专题03 阅读理解词汇
目录
01考情透视·目标导航 2
02知识导图·思维引航 4
03核心精讲·题型突破 5
考点一 攻坚克难——突破研究报告类高频词汇 5
【真题研析】 5
【核心精讲】 6
阅读理解中研究报告类高频词汇（全部来自于高考研究报告文章的统计） 6
【命题预测】 8
考点二 攻坚克难——熟记阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇 9
【真题研析】 9
【核心精讲】 10
阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇 10
【命题预测】 12
考点三 攻坚克难——熟记阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇 14
【真题研析】 14
【核心精讲】 16
阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇 16
【命题预测】 17
考点四 融会贯通——通晓阅读记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇 18
【真题研析】 18
【核心精讲】 19
阅读理解记叙文中描写人物及作者态度的相关的高频词汇 19
【命题预测】 23
考点五 心领神会——熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语通晓命题规律 25
【真题研析】 25
【核心精讲】 26
熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语 26
【命题预测】 34
考点六 运筹帷幄——熟记常用有关文章出处的词汇 35
阅读理解词汇
考点 目标要求 考题统计及展示 考情分析
研究报告类高频词汇 ①熟记相关词汇；②有助于快速理解文章 （2024·新高考I卷）document n. 文件；（计算机）文档 v. 记录；用文件证明 extinct adj. 灭绝的；废除了的 biodiversity n. 生物多类状态，生物多样性 detect v. 发现；查明；测 technology n. 科技；技术性机器 observation n. 观察；监视；评论 application n. 申请；请求；申请书；运用；生效；应用软件；勤奋；努力；涂抹；施用 author n. 作者；作家；发起人 assistant adj. （用于头衔前）助理的；副的 n. 助手；副手；店员；售货员；助教 outnumber vt. 数量多于；比…多 specimen n. 样品；范例；（化验的）抽样；标本 increasingly adv. 不断增加地；越来越多地 observational adj. 观察的，观测的 investigate v. 调查；研究 从近三年高考试题来看，阅读理解的难度都比较大，涉及文章的题材多样，有应用文、记叙文、普通说明文，科普说明文，研究报告等。词汇的难度也有所增加。 体裁以说明文为主，记叙文和议论文为辅。文章要求考生能快速找到文章的细节信息、并就某些事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断，要求学生能准确把握文章的主旨大意及作者的写作态度及意图。 预计在2025年高考阅读理解的难度将维持在2024年的水平。
阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇 ①熟记医学、科普类词汇；②快速理解文章 （2024·北京卷）unknowable adj. 不能知道的，不可知的simulation n. 模仿，模拟；[生]拟态，拟色；假装；装病inquiry n. 调查，审查；询问，质问，追究；探究facilitate v. 促进；使便利comprehension n. 理解力；充分了解；（听力或阅读）理解测试conceptual adj. 观念的，概念的metaphor n. 隐喻，暗喻；象征standard n. 标准；军旗 adj. 标准的；合格的；一般的information n. 消息；数据；问讯处virtual reality虚拟现实unsurprisingly adv. 不出所料地；不出奇地；意料中地computation n. 计算effective adj. 有效的；实际的；起作用的insightful adj. 富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的
阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇 熟记相关词汇快速理解文章 （2024·新高考Ⅰ卷）equally adv. 平等地，相等地；同样 mental aspect 心理方面 hypothesis n. 假设，假说；[逻]前提 mindset n. 观念模式，思维倾向，心态 engaging adj. 迷人的；吸引人的 v. 雇佣(engage的ing形式)；预订 demonstrate v. 证明；说明；(游行)示威；演示 identical adj. 同一的；完全同样的，相同的 available adj. 可用的，可获得的；有空的 maximize vt. 最大化，使（某事物）增至最大限度；极为重视；[数学]解函数的最大值；最大限度利用（某事物） vi. 尽可能广义地解释；达到最大值mental focus心理焦点reflection n. 映像，倒影；体现；深思；反射；描述；感想assume v. 假设，认为；呈现；假装
通晓阅读记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇 熟记相关词汇快速理解文章 （(2021·新高考II卷之B篇)extremely tired 极累grateful adj. 感激的；表示感谢的 disappointed adj. 失望的，灰心的 （2021年6月浙江卷）content adj.满意的；满足的 thrilled adj. 非常兴奋的；极为激动的 a sense of curiosity好奇的感觉 inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的；启发灵感的successful adj. 成功的determination n. 决心；决定；查明remarkable adj. 异常的，引人注目的，；卓越的；显著的；非凡的，非常（好）的 （2021·新高考I卷B篇）boring adj. 令人厌烦的，无聊的well-paid adj. 工资高的 demanding adj. 费时的；劳神的；苛刻的；要求很高的 dangerous adj. 危险的
考点一 攻坚克难——突破研究报告类高频词汇
1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)
翻译背诵划线的单词
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
【难词背诵】
document n. 文件；文档 v. 记录；用文件证明 extinct adj. 灭绝的；废除了的
biodiversity n. 生物多类状态，生物多样性 detect v. 发现；查明；测
technology n. 科技；技术性机器 observation n. 观察；监视；评论
application n. 申请；请求；申请书；运用；生效；应用软件；勤奋；努力；涂抹；施用
author n. 作者；作家；发起人 assistant adj. 助理的；副的 n. 助手；副手；助教
outnumber vt. 数量多于；比…多 specimen n. 样品；范例；（化验的）抽样；标本
increasingly adv. 不断增加地；越来越多地 observational adj. 观察的，观测的
investigate v. 调查；研究
2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
【难词背诵】
statistician n. 统计学家，统计员 illustrate v. （用示例/图画等）说明；插图于…
experiment n. 实验；试用 v. 做实验；尝试 estimation n. 评价，判断；估算
conduct v. 进行，组织，实施；指挥；传导 independent adj. 独立的；公正的；无关联的；自立的
accurate adj. 正确的，精确的；精准的 capitalize vt. 估计…的价值；把…定为首都 vi. 利用 overestimate vt. 对…作过高的评价；对…估计过高 n. 过高的估计；过分的评价 vi. 估计过高；评价过高
underestimate vt. 低估；对…估计不足； n. 低估；估计不足；过低评价，过低估价；轻视
average adj. 平均的；正常的，一般的 n. 平均数；平均水平 v. 平均为；算出…的平均数
cancel v. 取消，终止；废除，注销 correlated adj. 有相互关系的
accuracy n. 精确（性），准确（性）；准确无误
英语阅读理解试题中的研究报告类文章总是出现在D篇或C篇，根据近几年的高考阅读理解文章看，它是整个卷中最难的部分，难的原因：1.长难词较多；2.词形转换的词比较多；3.涉及一词多义或熟词生义；4.缺乏背景知识，对整体文章理解不到位。所以，二轮复习的一个重要任务就是突破难点，提高阅读能力。二轮复习总结、熟记研究报告高频词汇就是一个有效的方法，力争高考前把较难的词汇烂熟于心，为高考考场做好充分准备，这就是有的放矢地备考。
阅读理解中研究报告类高频词汇（全部来自于高考研究报告文章的统计）
document n. 文件；文档 v. 记录 extinct adj. 灭绝的；废除了的 biodiversity n. 生物多样性
detect v. 发现；查明；测 technology n. 科技；技术性机器 observation n. 观察；监视；评论 application n. 申请；请求；申请书；运用；生效；应用软件；勤奋；努力；涂抹；施用
author n. 作者；作家；发起人 assistant adj. （用于头衔前）助理的；副的 n. 助手；副手
outnumber vt. 数量多于；比…多 specimen n. 样品；抽样；标本 increasingly adv. 不断增加地 observational adj. 观察的，观测的 investigate v. 调查；研究 statistician n. 统计学家，统计员 illustrate v. 说明；插图于… experiment n. 实验 v. 做实验 estimation n. 评价，判断；估算 conduct v. 进行，组织，实施；指挥；传导（热或电） independent adj. 独立的；无关联的
accurate adj. 精确的；精准的 capitalize vt. 估计…的价值；把…定为首都 vi. 利用
overestimate vt. 对…作过高的评价 underestimate vt. 对…估计不足 average adj. 平均的；n. 平均数；平均水平 v. 平均为；算出…的平均数
cancel v. 取消，终止；废除，注销 correlated adj. 有相互关系的 accuracy n. 精确（性），准确（性）
twist vt. 搓，捻；连结，交结 vi. 扭动；旋转，转动 n. 丝线 phenomenon n. 现象；杰出的人individual adj. 单独的；个人的；独特的 n. 个人；某种类型的人 significantly adv. 有重大意义地dominant adj. 占支配地位的；（基因）显性的 response n. 答复；反应
potential adj. 潜在的 n. 可能性 implication n. 含义；可能的影响reveal v. 揭示；展示
encounter v. 遭遇；偶遇 n. 偶遇 eye-catching adj. 引人注目的 feature n. 特征 v. 以…为特征imperfect adj. 有缺点的，不完美的 datasets n. 数据集；资料组 oversampled 过度采样的
identification n. 识别；密切关联 originally adv. 起初，原来 psychologist n. 心理学家
tempt vt. 引诱，怂恿；吸引 device n. 装置，器具；策略 preschooler n. 学龄前儿童
mechanism n. [生]机制，机能，[乐]机理；（机械）结构，机械装置[作用]，（故事的）结构；机械作用
dramatically adv. 戏剧地；显著地 mismatch n. 错配，失谐 prize n. 奖品v. 重视；撬动；竭力打探connectivity n. 连通性 thoughtful adj.缜密思考过的 consumption n. 消费，消耗量temptation n. 诱惑，引诱；诱惑物 effectively adv. 有效地 balloon n. （热）气球 v. 膨胀，激增relatively adv. 关系上地；相对地 survey n. 调查 v.审察，测量 submit v. 顺从；提交；主张；建议meaningful adj.有意义的 interaction n. 互相影响；互动 participant n. 参加者，参与者；关系者category n. 种类；类别 submission n.服从；提交 recognize vt.认出；承认 vi. 确认distinguish v. 区分；辨别出 random adj. 随机的；任意的 explanation n. 解释；理由；阐述abnormal adj. 反常的，不正常的 abstract adj. 抽象的v. 写摘要 academic adj. 学业的，学术的accelerate v. (使)加快，(使)加速 accumulate v. 积累，积聚 acquisition n.获得，得到；获得物allergic adj. 过敏的 alternative adj. 可供替代的 ambiguous adj. 模棱两可的；不明确的 appropriately adv. 恰当地，合适地 approximately adv. 近似；大约 budget n.预算v.谨慎花钱adj.花钱少的calculate vt.计算，预测；估计 challenging adj. 具有挑战性的 characteristic n.特征；特色adj.典型的circumstance n. 条件；环境；状况 coincidence n. 巧合，巧事 compensate v. 弥补，补偿；赔偿component n.成分；组成部分 controversial adj.有争议的 deliberately adv. 故意地，蓄意地discrimination n. 歧视；辨别力 eliminate vt. 清除；淘汰 environmentally-related 与环境有关的fragment n. 碎片；片段 influential adj. 有很大影响的 ingredient n. 成分，食材；要素，因素integrate v. (使)合并，(使)结合 maximum adj.最多的，最大极限的 n. 最大量，最大限度(反：minimum) overpopulated adj. 人口过多的 perceive v.理解；注意到 permanent adj.长久的，永恒的popularization n.通俗化，普及 stimulate v. 刺激；激发；促进 transformation n. 转变，改观
（2025·浙江省湖州、丽水、衢州三地市一模）（节选）In a study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, researchers found that people tend to turn down offers of “free money,” as well as unusually high salaries or suspiciously cheap services, because they seem “too good to be true.”
In the initial experiment, nearly 40 percent of participants ate a cookie offered freely – compared with about 20 percent of those offered $5 as well. Nine further experiments, involving more than 4,000 participants, used online questionnaires to present other scenarios. These included being offered money to accept a ride home, extremely high construction-job wages and surprisingly cheap flights. In each case, past a certain point, higher potential monetary gain reduced participants’ likelihood of accepting the offer.
The study lead author Vonasch says it illustrates that contrary to the “standard economic model,” which supposes humans always seek to maximize gains, transactions need to also be understood as social interactions between people trying to understand each other’s minds. If someone seems to break accepted rules, such as self-interest, without any explanation, we assume they have hidden motives and infer there will be “phantom costs” – imagined consequences that reduce what Vonasch calls an offer’s “psychological value.”
12．According to paragraph 2, the experiments mainly focus on people’s .
A．Thinking method. B．Decision making.
C．Financial condition. D．Potential ability.
13．Why does the author mention “standard economic model”
A．To explain the experiments further. B．To clarify a psychological concept.
C．To provide evidence for the study. D．To express doubt on the experiments.
