2025年高考英语二轮复习(新高考通用)词汇知识专题03阅读理解高频词汇(练习)(学生版+解析)

专题03 阅读理解高频词汇
目录 01 模拟基础练 【题型一】单词背诵（英译汉） 【题型二】词汇选择题 02 重难创新练（阅读理解） 03 真题实战练（阅读理解）
题型一 单词背诵（英译汉）
研究报告类高频词汇
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document________________
biodiversity________________
technology ________________
observation ________________
application ________________
assistant________________
outnumber ________________
specimen ________________
increasingly ________________
observational ________________
investigate________________
statistician ________________
illustrate ________________
experiment ________________
estimation ________________
conduct________________
independent ________________
accurate ________________
overestimate________________
underestimate ________________
average________________
correlated ________________
phenomenon ________________
significantly ________________
dominant ________________
response ________________
potential ________________
implication ________________
reveal ________________
feature________________
imperfect________________
oversampled________________
identification________________
originally ________________
psychologist________________
tempt ________________
device ________________
preschooler ________________
mechanism ________________
dramatically ________________
mismatch ________________
thoughtful ________________
consumption________________
temptation ________________
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阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇
1.医学类
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alleviate________________
absent-minded____________
bacteria________________
bandage________________
capsule________________
disable________________
disorder________________
discomfort______________
diagnose________________
transplant________________
prescribe________________
itamin________________
protein________________
oxygen________________
soothe________________
resistant________________
syndrome________________
handicap________________
surgeon________________
physician________________
remedy________________
stress________________
stroke________________
pill________________
tablet________________
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2.科普类
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assign ________________
digital ________________
dimension ________________
electrical ________________
electronic ________________
optical ________________
universal ________________
solar ________________
solid ________________
mechanical ________________
precise________________
logical ________________
psychological ________________
phenomenon ________________
element ________________
biology ________________
evolution ________________
mathematics ________________
statistic________________
carbon ________________
measurement ________________
graph________________
navigation ________________
infinite________________
visual ________________
monitor ________________
emission ________________
pesticide ________________
sustainability ________________
chemicals ________________
transform ________________
roadmap ________________
forthcoming ________________
revolution ________________
complicated ________________
understandable________________
accessible ________________
informative ________________
Artificial General Intelligence________________
sidelined ________________
essential ________________
tipping point ________________
structured thinking________________
abandoned ________________
environmentally friendly________________
sustainable________________
dispose of________________
circumstance ________________
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阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇
1.社会生活类
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allocate________________
assess ________________
bankrupt________________
biography________________
boost________________
civilize ________________
comprehension ________________
consciousness ________________
coordination________________
celebrity ________________
critically ________________
depressed ________________
discipline ________________
emergence ________________
financial squeeze________________
flourish ________________
genuine ________________
initiative________________
modify ________________
pursuit ________________
sponsor ________________
thrive ________________
tend ________________
violent behaviours________________
chaos ________________
morality ________________
moral virtues________________
cruelty ________________
humbleness ________________
religion ________________
social instincts________________
community ________________
motivate ________________
behavioural patterns________________
efficient ________________
accompany ________________
advantageous ________________
self-discipline ________________
self-control ________________
strengthen ________________
capacity ________________
philosophy ________________
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2.心理学类
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minimalism ________________
intolerable ________________
solitude ________________
aggressive ________________
conceited ________________
frustrate ________________
lonely________________
stress ________________
suspect________________
bully ________________
victim________________
anxiety________________
psychology________________
psychologist______________
self-esteem ________________
neglect ________________
empathy________________
sympathetic________________
assertiveness ________________
supportive ________________
complex ________________
psychological problem________________
mental health________________
societal expectations________________
overwhelming________________
competitive ________________
extracurricular ________________
deprivation ________________
prioritize ________________
verbal abuse________________
social exclusion ________________
cyberbullying________________
popularization ________________
emotional intelligence________________
misunderstand________________
motivation ________________
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阅读理解记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇
1.记叙文命题中题干和选项中常考的描述作者态度的词：
表示赞同+积极
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appreciation________________
appreciative ________________
approval ________________
approving ________________
compensatory ________________
confident ________________
defensive________________
desirable ________________
enthusiastic ________________
enthusiasm ________________
favorable ________________
frank________________
influential ________________
modest ________________
positive ________________
profound ________________
respectable________________
satisfaction ________________
soothing ________________
supportive________________
sympathy ________________
sympathetic ________________
talented ________________
tolerance ________________
tolerant ________________
understanding ________________
admiring ________________
rewarding ________________
instructive ________________
consent________________
impressed / impressive ________________
humorous________________
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表示否定+消极
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unwilling ________________ = reluctant
pessimistic________________= permissive
depressed ________________ = frustrated = gloomy
hesitancy________________
hesitant ________________
arrogant ________________
biased ________________
conservative ________________
contempt_______________
contemptuous ________________
detestation________________
disapproval ________________
disgust ________________
doubtful ________________
enraged ________________
guilty________________
harmful________________
impulsive ________________
indignation ________________
indulgence ________________
insulted ________________
misleading ________________
negative ________________
objection ________________
opposition________________
opposed ________________
self-centered ________________
ironic________________=sarcastic=satiric
disappointed ________________
radical________________
disapproval ________________
hostile________________
undesirable ________________
unworthy ________________
worried ________________
permissive________________
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表示客观中立
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factual ________________
detached ________________
disinterested ________________
impartial ________________
neutral ________________ = impersonal
ambiguous ________________
conservative________________
objective ________________
objectiveness ________________
unbiased ________________
unprejudiced________________
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主观词
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cautious________________
cautiousness ________________
curiosity ________________
puzzled ________________
subjective ________________
apprehensive ________________
intolerant________________
critical________________
criticism________________
compromising ________________
dissatisfied ________________
informative ________________
formal ________________
informal ________________
discontent________________
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表怀疑不确定
dubious________________
questioning________________
uncertain ________________
unclear ________________
skeptical________________
skepticism ________________
suspicion ________________
questionable ________________
2.记叙文描写人物的高频词：
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adaptable________________
aggressive________________
ambitious________________
analytical________________
argumentative________________
aspiring________________
attractive________________
brilliant________________
competent________________
confident________________
considerate________________
constructive________________
cooperative________________
courageous________________
creative________________
dashing________________
demanding________________
determined________________
devoted________________
disciplined________________
dishonest________________
disorganized________________
dutiful________________
easy-going________________
efficient________________
energetic________________
enthusiastic________________
expressive________________
faithful________________
forceful________________
forgetful________________
generous________________
helpful________________
helpless________________
honest________________
humorous________________
inconsiderate________________
independent________________
initiative ________________
intellective________________
inventive________________
just ________________
kind-hearted________________
knowledgeable________________
learned________________
loyal________________
mean________________
methodical________________
modest________________
moody________________
motivated________________
narrow-minded________________
noisy________________
objective________________
open-minded________________
optimistic________________
orderly________________
original________________
outgoing________________
painstaking________________
passionate________________
pessimistic________________
polite________________
popular________________
practical________________
purposeful________________
pushy________________
personality________________
qualified________________
responsible________________
romantic________________
self-conscious________________
sensitive________________
sincere________________
skeptical________________
smart________________
sociable________________
spirited________________
steady________________
straightforward________________
strict________________
supportive________________
strong-willed________________
sympathetic________________
talented________________
thoughtful________________
tireless________________
tolerant________________
understanding________________
upright________________
virtuous________________
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熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语
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1.________________ be related to= be associated with= be linked to= be connected with
2.________________ a variety of +n. /varieties of +n. =various +n. =all kinds of=all sorts of = diversities of
3.________________ in advance, ahead of time, ahead of schedule
4.________________be tired/sick of=be bored with=be fed up with
5.________________agree/be consistent/correspond with
6.________________be absent from, be not present at
7.________________boycott, refuse to accept, resist, reject
8.________________contradict, be opposite to
9.________________abandon, go away from, leave, give up
10.________________describe, give a description of
11.________________afterwards, after that, later on
12.________________nowadays, at present, at the present time
13.________________cancel, call off
14.________________announce/declare sth, make sth known to the public
15.________________in (a) good condition, in a good state/situation
16.________________be accessible, be easy to enter/reach/use
17.________________again, once more, once again, over and over again
18.________________be in the dark about, know nothing about
19.________________allocate sth to sb, divide sth among sb
20.________________不愿意/不屑于…= be unwilling to do sth=be reluctantly
21.industrious ________________=hardworking =diligent
22.all of a sudden ________________= all at once = suddenly =sharply= out of the blue= without warning
23.cheat on sb ________________=be not faithful to sb
24. learn…by heart ________________=memorize注：recite ________________
25. stand for ________________=represent=be on behalf of=symbolize
26. provide sb with sth ________________= provide sth for sb=supply sb with sth=supply sth to sb=afford sb sth
=afford sth to sb
27. be brought up ________________= be raised= be reared bring up = raise ________________
28. agree with sb ________________= see eye to eye with sb
29. attend to________________= pay attention to= be attentive to
30. take on ________________…= assume
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熟记常用有关文章出处的词汇
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novel/fiction________________
science novel/fiction________________
advertisement/Ad________________
An official website________________
A travel website________________
an instructive website________________
travel magazine________________
geography magazine________________
science magazine________________
illustrated magazine________________
newspaper________________
business newspaper________________
science report________________
medical report________________
official report________________
research report________________
news report________________
A travel journal________________
travel guidebook________________
exhibition guidebook________________
A program guide________________
A training brochure________________
A travel brochure________________
A literature review________________
A film review________________
academic article________________
research article________________
biography________________
course plan________________
encyclopedia________________
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题型二 词汇选择题
1．（24-25高三上·天津·期中）The word Mangzhong is a pun (双关语) on “busy planting” in Chinese, which is also an _____description of how farmers’ life is during this period of time.
A．accurate B．flexible C．accessible D．available
2．（23-24高三·天津滨海新·阶段练习）The ________ project was completed in only nine months.
A．relevant B．ambitious C．loyal D．violent
3．（2024·天津·一模）Play is a(n) part of a child’s development, just as the saying goes, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”.
A．accurate B．essential C．impressive D．temporary
4．（23-24高三下·天津·阶段练习）Some people think that watching violence on TV is one of the major causes of ______ behavior and crime in society.
A．abstract B．ridiculous C．aggressive D．visual
5．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）She’s very ________ of the problems involved.
A．brilliant B．intelligent C．innovative D．conscious
6．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）Early bird tickets are available, but they are only ________ to our members.
A．accessible B．accidental C．potential D．imaginative
7．（2024·天津河北·一模）Considering the different demands of the students, the school has adopted a more ________ approach to education.
A．independent B．responsible C．flexible D．general
8．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）This is a ________ shopping centre offering visitors entry to a clutch (群) of well-known etailers without going to their different websites.
A．artificial B．automatic C．virtual D．relevant
9．（2022·天津南开·模拟预测）Without our phones, we had a ________ conversation for over two hours, without being distracted by messages from other people.
A．polite B．precious C．proper D．positive
10．（21-22高三下·天津滨海新·阶段练习）Considering the different demands of the students, the school has adopted a more ________ approach to education.
A．independent B．responsible C．flexible D．considerate
11．（23-24高三上·天津·期末）Students who are found with pets, whether visiting or owned by the student, are _______ to an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day per pet.
