It/That is the first/second/third...time that...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”,that从句中要用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次游览这座城市。
③This is+the+形容词最高级+名词+that...结构,that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
注意避免思维定式:一看到for+时间段,就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时),还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年,现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.大山在中国住了许多年。
(二)过去完成时
1.谓语动词的构成:had+done
2.基本用法
(1)表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”,常见的时间状语有by...,until...,when...,before...等。【解题关键】
When he was in Beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时,他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
(2)表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生,这种情况多见于宾语从句。
He remembered that he had left the key at home.
他记得他把钥匙落家了。
(3)过去完成时的常用句型【高频再现】
①It was the first/second...time that...
这是第一/第二……次……
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
这是那个男孩第三次迟到了。
②had hardly...when刚……就……;had no sooner...than一……就……。如:
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.
我刚打开门,他就打了我。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose 等,用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我们原来预料你们能够赢比赛。
(三) 现在完成进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:been+doing
2.基本用法
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间,一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
For days the kids have been looking for others we can help.
几天以来,孩子们一直在找我们能够帮助的其他人。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him many times this morning,but there's no answer.
今天早晨我一直给他打了很多电话,但是没人接。
(1)有少数几个双音节形容词,既可以加 er和 est,又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词有:common, handsome, quiet, pleasant, cruel, stupid, friendly等。
(2)有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度,因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有:right (正确的), wrong (错误的), excellent (优秀的), possible (可能的), empty (空的), first (第一的), wooden (木制的), final (最后的), east (东方的), last (最后的), favourite (最喜欢的)等。
(3)不规则变化
1.(2025·浙江Z20名校联盟高三第一次联考)This practice (prove) to be beneficial in terms of ensuring the growth of the industry so far, evidenced by the successful cooperation between DreamWorks and Reliance Entertainment in India.
【答案】has proved或者has proven
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意:迄今为止,这种做法已被证明对确保该行业的增长是有益的,印度梦工厂与信实娱乐之间的成功合作便是明证。分析句子结构可知,空格处需要填入谓语动词;句子的时间状语为“so far”,所以要用现在完成时,句子的主语This practice为第三人称单数,所以助动词用has,prove的过去分词为proved或者proven。故答案为has proved或者has proven。
2.(2025·江苏省海安高级中学高三月考)Understanding the story behind Nian Gao not only enriches your knowledge of Chinese culture but also provides a deeper appreciation for the traditions that (pass) down through generations.
【答案】have been passed
【解析】考查动词语态。 句意:了解年糕背后的故事不仅丰富了你对中国文化的了解,还让你更加深刻地欣赏代代相传的传统。pass down“传递”这一动作开始于过去,持续到现在,句子时态应用现在完成时。本空为that引导的定语从句的谓语,that代替先行词traditions作从句的主语,与pass down“传递”为被动关系,用现在完成时的被动语态。故填have been passed。
3.(2025·重庆巴蜀中学高考适应性月考卷(二))Since 1994, the San Diego Zoo (work) with the Sichuan conservation center to carry out cooperative research on the species’ behavior and disease prevention.
【答案】has worked/has been working
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:自1994年以来,圣地亚哥动物园一直与四川保护中心合作开展物种行为和疾病预防的合作研究。此处时间状语是Since 1994,因此可以使用现在完成时has worked或现在完成进行时has been working,表示动作发生在过去持续到现在,或者持续到将来。故填has worked/has been working。
考点四 考查现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时
1.(2023·天津·高考真题)Some restaurants are happy to provide a free cake if you let them know in advance that you ________a group for a birthday party.
A.will be bringing B.have brought
C.have been bringing D.were bringing
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态。句意:如果你提前告诉一些餐馆你将带一个团队来参加生日派对,他们会很乐意提供一个免费的蛋糕。根据“in advance”可知,此处表示将来的动作,所以应用将来进行时。故选A。
2.(2021·天津·高考真题)Good evening, everybody. Professor King ________ his lecture in a moment, but let me introduce him first.