【答案】12．B 13．A
【解析】
12．推理判断题。由文章第二段“In the initial experiment, nearly 40 percent of participants ate a cookie offered freely – compared with about 20 percent of those offered $5 as well. Nine further experiments, involving more than 4,000 participants, used online questionnaires to present other scenarios. These included being offered money to accept a ride home, extremely high construction-job wages and surprisingly cheap flights. In each case, past a certain point, higher potential monetary gain reduced participants’ likelihood of accepting the offer. (在最初的实验中，近40%的参与者吃了免费提供的饼干，相比之下，提供5美元的参与者中约有20%吃了饼干。另外九项实验，涉及4000多名参与者，使用在线问卷来呈现其他场景。这些条件包括给钱让他们搭车回家，极高的建筑工作工资，以及便宜得惊人的机票。在每种情况下，超过某一点，更高的潜在金钱收益降低了参与者接受提议的可能性。)”可知，实验主要关注人们的决策过程，即“决策制定”。故选B。
13．推理判断题。根据第三段“The study lead author Vonasch says it illustrates that contrary to the “standard economic model,” which supposes humans always seek to maximize gains, transactions need to also be understood as social interactions between people trying to understand each other’s minds. If someone seems to break accepted rules, such as self-interest, without any explanation, we assume they have hidden motives and infer there will be “phantom costs” – imagined consequences that reduce what Vonasch calls an offer’s “psychological value.” (该研究的主要作者Vonasch说，这表明，与“标准经济模型”相反，交易也需要被理解为人们试图了解彼此思想的社会互动。“标准经济模型”假设人类总是寻求利益最大化。如果有人似乎违反了公认的规则，比如自利，而没有任何解释，我们就会假设他们有隐藏的动机，并推断会有“幻影成本”——想象的后果会降低Vonasch所说的报价的“心理价值”。)”可知，作者在第三段中提到“standard economic model”是为了进一步解释实验，帮助读者理解人们的决策过程。故选A。
【难词背诵】
unusually adv. 非常；异乎寻常地；显著地；出奇 suspiciously adv.怀疑地；疑心很深地
participant n. 参加者，参与者 questionnaires n. 调查表，问卷
scenarios n. [意]情节；剧本；事态；脚本 surprisingly adv. 惊人地，出人意外地
monetary adj. 货币的，金钱的；钱的；金融的 likelihood n. 可能，可能性
maximize vt. 最大化；极为重视； vi. 达到最大值 transaction n. 交易，业务，事务；办理，处理
interaction n.合作；互相影响；互动；交流，沟通 assume v. 假设，认为
consequence n. 结果；重要性 psychological value心理价值
考点二 攻坚克难——熟记阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇
1.（2024·北京卷）
翻译背诵划线的单词
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
【难词背诵】
unknowable adj. 不能知道的，不可知的 simulation n. 模仿，模拟；[生]，拟色；假装；装病inquiry n.调查，审查；询问，质问，追究；探究 facilitate v. 促进；使便利
comprehension n. 理解力；充分了解；理解测试 conceptual adj. 观念的，概念的
metaphor n. 隐喻，暗喻；象征 standard n. 标准adj. 标准的；合格的；一般的information n. 消息；数据；问讯处 virtual reality虚拟现实
unsurprisingly adv. 不出所料地；不出奇地；意料中地 computation n. 计算
effective adj. 有效的；实际的；起作用的 insightful adj. 富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的
2.（2022·全国II卷）As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
【难词背诵】
healthy adj. 健康的；健全的；大量的；有益于健康的 efficient adj. 效率高的；有能力的
oxygen n. 氧（气） flexible adj. 柔韧的；灵活的；易弯曲的
specialist n. 专家；专科医生 fortunately adv. 幸好；幸运的是
midlife n. 中年enthusiastic adj. 非常感兴趣的，热心的 volunteer n.志愿者v. 主动提供（建议信息)
participant n. 参加者，参与者 high-intensity高强度，强烈
guidance n. 指导；导航 remarkable adj. 异常的；卓越的；显著的；非凡的
阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇
1.医学类
alleviate vt. 减轻,使...缓和 absent-minded adj.心不在焉的，恍惚的 bacteria n.(复数)细菌
bandage n.绷带 chronic adj.长期的,慢性的,惯常的 capsule n.胶囊vt.装入胶囊disable v.使...失去能力 disorder n.杂乱,混乱 vt.扰乱 discomfort n.不适vt.使不适diagnose v.诊断 vi. 判断,诊断 dizzy adj，晕眩的vt.使困惑，使晕眩 transplant vt.移植(器官)
prescribe vi.开药方 vt.规定,开处方 vitamin n.维生素 protein adj.蛋白质的n.蛋白质oxygen n.氧氧气 soothe v.缓和，使..安静，安慰 resistant adj.抵抗的n.抵抗者immune adj.免除的,免疫的n.免疫者 syndrome n.综合征;典型表现，典型行为 handicap n.障碍 vt.加障碍物surgeon n.外科医生 physician n.内科医生 pregnancy n.怀孕
remedy n.治疗法,补救 vt.治疗 stress n.压力v.强调vt. 强调 stroke n.中风;打击;vt.抚摸pill n.药丸 vt.服用药丸 tablet n.药片，片状物 scar n.疤痕vt.&vi.使...有伤
qualify vt.取得资格vi.取得资格 undertake vt.从事,承担；负责 cardiovascular adj. 心血管的
2.科普类
assign v.分配,指派 赋值 digital adj.数字的,电子的 dimension n.容积n.范围;方面electrical adj.电的,电气科学的 electronic adj.电子的;电子操纵的 optical adj视觉的,光学的universal adj.通用的,宇宙的n.通用 solar adj.太阳的,太阳能的 solid adj.固体的n.固体,实心mechanical adj.机械的,呆板的 precise adj.精确的,准确的,认真的 logical adj符合逻辑的psychological adj.心理(学)的 phenomenon n.现象，非凡的人或事物 element 成分,元素,基本原理biology n.生物学 evolution n.进化，发展，进展 mathematics n.数学
formula n.公式;adj.方程式的 statistic n.统计数值 carbon n.碳,灯芯,复写纸measurement n.测量,衡量,尺寸,大小 intelligence n.理解力，智力，情报 graph n.图表v.用图表表示navigation n.航行，航海，导航 infinite adj.无限的,无穷的n.无限 visual adj.视觉的n.可视化monitor v. 监控 n. 监测仪器 emission n. 发出；排放（物） pesticide n. 杀虫剂，农药sustainability n.持续性，永续性 chemicals n. 化学药品 transform v. 使改变形态roadmap n. 路标 forthcoming adj. 即将到来的 revolution n. 革命；变革complicated adj.复杂的；难处理的 understandable adj. 能懂的，可理解的 accessible可进入/使用的informative adj. 提供信息的 Artificial General Intelligence通用人工智能
sidelined v. 使退出比赛( sideline的过去式和过去分词 )；使下场（尤指由于受伤）；把…排除在核心之外；essential adj. 基本的；根本的 n. 必需品；基本知识tipping point n. 卸载点；引爆点、临界点、量变到质变的分界点
structured thinking结构化思维 abandoned adj.废弃的
environmentally friendly环保的 sustainable adj.可持续的 dispose of丢弃
circumstance n．条件，环境
（2024·辽宁省县级重点高中协作体期中）D
An estimated 5.4 million people in the United States suffer from Alzheimer’s disease, a number that is expected to grow as the Baby Boomers age. Even more suffer from other forms of dementia (痴呆). To keep such patients’ minds engaged and give their caregivers at home a break, doctors often refer them to day centers, where they can exercise, take part in activities, and receive professional guidance or medication.
Recently, the George G. Glenner Alzheimer’s Family Centers, a San Diego nonprofit that operates several such facilities, has begun to create a very different sort of daytime space for its patients: a fake town of 24 buildings, arranged around a central green and designed to evoke the era when most of today’s dementia patients were young adults. The hope is that visual reminders of their youth will spark memories and conversation.
Glenner Town Square will be the first facility of its kind in the United States, according to Daniel Sewell, a professor of clinical psychiatry at UC San Diego and an unpaid medical adviser on Glenner’s board. While the project is novel, the approach it reflects—known as reminiscence therapy (回忆疗法)—is common in clinical practice. By using a variety of reminders such as photographs and music, facilitators— including staff at Glenner—help dementia patients recall episodes from decades past. Studies have found that the therapy improves both cognitive function and quality of life; a fully immersive environment like Glenner Town Square could enhance these effects.
As dementia progresses, memories of childhood and early adulthood tend to endure the longest. “Graduation from high school, college, the first job, marriage, perhaps children—these are the milestones, typically, in life,” Tarde, an administrator of the GeorgeG. Glenner Alzheimer’s Family Centers, said. “That 20-year period seems to be where memories are the strongest.” Ask a person with mid-stage dementia about Jennifer Lawrence, and you’ll probably get a confused stare. But take out a photo of actress Judy Garland, and a lively conversation may follow.
8．Why do doctors often recommend day centers to Alzheimer’s disease patients
A．To make them calm down. B．To keep their minds active.
C．To help them make more friends. D．To prevent them developing other diseases.
9．What do we know about Glenner Town Square
A．It is a facility for caregivers to take a rest.
B．It is an ancient town for patients to live in.
C．It is intended to refresh the patients’ memories.
D．It is inspired by the design of several other facilities.
10．Which of the following best describes the project
A．Safe. B．Flexible. C．Challenging. D．Promising.
11．What does the last paragraph indicate
A．Judy Garland and Jennifer Lawrence were famous administrators.
B．Memories concerning the earlier key moments are easier to recall.
C．Memories of all life stages can equally be applied in the treatment.
D．Alzheimer’s disease patients can have memories of 20 years at most.
【答案】8．B 9．C 10．D 11．B
【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是针对老年痴呆症患者（包括阿尔茨海默病患者和其他形式的痴呆症患者）的一种新型日间护理设施——Glenner Town Square的创建及其背后的回忆疗法。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“To keep such patients’ minds engaged and give their caregivers at home a break, doctors often refer them to day centers, where they can exercise, take part in activities, and receive professional guidance or medication.(为了让这些病人保持精神状态，让家里的护理人员休息一下，医生通常会把他们转到日间中心，在那里他们可以锻炼、参加活动，并接受专业指导或药物治疗。)”可知，医生经常向阿尔茨海默病患者推荐日间中心是为了让他们的思维保持活跃。故选B。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“The hope is that visual reminders of their youth will spark memories and conversation.(希望用视觉来提醒他们的年轻，从而激发他们的回忆和对话。)”可知，Glenner Town Square是为了唤起病人的记忆。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“While the project is novel, the approach it reflects—known as reminiscence therapy (回忆疗法)—is common in clinical practice. By using a variety of reminders such as photographs and music, facilitators— including staff at Glenner—help dementia patients recall episodes from decades past. Studies have found that the therapy improves both cognitive function and quality of life; a fully immersive environment like Glenner Town Square could enhance these effects.(虽然这个项目很新颖，但它所反映的方法——被称为回忆疗法——在临床实践中很常见。通过使用各种各样的提醒，如照片和音乐，辅导员——包括Glenner工作人员——帮助痴呆症患者回忆几十年前的事情。研究发现，这种疗法可以改善认知功能和生活质量；像Glenner Town Square这样的完全沉浸式环境可以增强这些效果。)”可知，这个项目是很有前途的，故选D。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As dementia progresses, memories of childhood and early adulthood tend to endure the longest.(随着痴呆症的发展，童年和成年早期的记忆往往持续的时间最长。)”，“Graduation from high school, college, the first job, marriage, perhaps children—these are the milestones, typically, in life(高中毕业、大学毕业、第一份工作、结婚，也许还有孩子——这些都是人生中典型的里程碑)”和“That 20-year period seems to be where memories are the strongest.(这20年似乎是记忆力最强的时期。)”可知，最后一段说明了关于早期关键时刻的记忆更容易被回忆起来。故选B。
【难词背诵】
estimated adj. 估计的；预计的；估算的 v. 估计，评估 engaged adj.忙碌的 v. 保证，约定；从事professional guidance专业指导 medication n.药剂；药物治疗；药物处理；加入药物nonprofit adj. 非盈利的 facilities n. 工具；天资；特别装置；设备
evoke v. 引起，唤起 visual reminders视觉提醒
approach v. 临近；处理 n. 方法，途径 episode n. 一集，一节；插曲；（病症）发作期
therapy n. 治疗，疗法，疗效；心理治疗；治疗力 cognitive function认知功能
immersive adj. 拟真的；沉浸式虚拟现实的 enhance v. 提高，增强；改进
endure v. 忍受；持续 milestones n. 重要事件；重要阶段；转折点；里程碑typically adv. 典型地；代表性地；通常 administrator n. 管理者；有管理（或行政）才能的人
考点三 攻坚克难——熟记阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇
1.（2024·新高考I卷）
翻译背诵划线的单词
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
【难词背诵】
equally adv. 平等地，相等地；同样 mental aspect 心理方面