A．bound B．subject C．subsequent D．committed
12．（23-24高三上·天津和平·期末）More Chinese classics have been adapted for movies or TV plays to make traditional Chinese culture to a wider range of people.
A．flexible B．convenient C．effective D．accessible
13．（23-24高三上·天津西青·期末）Sarah was feeling about the result of her job interview, and constantly check her email for any news.
A．guilty B．grateful C．anxious D．sad
14．（23-24高三上·天津河北·期末）Despite the rise in technology-based learning tools, the school chose to maintain ______teaching methods, emphasizing the value of face-to-face interaction in the classroom.
A．identical B．substantial C．botanical D．conventional
15．（2023·天津·高考真题）Athletes should make _________ preparation, both physical and psychological, before entering a big race.
A．adequate B．slight C．identical D．rough
16．（23-24高三上·内蒙古通辽·阶段练习）My fourteen-year-old sister is now studying in a ________ school.
A．vocational B．vocation C．vacation D．vacational
17．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）According to the results, voters’ opinions differ on a variety of issues, such as gun control, illegal immigration and so on.
A．potential B．controversial C．financial D．official
18．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Since this school provides various optional courses, students will have a(n) choice according to their interest.
A．flexible B．accessible C．available D．reliable
19．（23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习）Students in Senior 3 are under __________ pressure but we can endure it as long as we bear dreams in our mind.
A．intense B．steely C．strange D．cooperative
20．（23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习）Stephen was scolded for walking into the kitchen with __________ boots and making a mess.
A．woolen B．gentle C．muddy D．shiny
21．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）The Great Wall is the miniature of ______ spirit of the Chinese people, and also the symbol of the Chinese civilization.
A．conventional B．conservative C．flexible D．enterprising
22．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Elizabeth was enormously motivated although she made ________ advances in her English learning.
A．brilliant B．modest C．substantial D．considerable
23．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）Supporters were encouraged to bring along canned food and ______ supplies to help those trapped.
A．comfort B．dedicate C．essential D．initial
24．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·期中）Fossil fuels are non-renewable, whose reserves will be used up one day in the future. In contrast, renewable energy sources are basically __________, and will be available to us for a few billion more years.
A．inadequate B．inexhaustible C．inaccessible D．inflexible
25．（23-24高三上·上海·期中）“Man”, as a(n) _________ term for both men and women, is now considered sexist.
A．favourable B．abstract C．blanket D．clinical
26．（23-24高三上·福建厦门·期中）The hardest part of going back to college was feeling ________ about the time I spent away from my kids.
A．ridiculous B．confident C．guilty D．excited
27．（22-23高三上·甘肃定西·期中）Mr Davis was________ that the books he ordered online were not delivered as promised.
A．confident B．conscious C．grateful D．annoyed
28．（22-23高二上·河北张家口·期中）There was nothing special about this film — it was only ______.
A．particular B．average C．interesting D．strange
29．（21-22高三上·天津北辰·期中）Some people are always__________ about the future while some are always looking at the bright side of things in their lives.
A．abnormal B．modest C．pessimistic D．patient
30．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·阶段练习）When I received the acceptance letter from my dream university, I was ____. I couldn’t contain my joy and excitement.
A．nervous B．ecstatic C．embarrassed D．furious
31．（23-24高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习）With the development of AI, the line between humans and robots will be more in the future.
A．absurd B．violent C．urgent D．blurred
32．（23-24高三上·天津和平·期末）The dry-cleaner’s couldn’t get the dirt out completely, but you can ______see it now.
A．approximately B．virtually C．barely D．practically
33．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Mr.Holmes believed that door was locked inside by the hostess, but all the evidence suggested________.
A．instead B．anyway C．otherwise D．though
34．（23-24高三上·天津静海·阶段练习）Several years ago, I had a manager who________changed his mind about what he wanted.
A．strangely B．constantly C．actually D．eventually
35．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）If you have health examination________, any disease you may have can be discovered early.
A．regularly B．particularly C．gradually D．typically
36．（23-24高三上·天津武清·阶段练习）The erhu was ______ a musical instrument of ethnic groups in northern China, which dates more than a thousand years back to the Tang Dynasty (618-907).
A．originally B．eventually C．increasingly D．accurately
37．（20-21高三上·天津北辰·期中）You may thank your good luck that you were just___________ hurt while the others were either killed or seriously injured.
A．extremely B．slightly C．safely D．exactly
38．（23-24高三上·重庆·期中）There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. ________, it is vital that we strive for the equality.
A．Moreover B．Nevertheless C．Despite D．Additionally
39．（20-21高三上·天津北辰·期末）Although e-books are becoming more and more popular, I don’t think they will ________ take the place of paper books.
A．finally B．merely C．obviously D．especially
40．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）After several rounds of talks, the two sides ______ reached an agreement.
A．apparently B．eventually C．literally D．frequently
41．（22-23高三上·河北张家口·期中）Most people on this island are fishers, and ________, fishing forms an actual part of their leisure time.
A．accidentally B．purposefully C．obviously D．formally
42．（23-24高三上·天津静海·阶段练习）It’s a tradition that, at the wedding ceremony, the hands of the bride and groom would be tied together with a length of ribbon to symbolize that their lives were fastened together _______.
A．conveniently B．deliberately C．permanently D．temporarily
43．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·阶段练习）My guitar solos seemed to flow _____from my fingers, and I felt surrounded by a wall of music.
A．continuously B．excessively C．effortlessly D．steadily
44．（23-24高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）Peng’s company makes ________700,000 yuan for each partnership it sets up and more importantly, benefits both local people and foreign countries.
A．approximately B．appropriately
C．absolutely D．desperately
45．（23-24高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）Whenever the teacher asks a question of my slow desk-mate, he often stands up and constantly scratches his head.
A．accidentally B．unconsciously
C．elegantly D．coincidentally
46．（24-25高三上·天津北辰·期中）Participating in extra-curricular activities enables us to learn to negotiate and ________ with fellow students.
A．cooperate B．celebrate C．separate D．generate
47．（23-24高三下·天津北辰·期中）Giving speeches and presentations is a necessary part of life. Whether it be at school or at a conference, speeches and orals ______ most fields of study.
A．enhance B．maintain C．advocate D．dominate
48．（2021·天津北辰·三模）He has made great contributions to his company since he entered the company. That’s why he got ______ last month.
A．blamed B．reflected C．inspected D．promoted
49．（2024·天津河东·二模）The police woman ________ that I hadn’t fastened my seat belt and signaled me to stop.
A．spotted B．explored C．instructed D．described
50．（2024·天津·二模）Due to Huawei’s latest product Mate X5 which was ______ in September 2023, Huawei took a leading role on China Market Foldable Smartphone Brand Sales Ranking.
A．launched B．landed C．installed D．informed
51．（2024·天津·二模）As a physician during the Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo is often________ with being the first in China to use anesthesia (麻醉)during surgcry.
A．presented B．referred C．credited D．promoted
52．（2024·天津南开·模拟预测）We had to ______ on the location for our vacation to end the discussion and make everyone happy.
A．memorize B．compromise C．suspect D．destroy
53．（2024·天津和平·三模）In Japan, someone who witnesses another person ______ the OK gesture might think it means money, while in France, a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero.
A．ignoring B．employing C．analyzing D．permitting
54．（2024·天津北辰·三模）By working in a famous school, Lily not only ______ much valuable experience but also had a clearer understanding of her career ahead.
A．guaranteed B．accumulated C．exchanged D．scheduled
55．（2024·天津·三模）While posing no significant security threat, the event did ________ some popular concern.
A．suspect B．generate C．disturb D．refresh
56．（2024·天津·一模）Greenhouse gases have been speeding up the process of global warming and our climate.
A．affecting B．challenging C．promoting D．creating
57．（23-24高三下·天津南开·开学考试）The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the only free trade zone in northern China. The zone was to be established in 1991 by State Council.
A．informed B．advertised C．announced D．approved
58．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）It has been ________ that this drug is effective.
A．composed B．prescribed C．restrained D．demonstrated
59．（2012·江西宜春·一模）The parking rules in public places should be ______ strictly, otherwise you would get a ticket.
A．realized B．recognized C．consulted D．observed
60．（23-24高三·天津河北·期末）Most of the value of AI lies in its __________ to analyse and interpret vast amounts of data.
A．stability B．capacity C．celebrity D．reputation
61．（2024·天津河西·二模）Peking University has the ______ of being one of the most famous universities in the world, so it attracts a large number of excellent students every year.
A．distinction B．admission C．impression D．ambition
62．（2024·天津·二模）The hit film YOLO has received criticism as well as ______ since it was released because views on overweight differ.
A．credit B．argument C．implement D．privilege
63．（2024·天津和平·二模）_______ must go to addressing immediate needs and ensuring the safety of all individuals in the community during this crisis.
A．Measures B．Targets C．Functions. D．Priorities
64．（23-24高三下·天津·阶段练习）The visit to the art gallery gave the young painter a profound ______ into the use of colors in abstract art, so she decided to experiment with it in her own paintings.
A．understanding B．fascination C．glimpse D．challenge
65．（2024·天津·二模）The CCTV show - the Chinese Poetry Competition has been popular among the audience, which is partly designed to arouse people’s ______ in Chinese poetry.
A．enthusiasm B．response C．significance D．reflection
66．（24高三·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）You can deepen your and memory if you scan the material first.
A．compassion B．compensation C．consumption D．comprehension
67．（2024·天津·二模）Over the years, people have learned from ants that team work and perseverance are two key _______ to success.
A．contents B．ingredients C．approaches D．instructions
68．（2024·天津宁河·一模）When giving first aid, we should give top ________ to those in the most serious situations.
A．priority B．potential
C．criticism D．elements
69．（2024·天津·一模）Healthcare workers are at risk of getting infectious diseases because of their to infected patients.
A．guidance B．response C．exposure D．advantage
70．（23-24高三下·天津南开·开学考试）Men must consider eating, drinking, clothing and finding shelter before they can pursue entertainment and .
A．potential B．recreation C．justice D．intervention
阅读理解
Passage 1
Experiments on rats show that mixing energy drinks with alcohol can cause long-term problems with cognitive (认知的) function, adding to concerns over young adults drinking habits.
The study was carried out by a team from the University of Cagliari, and groups of male adolescent rats being given alcohol, energy drinks, or a mixture of both. Various standard experiments were then used to assess cognitive function - including brain scans and behavioral tests - up to 53 days after drinking.
These tests revealed that the animals consuming the mixed drinks showed enduring changes in their ability to learn and remember and changes in the hippocampus (海马体) - a part of the brain responsible for learning and memory.
Alcohol and energy drinks are popular with young people for various reasons, and the effects from this study are that these habits could cause some long-term harm. In particular, it seems that hippocampus plasticity could be affected, damaging the brain’s ability to adapt and change in response to new information and demands.
While the rats on alcohol and energy drinks initially showed a boost in certain brain functions. these benefits didn’t last, and over time and into adulthood there was a decline in brain capability.
The results show that alcohol mixed with energy drinks consumption during the preadoleseent period produces adaptive hippocampal changes at the electrophysiological and molecular levels. associated with changes in behavior, which are already detectable during adolescence and persist in adulthood.
These results still need to be confirmed in human studies, and there’re likely differences between sexes due to hormone interactions that weren’t explored in this study. But health concerns over energy drinks are justified. Alcohol has plenty of effects in health, and it’s well-known that mixing the two together in any kind of significant way isn’t the best idea.