A.delivered B.will be delivering
C.was delivering D.has been delivering
【答案】B
【解析】考查将来进行时。句意:大家晚上好,金教授马上要发表演讲,但(开始之前)让我先介绍一下他。根据语境和标志词in a moment(立即,即将,一会儿)的提示,可知教授的演讲还未开始,用将来时态(一般将来时或将来进行时),仅有B符合题意,是将来进行时的结构,故选B。
3.(2015·天津·高考真题)Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she ______ a class at that time.
A.will teach B.would teach
C.has taught D.will be teaching
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态。句意:简不能参加今天下午3点钟的会议,因为她那个时候在一个班上课。根据句中的时间状语at that time,指代at 3 o'clock this afternoon,表示在将来的某一时刻正在做某事,故用将来完成时。故选D。
4.(2012·辽宁·高考真题)I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I ________ to Shanghai.
A.will be flying B.will fly
C.have been flying D.have flown
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态。句意为:我太兴奋了!明天上午这个时间我正飞往上海。本题的关键词是at this time tomorrow morning,这是将来某个特定的时间,因此排除C、D两项。will fly表达将来的打算,而不能表达将来某个特定时间正在发生的事情。故选A项。
5.(2008·辽宁·高考真题)—Have you got any job offers
—No. I ______.
A.waited B.had been waiting C.have waited D.am waiting
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态。句意:——你得到任何工作机会了吗?——没有,我正在等。结合语意以及空前的No可知,回答者还没得到工作机会,正在等待,应用现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。故选D。
6.(2008·重庆·高考真题)Teenagers their health because they play computer games too much.
A.have damaged B.are damaging C.damaged D.will damage
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意:青少年正在伤害自己的健康,因为他们玩了太多电脑游戏。分析句子结构可知,从句子后面的时态“because they play computer games too much”可以看出,空处表示“现在一直在做的动作”,可使用现在进行时。故选B。
7.(2018·北京·高考真题)Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
A.is working B.was working
C.has worked D.had worked
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意:Susan已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候,她正在一个社区里做志愿者。Susan辞职发生在她当志愿者之前,had quit是过去完成时态,过去完成时态通俗的说就是“过去的过去”,且结合时间状语when I visited her last year可知,Susan做志愿者是过去的某个时间段发生的情况,故该空应用过去进行时态。B选项正确。
现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时
(一)现在进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:+doing
2.基本用法
(1)表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态,常与时间状语now,at the moment,at present等连用。
He is watching a football match on TV at home now.
他现在正在家里看电视上的足球赛。
(2)一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come, go, leave, get, start, open, arrive, begin, return等常用现在进行时表将来。
I am leaving for Shanghai to attend an important international meeting.我要出发去上海参加一个重要的国际会议。
(3)现在进行时态与频率副词always,constantly连用表达某种感彩,如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。
You are always forgetting the important thing.
你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)
(二)过去进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:+doing
2.基本用法
(1)过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。
He was playing basketball with his friends on the playground at 3:00 pm yesterday.昨天下午3点他正在操场与他的朋友们一起打篮球。
(2)表示过去一个动作发生时另外一个动作正在进行。
She was watching TV when a burglar broke into her house.
她正在看电视,这时一个盗贼闯入她家。
(3)表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作,此用法常见动词有go,begin,leave,arrive,come,return等。
I was coming to visit you later that day,but I had to phone and cancel.
我本打算那天晚些时候去看你,但是我不得不打电话取消了。
(三)将来进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:will be doing
2.基本用法
表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。
This time next week I'll be lying on the beach,enjoying the sunshine.
下星期这个时候,我正躺在海滩上,享受着阳光。
1.(2024·江苏省高三名校联考检测试题) One day when she (cycle) to school, she bumps into a handsome student named Souta, who turns out to be a “Closer” — a person charged with “closing doors to another world”.