hypothesis n. 假设，假说；[逻]前提 mindset n.观念模式，心态
engaging adj. 迷人的；吸引人的 v. 雇佣；预订 demonstrate v. 证明；说明；(游行)示威；演示
identical adj. 同一的；完全同样的，相同的 available adj. 可用的，可获得的；有空的
maximize vt. 最大化；[数学]解函数的最大值 mental focus心理焦点
reflection n. 映像，倒影；体现；深思；描述 assume v. 假设，认为；呈现；假装
2.（2023·新课标II卷）Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
【难词背诵】
celebration n. 庆典；庆祝；赞扬 representation n. 表现；陈述
humanity n. 人类；人性；人道 emphasize v. 强调；重视；使突出
portray v. 扮演（角色）；描述；描绘；表现 leisure n. 空闲时间；闲暇；悠闲；安逸
relate to 与...相关；涉及；谈到 symbolically adv. 象征性地
demonstrate v. 证明；说明；(游行)示威；演示 intellect n. 智力，理解力；有才智的人；知识分子inexpensive adj. 不贵的，便宜的 throwaway adj. 脱口而出的；开玩笑的；用后丢弃的transform v. 使改变形态；使改观 sculpture n. 雕刻作品；雕刻艺术
3.（2023·全国乙卷）In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
【难词背诵】
In addition to除…以外(还) miscomprehension 误解
accidentally adv. 偶然地 deliberately adv. 有意地；从容地；不慌不忙地powerfully adv. 强大地，强烈地；有效地 object n. 物体；目标；v. 反对；提出…反对的理由literate adj. 有文化修养的；熟练的；通晓的 account n. 账号；账单；解释；老主顾 v. 解释necessarily adv. 必要地；不可避免地 conversation n. 交谈，谈话
阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇
1.社会生活类
allocate vt.分配assess v．评估；估算 bankrupt adj.破产的 biography n．传记
boost v．提高；推动；使增长 civilize v．使文明，开化 comprehension n．理解consciousness n．意识；观念 coordination n．协调 celebrity n．名人
critically adv.批判性地 depressed adj.萧条的 discipline n．纪律
emergence n．兴起 financial squeeze财政困难 flourish v．繁荣
genuine adj.真的；真诚的 initiative n．倡议，新方案 modify v．调整；修饰
pursuit n．追求；消遣 sponsor n．赞助者 v．赞助 tragedy n．悲剧
thrive v．旺盛，繁荣 tend v．倾向 dishonest adj.不诚实的violent behaviours暴力行为 chaos n. 混乱，杂乱 morality n. 道德；道德观moral virtues道德美德 cruelty n. 残酷，虐待；不公 humbleness n. 谦逊，粗鄙religion n. 宗教；教派；心爱的事物 social instincts社会本能 community n. 社会（团体）motivate vt.促动，激发，诱导；刺激 behavioural patterns行为模式 efficient adj. 效率高的accompany v. 陪同，陪伴；伴随 advantageous adj. 有利的；有好处的 self-discipline自我修养,自律capacity n.容量；才能 adj.无虚席的 strengthen v. 巩固；加强；增强 self-control n.自控；自我克制
philosophy n. 哲学；哲学思想；生活信条
2.心理学类
minimalism n. 最低纲领，极保守行动 intolerable adj.无法容忍的；难堪 solitude n. 单独，孤独
aggressive adj.挑衅的；积极进取的 conceited adj.自负的，傲慢的 frustrate vt. 挫败；使受挫折
lonely adj. 孤独的；寂寞的；偏僻的 stress n.压力；强调 v. 强调 suspect v. 猜想，觉得；怀疑
bully v. 恐吓，威逼 victim n. 受害者；牺牲品 anxiety n. 忧虑，焦虑；渴望 psychology n. 心理（学）；思想 psychologist n. 心理学家 self-esteem n. 自尊；自大；傲骨 suicidal thoughts自杀念头 neglect v. 疏忽 n. 忽略；怠慢 empathy n. <心>移情作用；同感sympathetic adj. 同情的；赞同的 respect n. 尊敬 v. 遵守 assertiveness n. 魄力；自信supportive adj. 支持的，拥护的，赞助的 complex adj.复杂的 n. 复合体 psychological problem心理问题mental health心理健康 societal expectations社会期望 overwhelming adj. 势不可挡的competitive adj. 竞争的；有竞争力的 extracurricular adj.课外的 deprivation n. 剥夺；丧失；匮乏prioritize vt. 按重要性排列；优先处理 verbal abuse言语虐待 social exclusion n. 社会排斥cyberbullying网上欺凌 popularization n. 普及 emotional intelligence情绪misunderstand v. 误解 motivation n. 动力；积极性 stability n. 稳定；坚定，恒心
（2025·浙江省金华市高三上学期一模）（阅读C节选）Nothing special happened during that night. Rather, the big role this hotel plays in my memories can be explained by a psychological principle called the recency effect. “The recency effect helps to account for our tendency to remember the ending part of a sequence of events with far more clarity than the rest, ” said Dr. Mary Poffenroth, a biopsychologist.
She says it arises from our short-term memory’s inability to hold on to more than a small amount of information at once. So while there is no magic formula to create lovely travel memories, employing the recency effect can turn a good trip into an unforgettable one.
Dr. Stephanie, a Neuroscientist, says that while you can strategically set off the recency effect at a trip’s end, you may have multiple opportunities to create lasting memories all along the way by breaking it up into smaller chunks.
【难词背诵】
psychological principle心理原理 recency effect近因效应
account for 说明（原因、理由等）；导致，引起 a sequence of一系列的
clarity n. 清楚，明确；思路清晰 biopsychologist生物心理学家
inability n. 无能，无力；无才能；无能为力 formula n. 公式，方程式；方案，方法
unforgettable adj. 难忘的；铭刻肺腑的 Neuroscientist[医]神经科学家：神经科学各分支专家 strategically adv. 战略上，战略性地 multiple adj. 多重的；多个的；复杂的；多功能的
考点四 融会贯通——通晓阅读记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇
1．(2021·新高考II卷之B篇)
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren't there.
【难词背诵】
extremely tired 极累 grateful adj. 感激的；表示感谢的 disappointed adj. 失望的，灰心的
2．（2021年6月浙江卷）Did Nielsen then feel content in his career Yes and no. He was thrilled to be doing the comedy that he always felt he should do, but even during his last few years, he always had a sense of curiosity, wondering what new role or challenge might be just around the comer. He never stopped working, never retired.
Leslie Nielsen’s devotion to acting is wonderfully inspiring. He built a hugely successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination. He showed us that even a single desire, never given up on, can make for a remarkable life.
【难词背诵】
content adj.满意的；满足的 thrilled adj. 非常兴奋的；极为激动的 a sense of curiosity好奇的感觉
inspiring adj. 启发灵感的 successful adj. 成功的 determination n. 决心；查明remarkable adj. 异常的；卓越的；显著的；非凡的，非常（好）的
3．（2021·新高考I卷B篇）
“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.” Mr. Titterton explained.
25. Which of the following best describes Titterton’s job on stage
A. Boring. B. Well-paid.
C. Demanding. D. Dangerous.
推理判断题。根据第三段“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.(这项工作需要很多技能。你必须确保你不会一次翻两页并且必要的时候确保你回到前面找到音乐重复的部分)”可知，为钢琴家翻页这项工作很需要技巧。由此推知，Titterton的工作要求是很高的。故选C。
【难词背诵】
boring adj. 令人厌烦的，无聊的 well-paid adj. 工资高的
demanding adj. 费时的；劳神的；苛刻的；要求很高的 dangerous adj. 危险的
高考阅读理解B篇往往选一篇记叙文，根据记叙文的特点，记叙文中往往有人物活动，因此熟记对描述人物或事件的词很有必要。另外，阅读理解的记叙文中的设题也往往有一个，描述人物特征或事件性质的题，此题也涉及这些重要的形容词。
阅读理解记叙文中描写人物相关的高频词汇
1.记叙文命题中题干和选项中常考的描述作者态度的词：
表示赞同+积极
acclaim 赞同，称赞 concerned关心的 appreciation 欣赏，感激
appreciative 感激的，欣赏的 approval 赞成，承认，正式批准 approving 赞成的compensatory 补偿的，赔偿的 confident 自信的，有信心的 defensive 为…而辩护desirable 值得拥有的，令人满意的 enthusiastic 热情的，积极性的，狂热的 enthusiasm热情，热心favorable 赞成的，有利的，赞许的 frank坦白的，真诚的，直率的 influential 有影响的modest 谦虚的，适度的 positive 肯定的，积极的，实际的 profound意义深远的respectable可敬的，可观的，体面的 satisfaction 满意，满足 soothing镇静的，慰藉的supportive支持的，支援的 sympathy 同情，同情心，同感，赞同 sympathetic 同情的talented 有才能的，有天赋的 tolerance 宽容，容忍 tolerant 宽容的，容忍的understanding 了解，认识，谅解 admiring 赞赏的 rewarding 有回报的instructive 有教育意义的 consent同意 impressed / impressive 留下深刻印象的 humorous 幽默的
表示否定+消极
ambiguous 模棱两可的 warning警告的，引以为戒的 unwilling 不情愿的 = reluctant pessimistic悲观的= permissive depressed 沮丧的 = frustrated = gloomy hesitancy 犹豫
hesitant 犹豫的，不愿的 arrogant 傲慢的，自大的 biased 有偏见的conservative 保守的，守旧的 contempt 轻视，耻辱 contemptuous 轻视的detestation 憎恶，厌恶 disapproval 不赞成 disgust 厌恶，反感doubtful 可疑的，怀疑的 enraged 激怒的 guilty 有罪的，内疚的harmful 有害的 impulsive 冲动的，任性的 indignation 愤慨indulgence 沉溺，放纵 insulted 受辱的，辱骂的 misleading 令人误解的negative 否定的，消极的，阴性的 objection 异议 opposition反对
opposed 反对的 self-centered 以自我为中心的，自私的 ironic讽刺的 = sarcastic = satiric
disappointed 失望的 radical 激进的 disapproval 不赞成hostile有敌意的 undesirable 不受欢迎的，不合意的 uneasy 心神不安的unworthy 不值得的，无价值的 worried 闷闷不乐的，焦虑的 cynical愤世嫉俗的arbitrary 武断的 permissive悲观的
表示客观中立
factual 事实的 detached 不含个人偏见的，客观的 disinterested 无私的impartial 公平的，不偏不倚的 neutral 中立的 = impersonal ambiguous 模棱两可的conservative保守的 objective 客观的 objectiveness客观性unbiased 没有偏见的 unprejudiced 公平的，无偏见的，没有成见的
主观词
cautious谨慎的 cautiousness 谨慎，小心 curiosity 好奇，好奇心puzzled 困惑的，迷惑的 subjective 主观的 apprehensive 担心的intolerant不能容忍的，偏执的 critical批评的，挑剔的，决定性的 criticism 批评compromising 妥协的 dissatisfied 不满意的 informative 提供资讯的formal 正式的 informal 非正式的 sensitive 敏感的discontent不满的
表怀疑不确定
dubious 怀疑的 questioning 质疑的 uncertain 态度不明的unclear 不确定的 skeptical 怀疑 skepticism 怀疑suspicion 怀疑，猜疑 questionable 可疑的
一般不选的词汇：（偶尔有例外，注意看题）
①表达歧视，偏见，不平等的词：
discrimination歧视 discriminated 歧视的 prejudice偏见
prejudiced 偏见的 bias 偏见 biased 偏见的
unfair 不公平的，不公正的 contemptuous 轻蔑的，鄙视的，侮辱的 scornful 轻蔑的，鄙视的inequality 不平等 contemptible 令人轻视的，可轻视的
②表达冷漠，不关心，不感兴趣的词：
indifference 漠不关心 indifferent 漠不关心的 uninterested 不感兴趣的unconcerned 不关心的carefree 不关心的apathetic 冷漠的= impassive 冷漠的
③表示迷惑，不清楚的词：
uncertainty 不确定 uncertain 不确定的 puzzled 困惑的= confused ambiguous模棱两可的unclear不清楚的
④表达容忍，沉溺，放纵的词：
tolerant 容忍的 tolerance 容忍 indulgence 放纵，沉溺indulged 放纵的 indulgent 放纵的 permissive 放纵的
⑤表示情感态度过于强烈，过于否定，过于肯定的词：
sacrifice 牺牲 sacrificial 牺牲的 satiric 讽刺的enthusiastic 热情的 strongly 强烈地，强有力的 desperate绝望的conceited 自负的 destructive 破坏性的，毁灭性的 mocking 嘲讽的
2.记叙文中描写人物的高频词：
able有才干的，能干的 active 主动的，活跃的 adaptable适应性强的aggressive有进取心的 alert机灵的 ambitious有雄心壮志的analytical善于分析的 apprehensive有理解力的 argumentative好争辩的aspiring有志气的，有抱负的 attractive有魅力的，有吸引力的 bad-tempered 脾气暴的bigmouth多嘴多舌的 bland冷漠的 bossy 专横跋扈的
brave勇敢的 brilliant有才气的，聪颖的 capable有才能的
caring体贴的，有同情心的 cheerful开朗的 childish 幼稚的
comical滑稽的 competent能胜任的 confident有信心的
considerate体贴的 constructive建设性的 cooperative合作精神的courageous勇敢的，有胆量的 creative富有创造力的 cultured有教养的
dashing有一股子冲劲的 demanding苛刻的 determined坚决的devoted有献身精神的 dependable可靠的 depressing沉闷的disciplined守纪律的 dishonest不诚实的 disorganized无组织的dutiful尽职的 easy-going随和的 efficient有效率的energetic精力充沛的 enthusiastic充满热情的 expressive善于表达的faithful守信的，忠诚的 forceful性格坚强的 forgetful健忘的
frank直率的，真诚的 friendly友好的 funny有趣的，古怪的generous慷慨大方的，宽宏大量的 gentle有礼貌的，绅士般的 greedy 贪婪的hard-working勤劳的 helpful助人的，有益的 helpless无助的，没用的honest诚实的 humorous幽默的 inconsiderate轻率的independent有主见的 initiative 有首创精神的 intellective有智力的inventive有发明才能的 just 正直的 kind-hearted好心的knowledgeable有见识的 learned精通某学问的 loyal忠心耿耿的
mean吝啬的 methodical有方法的 modest谦虚的
moody情绪化的 motivated目标明确的 narrow-minded心胸狭窄noisy聒噪的 objective客观的 open-minded虚心的optimistic乐观的 orderly守纪律的 original有独创性的outgoing外向友好的 painstaking辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的 passionate充满热情的pessimistic悲观的 polite有礼貌的 popular受欢迎的practical实际的 purposeful意志坚强的 pushy有进取心的personality有个性的人 qualified合格的 realistic实事求是的reasonable讲道理的 reliable可信赖的 responsible负责的romantic浪漫的，空想的 self-conscious自觉的 selfish自私的
selfless \ unselfish无私的 sensible明白事理的 sensitive敏感的
sincere真诚的 skeptical多疑的 smart精明的
sociable好交际的 spirited生气勃勃的 steady踏实的，稳定的straightforward老实的 strict严格的 supportive助人的strong-willed意志坚强的 sympathetic有同情心的 thoughtful体贴人的
talented有才能的，有天赋的 tireless孜孜不倦的 tolerant容忍的
virtuous善良的,道德高尚的 trustful容易相信人的 trustworthy值得信任的understanding理解人的 ungrateful不领情的 upright正直的
sweet-tempered性情温和的
1.（2025·浙江省金华市高三上学期一模）（节选）The story of the Forest of Immortal Stories begins in 2019, when Cojocaru lost his wife to cancer. Cojocaru suffered constant depression; as a solution, his doctor told him to walk in the countryside, 6,000 or more steps a day.