Overall, the analysis of the whole set of data obtained suggests that alcohol mixed with energy drinks, during adolescence, may have results that are not necessarily the sum of those observed with alcohol or energy drinks alone and permanently affect hippocampal plasticity.
1．How was the study carried out
A．By observing rats’ various behaviors on the spot.
B．By comparing rats’ reactions on different occasions.
C．By collecting previous data of rats of different kinds
D．By measuring the cognitive influences on the tested rats.
2．What does the underlined word “enduring” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Minor. B．Instant. C．Lasting. D．Unnoticeable
3．What can we learn from the study
A．Mixed drinks initially do great damage to rats’ brains.
B．Great sex differences have been detected in rats so far.
C．Human subjects have not been involved in the process
D．The hippocampal and behavioral changes don’t last long.
4．What is the best title for the text
A．Adolescent Rats Experimented, Great Concerns Aroused
B．More Energy Drinks Consumed, More Health Effects Noted
C．Healthy Diet Habits Adopted, Behavioral Patterns Improved
D．Energy Drinks Mixed with Alcohol, Brain Functions Affected
Passage 2
As more and more species near extinction, scientists have been collecting samples from animals, plants and other creatures and storing them in biobanks across the globe. But climate change, environmental disasters and wars threaten these modern Noah’s arks. Now, a team of researchers is brainstorming an out-of-this-world solution: building one of these vaults (库) on the moon.
A biobank in a permanently shadowed region at the moon’s south pole could be far more stable than those on Earth. This part of the moon usually remains around -196° Celsius, perfect for storing most animal cells long-term, marine biologist Mary Hagedorn and colleagues report in BioScience.
Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway which takes advantage of below-zero Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. In 2017, melting (融化) frozen soil threatened to flood the vault, highlighting the need for a backup plan. A different team has proposed building a lunar ark in lava (熔岩) tubes that run beneath the moon’s surface. But that design requires a solar-powered cooling system; any loss of power and the samples would be destroyed. In the moon’s forever-frozen shadowed regions, a lunar vault wouldn’t need energy or constant human maintenance, Hagedorn’s team says.
Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells, “and then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says. The cells could be valuable for regenerating populations of threatened or extinct species and for building ecosystems in future human settlements on the moon or Mars.
The proposal has its share of barriers. For instance, the moon’s permanently dark regions aren’t free from temperature swings, says lunar scientist Benjamin Greenhagen of the Johns Hopkins University. “They are still cold but perhaps not always cold enough for this project without some level of temperature management.”
1．Why is the moon an ideal place for the biobank
A．It’s not affected by wars. B．It’s not environmentally polluted.
C．It has proper temperatures. D．It has rich resources for research.
2．What led to Hagedorn’s proposal of a lunar biobank
A．The solar-powered cooling system. B．The lava tubes on the moon’s surface.
C．The problem facing the Norway Vault. D．The discovery of ice on the lunar pole.
3．What can scientists use fibroblasts to do
A．Form stem cells for cloning. B．Explore moon soil conditions.
C．Help land humans on the moon. D．Improve the eco-system of the earth.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Lunar Exploration: The Next Frontier for Cloning
B．Relieving Climate Change: The Moon Biobank Project
C．The Moon as a Backup: A New Solution for Seed Storage
D．Building Biobanks on the Moon: A Proposal to Save Biodiversity
Passage 3
Superhuman artificial intelligence has played a role in our life. When it comes to playing games like chess, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of humans. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading.
We are blessed with a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life — to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball — we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds.
In psychology, the ability to infer another’s mental state is referred to as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity develops at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.
Besides, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think.
But we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI.
It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen.But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.
1．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well
A．When asked where an object is, a naughty kid points in the wrong direction.
B．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework, he answers “my dog ate it”.
C．When you are treated with a hotpot for dinner, you reply “a sore throat”.
D．When a mom tells her kid milk is good for health, the kid drinks it up.
2．Which statement will the author agree with most about AI’s theory of mind
A．AI has already mastered the ability to read human minds.
B．The development of AI’s theory of mind heavily relies on human’s understanding of it.
C．AI’s theory of mind can appear naturally without any human intervention.
D．AI’s theory of mind is superior to human’s in all forms.
3．What is the author’s attitude toward truly self-aware machines
A．Ambiguous. B．Conservative. C．Skeptical. D．Approving.
4．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．AI’s Theory of Mind Will Define Our Future
B．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected
C．AI’s Theory of Mind — a Blessing or Suffering to Humans
D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI
完形填空
Passage 1
（2024·天津卷）
Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising The complexity of the human brain is to blame.
Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort.
Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries.
The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward.
Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly.
So how does the brain process motivation The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football.
As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former.
1．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs
A．Some people are born physically weaker than others.
B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically.
C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise.
D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure.
2．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3
A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing.
3．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4
A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition.
C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point.
4．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species
A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future.
B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences.
C．Humans care more about immediate rewards.
D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers.
5．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self
A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star.
B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV.
C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre.
D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal.
Passage 2
（2024年1月浙江高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
1．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A．Take an examination alone. B．Show respect for the researchers.
C．Share their treats with others. D．Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
2．According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
3．What does the author suggest readers do
A．Absorb new information readily. B．Be selective information consumers.
C．Use diverse information sources. D．Protect the information environment.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Later, the Better D．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
Passage 3
（2022年6月浙江卷）
Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
1．What does Ellen Langer’s study show
A．It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B．Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C．Simpler jobs require greater caution. D．Moderate effort produces the best result.
2．The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A．is good at handling pressure B．works hard to become successful
C．a has a natural talent for his job. D．gets on well with his co-workers
3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B．Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C．A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D．Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
4．What does the text seem to advocate
A．Middle-of-the-road work habits. B．Balance between work and family.
C．Long-standing cultural traditions. D．Harmony in the work environment.
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)专题03 阅读理解高频词汇
目录 01 模拟基础练 【题型一】单词背诵（英译汉） 【题型二】词汇选择题 02 重难创新练（阅读理解） 03 真题实战练（阅读理解）
题型一 单词背诵（英译汉）
研究报告类高频词汇
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document n. 文件；（计算机）文档 v. 记录；用文件证明
biodiversity n. 生物多类状态，生物多样性
technology n. 科技；技术性机器 observation n. 观察；监视；评论
application n. 申请；请求；申请书；运用；生效；应用软件；勤奋；努力；涂抹；施用
assistant adj. （用于头衔前）助理的；副的 n. 助手；副手；店员；售货员；助教
outnumber vt. 数量多于；比…多
specimen n. 样品；范例；（化验的）抽样；标本
increasingly adv. 不断增加地；越来越多地 observational adj. 观察的，观测的
investigate v. 调查；研究
statistician n. 统计学家，统计员
illustrate v. （用示例/图画等）说明；插图于…
experiment n. 实验；试用 v. 做实验；尝试
estimation n. 评价，判断；估算
conduct v. 进行，组织，实施；表现，举止；指挥；传导（热或电）
independent adj. 独立的；公正的；无关联的；自立的；私立的
accurate adj. 正确的，精确的；精准的
overestimate vt. 对…作过高的评价；对…估计过高 n. 过高的估计；过分的评价 vi. 估计过高；评价过高 underestimate vt. 低估；对…估计不足；看轻；把…的价值估计过低 n. 低估；估计不足；过低评价，过低估价；轻视 average adj. 平均的；正常的，一般的 n. 平均数；平均水平 v. 平均为；算出…的平均数
correlated adj. 有相互关系的
accuracy n. 精确（性），准确（性）；准确无误
phenomenon n. 现象；杰出的人significantly adv. 有重大意义地；显著地；意味深长地
dominant adj. 占支配地位的；显著的；（基因）显性的
response n. 答复；反应
potential adj. 潜在的 n. 潜力；可能性
implication n. 含义；可能的影响（或作用、结果）；暗指；（被）牵连；
reveal v. 揭示；展示
feature n. 特征；五官；特写 v. 以…为特征；由…主演；以…为主要内容；占重要地位
imperfect adj. 有缺点的，不完美的；n. 处理品，瑕疵品
oversampled 过度采样的
identification n. 识别；身份证明；密切关联；认同；同情
originally adv. 起初，原来；独创地，独出心裁地
psychologist n. 心理学家
tempt vt. 引诱，怂恿；吸引；冒…的风险；使感兴趣 vi. 有吸引力
device n. 装置，器具；爆炸装置；策略，技巧
preschooler n. 学龄前儿童
mechanism n. [生]机制，机能，[乐]机理；（机械）结构，机械装置[作用]，（故事的）结构；[艺]手法，技巧，途径；机械作用
dramatically adv. 戏剧地；显著地
mismatch n. 错配，失谐
connectivity n. 连通性
thoughtful adj. 沉思的；体贴的；缜密思考过的，深思熟虑的
consumption n. 消费，消耗量
temptation n. 诱惑，引诱；诱惑物
effectively adv. 有效地；实际上，事实上