【答案】is cycling
【解析】考查时态。句意:一天,当她骑自行车去学校的时候,她遇到了一个名叫Souta的英俊学生,他原来是一个“关闭者”——一个负责“关闭另一个世界的门”的人。该空是从句谓语动词,动作cycle是由she发出,She和cycle是主动关系,后文主句谓语bumps用的是一般现在时,该空表正在进行的动作,因此这里要用现在进行时。故填is cycling。
2.The coach, rather than the players (be) working out when I entered the gym.
【答案】was
【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意:当我进入体育馆时,是教练而不是运动员在锻炼。sb be doing...when...为固定句型,意为“某人正在做某事,这时突然……”,根据“entered”可知,主句使用过去进行时,谓语跟rather than前面的主语保持一致,主语为单数名词,be动词用was。故填was。
3.Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she (teach) a class at that time.
【答案】will be teaching
【解析】考查时态。句意:简不能参加今天下午3点的会议,因为那时她正在上课。at 3 o'clock this afternoon是将来的时间,在这个时间她正在上课,故此处要用将来进行时,表示将来某一时间 正在进行的动作,故答案为will be teaching。
考点五 考查一般将来时和过去将来时
1.(2025·黑龙江省实验中学高三月考)The girl, as well as her parents, (be) going to visit China next week.
【答案】is
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:这个女孩和她的父母下周将访问中国。当主语后面跟有 as well as 连接的名词时,谓语动词的形式要和主语保持一致。本句的主语是 The girl,为第三人称单数,根据 next week可知用一般将来时,be going to结构中,be动词用 is。故填is。
2.(2025·广东省佛山市南海区南执高级中学高三段考)As he proudly signed his name at the bottom of the page, Beethoven tried to imagine how people (respond) when they heard it for the first time.
【答案】would respond
【解析】考查时态。句意:当贝多芬自豪地在页面底部签名时,他试图想象人们第一次听到这个名字时会有什么反应。分析句子可知,这里考查谓语动词,主语people与respond为主动关系,再由tried to imagine可知,这里时态应用过去将来时,表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或呈现的状态。故填would respond。
3.(2025·江苏省扬州中学月考)In those days, whenever I had trouble, I (turn) to Mr. Smith for help.
【答案】would turn
【解析】考查时态。句意:在那些日子里,每当我遇到麻烦,我都会向史密斯先生求助。根据In those days, whenever I had trouble可知,时间状语从句为过去时;再结合句意“我将找史密斯先生求助”可知,主句应为过去将来时,故填would turn。
一般将来时和过去将来时
(一)一般将来时
1.表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态常用以下四种结构
(1)will/shall+动词原形
(2)be going to+动词原形
(3)be to+动词原形
(4)be about to do sth.
2.基本用法
(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,即单纯的将来事实。
He will graduate from Beijing University next year.
明年,他将毕业于北京大学。
(2)be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。
Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.
瞧那乌云,天要下雨了。
(3)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事,或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library.
当我们进了图书馆,就要遵守这些规章制度。
(4)be about to do sth.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。
The train is about to leave.
火车即将开出。
(二)过去将来时
1.谓语动词的构成:
2.基本用法
过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态,常用于宾语从句中。
The shop would soon close,and all the people would go home.
这个商店不久将关闭,所有的人将回家。
1.(2025·上海交通大学附属中学浦东实验高中期中)Larry’s parents made up their mind that they (buy) a new house once their little daughter changed her job.
【答案】would buy
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:拉里的父母下定决心,一旦小女儿换了工作,他们就买一所新房子。空处为从句谓语动词,根据句意可知,此处表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作,应使用过去将来时。故填would buy。
2.(2025·北京市朝阳区质量检测)Tom was my leader and he promised that he (help)me if necessary.
【答案】would help
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:汤姆是我的领导,他答应必要时他会帮助我。分析句子可知,此处为谓语动词的填入,由主句动词promised可知,此处也要用相应的过去时态,结合句意可知,从句表示过去将要发生的事情,用过去将来时,为would do。故填would help。
3.It is reported that the new famous astronomer (visit) our school in a few days.