Cojocaru had grown up in Nucsoara, but only as he walked the hills did he notice the trees: giant beeches (山毛榉), some as old as 500 years. Their beauty and strength revived him, and he felt as if they had adopted him.
4．Cojocaru's walk in the beech forest can be described as _________.
A．demanding B．healing C．adventurous D．romantic
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段的句子“Cojocaru suffered constant depression; as a solution, his doctor told him to walk in the countryside, 6,000 or more steps a day.(Cojocaru一直患有抑郁症；为了解决这个问题，他的医生建议他去乡下散步，每天至少走6000步)”和第二段的句子“Their beauty and strength revived him, and he felt as if they had adopted him. (它们的美丽和力量使他恢复了活力，他觉得它们好像收养了他)”可知，Cojocaru在山毛榉林中的散步有治愈作用。故选B项。
【难词背诵】
adventurous adj. 勇于冒险的；新奇的；惊险的 romantic adj. 浪漫的；爱情的；多情的；n. 浪漫的人
demanding adj. 费时的；要求很高的 healing n. 康复，复原 v. （使）愈合( heal的现在分词 )；治愈；（使）结束；较容易忍受
2.（2025·浙江省湖州、丽水、衢州三地市一模）
With the support of his mother, Charlie found refuge in basketball. He channeled his frustrations and stress into motivation, improving his skills to the point where his talent overshadowed his condition. The bullying stopped, and his basketball career took off.
All along the way, Charlie has consistently dedicated himself to helping others. Ever since his first year as a new player, he has served as a spokesperson for the National Alopecia Areata Foundation, and went on to establish the Charlie Villanueva Foundation, an organization aimed at supporting families with children suffering from alopecia and stopping all forms of bullying. As the son of immigrants from the· Dominican Republic, he has even worked towards ending poverty in that country.
26．Which of the following best describes Charlie
A．Humble and responsible. B．Strong-willed and helpful.
C．Innovative and generous. D．Good-natured and tolerant.
【答案】B
【解析】26．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“With the support of his mother, Charlie found refuge in basketball. He channeled his frustrations and stress into motivation, improving his skills to the point where his talent overshadowed his condition. The bullying stopped, and his basketball career took off. (在母亲的支持下，查理在篮球中找到了慰藉。他将挫折和压力转化为动力，不断提高自己的技能，直到他的天赋盖过了他的身体状况。欺凌停止了，他的篮球生涯开始了。)”可知，他有坚强的意志。由文章第四段中“All along the way, Charlie has consistently dedicated himself to helping others. Ever since his first year as a new player, he has served as a spokesperson for the National Alopecia Areata Foundation, and went on to establish the Charlie Villanueva Foundation, an organization aimed at supporting families with children suffering from alopecia and stopping all forms of bullying.(一路走来，查理一直致力于帮助他人。从他作为新球员的第一年开始，他就担任了国家斑秃基金会的发言人，并建立了查理维拉纽瓦基金会，该组织旨在支持有脱发儿童的家庭，并阻止各种形式的欺凌。)”可知，查理一直致力于帮助他人，这表明他是乐于助人的。因此，坚强意志和乐于助人最能描述查理。故选B。
【难词背诵】
humble adj. 谦逊的；简陋的 responsible adj. 有责任的；引起…的；可靠的；责任重大的strong-willed adj. 意志坚强的，固执己见的 helpful adj. 给予帮助的；有帮助的；有好处的
innovative adj. 革新的；创新的 generous adj. 慷慨的；宽厚的；丰富的
tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的，忍受的 good-natured adj. 和善的；性格好的，脾气好的；温厚的
refuge n. 避难；避难所；[医]救急疗法 frustration n. 挫折；失败；挫败；失意
overshadow vt. 使失色；使阴暗；遮阴 took off 起飞
consistently adv. 一贯地，坚持地，固守地 dedicated adj. 专注的，投入的；献身的
immigrant n. （外来）移民；外侨
考点五 心领神会——熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语通晓命题规律
1.（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）节选But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
【答案】A
【解析】
推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
同义词替换是设置正确选项的重要手段，掌握了这个方法，能让你快速、准确地找到正确答案。大多数的阅读理解正确选项或题干都是采用同义句表达的手段进行改写的。本题中readers---people treat ... lightly----not so serious/less mental effort
2.（2024·新课标II卷）节选We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A．It guarantees the variety of food. B．It requires day-to-day care.
C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D．It relies on farmer’s markets.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
本题中cut the distance---reduce the journey--shortens it even more cut--reduce/shorten
熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语
第一组
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
1.跟…有关 be related to= be associated with= be linked to= be connected with
2.多种多样 a variety of +n. /varieties of +n. =various +n. =all kinds of=all sorts of = diversities of
3.提前 in advance, ahead of time, ahead of schedule
4.厌烦 be tired/sick of=be bored with=be fed up with
5.区分 distinguish/tell A from B
6.亲自 personally, in person
7.只有 only, nobody/nothing but
8.出版 come out, be published
9.尤其 particularly, in particular
10.锻炼 exercise, work out
11.谋生 make/earn a living
12.代表 represent, stand for, (be) on behalf of
13.结合 combine, mix sth.up
14.前进 advance, move forward
15.舒适 comfortable, at ease
16.十年 decade, ten years
17.两周 fortnight, two weeks
18.二十 score, twenty
19.十二 dozen, twelve
20.成人 adult, grown-up
21.删除 delete, cut out
22.回答 answer, reply to
23.进入enter, come/go into
24.雇用某人employ/hire sb, take sb on
25.移走 remove, take away
26.吸收 absorb, take in
27.与…一致 agree/be consistent/correspond with
28.缺席 be absent from, be not present at
29.收割 harvest, gather, get in
30.抵制 boycott, refuse to accept, resist, reject
31.与...相反/对立 contradict, be opposite to
32.放弃 abandon, go away from, leave, give up
33.代替 replace, take the place of
34.背诵 recite, learn…by heart
35.害怕 fear, be afraid/scared of
36.退（学） quit, drop out of (school)
37.推迟 delay, postpone, put off
38.去拿来 fetch, go and bring back
39.相匹配 match, go with
40.精力充沛 energetic, full of energy
41.少数 a minority of, a small number of
42.打扰 cause trouble to, bother, disturb
43.描述 describe, give a description of
44.后来 afterwards, after that, later on
45.目前 nowadays, at present, at the present time
46.取消 cancel, call off
47.宣布 announce/declare sth, make sth known to the public
48.逃跑 escape, run away
49.担心 worry about, be concerned/anxious about
50.提到 mention, refer to, talk about/of
51.展览 on show/display/exhibition
52.勇敢（去做） be brave to, have courage to
53.违法的 illegal, not legal, against the law
54.满足需要 cater to/meet/satisfy the need
55.重力gravity, the pull of the earth
56.算出calculate, figure out
57.与…不同differ from, be different from, vary from…to…
58.高兴起来cheer up, become happy
59.乱七八糟in a mess, in disorder
60.气喘吁吁breathless, out of breath
61.做出决定determine, decide, make a decision
62.对……有害do harm to, be harmful to
63.相似，相像resemble, be like, be similar to
64.低语，耳语whisper, speak in a low voice
65.寻找，追求seek, look/search/hunt for
66.茫然，困惑at a loss, puzzled/confused
67.取笑，逗弄tease, make fun of, laugh at, amuse
68.提高，改善improve, make/become better
69.庆祝celebrate, hold a celebration
70.长胖put on/gain weight, grow fat
71.熟悉know…well, be familiar with
72.处理handle, settle, deal with, cope with
73.到处everywhere, here and there
74.加速accelerate, speed up, quicken
75.保证，确保ensure, guarantee, make sure/certain
76.一年一次的annual, yearly, every year
77.挨饿，饿死starve, go hungry, die from hunger
78.充当；起……的作用act as, serve as
79.榜样model, example
80.怒视glare at, look at sth angrily
81.平静的calm, not excited
82.抽象的abstract, not specific
83.积极的active, not passive
84.残酷地cruelly, without mercy, mercilessly
85.复杂的complicated, not simple, complex
86.人造的artificial, man-made
87.故意地deliberately, on purpose, purposely
88.独自地alone, by oneself
89.有危险in danger, at risk
90.占...比例account for, make up
91.青少年adolescent, teenager
92.看医生go to see/consult a doctor
93.更喜欢prefer sth, like sth better
94.使生气annoy sb, make sb angry
95.报道此事cover/report the event
96.很多a lot (of), a great deal (of)
97.影响交通hold up/block traffic
98.澄清，阐明clarify, make sth clear
99.可得到的be available, be easily got
100.试验try out, test
101.无论如何anyhow, in any way
102.在……后面behind, at the back of
103.无论什么whatever, no matter what
104.使某人高兴cheer sb up, make sb happy
105.得出结论conclude, draw a conclusion
106.聪明的clever, bright, wise, smart
107.做报告give a presentation/talk/speech
108.辍学，退学drop out of/leave school
109.出国go abroad, go to a foreign country
110.控告accuse sb of sth, charge sb with sth
111.置若罔闻turn a deaf ear to, refuse to listen to
112.使能做某事enable sb to do, make sb able to do
113.不理，忽视ignore, overlook, pay no attention to
114.受欢迎的be popular with, be well received (by...)