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阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇
1.医学类
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alleviate vt. 减轻,使...缓和
absent-minded adj.心不在焉的，茫然的，恍惚的
bacteria n.(复数)细菌
bandage n.绷带
capsule n.胶囊，太空舱vt.装入胶囊，简缩，概括adj.精简的，小巧的
disable v.使...失去能力
disorder n.杂乱,混乱 vt.扰乱
discomfort n.不便之处，不适vt.使不适
diagnose v.诊断 vi. 判断,诊断(疾病)vt诊断(疾病)
transplant vt.移居，移栽，移植(器官)vi.经得住移植n.移植，被移植的事物
prescribe vi.规定,开药方 vt.规定,命令,开处方
vitamin n.维生素
protein adj，蛋白质的 n.蛋白质
oxygen n.氧氧气
soothe v.缓和，使..安静，安慰
resistant adj.抵抗的,反抗的n.抵抗者
syndrome n.综合征，综合症状;典型表现，典型行为
handicap n.障碍赛,障碍 vt.加障碍物,妨碍
surgeon n.外科医生
physician n.内科医生
remedy n.药物,治疗法,补救 vt.治疗,补救,矫
stress n.紧张，压力v.强调，着重vt. 强调n.负
stroke n.中风;冲程;笔画;打击;尝试;轻抚vt.抚摸;敲击;划尾桨;划掉vi.击球;作尾桨手;敲击键盘
pill n.药丸,无法逃避的讨厌事 vt.服用药丸,把..制成药丸
tablet n.药片，匾，片状物
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2.科普类
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assign v.分配,指派 赋值（计算机科学技术）
digital adj.手指的,数字的,数码的,电子的
dimension n.尺寸，次元，容积，维度n.范围;方面
electrical adj.电的,电气科学的
electronic adj.电子的;电子操纵（生产、完成）的；
optical adj，眼睛的，视觉的，光学的
universal adj.普遍的,通用的,宇宙的n.通用s
olar adj.太阳的,太阳能的
solid adj.固体的,结实的,可靠的,实心的n.固体,实心
mechanical adj.机械的,力学的,呆板的n.(供制版用的)样书，版面设计
precise adj.精确的,准确的,认真的
logical adj，符合逻辑的,逻辑上的,有推理能
psychological adj.心理(学)的
phenomenon n.现象，非凡的人或事物
element n.成分,元素,基本原理,(复数)恶劣天气
biology n.生物学
evolution n.进化。发展，进展
mathematics n.数学
formula n.公式,配方,规则;代乳品adj.(赛车的)级的，方程式的
statistic n.统计数值
carbon n.碳,灯芯,复写纸
measurement n.测量,衡量.尺寸,大小
intelligence n.理解力，智力，情报，情报机关；
graph n.图表,曲线图v.用图表表示vt.以(曲线)图表示
navigation n.航行，航海，导航
infinite adj.无限的,无穷的n.无限
visual adj.视觉的，栩栩如生的；n.视觉资料可视化
monitor v. 监控；监听 n. 监测仪器；显示屏；班长
emission n. 发出（气体、热量、光线等的）；排放（物）
pesticide n. 杀虫剂，农药
sustainability n. 持续性，能维持性，永续性
chemicals n. 化学药品( chemical的名词复数 )
transform v. 使改变形态；使改观
roadmap n. 路标
forthcoming adj. 即将到来的；现成的；唾手可得的；乐于助人的
revolution n. 革命；变革；旋转
complicated adj. 复杂的；难处理的
understandable adj. 能懂的，可理解的，可同情的
accessible adj. 可进入/到达/使用的；可理解的；随和的
informative adj. 提供信息的；增长见闻的
Artificial General Intelligence通用人工智能
sidelined v. 使退出比赛( sideline的过去式和过去分词 )；使下场（尤指由于受伤）；把…排除在核心之外；使靠边
essential adj. 基本的；必不可少的 ；根本的 n. 必需品；基本知识
tipping point n. 卸载点；引爆点、临界点、时间窗、价格点、量变到质变的分界点
structured thinking结构化思维
abandoned adj.废弃的
environmentally friendly环保的
sustainable adj.可持续的
dispose of丢弃
circumstance n．条件，环境21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇
1.社会生活类
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allocate vt.分配
assess v．评估；估算
bankrupt adj.破产的
biography n．传记
boost v．提高；推动；使增长
civilize v．使文明，开化
comprehension n．理解
consciousness n．意识；观念
coordination n．协调
celebrity n．名人
critically adv.批判性地
depressed adj.萧条的
discipline n．纪律
emergence n．兴起
financial squeeze财政困难
flourish v．繁荣
genuine adj.真的；真诚的
initiative n．倡议，新方案
modify v．调整；修饰
pursuit n．追求；消遣
sponsor n．赞助者 v．赞助
thrive v．旺盛，繁荣
tend v．倾向
violent behaviours暴力行为
chaos n. 混乱，杂乱
morality n. 道德；道德准则；品德高尚的行为；道德观
moral virtues道德美德
cruelty n. 残酷，虐待；不公
humbleness n. 谦逊，粗鄙，卑贱
religion n. 宗教；支配自己生活的大事；教派；心爱的事物
social instincts社会本能
community n. 社会（团体）；共有；(生物)群落
motivate vt. 使有动机，促动，激发，诱导；刺激；激发…的积极性
behavioural patterns行为模式
efficient adj. 效率高的；有能力的
accompany v. 陪同，陪伴；伴随；为…伴奏
advantageous adj. 有利的；有好处的
self-discipline n. 自我训练，自我修养；自律
self-control n. 自我控制，自制；自控；自我克制
strengthen v. 巩固；支持；壮大；加强；使坚定；增强
capacity n. 容量；才能；职责；生产能力；载客量 adj. 座无虚席的
philosophy n. 哲学；哲学思想；生活信条
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2.心理学类
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minimalism n. 最低纲领，极保守行动
intolerable adj. 不能忍受的；无法容忍的；不堪的；难堪
solitude n. 单独，孤独
aggressive adj. 好斗的，挑衅的；积极进取的；声势浩大的
conceited adj. 自负的，傲慢的
frustrate vt. 挫败；阻挠；使受挫折
lonely adj. 孤独的；寂寞的；偏僻的
stress n. 精神压力；强调；重音 v. 强调；重读；使疲惫不堪
suspect v. 猜想，觉得；怀疑
bully v. 恐吓，威逼
victim n. 受害者，遇难者；祭品，牺牲品
anxiety n. 忧虑，焦虑，担心；渴望
psychology n. 心理（学）；思想
psychologist n. 心理学家
self-esteem n. 自尊；自大；傲骨
neglect v. 疏忽；忽视 n. 忽略；怠慢
empathy n. <心>移情作用；同感，共鸣；神入
sympathetic adj. 同情的；赞同的；招人喜爱的
assertiveness n. 魄力；自信
supportive adj. 支持的，拥护的，赞助的
complex adj. 复杂的；复合的 n. 综合建筑群；相关联的一组事物；复合体；情结；忧虑
psychological problem精神异常，心理问题
mental health心理健康
societal expectations社会期望
overwhelming adj. 势不可挡的，压倒一切的，巨大的；压倒一切的欢乐
competitive adj. 竞争的；有竞争力的
extracurricular adj. 学校课程以外的；课外
deprivation n. 剥夺；丧失；匮乏
prioritize vt. 按重要性排列，划分优先顺序；优先处理
verbal abuse言语虐待
social exclusion n. 社会排斥
cyberbullying网上欺凌
popularization n. 普及
emotional intelligence情绪
misunderstand v. 误解
motivation n. 动力；积极性
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阅读理解记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇
1.记叙文命题中题干和选项中常考的描述作者态度的词：
表示赞同+积极
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appreciation欣赏，感激
appreciative 感激的，欣赏的
approval 赞成，承认，正式批准
approving 赞成的
compensatory 补偿的，赔偿的
confident 自信的，有信心的
defensive 为…而辩护
desirable 值得拥有的，令人满意的
enthusiastic 热情，热心，积极性，狂热
enthusiasm 热情的，热心的
favorable 赞成的，有利的，赞许的，良好的
frank坦白的，真诚的，直率的
influential 有影响的，有权势的
modest 谦虚的，适度的
positive 肯定的，积极的，实际的
profound 深刻的，意义深远的
respectable可敬的，可观的，体面的
satisfaction 满意，满足
soothing 镇静的，慰藉的
supportive支持的，支援的
sympathy 同情，同情心，同感，赞同
sympathetic 同情的
talented 有才能的，有天赋的
tolerance 宽容，容忍
tolerant 宽容的，容忍的
understanding 了解，认识，谅解
admiring 赞赏的
rewarding 有回报的
instructive 有教育意义的
consent同意
impressed / impressive 留下深刻印象的
humorous 幽默的
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表示否定+消极
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unwilling 不情愿的 = reluctant
pessimistic悲观的= permissive
depressed 沮丧的= frustrated = gloomy
hesitancy 犹豫hesitant 犹豫的，不愿的
arrogant 傲慢的，自大的
biased 有偏见的
conservative 保守的，守旧的
contempt 轻视，耻辱
contemptuous 轻视的，轻蔑的
detestation 憎恶，厌恶
disapproval 不赞成
disgust 厌恶，反感
doubtful 可疑的，怀疑的
enraged 激怒的
guilty 有罪的，内疚的
harmful 有害的
impulsive 冲动的，任性的
indignation 愤慨
indulgence 沉溺，放纵
insulted 受辱的，辱骂的
misleading 令人误解的，引入歧途的
negative 否定的，消极的，负的，阴性的
objection 异议
opposition反对
opposed 反对的
self-centered 以自我为中心的，自私的
ironic讽刺的 = sarcastic = satiric
disappointed 失望的
radical 激进的
disapproval 不赞成
hostile有敌意的
undesirable 不受欢迎的，不合意的，不良的
unworthy 不值得的，无价值的
worried 闷闷不乐的，焦虑的
permissive悲观的
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表示客观中立
factual 事实的detached 不含个人偏见的，客观的disinterested 无私的impartial 公平的，不偏不倚的neutral 中立的 = impersonal ambiguous 模棱两可的conservative保守的objective 客观的objectiveness 客观，客观性unbiased 没有偏见的unprejudiced 公平的，无偏见的，没有成见的
主观词
cautious谨慎的cautiousness 谨慎，小心curiosity 好奇，好奇心puzzled 困惑的，迷惑的subjective 主观的
apprehensive 担心的intolerant不能容忍的，偏执的critical批评的，挑剔的，决定性的criticism 批评compromising 妥协的dissatisfied 不满意的informative 提供资讯的formal 正式的informal 非正式的discontent不满的
表怀疑不确定
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dubious 怀疑的
questioning 质疑的
uncertain 态度不明的
unclear 不确定的
skeptical 怀疑
skepticism 怀疑
suspicion 怀疑，猜疑
questionable 可疑的
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2.记叙文描写人物的高频词：
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adaptable适应性强的
aggressive有进取心的
ambitious有雄心壮志的
analytical善于分析的
argumentative好争辩的
aspiring有志气的，有抱负的
attractive有魅力的，有吸引力的
brilliant有才气的，聪颖的
competent能胜任的
confident有信心的
considerate体贴的
constructive建设性的
cooperative有合作精神的
courageous勇敢的，有胆量的
creative富有创造力的
dashing有一股子冲劲的，有拼搏精神的
demanding苛刻的
determined坚决的
devoted有献身精神的
disciplined守纪律的
dishonest不诚实的
disorganized无组织的
dutiful尽职的
easy-going随和的
efficient有效率的
energetic精力充沛的
enthusiastic充满热情的
expressive善于表达的
faithful守信的，忠诚的
forceful性格坚强的
forgetful健忘的
generous慷慨大方的，宽宏大量的
helpful助人的，有益的
helpless无助的，没用的
honest诚实的humorous幽默的
inconsiderate不顾及别人的，轻率的
independent有主见的
initiative 有首创精神的
intellective有智力的
inventive有发明才能的，有创造力的
just 正直的
kind-hearted好心的
knowledgeable有见识的
learned精通某学问的
loyal忠心耿耿的
mean吝啬的
methodical有方法的
modest谦虚的
moody情绪化的
motivated目标明确的
narrow-minded心胸狭窄的
noisy聒噪的
objective客观的
open-minded虚心的
optimistic乐观的
orderly守纪律的
original有独创性的
outgoing外向友好的
painstaking辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的
passionate充满热情的
pessimistic悲观的
polite有礼貌的
popular受欢迎的
practical实际的
purposeful意志坚强的
pushy有进取心的
personality有个性的人
qualified合格的
responsible负责的
romantic浪漫的，空想的
self-conscious自觉的
sensitive敏感的
sincere真诚的
skeptical多疑的
smart精明的
sociable好交际的
spirited生气勃勃的
steady踏实的，稳定的
straightforward老实的
strict严格的
supportive助人的
strong-willed意志坚强的
sympathetic有同情心的
talented有才能的，有天赋的
thoughtful体贴人的
tireless孜孜不倦的
tolerant容忍的
understanding理解人的
upright正直的
virtuous善良的,道德高尚的
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熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语
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1.跟…有关 be related to= be associated with= be linked to= be connected with
2.多种多样 a variety of +n. /varieties of +n. =various +n. =all kinds of=all sorts of = diversities of
3.提前 in advance, ahead of time, ahead of schedule
4.厌烦 be tired/sick of=be bored with=be fed up with
5.与…一致 agree/be consistent/correspond with
6.缺席 be absent from, be not present at
7.抵制 boycott, refuse to accept, resist, reject
8.与...相反/对立 contradict, be opposite to
9.放弃 abandon, go away from, leave, give up
10.描述 describe, give a description of
11.后来 afterwards, after that, later on
12.目前 nowadays, at present, at the present time
13.取消 cancel, call off
14.宣布 announce/declare sth, make sth known to the public
15.情况良好in (a) good condition, in a good state/situation
16.可进入／接近的be accessible, be easy to enter/reach/use
17.再一次again, once more, once again, over and over again
18.对……全然不知be in the dark about, know nothing about
19.把某物分配给某人allocate sth to sb, divide sth among sb
20.be above doing sth 不愿意/不屑于…= be unwilling to do sth=be reluctantly
21.industrious 勤奋的=hardworking =diligent
22.all of a sudden 突然；忽然= all at once = suddenly =sharply= out of the blue= without warning
23.cheat on sb 对某人不忠=be not faithful to sb
24. learn…by heart 将…背起来=memorize注：recite 指发声背出
25. stand for 代表/表示=represent=be on behalf of=symbolize
26. provide sb with sth 提供某物给某人= provide sth for sb=supply sb with sth=supply sth to sb=afford sb sth
=afford sth to sb
27. be brought up 被抚养长大= be raised= be reared bring up = raise 将某人抚养长大
28. agree with sb 和某人看法相同= see eye to eye with sb
29. attend to 对…专注= pay attention to= be attentive to
30. take on 带有/呈现出…= assume
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熟记常用有关文章出处的词汇
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novel/fiction小说
science novel/fiction科幻小说
advertisement/Ad 广告
An official website官方网站
A travel website旅游网站
an instructive website有教育意义的网站
travel magazine旅游杂志
geography magazine地理杂志
science magazine科学杂志
illustrated magazine插图杂志志
newspaper报纸
business newspaper商业报纸
science report科学报告
medical report医学报告
official report官方报告
research report研究报告
news report新闻报道
A travel journal旅行杂志
travel guidebook旅行指南
exhibition guidebook展览指南
A program guide一个程序指南
A training brochure培训手册
A travel brochure旅行手册
A literature review书评
A film review电影评论
academic article学术文章
research article研究文章
biography传记
course plan课程计划
encyclopedia百科全书
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题型二 词汇选择题
1．（24-25高三上·天津·期中）The word Mangzhong is a pun (双关语) on “busy planting” in Chinese, which is also an _____description of how farmers’ life is during this period of time.