【答案】will visit
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:据报道,这位新上任的著名天文学家几天后将访问我们学校。分析句子结构可知,visit作从句谓语,根据时间状语in a few days可知,用一般将来时。故填will visit。
考点六 被动语态和主谓一致高频总结
1.(2025·吉林省东北师范大学附属中学高三摸底)Ho Feng- Shan decided to give visas to whoever applied. Consequently, he issued thousands of Shanghai visas until he ( transfer) back to China in 1940.
【答案】 was transferred
【解析】考查宾语从句、时态和语态。句意:何凤山决定给任何申请的人发签证。因此,他签发了数千张上海签证,直到1940年被调回中国。第一空为宾语从句,作介词 to的宾语,在这个宾语从句中,从句缺少主语,表示“无论谁”,用连接代词whoever; 第二空根据时间状语 in 1940可知,这里要用一般过去时,句子的主语 he和 transfer之间是被动关系,所以要用一般过去时的被动语态。故填whoever; was transferred。
2.(2025·广东省佛山市南海区段考)Cotton (use) by humans for over three thousand years.
【答案】has been used
【解析】考查动词。句意:棉花已经被人类使用了三千多年。由时间状语“for over three thousand years”可知,句子要用现在完成时;且主语 Cotton 和动词 use 之间是被动关系,所以要用现在完成时的被动语态,又因为主语是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式。故填 has been used。
3.(2025·福建省厦门第一中学高三开学考试)So why did you open a letter that (address) to me
【答案】was addressed
【解析】考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:那你为什么要打开一封写给我的信?空处作that引导的限制性定语从句的谓语,从句的先行词是letter,先行词在从句中作主语,结合“did”可知,时态应用一般过去时,address“写姓名地址”和主语letter之间是被动关系,应用被动语态,且主语是单数,be动词应用was。故填was addressed。
4.As a matter of fact, not your deskmate but you (be) to blame for the matter.
【答案】were/are
【解析】考查主谓一致。句意:事实上,不是你的同桌,而是你应该为这件事负责。not...but...连接并列的主语,谓语应遵循“就近原则”,和you保持一致。本句既可表示过去发生的事情,也可表示现在的情况,应用一般过去时或一般现在时。故填were或are。
被动语态的高频考点
(1)不能用被动语态的特殊动词
①系动词类(look,seem,feel,taste,sound,prove,appear等)。
②表示主语特征的词(read,wash,write,sell,wear,lock等),常与not,hardly,well,easily,badly,nicely等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料容易洗。
(2)get构成的表示被动的短语
此类短语主要有get paid/lost/hurt等。
We get paid every week.我们按周获得薪酬。
(3)主动形式表示被动意义
①在need,want,require,deserve,bear等动词;worth等形容词的后面,动名词主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。
②在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。
主谓一致的 “三原则”
(1)“语法一致”原则
1.可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数;可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
2.在定语从句中,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数保持一致。
3.单个的动词-ing形式、名词性从句作主语,谓语动词一般用单数。但what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时,谓语动词用复数。
4.主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, but, except, along with, rather than等连接另一主语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
(2)“意义一致”原则
1.集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词则用单数形式;若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词则用复数形式。常见的集体名词有:family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
2.“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数及其表示的意义;all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。“a number of+名词”作主语,其谓语动词常用复数形式;“the number of+名词”作主语,其谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。
(3)“就近一致”原则
1.由either ...or ..., neither ...nor ..., not only ...but also ...等连接的并列主语或者在there be句型中,谓语动词常与最邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
2.在There be句型中,若有几个并列成分作主语,谓语动词的单复数形式由最邻近的主语决定。
1.(2025·黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学高三期中)Twenty years (have) passed since he left his hometown.