115.成功做某事manage to do sth, succeed in doing sth
116.把...分开 break sth apart, split/divide/separate sth
117.劝某人做 advise sb to do, try to persuade sb to do
118.方式，方法way, solution, approach, method, means
119.信任，信赖 trust, believe, have confidence/faith in
120.制订计划make a plan, work out a plan, draw up a plan
121.开始存在appear, come into being, come into existence
122.在农村，城市 in the countryside/city, rural/urban areas
123.除……之外besides, as well as, in addition to, apart from
124.用...替换 replace…with, use…as an alternative to…
125.情况良好in (a) good condition, in a good state/situation
126.可进入／接近的be accessible, be easy to enter/reach/use
127.再一次again, once more, once again, over and over again
128.对……全然不知be in the dark about, know nothing about
129.把某物分配给某人allocate sth to sb, divide sth among sb
130.认为think/believe that, hold the view that, argue/claim that
131.用完某物run out of sth, lack sth, sth run out, sth be used up
132.防...止疾病protect…from sickness, avoid/prevent sickness
133.值得，应得deserve sth, be worthy of sth, be worth doing sth
134.反对be against, oppose, object to, disagree with, disapprove of
135.老年人old people, the old, senior citizens, the aged, the elderly
136.劝某人不要做 discourage sb from doing, persuade sb not to do
137.有机会使用／做have access to sth, have the chance of doing sth
138.充满 be full of, be filled with, be flooded with, be crowded with
139.下降，减少 decline, come/go down, drop, fall, decrease, reduce
140.突然笑/哭起来burst into laughter/tears, burst out laughing/crying
141.告诉某人某事tell sb sth, inform sb of sth, keep sb informed of sth
142.宁做A不做B do A rather than (doing) B, do A instead of (doing) B
143.对某人生气get angry with sb, get cross with sb, be annoyed with sb
144.全世界all over/around the world, worldwide, globally, internationally
145.吸引某人interest/attract/draw sb, appeal to sb, catch sb’s eye/attention
146.优于，胜过have the advantage over, have the edge over, be better than
147.重要 count, matter, be important, significant, vital, crucial/be of importance
148.致力于apply/bend/commit/devote oneself to, be bent/committed/devoted to
149.旨在做aim/be aimed at doing, be designed/intended to do, be meant to do sth
150.偶然地 incidentally, accidentally, by chance/ accident/ coincidence, casually, occasionally
151一…就… on doing; immediately, directly, instantly; the moment, the minute, the second, the instant; as soon as, no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely…when
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第二组
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1.away from 除了…之外=aside from=on top of = other than= in addition to= as well as except for= except =but
2.by oneself 靠自己，独自= (all) on one’s own= (all) alone for oneself 为自己
3.be in possession of…拥有=be possessed of…= possess…= take possession of
4.look after…照顾= take care of… = care for…= deal with… = attend to…
5.look on/upon A as B 把A视为B=think of A as B=view A as B =see A as B =regard A as B = consider A as B
6.表示“阻止、防止、禁止”的动词都可以与from连用
ban/ prohibit/ restrict/ restrain sb from doing sth 禁止某人做某事
prevent/stop sb (from) doing sth 阻止某人做某事=keep sb from doing sth例外：forbid sb to do sth 禁止某人做某事
7.have a liking for… 喜欢= like/love/enjoy…= be fond of…
8.to be frank with you, 坦白说/ 老实说= frankly speaking, …= to tell you the truth,… = to be honest (with you), …
9.feel at ease感到轻松 =feel relaxed not feel at ease 感到不安 =feel unease
10.look out for…小心/注意…=watch out for…
11.by no means 决不，绝不= not… by any means=not…at all=not …in the least=not …in the slightest
=under no circumstances以上结构用于句首时，使用部分倒装的结构
12. burst into tears 突然大哭 =burst out crying burst into laughter 突然大笑 =burst out laughing
13.for nothing 免费=for free = free=without payment
14.for the time being目前= for the present
15.see to it + that从句 务必确定…=make sure + that从句 =ensure that从句（其中that后接从句，大多使用一般时态、完成时态）
16.be tired from +名词/代词/动名词（doing） 因…而疲劳/累be tired of +名词/代词/动名词（doing）对…厌倦
be sick and tired of +名词/代词/动名词（doing）对…厌倦 相当于be sick of与be tired of的结合，起到强大作用 相当于be bored with…或be fed up with…
17.look down on/upon 轻视/瞧不起某人= despise/scorn/disdain
18.look up to sb 尊敬某人= respect sb = hold sb in high esteem
19.make up for… 为…补偿；弥补= compensate for…（高考考过）
20.the road to +名词 通往…之道= the key to +名词...的钥匙/答案
21. How’s it going with you 你近来如何？=How are you (doing)
22. on purpose 故意地=deliberately =intentionally
23.be out of work 失业/不上班=be out of a job=be unemployed
24.on the dot一分不差地/准时=to the minute = exactly
25.by the minute 一分一秒地=minute by minute =each/every minute
26.in a minute 待会儿= in a second = in a moment
27.keep in touch with 与…联络= keep in contact with …=make contact with… =contact…
e up with… 想出/提出…（答案，主意等）=figure out…=hit on/upon= put forward
29.make sb out to be 断言某人是…= think/maintain/assert that sb is
30.make out 了解…= understand =take in
31. What do you say to doing sth 做…你让我如何？=How/What about doing sth
32.stuff A with B 以B填塞A= stuff B into A
33.for all… 尽管…=despite… = in spite of…
34.be bound for +地点名词 开往/驶往某地= head for = leave for = make for =start for =set off/out for
35.be bound to + 名词 被绑在…上=be tied to= be fastened to= be attached to
36.prefer to do + rather than do 喜欢做…胜于做/而不喜欢做=prefer to do + instead of doing
37.for good 永远地；永久地=for good and all= forever = for ever = for ever and ever= eternally = permanently
38.wonder at 对…感到惊异=be amazed at
39.for all I know, … 就我所知，…=as far as I know, …=so far as I know, …= to my knowledge, …
= to my understanding, … be beyond one’s understanding 超过某人是所能理解的范围
40.in the interest of 对…有利的=for the benefit of
41.be in cooperation with 与…合作cooperate with 与…合作
42.put…into practice 将…付诸实施/施行= put…into action= carry out…put…in/into practice 将…付诸实行
in practice 实际上= =in reality
43.put aside… 存（钱等）=set aside… =save…
44.A get acquainted with B A与B认识= A make B’s acquaintance acquaint vt.使认识
45.buy sth for +钱 用多少钱买某物=buy sth at the cost/price/rate of +钱 以某价格买某物=pay钱 for sth
buy sth for sb 买某物给某人（高考英语考过）= buy sb sth
46.be above doing sth 不愿意/不屑于…= be unwilling to do sth=be reluctantly
47.keep up with 跟上/赶上；与…并驾齐驱=keep pace with=keep abreast of
48.industrious 勤奋的=hardworking =diligent
49.be second to none 不亚于任何人/物，= be the best=have no peer/rival/equal=be without one’s peer
无人能出其右，没有敌手be second to +名词/代词 仅次于…
50.all of a sudden 突然；忽然= all at once = suddenly =sharply= out of the blue= without warning
51.cheat on sb 对某人不忠=be not faithful to sb
52. learn…by heart 将…背起来=memorize注：recite 指发声背出
53. go on with 继续从事=get on with =continue (with)
54. at one’s leisure 在某人空闲/有空时=in one’s free/spare time leisure 闲暇，空闲
e across 无意间发现…= happen on =encounter
56.run into sb 与某人不期而遇；偶遇= bump into sb = encounter sb
e to 苏醒；恢复知觉= come around = come round
58.by degree 渐渐地= little by little = gradually
59.be in charge of 负责…= be responsible for… 负责…（对…负责）= take responsibility for…（对/为…负责）
be responsible to sb for sth 对某人负责某事
60.because of 因为/由于=owing to =on account of = due to
61.bring on 导致/引起=bring about = lead to = lead up to=contribute to =cause= account for=make for=result in (result from…起因于…)
62.without result 没有成效= to no avail = in vain = for nothing
63.with the coming of… 随着…的到来= with the approaching of…
64.on the contrary 相反地= instead
65.at a stroke 一口气；一次= without stopping
66. with a view to doing sth 为了从事/为了做某事=with an eye to doing sth =for the purpose of + doing sth
= in order to do （可句首、句中）= so as to do （多用于句中）
67.the key to… 开启…的的钥匙/秘诀the solution to sth …的解决方法the answer to sth …的答案
68.in place of 取代…=instead of
69.identify with… 同情…，认同…
70.be particular about 对…挑剔= be picky about= find fault with sb
71.be under repair 在修理中= be being repaired
72.inquire into 调查…= look into = investigate
73.inquire after sb 问候某人的健康状况= ask for sb
74. look forward to +名词/代词/doing 期待…=expect to do= anticipate +名词/代词/doing
75.be keen on/about… 热衷于…= be enthusiastic about
76.be capable of doing sth 有能力做…= be able to do sth
77.to some extent 就某种程度上来说= to some degree = in a sense
78.to the end 到最后= to the bitter end
79.joke about 对…开玩笑=make fun of=play jokes/a joke on sb= play tricks/a trick on sb
80.at heart 心地上，本质上=by nature
81.be bent on doing sth 一心想要做某事
= be determined to do sth
82. on/upon sth/doing sth, +主语+动词… 一…，就… =as soon as +主语+动词，+主句（主语+动词…）
83.be proud of 为…感到骄傲/自豪= take pride in = pride oneself on
84.be typical of 是…的特征/写照= be characteristic of
85. tell A from B 区别A于B的不同/差异= tell the difference between A and B=tell A and B apart
=distinguish A from B
86.set up 建立=found =establish
87.set about (doing) sth 开始着手= set out to do sth=begin/start to do =begin/start doing/sth
88.devote …to… 将…致力于/献身于…=dedicate …to…
89.approve of… 赞同disapprove of… 反对/不赞成approve （及物动词为“批准、核准”）
90.turn out (to be) 结专题03 阅读理解词汇
目录
01考情透视·目标导航 2
02知识导图·思维引航 4
03核心精讲·题型突破 5
考点一 攻坚克难——突破研究报告类高频词汇 5
【真题研析】 5
【核心精讲】 6
阅读理解中研究报告类高频词汇（全部来自于高考研究报告文章的统计） 6
【命题预测】 8
考点二 攻坚克难——熟记阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇 9
【真题研析】 9
【核心精讲】 10
阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇 10
【命题预测】 11
考点三 攻坚克难——熟记阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇 13
【真题研析】 13
【核心精讲】 15
阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇 15
【命题预测】 16
考点四 融会贯通——通晓阅读记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇 16
【真题研析】 16
【核心精讲】 17
阅读理解记叙文中描写人物及作者态度的相关的高频词汇 18
【命题预测】 22
考点五 心领神会——熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语通晓命题规律 23
【真题研析】 23
【核心精讲】 24
熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语 24
【命题预测】 32
考点六 运筹帷幄——熟记常用有关文章出处的词汇 33
阅读理解词汇
考点 目标要求 考题统计及展示 考情分析
研究报告类高频词汇 ①熟记相关词汇；②有助于快速理解文章 （2024·新高考I卷）document n. 文件；（计算机）文档 v. 记录；用文件证明 extinct adj. 灭绝的；废除了的 biodiversity n. 生物多类状态，生物多样性 detect v. 发现；查明；测 technology n. 科技；技术性机器 observation n. 观察；监视；评论 application n. 申请；请求；申请书；运用；生效；应用软件；勤奋；努力；涂抹；施用 author n. 作者；作家；发起人 assistant adj. （用于头衔前）助理的；副的 n. 助手；副手；店员；售货员；助教 outnumber vt. 数量多于；比…多 specimen n. 样品；范例；（化验的）抽样；标本 increasingly adv. 不断增加地；越来越多地 observational adj. 观察的，观测的 investigate v. 调查；研究 从近三年高考试题来看，阅读理解的难度都比较大，涉及文章的题材多样，有应用文、记叙文、普通说明文，科普说明文，研究报告等。词汇的难度也有所增加。 体裁以说明文为主，记叙文和议论文为辅。文章要求考生能快速找到文章的细节信息、并就某些事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断，要求学生能准确把握文章的主旨大意及作者的写作态度及意图。 预计在2025年高考阅读理解的难度将维持在2024年的水平。
阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇 ①熟记医学、科普类词汇；②快速理解文章 （2024·北京卷）unknowable adj. 不能知道的，不可知的simulation n. 模仿，模拟；[生]拟态，拟色；假装；装病inquiry n. 调查，审查；询问，质问，追究；探究facilitate v. 促进；使便利comprehension n. 理解力；充分了解；（听力或阅读）理解测试conceptual adj. 观念的，概念的metaphor n. 隐喻，暗喻；象征standard n. 标准；军旗 adj. 标准的；合格的；一般的information n. 消息；数据；问讯处virtual reality虚拟现实unsurprisingly adv. 不出所料地；不出奇地；意料中地computation n. 计算effective adj. 有效的；实际的；起作用的insightful adj. 富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的
阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇 熟记相关词汇快速理解文章 （2024·新高考Ⅰ卷）equally adv. 平等地，相等地；同样 mental aspect 心理方面 hypothesis n. 假设，假说；[逻]前提 mindset n. 观念模式，思维倾向，心态 engaging adj. 迷人的；吸引人的 v. 雇佣(engage的ing形式)；预订 demonstrate v. 证明；说明；(游行)示威；演示 identical adj. 同一的；完全同样的，相同的 available adj. 可用的，可获得的；有空的 maximize vt. 最大化，使（某事物）增至最大限度；极为重视；[数学]解函数的最大值；最大限度利用（某事物） vi. 尽可能广义地解释；达到最大值mental focus心理焦点reflection n. 映像，倒影；体现；深思；反射；描述；感想assume v. 假设，认为；呈现；假装