A．accurate B．flexible C．accessible D．available
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“芒种”一词在汉语中是“忙碌种植”的双关语，也是对这一时期农民生活的准确描述。A. accurate准确的；精确的；B. flexible灵活的；柔韧的；C. accessible可接近的；可进入的；可使用的；D. available可获得的；可用的；有空的。根据“The word Mangzhong is a pun (双关语) on “busy planting” in Chinese,”可知，“芒种”这一词是对这段时间农民生活的一种准确描述。故选A。
2．（23-24高三·天津滨海新·阶段练习）The ________ project was completed in only nine months.
A．relevant B．ambitious C．loyal D．violent
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这个雄心勃勃的项目只用了9个月就完成了。A. relevant相关的；B. ambitious雄心勃勃的；C. loyal忠诚的；D. violent暴力的。根据“只用了9个月完成了”，可知这个项目是“雄心勃勃的”。故选B。
3．（2024·天津·一模）Play is a(n) part of a child’s development, just as the saying goes, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”.
A．accurate B．essential C．impressive D．temporary
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：玩耍是孩子发展的重要组成部分，正如那句谚语所说：“只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻”。A. accurate精确的；B. essential重要的；C. impressive印象深刻的；D. temporary暂时的。根据后文“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”可知，玩耍是孩子发展的重要组成部分，故选B。
4．（23-24高三下·天津·阶段练习）Some people think that watching violence on TV is one of the major causes of ______ behavior and crime in society.
A．abstract B．ridiculous C．aggressive D．visual
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有些人认为看电视暴力是社会上攻击性行为和犯罪的主要原因之一。A. abstract抽象的；B. ridiculous荒谬的；C. aggressive挑衅的，好斗的；D. visual视觉的。根据“watching violence on TV”以及“crime”可知，此处指“攻击性行为和犯罪”，故选C。
5．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）She’s very ________ of the problems involved.
A．brilliant B．intelligent C．innovative D．conscious
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她非常清楚所涉及的问题。A. brilliant灿烂的，明亮的；B. intelligent聪慧的；C. innovative创新的；D. conscious有意识的。固定搭配be conscious of 意为“清楚知道”，表示清楚地知道问题。故选D项。
6．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）Early bird tickets are available, but they are only ________ to our members.
A．accessible B．accidental C．potential D．imaginative
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们有可以提前预订的早鸟票，但只对我们的会员开放。A. accessible易得到的；B. accidental意外的；C. potential有潜力的；D. imaginative富于想象力的。根据句意可知，我们的早鸟票只有会员才可以得到。故选A项。
7．（2024·天津河北·一模）Considering the different demands of the students, the school has adopted a more ________ approach to education.
A．independent B．responsible C．flexible D．general
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：考虑到学生的不同需求，学校采取了更灵活的教育方式。A. independent独立的；B. responsible负责的；C. flexible灵活的；D. general大体的。根据句意可知由于学生需求不同，学校应该采取更灵活的的教育方式，故选C。
8．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）This is a ________ shopping centre offering visitors entry to a clutch (群) of well-known etailers without going to their different websites.
A．artificial B．automatic C．virtual D．relevant
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是一个虚拟的购物中心，为游客提供了一堆知名零售商的入口，而不用去他们不同的网站。A. artificial人造的；B. automatic自动的；C. virtual虚拟的；D. relevant相关的。根据“without going to their different websites”可知此处表示“虚拟的”。故选C项。
9．（2022·天津南开·模拟预测）Without our phones, we had a ________ conversation for over two hours, without being distracted by messages from other people.
A．polite B．precious C．proper D．positive
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在没有手机的情况下，我们进行了两个多小时的正常交谈，没有被其他人的信息分散注意力。A. polite有礼貌的；B. precious珍贵的、宝贵的；C. proper正常的、适当的；D. positive积极的。根据“without being distracted by messages from other people.”可知，没有分散注意力的情况下进行了两个多小时的正常交谈。故选C。
10．（21-22高三下·天津滨海新·阶段练习）Considering the different demands of the students, the school has adopted a more ________ approach to education.
A．independent B．responsible C．flexible D．considerate
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：考虑到学生的不同需求，学校采取了更灵活的教育方式。A. independent独立的；B. responsible负责的；C. flexible灵活的；D. considerate体贴的。根据上文“Considering the different demands of the students”指更灵活的教育方式。故选C。
11．（23-24高三上·天津·期末）Students who are found with pets, whether visiting or owned by the student, are _______ to an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day per pet.
A．bound B．subject C．subsequent D．committed
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：被发现带宠物的学生，无论是来访的还是学生拥有的，都将受到100美元的罚款，每只宠物每天50美元的罚款。A. bound有义务的；B. subject受……支配的；C. subsequent随后的；D. committed坚定的。根据后文“an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day per pet.”可知，此处应是固定搭配：be subject to意为“遭受”，也就是“受到罚款”之意。故选B项。
12．（23-24高三上·天津和平·期末）More Chinese classics have been adapted for movies or TV plays to make traditional Chinese culture to a wider range of people.
A．flexible B．convenient C．effective D．accessible
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：越来越多的中国经典作品被改编成电影或电视剧，让更多的人了解中国传统文化。A. flexible 灵活的；B. convenient方便的；C. effective有效的；D. accessible可进入/到达/使用的。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要形容词accessible，作补语，意为“可接触的，可得到的”。故选D。
13．（23-24高三上·天津西青·期末）Sarah was feeling about the result of her job interview, and constantly check her email for any news.
A．guilty B．grateful C．anxious D．sad
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Sarah对自己的面试结果感到焦虑，并不断查看她的电子邮件以了解任何消息。A. guilty有罪的；B. grateful感谢的；C. anxious焦虑的；D. sad悲哀的。根据后文“about the result of her job interview, and constantly check her email for any news”可知空格处缺少的意思是“焦虑的”，anxious“焦虑的”符合句意。故选C项。
14．（23-24高三上·天津河北·期末）Despite the rise in technology-based learning tools, the school chose to maintain ______teaching methods, emphasizing the value of face-to-face interaction in the classroom.
A．identical B．substantial C．botanical D．conventional
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管基于技术的学习工具越来越多，但学校选择保持传统的教学方法，强调课堂上面对面互动的价值。A. identical完全相同的；B. substantial大量的；C. botanical植物的；D. conventional传统的。根据后文“teaching methods, emphasizing the value of face-to-face interaction in the classroom”指学校选择保持传统的教学方法，强调课堂上面对面互动的价值。故选D。
15．（2023·天津·高考真题）Athletes should make _________ preparation, both physical and psychological, before entering a big race.
A．adequate B．slight C．identical D．rough
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：运动员在参加大型比赛前应该做好充分的生理和心理准备。A. adequate足够的；B. slight轻微的；C. identical相同的；D. rough粗糙的，不平的。分析句子，设空处使用形容词作定语，根据句意，此处表示“足够的，充足的”，用adequate。故选A。
16．（23-24高三上·内蒙古通辽·阶段练习）My fourteen-year-old sister is now studying in a ________ school.
A．vocational B．vocation C．vacation D．vacational
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词和名词词义辨析。句意：我14岁的姐姐现在在一所职业学校学习。A. vocational职业的；B. vocation职业；C. vacation假期；D. vacational度假的。vacational school意为“职业技能学校”。故选A。
17．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）According to the results, voters’ opinions differ on a variety of issues, such as gun control, illegal immigration and so on.
A．potential B．controversial C．financial D．official
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：调查结果显示，选民对枪支管制、非法移民等一系列争议性问题的看法存在分歧。A. potential潜在的；B. controversial有争议的；C. financial财政的；D. official官方的。根据后文“such as gun control, illegal immigration and so on”指有争议性的问题存在分歧。故选B。
18．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Since this school provides various optional courses, students will have a(n) choice according to their interest.
A．flexible B．accessible C．available D．reliable
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由于这所学校提供多种选修课，学生可以根据自己的兴趣灵活选择。A. flexible灵活的；B. accessible可到达的；C. available可获得的；D. reliable可靠的。根据上文“Since this school provides various optional courses”可知课程的选择很灵活，应用flexible。故选A。
19．（23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习）Students in Senior 3 are under __________ pressure but we can endure it as long as we bear dreams in our mind.
A．intense B．steely C．strange D．cooperative
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：高三的学生承受着巨大的压力，但只要我们心中有梦想，我们就能忍受。A. intense紧张的，强烈的；B. steely无情的；C. strange奇怪的；D. cooperative合作的。根据上文“Students in Senior 3 are under”指高三的学生承受着巨大的压力，故选A。
20．（23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习）Stephen was scolded for walking into the kitchen with __________ boots and making a mess.
A．woolen B．gentle C．muddy D．shiny
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：斯蒂芬因为穿着沾满泥的靴子走进厨房，弄得一团糟而受到责骂。A. woolen羊毛的；B. gentle轻柔的；C. muddy泥泞的；D. shiny闪亮的。根据“and making a mess.”可知，斯蒂芬穿着沾满泥的靴子走进厨房。故选C。
21．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）The Great Wall is the miniature of ______ spirit of the Chinese people, and also the symbol of the Chinese civilization.
A．conventional B．conservative C．flexible D．enterprising
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：长城是中华民族进取精神的缩影，也是中华文明的象征。A. conventional传统的；B. conservative保守的；C. flexible柔韧的；D. enterprising有进取心的。根据“spirit of the Chinese people,”可知，这里指中华民族的进取精神。故选D。
22．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Elizabeth was enormously motivated although she made ________ advances in her English learning.