【答案】has
【解析】考查主谓一致。句意:自从他离开家乡,二十年已经过去了。主语为twenty years,将这一段时间看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数。故填has。
2.(2025·福建省厦门第一中学高三开学考试)The children (drill) to leave the classroom quickly when the fire bell rang.
【答案】were being drilled
【解析】考查被动语态。句意:当火警铃响起时,孩子们正在被训练快速离开教室。根据句子结构,因主语与谓语之间为为被动关系,使用被动语态,根据时间状语 when the fire bell rang,可知句子表示的是过去某个时间正在发生的动作,需要使用过去进行时的被动语态,主语The children是复数形式,因此谓语动词使用were being drilled。故填were being drilled。
3.(2025江苏省某校月考)Last Year, large amounts of money (spend) on building the bridge.
【答案】were spent
【解析】考查时态语态以及主谓一致。句意:去年,为了建造这座桥花费了大量的钱。空处为句子的谓语动词。根据时间状语“Last Year”可知,句子时态为一般过去时态,且该动词和主语之间为被动关系,所以该句话使用一般过去时态的被动语态。large amounts of“大量的……”,该短语加名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。故填were spent。
04重难点突破 时态、语态及主谓一致的综合运用
1. 动词的时态和语态及主谓一致考点的解题关键:
(1)通过“标志性状语”解决时态问题
在题干中,yesterday, tomorrow, always, since, in the past few years, over the years, by+时间, so far等都是动词时态常用的标志性状语,做题时可以通过寻找这些标志性状语来判定时态。
(2)通过“并列谓语动词”解决时态问题
当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时,它们之间可能是同时发生,也可能有一定的先后关系,我们可以根据这种谓语动词的关系来判定时态。同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语,谓语动词的时态要一致。
(3)通过“语境暗示”解决时态问题
有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下,通过“语境暗示”,正确分析语境也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
(4)通过“时态定义”解决时态问题
准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。
(5)通过“固定句式”解决时态问题
掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方法。
【高频再现】
①It's (high) time sb did sth表示“正是某人做某事的时候”,从句要用一般过去时。
②It is/has been ... since ... 表示“自从……以来……”,since 之前用一般现在时或现在完成时,since后用一般过去时或接表示过去的时间状语。
③sb was/were doing sth when sb did sth表示“正在做某事,这时突然……”。
④“It/This/That is/was+the+形容词最高级+n.+定语从句”句型中,定语从句的时态用现在/过去完成时。
⑤“It is/was the first time+that从句”句型中,从句的时态一般用现在/过去完成时。
⑥hardly, scarcely, barely+过去完成时+when+一般过去时,表示“一(刚)……就……”。
⑦no sooner+过去完成时+than+一般过去时,表示“一(刚)……就……”。
⑧by (the end of)+过去时间,句子谓语动词用过去完成时,表示“到过去某时为止,已经做了某事”。
⑨by (the end of)+将来时间,句子谓语动词用将来完成时,表示“到将来某时为止,已经做了某事”。
⑩“祈使句+and/or/otherwise+陈述句”,陈述句用一般将来时。
①在时间、条件状语从句中,主句用一般/过去将来时,从句用一般现在/过去时。
②在宾语从句中,如果主句用一般过去时,从句应用过去的某种时态;从句表示客观事实或真理,用一般现在时。
2.通过“逻辑关系”解决语态问题
有时候做题时,我们对于时态问题比较关注,但往往忽略了语态,因此我们可以采用“先语态、后时态”的方式。解决语态问题主要是根据谓语动词与句子主语之间的逻辑关系,二者为主动关系用主动语态,是被动关系则用被动语态。
3.主谓一致把握三原则即可。(语法填空中主谓一致的难度较小,一般就是根据真正主语的单复数判断谓语动词的单复数)。
语法填空
(2025·福建省福州市第一次质量检测)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。(标黄题号为本专题考点)
The term Xuan paper first appeared in On Famous Paintings through the Ages, a book written by Tang Dynasty scholar Zhang Yanyuan, 1 he described Xuan paper as an ideal carrier for calligraphy and painting. Handmade Xuan paper from Jingxian county, East China’s Anhui province, 2 (list) as a gift to the imperial court then for its supreme quality,
During the Tang and Song Dynasties Xuan paper reached its peak of 3 (popular) and quality. The traditional craft (工艺) of making Xuan paper is extremely 4 (demand). Sandalwood bark, a plant native to southern China, 5 (go) through108 procedures over the course of three years before it can transform into fine Xuan paper.