通晓阅读记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇 熟记相关词汇快速理解文章 （(2021·新高考II卷之B篇)extremely tired 极累grateful adj. 感激的；表示感谢的 disappointed adj. 失望的，灰心的 （2021年6月浙江卷）content adj.满意的；满足的 thrilled adj. 非常兴奋的；极为激动的 a sense of curiosity好奇的感觉 inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的；启发灵感的successful adj. 成功的determination n. 决心；决定；查明remarkable adj. 异常的，引人注目的，；卓越的；显著的；非凡的，非常（好）的 （2021·新高考I卷B篇）boring adj. 令人厌烦的，无聊的well-paid adj. 工资高的 demanding adj. 费时的；劳神的；苛刻的；要求很高的 dangerous adj. 危险的
考点一 攻坚克难——突破研究报告类高频词汇
1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)
翻译背诵划线的单词
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
【难词背诵】
document n. 文件；文档 v. 记录；用文件证明 extinct adj. 灭绝的；废除了的
biodiversity n. 生物多类状态，生物多样性 detect v. 发现；查明；测
technology n. 科技；技术性机器 observation n. 观察；监视；评论
application n. 申请；请求；申请书；运用；生效；应用软件；勤奋；努力；涂抹；施用
author n. 作者；作家；发起人 assistant adj. 助理的；副的 n. 助手；副手；助教
outnumber vt. 数量多于；比…多 specimen n. 样品；范例；（化验的）抽样；标本
increasingly adv. 不断增加地；越来越多地 observational adj. 观察的，观测的
investigate v. 调查；研究
2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
【难词背诵】
statistician n. 统计学家，统计员 illustrate v. （用示例/图画等）说明；插图于…
experiment n. 实验；试用 v. 做实验；尝试 estimation n. 评价，判断；估算
conduct v. 进行，组织，实施；指挥；传导 independent adj. 独立的；公正的；无关联的；自立的
accurate adj. 正确的，精确的；精准的 capitalize vt. 估计…的价值；把…定为首都 vi. 利用 overestimate vt. 对…作过高的评价；对…估计过高 n. 过高的估计；过分的评价 vi. 估计过高；评价过高
underestimate vt. 低估；对…估计不足； n. 低估；估计不足；过低评价，过低估价；轻视
average adj. 平均的；正常的，一般的 n. 平均数；平均水平 v. 平均为；算出…的平均数
cancel v. 取消，终止；废除，注销 correlated adj. 有相互关系的
accuracy n. 精确（性），准确（性）；准确无误
英语阅读理解试题中的研究报告类文章总是出现在D篇或C篇，根据近几年的高考阅读理解文章看，它是整个卷中最难的部分，难的原因：1.长难词较多；2.词形转换的词比较多；3.涉及一词多义或熟词生义；4.缺乏背景知识，对整体文章理解不到位。所以，二轮复习的一个重要任务就是突破难点，提高阅读能力。二轮复习总结、熟记研究报告高频词汇就是一个有效的方法，力争高考前把较难的词汇烂熟于心，为高考考场做好充分准备，这就是有的放矢地备考。
阅读理解中研究报告类高频词汇（全部来自于高考研究报告文章的统计）
document n. 文件；文档 v. 记录 extinct adj. 灭绝的；废除了的 biodiversity n. 生物多样性
detect v. 发现；查明；测 technology n. 科技；技术性机器 observation n. 观察；监视；评论 application n. 申请；请求；申请书；运用；生效；应用软件；勤奋；努力；涂抹；施用
author n. 作者；作家；发起人 assistant adj. （用于头衔前）助理的；副的 n. 助手；副手
outnumber vt. 数量多于；比…多 specimen n. 样品；抽样；标本 increasingly adv. 不断增加地 observational adj. 观察的，观测的 investigate v. 调查；研究 statistician n. 统计学家，统计员 illustrate v. 说明；插图于… experiment n. 实验 v. 做实验 estimation n. 评价，判断；估算 conduct v. 进行，组织，实施；指挥；传导（热或电） independent adj. 独立的；无关联的
accurate adj. 精确的；精准的 capitalize vt. 估计…的价值；把…定为首都 vi. 利用
overestimate vt. 对…作过高的评价 underestimate vt. 对…估计不足 average adj. 平均的；n. 平均数；平均水平 v. 平均为；算出…的平均数
cancel v. 取消，终止；废除，注销 correlated adj. 有相互关系的 accuracy n. 精确（性），准确（性）
twist vt. 搓，捻；连结，交结 vi. 扭动；旋转，转动 n. 丝线 phenomenon n. 现象；杰出的人individual adj. 单独的；个人的；独特的 n. 个人；某种类型的人 significantly adv. 有重大意义地dominant adj. 占支配地位的；（基因）显性的 response n. 答复；反应
potential adj. 潜在的 n. 可能性 implication n. 含义；可能的影响reveal v. 揭示；展示
encounter v. 遭遇；偶遇 n. 偶遇 eye-catching adj. 引人注目的 feature n. 特征 v. 以…为特征imperfect adj. 有缺点的，不完美的 datasets n. 数据集；资料组 oversampled 过度采样的
identification n. 识别；密切关联 originally adv. 起初，原来 psychologist n. 心理学家
tempt vt. 引诱，怂恿；吸引 device n. 装置，器具；策略 preschooler n. 学龄前儿童
mechanism n. [生]机制，机能，[乐]机理；（机械）结构，机械装置[作用]，（故事的）结构；机械作用
dramatically adv. 戏剧地；显著地 mismatch n. 错配，失谐 prize n. 奖品v. 重视；撬动；竭力打探connectivity n. 连通性 thoughtful adj.缜密思考过的 consumption n. 消费，消耗量temptation n. 诱惑，引诱；诱惑物 effectively adv. 有效地 balloon n. （热）气球 v. 膨胀，激增relatively adv. 关系上地；相对地 survey n. 调查 v.审察，测量 submit v. 顺从；提交；主张；建议meaningful adj.有意义的 interaction n. 互相影响；互动 participant n. 参加者，参与者；关系者category n. 种类；类别 submission n.服从；提交 recognize vt.认出；承认 vi. 确认distinguish v. 区分；辨别出 random adj. 随机的；任意的 explanation n. 解释；理由；阐述abnormal adj. 反常的，不正常的 abstract adj. 抽象的v. 写摘要 academic adj. 学业的，学术的accelerate v. (使)加快，(使)加速 accumulate v. 积累，积聚 acquisition n.获得，得到；获得物allergic adj. 过敏的 alternative adj. 可供替代的 ambiguous adj. 模棱两可的；不明确的 appropriately adv. 恰当地，合适地 approximately adv. 近似；大约 budget n.预算v.谨慎花钱adj.花钱少的calculate vt.计算，预测；估计 challenging adj. 具有挑战性的 characteristic n.特征；特色adj.典型的circumstance n. 条件；环境；状况 coincidence n. 巧合，巧事 compensate v. 弥补，补偿；赔偿component n.成分；组成部分 controversial adj.有争议的 deliberately adv. 故意地，蓄意地discrimination n. 歧视；辨别力 eliminate vt. 清除；淘汰 environmentally-related 与环境有关的fragment n. 碎片；片段 influential adj. 有很大影响的 ingredient n. 成分，食材；要素，因素integrate v. (使)合并，(使)结合 maximum adj.最多的，最大极限的 n. 最大量，最大限度(反：minimum) overpopulated adj. 人口过多的 perceive v.理解；注意到 permanent adj.长久的，永恒的popularization n.通俗化，普及 stimulate v. 刺激；激发；促进 transformation n. 转变，改观
（2025·浙江省湖州、丽水、衢州三地市一模）（节选）In a study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, researchers found that people tend to turn down offers of “free money,” as well as unusually high salaries or suspiciously cheap services, because they seem “too good to be true.”
In the initial experiment, nearly 40 percent of participants ate a cookie offered freely – compared with about 20 percent of those offered $5 as well. Nine further experiments, involving more than 4,000 participants, used online questionnaires to present other scenarios. These included being offered money to accept a ride home, extremely high construction-job wages and surprisingly cheap flights. In each case, past a certain point, higher potential monetary gain reduced participants’ likelihood of accepting the offer.
The study lead author Vonasch says it illustrates that contrary to the “standard economic model,” which supposes humans always seek to maximize gains, transactions need to also be understood as social interactions between people trying to understand each other’s minds. If someone seems to break accepted rules, such as self-interest, without any explanation, we assume they have hidden motives and infer there will be “phantom costs” – imagined consequences that reduce what Vonasch calls an offer’s “psychological value.”
12．According to paragraph 2, the experiments mainly focus on people’s .
A．Thinking method. B．Decision making.
C．Financial condition. D．Potential ability.
13．Why does the author mention “standard economic model”
A．To explain the experiments further. B．To clarify a psychological concept.
C．To provide evidence for the study. D．To express doubt on the experiments.
【难词背诵】
unusually adv. 非常；异乎寻常地；显著地；出奇 suspiciously adv.怀疑地；疑心很深地
participant n. 参加者，参与者 questionnaires n. 调查表，问卷
scenarios n. [意]情节；剧本；事态；脚本 surprisingly adv. 惊人地，出人意外地
monetary adj. 货币的，金钱的；钱的；金融的 likelihood n. 可能，可能性
maximize vt. 最大化；极为重视； vi. 达到最大值 transaction n. 交易，业务，事务；办理，处理
interaction n.合作；互相影响；互动；交流，沟通 assume v. 假设，认为
consequence n. 结果；重要性 psychological value心理价值
考点二 攻坚克难——熟记阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇
1.（2024·北京卷）
翻译背诵划线的单词
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
【难词背诵】
unknowable adj. 不能知道的，不可知的 simulation n. 模仿，模拟；[生]，拟色；假装；装病inquiry n.调查，审查；询问，质问，追究；探究 facilitate v. 促进；使便利
comprehension n. 理解力；充分了解；理解测试 conceptual adj. 观念的，概念的
metaphor n. 隐喻，暗喻；象征 standard n. 标准adj. 标准的；合格的；一般的information n. 消息；数据；问讯处 virtual reality虚拟现实
unsurprisingly adv. 不出所料地；不出奇地；意料中地 computation n. 计算
effective adj. 有效的；实际的；起作用的 insightful adj. 富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的
2.（2022·全国II卷）As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
【难词背诵】
healthy adj. 健康的；健全的；大量的；有益于健康的 efficient adj. 效率高的；有能力的
oxygen n. 氧（气） flexible adj. 柔韧的；灵活的；易弯曲的
specialist n. 专家；专科医生 fortunately adv. 幸好；幸运的是
midlife n. 中年enthusiastic adj. 非常感兴趣的，热心的 volunteer n.志愿者v. 主动提供（建议信息)
participant n. 参加者，参与者 high-intensity高强度，强烈
guidance n. 指导；导航 remarkable adj. 异常的；卓越的；显著的；非凡的
阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇
1.医学类
alleviate vt. 减轻,使...缓和 absent-minded adj.心不在焉的，恍惚的 bacteria n.(复数)细菌
bandage n.绷带 chronic adj.长期的,慢性的,惯常的 capsule n.胶囊vt.装入胶囊disable v.使...失去能力 disorder n.杂乱,混乱 vt.扰乱 discomfort n.不适vt.使不适diagnose v.诊断 vi. 判断,诊断 dizzy adj，晕眩的vt.使困惑，使晕眩 transplant vt.移植(器官)
prescribe vi.开药方 vt.规定,开处方 vitamin n.维生素 protein adj.蛋白质的n.蛋白质oxygen n.氧氧气 soothe v.缓和，使..安静，安慰 resistant adj.抵抗的n.抵抗者immune adj.免除的,免疫的n.免疫者 syndrome n.综合征;典型表现，典型行为 handicap n.障碍 vt.加障碍物surgeon n.外科医生 physician n.内科医生 pregnancy n.怀孕
remedy n.治疗法,补救 vt.治疗 stress n.压力v.强调vt. 强调 stroke n.中风;打击;vt.抚摸pill n.药丸 vt.服用药丸 tablet n.药片，片状物 scar n.疤痕vt.&vi.使...有伤
qualify vt.取得资格vi.取得资格 undertake vt.从事,承担；负责 cardiovascular adj. 心血管的
2.科普类
assign v.分配,指派 赋值 digital adj.数字的,电子的 dimension n.容积n.范围;方面electrical adj.电的,电气科学的 electronic adj.电子的;电子操纵的 optical adj视觉的,光学的universal adj.通用的,宇宙的n.通用 solar adj.太阳的,太阳能的 solid adj.固体的n.固体,实心mechanical adj.机械的,呆板的 precise adj.精确的,准确的,认真的 logical adj符合逻辑的psychological adj.心理(学)的 phenomenon n.现象，非凡的人或事物 element 成分,元素,基本原理biology n.生物学 evolution n.进化，发展，进展 mathematics n.数学
formula n.公式;adj.方程式的 statistic n.统计数值 carbon n.碳,灯芯,复写纸measurement n.测量,衡量,尺寸,大小 intelligence n.理解力，智力，情报 graph n.图表v.用图表表示navigation n.航行，航海，导航 infinite adj.无限的,无穷的n.无限 visual adj.视觉的n.可视化monitor v. 监控 n. 监测仪器 emission n. 发出；排放（物） pesticide n. 杀虫剂，农药sustainability n.持续性，永续性 chemicals n. 化学药品 transform v. 使改变形态roadmap n. 路标 forthcoming adj. 即将到来的 revolution n. 革命；变革complicated adj.复杂的；难处理的 understandable adj. 能懂的，可理解的 accessible可进入/使用的informative adj. 提供信息的 Artificial General Intelligence通用人工智能
sidelined v. 使退出比赛( sideline的过去式和过去分词 )；使下场（尤指由于受伤）；把…排除在核心之外；essential adj. 基本的；根本的 n. 必需品；基本知识tipping point n. 卸载点；引爆点、临界点、量变到质变的分界点
structured thinking结构化思维 abandoned adj.废弃的
environmentally friendly环保的 sustainable adj.可持续的 dispose of丢弃
circumstance n．条件，环境
（2024·辽宁省县级重点高中协作体期中）D
An estimated 5.4 million people in the United States suffer from Alzheimer’s disease, a number that is expected to grow as the Baby Boomers age. Even more suffer from other forms of dementia (痴呆). To keep such patients’ minds engaged and give their caregivers at home a break, doctors often refer them to day centers, where they can exercise, take part in activities, and receive professional guidance or medication.
Recently, the George G. Glenner Alzheimer’s Family Centers, a San Diego nonprofit that operates several such facilities, has begun to create a very different sort of daytime space for its patients: a fake town of 24 buildings, arranged around a central green and designed to evoke the era when most of today’s dementia patients were young adults. The hope is that visual reminders of their youth will spark memories and conversation.
Glenner Town Square will be the first facility of its kind in the United States, according to Daniel Sewell, a professor of clinical psychiatry at UC San Diego and an unpaid medical adviser on Glenner’s board. While the project is novel, the approach it reflects—known as reminiscence therapy (回忆疗法)—is common in clinical practice. By using a variety of reminders such as photographs and music, facilitators— including staff at Glenner—help dementia patients recall episodes from decades past. Studies have found that the therapy improves both cognitive function and quality of life; a fully immersive environment like Glenner Town Square could enhance these effects.