A．brilliant B．modest C．substantial D．considerable
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管伊丽莎白在英语学习上进步不大，但她的积极性却很高。A. brilliant极聪明的；B. modest不太多的；C. substantial重要的；D. considerable相当大的。因为句中有“although尽管”表让步，说明她只有很小的进步，没有取得太多的进步。故选B项。
23．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）Supporters were encouraged to bring along canned food and ______ supplies to help those trapped.
A．comfort B．dedicate C．essential D．initial
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：支持者们被鼓励携带罐头食品和必需品来帮助那些被困的人。A. comfort安慰（名词）；B. dedicate奉献的；C. essential必要的；重要的；D. initial开始的。根据“to help those trapped.”可知，携带必要的物品帮助那些被困的人。故选C。
24．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·期中）Fossil fuels are non-renewable, whose reserves will be used up one day in the future. In contrast, renewable energy sources are basically __________, and will be available to us for a few billion more years.
A．inadequate B．inexhaustible C．inaccessible D．inflexible
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：化石燃料是不可再生的，其储量总有一天会用完。相比之下，可再生能源基本上是取之不尽用之不竭的，而且在几十亿年后我们还可以使用。A. inadequate不充足的；B. inexhaustible取之不尽，用之不竭的；C. inaccessible达不到的；D. inflexible僵硬的。根据下文“will be available to us for a few billion more years.(在几十亿年后我们还可以使用)”可推理出上文说的是可再生能源是取之不尽，用之不竭的，故选B项。
25．（23-24高三上·上海·期中）“Man”, as a(n) _________ term for both men and women, is now considered sexist.
A．favourable B．abstract C．blanket D．clinical
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“Man”，作为一个对男性和女性的总称，现在被认为是性别歧视。A. favorable支持的；B. abstract抽象的；C. blanket综合的；D. clinical临床的。由句意可知，“Man”是一个对男性和女性的“综合的”称呼，所以C选项符合题意。故选C。
26．（23-24高三上·福建厦门·期中）The hardest part of going back to college was feeling ________ about the time I spent away from my kids.
A．ridiculous B．confident C．guilty D．excited
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：回到大学最困难的地方在于我对离开孩子的时间感到内疚。A. ridiculous荒谬的； B. confident自信的； C. guilty内疚的；D. excited兴奋的。由“the time I spent away from my kids”可知，“我”陪在孩子身边的时间变少了，为此“我”感到内疚，选择guilty一词，故选C项。
27．（22-23高三上·甘肃定西·期中）Mr Davis was________ that the books he ordered online were not delivered as promised.
A．confident B．conscious C．grateful D．annoyed
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Davis先生很恼火，因为他在网上订购的书没有按照承诺送达。A. confident自信的；B. conscious有意识的；C. grateful感激的；D. annoyed气恼的，恼怒的。根据“the books he ordered online were not delivered as promised”可知，此处指“Davis先生很恼火”，故选D。
28．（22-23高二上·河北张家口·期中）There was nothing special about this film — it was only ______.
A．particular B．average C．interesting D．strange
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这部电影没什么特别之处，只是一般。A. particular特殊的；B. average一般的；C. interesting有趣的；D. strange奇怪的。根据句意可知，空处表示“一般的，普通的”，故选B项。
29．（21-22高三上·天津北辰·期中）Some people are always__________ about the future while some are always looking at the bright side of things in their lives.
A．abnormal B．modest C．pessimistic D．patient
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词。句意：有些人总是对未来很悲观，然而有些人总是能看到生活中好的一面。A.abnormal不正常的；B.modest谦虚的；C.pessimistic悲观的；D.patient有耐心的。根据空格后“while”引导的对比句可知，空格处应填悲观的。故选C。
30．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·阶段练习）When I received the acceptance letter from my dream university, I was ____. I couldn’t contain my joy and excitement.
A．nervous B．ecstatic C．embarrassed D．furious
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我收到我梦寐以求的大学的录取通知书时，我欣喜若狂。我无法抑制我的喜悦和兴奋。A. nervous焦虑的；B. ecstatic狂喜的；C. embarrassed尴尬；D. furious激烈的。根据后文“I couldn’t contain my joy and excitement.”可知，“我”非常高兴。故选B项。
31．（23-24高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习）With the development of AI, the line between humans and robots will be more in the future.
A．absurd B．violent C．urgent D．blurred
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：随着人工智能的发展，未来人类和机器人之间的界限将更加模糊。A. absurd荒谬的；B. violent暴力的；C. urgent紧急的，迫切的；D. blurred模糊不清的。根据前文“With the development of AI(随着人工智能的发展)”可推知，有了人工智能的帮助，机器人更加智能化，与人类之间的界限不再清晰，会变得更加模糊。故选D项。
32．（23-24高三上·天津和平·期末）The dry-cleaner’s couldn’t get the dirt out completely, but you can ______see it now.
A．approximately B．virtually C．barely D．practically
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：干洗店无法完全清除污垢，只是你现在几乎看不见了。A. approximately大约地；B. virtually实际上地；C. barely几乎没有；D. practically实际地，实事求是地。分析句子可知，空格处为副词充当状语修饰动词see，根据句意，此处需要的意思是“几乎不”，barely符合句意。故选C项。
33．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Mr.Holmes believed that door was locked inside by the hostess, but all the evidence suggested________.
A．instead B．anyway C．otherwise D．though
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：福尔摩斯先生相信门是女主人从里面反锁的，但所有的证据都表明不是这样。A. instead代替；B. anyway无论如何；C. otherwise与之不同地，相反地；D. though可是。根据转折连词but可知，福尔摩斯先生相信门是女主人从里面反锁的，但是所有的证据却表明情况相反。故选C。
34．（23-24高三上·天津静海·阶段练习）Several years ago, I had a manager who________changed his mind about what he wanted.
A．strangely B．constantly C．actually D．eventually
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：几年前，我有一位经理，对于自己想要什么，他经常改变想法。A. strangely奇怪地；B. constantly经常地、总是；C. actually实际上；D. eventually最终、终于。根据句意，这个经理应该是对于他想要什么，经常改变想法。故选B。
35．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）If you have health examination________, any disease you may have can be discovered early.
A．regularly B．particularly C．gradually D．typically
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果你定期做健康检查，你可能患的任何疾病都可以及早发现。A. regularly有规律地；B. particularly尤其；C. gradually逐渐地；D. typically典型的。根据后文“any disease you may have can be discovered early”可知，应是定期做健康检查，才能及早发现可能患的任何疾病。故选A项。
36．（23-24高三上·天津武清·阶段练习）The erhu was ______ a musical instrument of ethnic groups in northern China, which dates more than a thousand years back to the Tang Dynasty (618-907).
A．originally B．eventually C．increasingly D．accurately
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：二胡最初是中国北方少数民族的乐器，可以追溯到一千多年前的唐朝(618-907)。A. originally原来；B. eventually最后；C. increasingly不断增加地；D. accurately准确地。根据后文“which dates more than a thousand years back to the Tang Dynasty”可知，追溯到一千多年前的唐朝，所以是在讲二胡的起源，应用originally。故选A项。
37．（20-21高三上·天津北辰·期中）You may thank your good luck that you were just___________ hurt while the others were either killed or seriously injured.
A．extremely B．slightly C．safely D．exactly
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：你要感谢你的好运，你只是受了轻伤，而其他人要么死亡，要么重伤。A. extremely极端地；B. slightly轻微地；C. safely安全地；D. exactly准确地。根据“You may thank your good luck”可知，“你”受的伤是轻微的，与 killed 和seriously injured构成对比，故选B项。
38．（23-24高三上·重庆·期中）There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. ________, it is vital that we strive for the equality.
A．Moreover B．Nevertheless C．Despite D．Additionally
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词和介词辨析。句意：我们成功改变法律的可能性很小。然而，争取平等是至关重要的。A. Moreover此外（副词），表示递进关系；B. Nevertheless然而（副词），表示转折关系；C. Despite尽管（介词），表示让步关系；D. Additionally此外（副词），表示递进关系。空后有逗号和句子分开，空处应用副词，空前表示成功改变法律的可能性很小，空后表示仍应争取平等，前后是转折的关系，应用Nevertheless来衔接。故选B。
39．（20-21高三上·天津北辰·期末）Although e-books are becoming more and more popular, I don’t think they will ________ take the place of paper books.
A．finally B．merely C．obviously D．especially
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管电子书越来越受欢迎，但我认为它们最终不会取代纸质书。A. finally 最终；B. merely仅仅；C. obviously明显地；D. especially尤其，特别。根据“Although e-books are becoming more and more popular,”可知，认为电子书最终不会取代纸质书。故选A。
40．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）After several rounds of talks, the two sides ______ reached an agreement.
A．apparently B．eventually C．literally D．frequently
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：经过几轮谈判，双方最终达成了协议。A. apparently显然；B. eventually最终；C. literally逐字地； D. frequently经常地。根据“After several rounds of talks,”可知，几轮谈判之后，最终达成协议。故选B。
41．（22-23高三上·河北张家口·期中）Most people on this island are fishers, and ________, fishing forms an actual part of their leisure time.
A．accidentally B．purposefully C．obviously D．formally
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：岛上的大多数人都是渔民，显然，捕鱼是他们休闲时间的一部分。A. accidentally偶然地；B. purposefully故意地；C. obviously显然地；D. formally 正式地。根据上文“Most people on this island are fishers”可推知显然捕鱼是渔民休闲时间的一部分，故选C。
42．（23-24高三上·天津静海·阶段练习）It’s a tradition that, at the wedding ceremony, the hands of the bride and groom would be tied together with a length of ribbon to symbolize that their lives were fastened together _______.
A．conveniently B．deliberately C．permanently D．temporarily
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：这是一个传统，在婚礼上，新娘和新郎的手会被一段丝带绑在一起，象征着他们的生活永远绑在一起。A. conveniently方便地；B. deliberately故意；C. permanently永久地；D. temporarily暂时。根据前文“at the wedding ceremony, the hands of the bride and groom would be tied together with a length of ribbon”可知，新娘和新郎的手会被一段丝带绑在一起应该是象征着他们的生活永远绑在一起。故选C项。
43．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·阶段练习）My guitar solos seemed to flow _____from my fingers, and I felt surrounded by a wall of music.
A．continuously B．excessively C．effortlessly D．steadily
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：我的吉他独奏似乎毫不费力地从我的手指中流淌，我感觉被音乐墙包围了。A. continuously持续地；B. excessively过分地；C. effortlessly轻松地；D. steadily稳定地。根据前后文“My guitar solos seemed to flow from my fingers”以及语境可知，句子表示吉他独奏似乎毫不费力地从手指中流淌，应用副词effortlessly。故选C。
44．（23-24高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）Peng’s company makes ________700,000 yuan for each partnership it sets up and more importantly, benefits both local people and foreign countries.
A．approximately B．appropriately
C．absolutely D．desperately
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：彭的公司每建立一个合作伙伴，就能赚到大约70万元人民币，更重要的是，既造福了当地人，也造福了外国。A. approximately大约；B. appropriately适当地；C. absolutely绝对地；D. desperately绝望地。根据句意“大约70万元人民币”可知，应为副词作状语修饰数词“700,000 yuan”。故选A。
45．（23-24高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）Whenever the teacher asks a question of my slow desk-mate, he often stands up and constantly scratches his head.