The flow of ink determines the output of Chinese art, and Xuan paper outshines others with its excellent ability 6 (give) full play to ink. Different proportions (比例) of bar k to straw during the paper- making process can create different canvases (帆布) best suited 7 artistic expression u freehand ink paintings or calligraphy. The unique quality of Xuan paper is 8 (high) valued in the world of Chinese calligraphy and painting.
Xuan paper is very resistant to damage brought by time. It is this durability 9 has made the preservation of many valuable works from ancient China possible. The long history, unique craftsmanship, and high quality of Xuan paper have made it a 10 (treasure) cultural heritage of China.
【答案】
1.where 2.was listed 3.popularity 4.demanding 5.goes 6.to give 7.for/to 8.highly 9.that 10.treasured
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国传统的宣纸及其制作工艺和历史地位。
1.考查定语从句。句意:“宣纸”一词首次出现在唐代学者张彦远所著的《历代名画记》中,他在书中将宣纸描述为书画的理想载体。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a book,关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语,意为“在书中”,是模糊地点,应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
2.考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意:来自中国东部安徽省泾县的手工宣纸,因其卓越的品质,当时被列为进贡皇家的礼物。list(把……列入名单)是句中谓语动词,与主语Handmade Xuan paper之间是被动关系,结合“as a gift to the imperial court then”可知,讲述过去的事情应使用一般过去时态,又因主语是不可数名词,所以谓语动词也应使用单数形式。综上,谓语应用一般过去时的被动语态,单数形式。故填was listed。
3.考查名词。句意:在唐宋时期,宣纸达到了流行和质量的高峰。空处作介词of的宾语,应用名词popularity,表示“流行”。故填popularity。
4.考查形容词。句意:制作宣纸的传统工艺极其费工。提示词作表语,应用形容词demanding,表示“费时费力的,费工的”。故填demanding。
5.考查时态和主谓一致。句意:檀香木树皮,一种原产于中国南方的植物,要经过108道工序,历时三年,才能变成优质的宣纸。go through(经过,经历)是谓语动词,与主语Sandalwood bark之间是主动关系,根据后文“before it can transform into fine Xuan paper”可知,此处表示一般事实,应用一般现在时,主语Sandalwood bark是单数名词,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式goes。故填goes。
6.考查非谓语动词。句意:宣纸以其充分发挥墨水性能的卓越能力而脱颖而出。名词ability常用不定式作后置定语,ability to do“做某事的能力”。故填to give。
7.考查介词。句意:造纸过程中树皮与稻草的不同比例可以创造出最适合自由水墨画或书法艺术表达的不同画布。(be) suited for/to表示“适合于”,固定短语。故填for/to。
8.考查副词。句意:宣纸的独特品质在中国书法和绘画界受到高度评价。空处修饰动词value,应用副词highly,表示“高度地”。故填highly。
9.考查强调句。句意:正是这种耐久性使得许多中国古代珍贵作品的保存成为可能。句中使用了强调句型,强调句结构为“It + is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其它部分”,在强调句中,当被强调部分是人时,可以使用who代替that;本句中强调的是原句主语“this durability ”,句子其它部分只能由that引出。故填that。
10.考查非谓语动词。句意:宣纸悠久的历史、独特的工艺和高质量使其成为中国宝贵的文化遗产。提示词treasure(珍惜,珍视)作定语,修饰名词cultural heritage,是非谓语动词,与其逻辑主语cultural heritage之间是被动关系,用过去分词作定语。故填treasured。
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