As dementia progresses, memories of childhood and early adulthood tend to endure the longest. “Graduation from high school, college, the first job, marriage, perhaps children—these are the milestones, typically, in life,” Tarde, an administrator of the GeorgeG. Glenner Alzheimer’s Family Centers, said. “That 20-year period seems to be where memories are the strongest.” Ask a person with mid-stage dementia about Jennifer Lawrence, and you’ll probably get a confused stare. But take out a photo of actress Judy Garland, and a lively conversation may follow.
8．Why do doctors often recommend day centers to Alzheimer’s disease patients
A．To make them calm down. B．To keep their minds active.
C．To help them make more friends. D．To prevent them developing other diseases.
9．What do we know about Glenner Town Square
A．It is a facility for caregivers to take a rest.
B．It is an ancient town for patients to live in.
C．It is intended to refresh the patients’ memories.
D．It is inspired by the design of several other facilities.
10．Which of the following best describes the project
A．Safe. B．Flexible. C．Challenging. D．Promising.
11．What does the last paragraph indicate
A．Judy Garland and Jennifer Lawrence were famous administrators.
B．Memories concerning the earlier key moments are easier to recall.
C．Memories of all life stages can equally be applied in the treatment.
D．Alzheimer’s disease patients can have memories of 20 years at most.
【难词背诵】
estimated adj. 估计的；预计的；估算的 v. 估计，评估 engaged adj.忙碌的 v. 保证，约定；从事professional guidance专业指导 medication n.药剂；药物治疗；药物处理；加入药物nonprofit adj. 非盈利的 facilities n. 工具；天资；特别装置；设备
evoke v. 引起，唤起 visual reminders视觉提醒
approach v. 临近；处理 n. 方法，途径 episode n. 一集，一节；插曲；（病症）发作期
therapy n. 治疗，疗法，疗效；心理治疗；治疗力 cognitive function认知功能
immersive adj. 拟真的；沉浸式虚拟现实的 enhance v. 提高，增强；改进
endure v. 忍受；持续 milestones n. 重要事件；重要阶段；转折点；里程碑typically adv. 典型地；代表性地；通常 administrator n. 管理者；有管理（或行政）才能的人
考点三 攻坚克难——熟记阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇
1.（2024·新高考I卷）
翻译背诵划线的单词
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
【难词背诵】
equally adv. 平等地，相等地；同样 mental aspect 心理方面
hypothesis n. 假设，假说；[逻]前提 mindset n.观念模式，心态
engaging adj. 迷人的；吸引人的 v. 雇佣；预订 demonstrate v. 证明；说明；(游行)示威；演示
identical adj. 同一的；完全同样的，相同的 available adj. 可用的，可获得的；有空的
maximize vt. 最大化；[数学]解函数的最大值 mental focus心理焦点
reflection n. 映像，倒影；体现；深思；描述 assume v. 假设，认为；呈现；假装
2.（2023·新课标II卷）Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
【难词背诵】
celebration n. 庆典；庆祝；赞扬 representation n. 表现；陈述
humanity n. 人类；人性；人道 emphasize v. 强调；重视；使突出
portray v. 扮演（角色）；描述；描绘；表现 leisure n. 空闲时间；闲暇；悠闲；安逸
relate to 与...相关；涉及；谈到 symbolically adv. 象征性地
demonstrate v. 证明；说明；(游行)示威；演示 intellect n. 智力，理解力；有才智的人；知识分子inexpensive adj. 不贵的，便宜的 throwaway adj. 脱口而出的；开玩笑的；用后丢弃的transform v. 使改变形态；使改观 sculpture n. 雕刻作品；雕刻艺术
3.（2023·全国乙卷）In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
【难词背诵】
In addition to除…以外(还) miscomprehension 误解
accidentally adv. 偶然地 deliberately adv. 有意地；从容地；不慌不忙地powerfully adv. 强大地，强烈地；有效地 object n. 物体；目标；v. 反对；提出…反对的理由literate adj. 有文化修养的；熟练的；通晓的 account n. 账号；账单；解释；老主顾 v. 解释necessarily adv. 必要地；不可避免地 conversation n. 交谈，谈话
阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇
1.社会生活类
allocate vt.分配assess v．评估；估算 bankrupt adj.破产的 biography n．传记
boost v．提高；推动；使增长 civilize v．使文明，开化 comprehension n．理解consciousness n．意识；观念 coordination n．协调 celebrity n．名人
critically adv.批判性地 depressed adj.萧条的 discipline n．纪律
emergence n．兴起 financial squeeze财政困难 flourish v．繁荣
genuine adj.真的；真诚的 initiative n．倡议，新方案 modify v．调整；修饰
pursuit n．追求；消遣 sponsor n．赞助者 v．赞助 tragedy n．悲剧
thrive v．旺盛，繁荣 tend v．倾向 dishonest adj.不诚实的violent behaviours暴力行为 chaos n. 混乱，杂乱 morality n. 道德；道德观moral virtues道德美德 cruelty n. 残酷，虐待；不公 humbleness n. 谦逊，粗鄙religion n. 宗教；教派；心爱的事物 social instincts社会本能 community n. 社会（团体）motivate vt.促动，激发，诱导；刺激 behavioural patterns行为模式 efficient adj. 效率高的accompany v. 陪同，陪伴；伴随 advantageous adj. 有利的；有好处的 self-discipline自我修养,自律capacity n.容量；才能 adj.无虚席的 strengthen v. 巩固；加强；增强 self-control n.自控；自我克制
philosophy n. 哲学；哲学思想；生活信条
2.心理学类
minimalism n. 最低纲领，极保守行动 intolerable adj.无法容忍的；难堪 solitude n. 单独，孤独
aggressive adj.挑衅的；积极进取的 conceited adj.自负的，傲慢的 frustrate vt. 挫败；使受挫折
lonely adj. 孤独的；寂寞的；偏僻的 stress n.压力；强调 v. 强调 suspect v. 猜想，觉得；怀疑
bully v. 恐吓，威逼 victim n. 受害者；牺牲品 anxiety n. 忧虑，焦虑；渴望 psychology n. 心理（学）；思想 psychologist n. 心理学家 self-esteem n. 自尊；自大；傲骨 suicidal thoughts自杀念头 neglect v. 疏忽 n. 忽略；怠慢 empathy n. <心>移情作用；同感sympathetic adj. 同情的；赞同的 respect n. 尊敬 v. 遵守 assertiveness n. 魄力；自信supportive adj. 支持的，拥护的，赞助的 complex adj.复杂的 n. 复合体 psychological problem心理问题mental health心理健康 societal expectations社会期望 overwhelming adj. 势不可挡的competitive adj. 竞争的；有竞争力的 extracurricular adj.课外的 deprivation n. 剥夺；丧失；匮乏prioritize vt. 按重要性排列；优先处理 verbal abuse言语虐待 social exclusion n. 社会排斥cyberbullying网上欺凌 popularization n. 普及 emotional intelligence情绪misunderstand v. 误解 motivation n. 动力；积极性 stability n. 稳定；坚定，恒心
（2025·浙江省金华市高三上学期一模）（阅读C节选）Nothing special happened during that night. Rather, the big role this hotel plays in my memories can be explained by a psychological principle called the recency effect. “The recency effect helps to account for our tendency to remember the ending part of a sequence of events with far more clarity than the rest, ” said Dr. Mary Poffenroth, a biopsychologist.
She says it arises from our short-term memory’s inability to hold on to more than a small amount of information at once. So while there is no magic formula to create lovely travel memories, employing the recency effect can turn a good trip into an unforgettable one.
Dr. Stephanie, a Neuroscientist, says that while you can strategically set off the recency effect at a trip’s end, you may have multiple opportunities to create lasting memories all along the way by breaking it up into smaller chunks.
【难词背诵】
psychological principle心理原理 recency effect近因效应
account for 说明（原因、理由等）；导致，引起 a sequence of一系列的
clarity n. 清楚，明确；思路清晰 biopsychologist生物心理学家
inability n. 无能，无力；无才能；无能为力 formula n. 公式，方程式；方案，方法
unforgettable adj. 难忘的；铭刻肺腑的 Neuroscientist[医]神经科学家：神经科学各分支专家 strategically adv. 战略上，战略性地 multiple adj. 多重的；多个的；复杂的；多功能的
考点四 融会贯通——通晓阅读记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇
1．(2021·新高考II卷之B篇)
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren't there.
【难词背诵】
extremely tired 极累 grateful adj. 感激的；表示感谢的 disappointed adj. 失望的，灰心的
2．（2021年6月浙江卷）Did Nielsen then feel content in his career Yes and no. He was thrilled to be doing the comedy that he always felt he should do, but even during his last few years, he always had a sense of curiosity, wondering what new role or challenge might be just around the comer. He never stopped working, never retired.
Leslie Nielsen’s devotion to acting is wonderfully inspiring. He built a hugely successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination. He showed us that even a single desire, never given up on, can make for a remarkable life.
【难词背诵】
content adj.满意的；满足的 thrilled adj. 非常兴奋的；极为激动的 a sense of curiosity好奇的感觉
inspiring adj. 启发灵感的 successful adj. 成功的 determination n. 决心；查明remarkable adj. 异常的；卓越的；显著的；非凡的，非常（好）的
3．（2021·新高考I卷B篇）
“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.” Mr. Titterton explained.