A．accidentally B．unconsciously
C．elegantly D．coincidentally
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：每当老师问我这个慢悠悠的同桌一个问题时，他常常不自觉地站起来，不停地搔着头。A. accidentally偶然地；B. unconsciously无意识地；不知不觉地；C. elegantly优美地；D. coincidentally巧合地。根据“Whenever the teacher asks a question of my slow desk-mate,”可知，同桌回答老师问题时，会不自觉地站起来并不停地搔着头。故选B。
46．（24-25高三上·天津北辰·期中）Participating in extra-curricular activities enables us to learn to negotiate and ________ with fellow students.
A．cooperate B．celebrate C．separate D．generate
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：参加课外活动使我们学会了与同学谈判和合作。A. cooperate合作；B. celebrate庆祝；C. separate使分开；D. generate生成。由“Participating in extra-curricular activities”和“with fellow students”可知，空格处意为“合作”，是cooperate。故选A。
47．（23-24高三下·天津北辰·期中）Giving speeches and presentations is a necessary part of life. Whether it be at school or at a conference, speeches and orals ______ most fields of study.
A．enhance B．maintain C．advocate D．dominate
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：演讲和展示是生活中必不可少的一部分。无论是在学校还是在会议上，演讲和口语占据了大多数学习领域。A. enhance增强；B. maintain维持；C. advocate拥护，主张；D. dominate占主导地位。根据前文“Giving speeches and presentations is a necessary part of life. ”可知用“dominate”（占主导地位）来形容其在多数研究领域中的影响力最为合适。故选D。
48．（2021·天津北辰·三模）He has made great contributions to his company since he entered the company. That’s why he got ______ last month.
A．blamed B．reflected C．inspected D．promoted
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：自从加入公司以来，他对公司做出了巨大贡献。这就是他上个月得到晋升的原因。A. blamed 责怪；B. reflected 反映；C. inspected 检查；D. promoted 提升，晋升。根据句意理解，此人因为对公司的巨大贡献，所以上个月应该是得到了积极的回馈，而“晋升”表示因为做出贡献而获得的正面结果，符合题意。故选D。
49．（2024·天津河东·二模）The police woman ________ that I hadn’t fastened my seat belt and signaled me to stop.
A．spotted B．explored C．instructed D．described
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：女警察发现我没有系好安全带，示意我停车。A. spotted发现；B. explored探索；C. instructed指示；D. described描述。根据后文“I hadn’t fastened my seat belt and signaled me to stop”指发现没有系安全带。故选A。
50．（2024·天津·二模）Due to Huawei’s latest product Mate X5 which was ______ in September 2023, Huawei took a leading role on China Market Foldable Smartphone Brand Sales Ranking.
A．launched B．landed C．installed D．informed
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：由于华为在2023年9月推出了最新的产品Mate X5，华为在中国市场的可折叠智能手机品牌销售排名中占据了领先地位。A. launched（首次）上市；B. landed（飞机）着陆或（物品）到达；C. installed安装；D. informed通知。launched正确地描述了新产品的发布，符合句意。故选A项。
51．（2024·天津·二模）As a physician during the Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo is often________ with being the first in China to use anesthesia (麻醉)during surgcry.
A．presented B．referred C．credited D．promoted
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为汉朝的一名医生，华佗经常被认为是中国第一个在外科手术中使用麻醉的人。A. presented展示；提交；B. referred提到；涉及；C. credited认为是……的功劳；把……归功于；D. promoted促进；推动。由语意可知，华佗经常被认为是中国第一个在外科手术中使用麻醉的人。be credited with意为“被认为有……成就” 。故选C项。
52．（2024·天津南开·模拟预测）We had to ______ on the location for our vacation to end the discussion and make everyone happy.
A．memorize B．compromise C．suspect D．destroy
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了结束讨论，让每个人都满意，我们不得不在度假地点上妥协。根据后文中make everyone happy（让每个人都满意）可知，该句应该表示对于度假地点的“妥协”。A. memorize记住；B. compromise妥协；C. suspect猜想；D. destroy摧毁。B项符合句意，故选B。
53．（2024·天津和平·三模）In Japan, someone who witnesses another person ______ the OK gesture might think it means money, while in France, a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero.
A．ignoring B．employing C．analyzing D．permitting
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在日本，看到别人做“OK”手势的人可能会认为这是钱的意思，而在法国，看到同样的手势的人可能会认为这是零的意思。A. ignoring忽视；B. employing雇佣，采用；C. analyzing分析；D. permitting允许。根据后文“the OK gesture”指采用OK手势的人。故选B。
54．（2024·天津北辰·三模）By working in a famous school, Lily not only ______ much valuable experience but also had a clearer understanding of her career ahead.
A．guaranteed B．accumulated C．exchanged D．scheduled
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过在名校的工作，莉莉不仅积累了很多宝贵的经验，而且对未来的职业生涯有了更清晰的认识。A. guaranteed保证；B. accumulated积累； C. exchanged交换；D. scheduled安排。根据“By working in a famous school”以及常识可知，莉莉积累了很多宝贵的经验。故选B项。
55．（2024·天津·三模）While posing no significant security threat, the event did ________ some popular concern.
A．suspect B．generate C．disturb D．refresh
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然没有构成重大的安全威胁，但这一事件确实引起了一些公众的关注。A. suspect怀疑；B. generate引起，产生；C. disturb打扰；D. refresh使恢复精神。根据后文“some popular concern”指引起关注，故选B。
56．（2024·天津·一模）Greenhouse gases have been speeding up the process of global warming and our climate.
A．affecting B．challenging C．promoting D．creating
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：温室气体一直在加速全球变暖的进程并影响我们的气候。A. affect影响；B. challenge挑战；C.promote促进；D. create创造。根据题意，温室气体在全球蔓延后，肯定会影响到我们的气候，故选A项。
57．（23-24高三下·天津南开·开学考试）The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the only free trade zone in northern China. The zone was to be established in 1991 by State Council.
A．informed B．advertised C．announced D．approved
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：天津港自由贸易区是中国北方唯一的自由贸易区。1991年经国务院批准设立。A. informed通知，告知；B. advertised做广告；C. announced宣布；D. approved同意，批准。根据The zone及by State Council可知，此处表示“被批准建立”。故选D。
58．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）It has been ________ that this drug is effective.
A．composed B．prescribed C．restrained D．demonstrated
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：这药已被证实是有效的。A. composed组成；B. prescribed开处方；C. restrained制止；D. demonstrated证明。根据句意可知，已被证实，这种药是有效的。故选D项。
59．（2012·江西宜春·一模）The parking rules in public places should be ______ strictly, otherwise you would get a ticket.
A．realized B．recognized C．consulted D．observed
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：公共场所的停车规则应该严格遵守，否则你会收到罚款单。A. realized认识到，实现；B. recognized辨认出；C. consulted咨询；D. observed观察，遵守（规则、法律等）。根据前文“The parking rules in public places”及后文“otherwise you would get a ticket”可知，在公共场所，必须严格遵守停车规则。故选D项。
60．（23-24高三·天津河北·期末）Most of the value of AI lies in its __________ to analyse and interpret vast amounts of data.
A．stability B．capacity C．celebrity D．reputation
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：人工智能的大部分价值在于其分析和解释大量数据的能力。A. stability稳定性；B. capacity能力；C. celebrity名人，名流；D. reputation名声，名誉。根据“to analyse and interpret vast amounts of data.”可知，此处指人工智能具备分析和解释大量数据的能力。故选B。
61．（2024·天津河西·二模）Peking University has the ______ of being one of the most famous universities in the world, so it attracts a large number of excellent students every year.
A．distinction B．admission C．impression D．ambition
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：北京大学有着全世界最著名大学之一的荣誉，因此每年都吸引着大批优秀的学生。A. distinction荣誉；B. admission录取；C. impression印象；D. ambition志向。分析句子意思可知，这里需要名词distinction，作宾语，构成短语have the distinction of，意为“有……的荣誉/特殊之处”。故选A。
62．（2024·天津·二模）The hit film YOLO has received criticism as well as ______ since it was released because views on overweight differ.
A．credit B．argument C．implement D．privilege
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：热门电影《热辣滚烫》自上映以来，既受到批评，也受到赞扬，因为人们对超重的看法不一。A. credit赞扬；B. argument争论；C. implement工具；器具；D. privilege特权；荣幸。根据“because views on overweight differ.”可知，电影《热辣滚烫》既受到批评，也受到赞扬。故选A。
63．（2024·天津和平·二模）_______ must go to addressing immediate needs and ensuring the safety of all individuals in the community during this crisis.
A．Measures B．Targets C．Functions. D．Priorities
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这场危机中，必须优先解决当前的需求，并确保社区中所有人的安全。A. Measures措施；B. Targets目标；C. Functions功能；D. Priorities优先事项。此处应指应对危机时需要采取的“措施”来解决眼前的需求和保障安全，因此Measures最符合语境。故选A。
64．（23-24高三下·天津·阶段练习）The visit to the art gallery gave the young painter a profound ______ into the use of colors in abstract art, so she decided to experiment with it in her own paintings.
A．understanding B．fascination C．glimpse D．challenge
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：参观美术馆使这位年轻的画家深刻地了解了色彩在抽象艺术中的运用，因此她决定在自己的绘画中进行尝试。A. understanding理解；B. fascination入迷，着迷；C. glimpse一瞥，短暂的感受；D. challenge挑战。根据gave the young painter a profound及into the use of colors in abstract art可知，此处表示“对色彩在抽象艺术中的运用有了深刻的理解”，give a glimpse into为固定短语。故选C。
65．（2024·天津·二模）The CCTV show - the Chinese Poetry Competition has been popular among the audience, which is partly designed to arouse people’s ______ in Chinese poetry.
A．enthusiasm B．response C．significance D．reflection
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：CCTV的节目——中国诗词大会在观众中很受欢迎，这部分是设计来激发人们对中国诗词的热情。A. enthusiasm热情；B. response反应；C. significance意义或重要性；D. reflection反映或思考。enthusiasm符合语境，表示节目旨在激发观众对中国诗词的热情。故选A项。
66．（24高三·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）You can deepen your and memory if you scan the material first.
A．compassion B．compensation C．consumption D．comprehension
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你先浏览一下材料，可以加深你的理解和记忆。A. compassion同情；B. compensation补偿；C. consumption消费；D. comprehension理解。根据句意可知，此处为名词comprehension“理解”，满足句意要求。故选D项。
67．（2024·天津·二模）Over the years, people have learned from ants that team work and perseverance are two key _______ to success.
A．contents B．ingredients C．approaches D．instructions
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：多年来，人们从蚂蚁身上学到，团队合作和毅力是成功的两个关键因素。A.contents内容；B. ingredients要素，因素；C. approaches方法；D. instructions说明书。根据句意可知，团队合作和毅力是成功的两个关键因素。故选B项。
68．（2024·天津宁河·一模）When giving first aid, we should give top ________ to those in the most serious situations.
A．priority B．potential
C．criticism D．elements
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在进行急救时，我们应该优先考虑那些情况最严重的人。A. priority优先事项，最重要的事；B. potential潜力；C. criticism批评；D. elements元素。由“those in the most serious situations”可知，句子表示“在进行急救时，我们应该优先考虑那些情况最严重的人”，give priority to意为“优先考虑”。故选A。
69．（2024·天津·一模）Healthcare workers are at risk of getting infectious diseases because of their to infected patients.
A．guidance B．response C．exposure D．advantage
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：医护人员由于与被感染的病人接触而有感染传染病的危险。A. guidance指导；B. response反应，回复；C. exposure接触；D.advantage优势。医疗工作人员和感染的病人是频繁接触的，并且因此面临感染的风险。故选C项。
70．（23-24高三下·天津南开·开学考试）Men must consider eating, drinking, clothing and finding shelter before they can pursue entertainment and .
A．potential B．recreation C．justice D．intervention
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：人在追求娱乐和消遣之前，必须先考虑吃、喝、穿和住的地方。A. potential潜能；B. recreation消遣；C. justice公平；D. intervention介入。根据上文“entertainment and”可知，指追求娱乐和消遣。故选B。
阅读理解
Passage 1
Experiments on rats show that mixing energy drinks with alcohol can cause long-term problems with cognitive (认知的) function, adding to concerns over young adults drinking habits.
The study was carried out by a team from the University of Cagliari, and groups of male adolescent rats being given alcohol, energy drinks, or a mixture of both. Various standard experiments were then used to assess cognitive function - including brain scans and behavioral tests - up to 53 days after drinking.
These tests revealed that the animals consuming the mixed drinks showed enduring changes in their ability to learn and remember and changes in the hippocampus (海马体) - a part of the brain responsible for learning and memory.
Alcohol and energy drinks are popular with young people for various reasons, and the effects from this study are that these habits could cause some long-term harm. In particular, it seems that hippocampus plasticity could be affected, damaging the brain’s ability to adapt and change in response to new information and demands.
While the rats on alcohol and energy drinks initially showed a boost in certain brain functions. these benefits didn’t last, and over time and into adulthood there was a decline in brain capability.
The results show that alcohol mixed with energy drinks consumption during the preadoleseent period produces adaptive hippocampal changes at the electrophysiological and molecular levels. associated with changes in behavior, which are already detectable during adolescence and persist in adulthood.
These results still need to be confirmed in human studies, and there’re likely differences between sexes due to hormone interactions that weren’t explored in this study. But health concerns over energy drinks are justified. Alcohol has plenty of effects in health, and it’s well-known that mixing the two together in any kind of significant way isn’t the best idea.
Overall, the analysis of the whole set of data obtained suggests that alcohol mixed with energy drinks, during adolescence, may have results that are not necessarily the sum of those observed with alcohol or energy drinks alone and permanently affect hippocampal plasticity.
1．How was the study carried out
A．By observing rats’ various behaviors on the spot.
B．By comparing rats’ reactions on different occasions.
C．By collecting previous data of rats of different kinds
D．By measuring the cognitive influences on the tested rats.
2．What does the underlined word “enduring” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Minor. B．Instant. C．Lasting. D．Unnoticeable
3．What can we learn from the study
A．Mixed drinks initially do great damage to rats’ brains.
B．Great sex differences have been detected in rats so far.
C．Human subjects have not been involved in the process
D．The hippocampal and behavioral changes don’t last long.
4．What is the best title for the text
A．Adolescent Rats Experimented, Great Concerns Aroused
B．More Energy Drinks Consumed, More Health Effects Noted
C．Healthy Diet Habits Adopted, Behavioral Patterns Improved
D．Energy Drinks Mixed with Alcohol, Brain Functions Affected
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是一项关于将能量饮料与酒精混合饮用对青春期大鼠认知能力长期影响的研究。研究发现，这种混合饮品会导致大鼠在学习和记忆能力方面出现持久性改变，特别是影响海马体的可塑性，进而损害大脑适应新信息和需求的能力。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Various standard experiments were then used to assess cognitive function - including brain scans and behavioral tests - up to 53 days after drinking. (然后用各种标准实验来评估饮酒后53天的认知功能，包括脑部扫描和行为测试。)”可知，研究是通过测量对被试大鼠的认知影响来进行的，故选D。
2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Alcohol and energy drinks are popular with young people for various reasons, and the effects from this study are that these habits could cause some long-term harm. (由于各种原因，酒精和能量饮料在年轻人中很受欢迎，这项研究的结果是，这些习惯可能会造成一些长期危害。)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“这些测试表明，喝了混合饮料的动物在学习和记忆能力以及海马体（大脑中负责学习和记忆的部分）的变化方面表现出持久的变化”，划线词enduring的意思是“持久的”，和lasting意思相近，故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“These results still need to be confirmed in human studies, and there're likely differences between sexes due to hormone interactions that weren't explored in this study. (这些结果仍需要在人类研究中得到证实，而且由于激素的相互作用，两性之间可能存在差异，而这项研究并未探索这些差异。)”可知，我们能从这项研究中了解到人类实验对象尚未参与这一过程。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“These tests revealed that the animals consuming the mixed drinks showed enduring changes in their ability to learn and remember and changes in the hippocampus (海马体) - a part of the brain responsible for learning and memory. (这些测试表明，喝了混合饮料的动物在学习和记忆能力以及海马体（大脑中负责学习和记忆的部分）的变化方面表现出持久的变化。)”和第四段“Alcohol and energy drinks are popular with young people for various reasons, and the effects from this study are that these habits could cause some long-term harm. In particular, it seems that hippocampus plasticity could be affected, damaging the brain’s ability to adapt and change in response to new information and demands. (由于各种原因，酒精和能量饮料在年轻人中很受欢迎，这项研究的结果是，这些习惯可能会造成一些长期危害。特别是，海马体的可塑性似乎会受到影响，损害大脑适应和改变新信息和需求的能力。)”可知，本文主要讲的是一项关于将能量饮料与酒精混合饮用对青春期大鼠认知能力长期影响的研究，研究发现，这种混合饮品会导致大鼠在学习和记忆能力方面出现持久性改变，特别是影响海马体的可塑性，进而损害大脑适应新信息和需求的能力，因此最好的题目是D选项“Energy Drinks Mixed with Alcohol, Brain Functions Affected (混合酒精的能量饮料影响大脑功能)”。故选D。
Passage 2
As more and more species near extinction, scientists have been collecting samples from animals, plants and other creatures and storing them in biobanks across the globe. But climate change, environmental disasters and wars threaten these modern Noah’s arks. Now, a team of researchers is brainstorming an out-of-this-world solution: building one of these vaults (库) on the moon.
A biobank in a permanently shadowed region at the moon’s south pole could be far more stable than those on Earth. This part of the moon usually remains around -196° Celsius, perfect for storing most animal cells long-term, marine biologist Mary Hagedorn and colleagues report in BioScience.
Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway which takes advantage of below-zero Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. In 2017, melting (融化) frozen soil threatened to flood the vault, highlighting the need for a backup plan. A different team has proposed building a lunar ark in lava (熔岩) tubes that run beneath the moon’s surface. But that design requires a solar-powered cooling system; any loss of power and the samples would be destroyed. In the moon’s forever-frozen shadowed regions, a lunar vault wouldn’t need energy or constant human maintenance, Hagedorn’s team says.
Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells, “and then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says. The cells could be valuable for regenerating populations of threatened or extinct species and for building ecosystems in future human settlements on the moon or Mars.
The proposal has its share of barriers. For instance, the moon’s permanently dark regions aren’t free from temperature swings, says lunar scientist Benjamin Greenhagen of the Johns Hopkins University. “They are still cold but perhaps not always cold enough for this project without some level of temperature management.”
1．Why is the moon an ideal place for the biobank
A．It’s not affected by wars. B．It’s not environmentally polluted.
C．It has proper temperatures. D．It has rich resources for research.
2．What led to Hagedorn’s proposal of a lunar biobank
A．The solar-powered cooling system. B．The lava tubes on the moon’s surface.
C．The problem facing the Norway Vault. D．The discovery of ice on the lunar pole.
3．What can scientists use fibroblasts to do
A．Form stem cells for cloning. B．Explore moon soil conditions.
C．Help land humans on the moon. D．Improve the eco-system of the earth.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Lunar Exploration: The Next Frontier for Cloning
B．Relieving Climate Change: The Moon Biobank Project
C．The Moon as a Backup: A New Solution for Seed Storage
D．Building Biobanks on the Moon: A Proposal to Save Biodiversity
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述随着气候变化和人类活动对地球的威胁日益加剧，科学家们提议在月球上建立一个生物库，以保护地球上濒危物种。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This part of the moon usually remains around -196° Celsius, perfect for storing most animal cells long-term(月球的这一部分通常保持在零下196摄氏度左右，非常适合长期储存大多数动物细胞)”可知，月球温度适宜，是建立生物库的理想之地，故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway which takes advantage of below-zero Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. In 2017, melting (融化) frozen soil threatened to flood the vault, highlighting the need for a backup plan.(Hagedorn和他的同事们从挪威的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库获得了灵感，该种子库利用北极零下的温度保存了来自世界各地的数百万颗种子。2017年，融化的冻土有可能淹没了种子库，这凸显了后备计划的必要性)”可知，挪威的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库面临的问题致使Hagedorn提出建立一个月球生物库，故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells, “and then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says.(Hagedorn说，鉴于南极阴暗地区的低温，那里的一个储藏室可以储存“我们今天拥有的最强大的细胞之一”——成纤维细胞。科学家们可以将这些动物细胞转化为干细胞，“然后这些干细胞可以用于克隆，”她说。)”可知，成纤维细胞可以转化为干细胞用于克隆，故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Now, a team of researchers is brainstorming an out-of-this-world solution: building one of these vaults (库) on the moon.(现在，一组研究人员正在集思广益，想出一个天外飞行的解决方案：在月球上建造一个这样的储藏库)”可知，文章主要讲述随着气候变化和人类活动对地球的威胁日益加剧，科学家们提议在月球上建立一个生物库，以保护地球上濒危物种。D项“在月球上建立生物库：拯救生物多样性的建议”为最佳标题，故选D。
Passage 3
Superhuman artificial intelligence has played a role in our life. When it comes to playing games like chess, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of humans. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading.
We are blessed with a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life — to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball — we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds.
In psychology, the ability to infer another’s mental state is referred to as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity develops at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.
Besides, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think.
But we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI.
It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen.But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.
1．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well
A．When asked where an object is, a naughty kid points in the wrong direction.
B．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework, he answers “my dog ate it”.
C．When you are treated with a hotpot for dinner, you reply “a sore throat”.
D．When a mom tells her kid milk is good for health, the kid drinks it up.
2．Which statement will the author agree with most about AI’s theory of mind
A．AI has already mastered the ability to read human minds.
B．The development of AI’s theory of mind heavily relies on human’s understanding of it.
C．AI’s theory of mind can appear naturally without any human intervention.
D．AI’s theory of mind is superior to human’s in all forms.
3．What is the author’s attitude toward truly self-aware machines
A．Ambiguous. B．Conservative. C．Skeptical. D．Approving.
4．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．AI’s Theory of Mind Will Define Our Future
B．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected
C．AI’s Theory of Mind — a Blessing or Suffering to Humans
D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了AI具备理论心智能力的挑战与发展。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段的“We are blessed with a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life — to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball — we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds.(我们拥有着一种神秘的能力，能够推断他人的目标、愿望和信念，这是一种至关重要的技能，意味着我们可以预判他人的行为以及自己行为的后果。如果AI要在日常生活中真正发挥作用——有效地与我们合作，或者理解到一个孩子可能会追着弹跳的球跑上马路——我们必须赋予它们这种进化赋予我们的能力：