25. Which of the following best describes Titterton’s job on stage
A. Boring. B. Well-paid.
C. Demanding. D. Dangerous.
【难词背诵】
boring adj. 令人厌烦的，无聊的 well-paid adj. 工资高的
demanding adj. 费时的；劳神的；苛刻的；要求很高的 dangerous adj. 危险的
高考阅读理解B篇往往选一篇记叙文，根据记叙文的特点，记叙文中往往有人物活动，因此熟记对描述人物或事件的词很有必要。另外，阅读理解的记叙文中的设题也往往有一个，描述人物特征或事件性质的题，此题也涉及这些重要的形容词。
阅读理解记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇
1.记叙文命题中题干和选项中常考的描述作者态度的词：
表示赞同+积极
acclaim 赞同，称赞 concerned关心的 appreciation 欣赏，感激
appreciative 感激的，欣赏的 approval 赞成，承认，正式批准 approving 赞成的compensatory 补偿的，赔偿的 confident 自信的，有信心的 defensive 为…而辩护desirable 值得拥有的，令人满意的 enthusiastic 热情的，积极性的，狂热的 enthusiasm热情，热心favorable 赞成的，有利的，赞许的 frank坦白的，真诚的，直率的 influential 有影响的modest 谦虚的，适度的 positive 肯定的，积极的，实际的 profound意义深远的respectable可敬的，可观的，体面的 satisfaction 满意，满足 soothing镇静的，慰藉的supportive支持的，支援的 sympathy 同情，同情心，同感，赞同 sympathetic 同情的talented 有才能的，有天赋的 tolerance 宽容，容忍 tolerant 宽容的，容忍的understanding 了解，认识，谅解 admiring 赞赏的 rewarding 有回报的instructive 有教育意义的 consent同意 impressed / impressive 留下深刻印象的 humorous 幽默的
表示否定+消极
ambiguous 模棱两可的 warning警告的，引以为戒的 unwilling 不情愿的 = reluctant pessimistic悲观的= permissive depressed 沮丧的 = frustrated = gloomy hesitancy 犹豫
hesitant 犹豫的，不愿的 arrogant 傲慢的，自大的 biased 有偏见的conservative 保守的，守旧的 contempt 轻视，耻辱 contemptuous 轻视的detestation 憎恶，厌恶 disapproval 不赞成 disgust 厌恶，反感doubtful 可疑的，怀疑的 enraged 激怒的 guilty 有罪的，内疚的harmful 有害的 impulsive 冲动的，任性的 indignation 愤慨indulgence 沉溺，放纵 insulted 受辱的，辱骂的 misleading 令人误解的negative 否定的，消极的，阴性的 objection 异议 opposition反对
opposed 反对的 self-centered 以自我为中心的，自私的 ironic讽刺的 = sarcastic = satiric
disappointed 失望的 radical 激进的 disapproval 不赞成hostile有敌意的 undesirable 不受欢迎的，不合意的 uneasy 心神不安的unworthy 不值得的，无价值的 worried 闷闷不乐的，焦虑的 cynical愤世嫉俗的arbitrary 武断的 permissive悲观的
表示客观中立
factual 事实的 detached 不含个人偏见的，客观的 disinterested 无私的impartial 公平的，不偏不倚的 neutral 中立的 = impersonal ambiguous 模棱两可的conservative保守的 objective 客观的 objectiveness客观性unbiased 没有偏见的 unprejudiced 公平的，无偏见的，没有成见的
主观词
cautious谨慎的 cautiousness 谨慎，小心 curiosity 好奇，好奇心puzzled 困惑的，迷惑的 subjective 主观的 apprehensive 担心的intolerant不能容忍的，偏执的 critical批评的，挑剔的，决定性的 criticism 批评compromising 妥协的 dissatisfied 不满意的 informative 提供资讯的formal 正式的 informal 非正式的 sensitive 敏感的discontent不满的
表怀疑不确定
dubious 怀疑的 questioning 质疑的 uncertain 态度不明的unclear 不确定的 skeptical 怀疑 skepticism 怀疑suspicion 怀疑，猜疑 questionable 可疑的
一般不选的词汇：（偶尔有例外，注意看题）
①表达歧视，偏见，不平等的词：
discrimination歧视 discriminated 歧视的 prejudice偏见
prejudiced 偏见的 bias 偏见 biased 偏见的
unfair 不公平的，不公正的 contemptuous 轻蔑的，鄙视的，侮辱的 scornful 轻蔑的，鄙视的inequality 不平等 contemptible 令人轻视的，可轻视的
②表达冷漠，不关心，不感兴趣的词：
indifference 漠不关心 indifferent 漠不关心的 uninterested 不感兴趣的unconcerned 不关心的carefree 不关心的apathetic 冷漠的= impassive 冷漠的
③表示迷惑，不清楚的词：
uncertainty 不确定 uncertain 不确定的 puzzled 困惑的= confused ambiguous模棱两可的unclear不清楚的
④表达容忍，沉溺，放纵的词：
tolerant 容忍的 tolerance 容忍 indulgence 放纵，沉溺indulged 放纵的 indulgent 放纵的 permissive 放纵的
⑤表示情感态度过于强烈，过于否定，过于肯定的词：
sacrifice 牺牲 sacrificial 牺牲的 satiric 讽刺的enthusiastic 热情的 strongly 强烈地，强有力的 desperate绝望的conceited 自负的 destructive 破坏性的，毁灭性的 mocking 嘲讽的
2.记叙文中描写人物的高频词：
able有才干的，能干的 active 主动的，活跃的 adaptable适应性强的aggressive有进取心的 alert机灵的 ambitious有雄心壮志的analytical善于分析的 apprehensive有理解力的 argumentative好争辩的aspiring有志气的，有抱负的 attractive有魅力的，有吸引力的 bad-tempered 脾气暴的bigmouth多嘴多舌的 bland冷漠的 bossy 专横跋扈的
brave勇敢的 brilliant有才气的，聪颖的 capable有才能的
caring体贴的，有同情心的 cheerful开朗的 childish 幼稚的
comical滑稽的 competent能胜任的 confident有信心的
considerate体贴的 constructive建设性的 cooperative合作精神的courageous勇敢的，有胆量的 creative富有创造力的 cultured有教养的
dashing有一股子冲劲的 demanding苛刻的 determined坚决的devoted有献身精神的 dependable可靠的 depressing沉闷的disciplined守纪律的 dishonest不诚实的 disorganized无组织的dutiful尽职的 easy-going随和的 efficient有效率的energetic精力充沛的 enthusiastic充满热情的 expressive善于表达的faithful守信的，忠诚的 forceful性格坚强的 forgetful健忘的
frank直率的，真诚的 friendly友好的 funny有趣的，古怪的generous慷慨大方的，宽宏大量的 gentle有礼貌的，绅士般的 greedy 贪婪的hard-working勤劳的 helpful助人的，有益的 helpless无助的，没用的honest诚实的 humorous幽默的 inconsiderate轻率的independent有主见的 initiative 有首创精神的 intellective有智力的inventive有发明才能的 just 正直的 kind-hearted好心的knowledgeable有见识的 learned精通某学问的 loyal忠心耿耿的
mean吝啬的 methodical有方法的 modest谦虚的
moody情绪化的 motivated目标明确的 narrow-minded心胸狭窄noisy聒噪的 objective客观的 open-minded虚心的optimistic乐观的 orderly守纪律的 original有独创性的outgoing外向友好的 painstaking辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的 passionate充满热情的pessimistic悲观的 polite有礼貌的 popular受欢迎的practical实际的 purposeful意志坚强的 pushy有进取心的personality有个性的人 qualified合格的 realistic实事求是的reasonable讲道理的 reliable可信赖的 responsible负责的romantic浪漫的，空想的 self-conscious自觉的 selfish自私的
selfless \ unselfish无私的 sensible明白事理的 sensitive敏感的
sincere真诚的 skeptical多疑的 smart精明的
sociable好交际的 spirited生气勃勃的 steady踏实的，稳定的straightforward老实的 strict严格的 supportive助人的strong-willed意志坚强的 sympathetic有同情心的 thoughtful体贴人的
talented有才能的，有天赋的 tireless孜孜不倦的 tolerant容忍的
virtuous善良的,道德高尚的 trustful容易相信人的 trustworthy值得信任的understanding理解人的 ungrateful不领情的 upright正直的
sweet-tempered性情温和的
1.（2025·浙江省金华市高三上学期一模）（节选）The story of the Forest of Immortal Stories begins in 2019, when Cojocaru lost his wife to cancer. Cojocaru suffered constant depression; as a solution, his doctor told him to walk in the countryside, 6,000 or more steps a day.
Cojocaru had grown up in Nucsoara, but only as he walked the hills did he notice the trees: giant beeches (山毛榉), some as old as 500 years. Their beauty and strength revived him, and he felt as if they had adopted him.
4．Cojocaru's walk in the beech forest can be described as _________.
A．demanding B．healing C．adventurous D．romantic
【难词背诵】
adventurous adj. 勇于冒险的；新奇的；惊险的 romantic adj. 浪漫的；爱情的；多情的；n. 浪漫的人
demanding adj. 费时的；要求很高的 healing n. 康复，复原 v. （使）愈合( heal的现在分词 )；治愈；（使）结束；较容易忍受
2.（2025·浙江省湖州、丽水、衢州三地市一模）
With the support of his mother, Charlie found refuge in basketball. He channeled his frustrations and stress into motivation, improving his skills to the point where his talent overshadowed his condition. The bullying stopped, and his basketball career took off.
All along the way, Charlie has consistently dedicated himself to helping others. Ever since his first year as a new player, he has served as a spokesperson for the National Alopecia Areata Foundation, and went on to establish the Charlie Villanueva Foundation, an organization aimed at supporting families with children suffering from alopecia and stopping all forms of bullying. As the son of immigrants from the· Dominican Republic, he has even worked towards ending poverty in that country.
26．Which of the following best describes Charlie
A．Humble and responsible. B．Strong-willed and helpful.
C．Innovative and generous. D．Good-natured and tolerant.
【难词背诵】
humble adj. 谦逊的；简陋的 responsible adj. 有责任的；引起…的；可靠的；责任重大的strong-willed adj. 意志坚强的，固执己见的 helpful adj. 给予帮助的；有帮助的；有好处的
innovative adj. 革新的；创新的 generous adj. 慷慨的；宽厚的；丰富的
tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的，忍受的 good-natured adj. 和善的；性格好的，脾气好的；温厚的
refuge n. 避难；避难所；[医]救急疗法 frustration n. 挫折；失败；挫败；失意
overshadow vt. 使失色；使阴暗；遮阴 took off 起飞
consistently adv. 一贯地，坚持地，固守地 dedicated adj. 专注的，投入的；献身的
immigrant n. （外来）移民；外侨
考点五 心领神会——熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语通晓命题规律
1.（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）节选But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
同义词替换是设置正确选项的重要手段，掌握了这个方法，能让你快速、准确地找到正确答案。大多数的阅读理解正确选项或题干都是采用同义句表达的手段进行改写的。本题中readers---people treat ... lightly----not so serious/less mental effort
2.（2024·新课标II卷）节选We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm(BMF) shortens it even more.
What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A．It guarantees the variety of food. B．It requires day-to-day care.
C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D．It relies on farmer’s markets.
本题中cut the distance---reduce the journey--shortens it even more cut--reduce/shorten
熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语
第一组
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
1.跟…有关 be related to= be associated with= be linked to= be connected with
2.多种多样 a variety of +n. /varieties of +n. =various +n. =all kinds of=all sorts of = diversities of
3.提前 in advance, ahead of time, ahead of schedule
4.厌烦 be tired/sick of=be bored with=be fed up with
5.区分 distinguish/tell A from B
6.亲自 personally, in person
7.只有 only, nobody/nothing but
8.出版 come out, be published
9.尤其 particularly, in particular
10.锻炼 exercise, work out
11.谋生 make/earn a living
12.代表 represent, stand for, (be) on behalf of
13.结合 combine, mix sth.up
14.前进 advance, move forward
15.舒适 comfortable, at ease
16.十年 decade, ten years
17.两周 fortnight, two weeks
18.二十 score, twenty
19.十二 dozen, twelve
20.成人 adult, grown-up
21.删除 delete, cut out
22.回答 answer, reply to
23.进入enter, come/go into
24.雇用某人employ/hire sb, take sb on
25.移走 remove, take away
26.吸收 absorb, take in
27.与…一致 agree/be consistent/correspond with
28.缺席 be absent from, be not present at
29.收割 harvest, gather, get in
30.抵制 boycott, refuse to accept, resist, reject
31.与...相反/对立 contradict, be opposite to
32.放弃 abandon, go away from, leave, give up
33.代替 replace, take the place of
34.背诵 recite, learn…by heart
35.害怕 fear, be afraid/scared of
36.退（学） quit, drop out of (school)
37.推迟 delay, postpone, put off
38.去拿来 fetch, go and bring back
39.相匹配 match, go with
40.精力充沛 energetic, full of energy
41.少数 a minority of, a small number of
42.打扰 cause trouble to, bother, disturb
43.描述 describe, give a description of
44.后来 afterwards, after that, later on
45.目前 nowadays, at present, at the present time
46.取消 cancel, call off
47.宣布 announce/declare sth, make sth known to the public
48.逃跑 escape, run away
49.担心 worry about, be concerned/anxious about
50.提到 mention, refer to, talk about/of
51.展览 on show/display/exhibition
52.勇敢（去做） be brave to, have courage to
53.违法的 illegal, not legal, against the law
54.满足需要 cater to/meet/satisfy the need
55.重力gravity, the pull of the earth
56.算出calculate, figure out
57.与…不同differ from, be different from, vary from…to…
58.高兴起来cheer up, become happy
59.乱七八糟in a mess, in disorder
60.气喘吁吁breathless, out of breath
61.做出决定determine, decide, make a decision
62.对……有害do harm to, be harmful to
63.相似，相像resemble, be like, be similar to
64.低语，耳语whisper, speak in a low voice
65.寻找，追求seek, look/search/hunt for
66.茫然，困惑at a loss, puzzled/confused
67.取笑，逗弄tease, make fun of, laugh at, amuse
68.提高，改善improve, make/become better
69.庆祝celebrate, hold a celebration
70.长胖put on/gain weight, grow fat
71.熟悉know…well, be familiar with
72.处理handle, settle, deal with, cope with
73.到处everywhere, here and there
74.加速accelerate, speed up, quicken
75.保证，确保ensure, guarantee, make sure/certain
76.一年一次的annual, yearly, every year
77.挨饿，饿死starve, go hungry, die from hunger
78.充当；起……的作用act as, serve as
79.榜样model, example
80.怒视glare at, look at sth angrily
81.平静的calm, not excited
82.抽象的abstract, not specific
83.积极的active, not passive
84.残酷地cruelly, without mercy, mercilessly
85.复杂的complicated, not simple, complex
86.人造的artificial, man-made
87.故意地deliberately, on purpose, purposely
88.独自地alone, by oneself
89.有危险in danger, at risk
90.占...比例account for, make up
91.青少年adolescent, teenager
92.看医生go to see/consult a doctor
93.更喜欢prefer sth, like sth better
94.使生气annoy sb, make sb angry
95.报道此事cover/report the event
96.很多a lot (of), a great deal (of)
97.影响交通hold up/block traffic
98.澄清，阐明clarify, make sth clear
99.可得到的be available, be easily got
100.试验try out, test
101.无论如何anyhow, in any way
102.在……后面behind, at the back of
103.无论什么whatever, no matter what
104.使某人高兴cheer sb up, make sb happy
105.得出结论conclude, draw a conclusion
106.聪明的clever, bright, wise, smart
107.做报告give a presentation/talk/speech
108.辍学，退学drop out of/leave school
109.出国go abroad, go to a foreign country
110.控告accuse sb of sth, charge sb with sth
111.置若罔闻turn a deaf ear to, refuse to listen to
112.使能做某事enable sb to do, make sb able to do
113.不理，忽视ignore, overlook, pay no attention to
114.受欢迎的be popular with, be well received (by...)
115.成功做某事manage to do sth, succeed in doing sth
116.把...分开 break sth apart, split/divide/separate sth
117.劝某人做 advise sb to do, try to persuade sb to do
118.方式，方法way, solution, approach, method, means
119.信任，信赖 trust, believe, have confidence/faith in
120.制订计划make a plan, work out a plan, draw up a plan
121.开始存在appear, come into being, come into existence
122.在农村，城市 in the countryside/city, rural/urban areas
123.除……之外besides, as well as, in addition to, apart from
124.用...替换 replace…with, use…as an alternative to…
125.情况良好in (a) good condition, in a good state/situation
126.可进入／接近的be accessible, be easy to enter/reach/use
127.再一次again, once more, once again, over and over again
128.对……全然不知be in the dark about, know nothing about
129.把某物分配给某人allocate sth to sb, divide sth among sb
130.认为think/believe that, hold the view that, argue/claim that
131.用完某物run out of sth, lack sth, sth run out, sth be used up
132.防...止疾病protect…from sickness, avoid/prevent sickness
133.值得，应得deserve sth, be worthy of sth, be worth doing sth
134.反对be against, oppose, object to, disagree with, disapprove of
135.老年人old people, the old, senior citizens, the aged, the elderly
136.劝某人不要做 discourage sb from doing, persuade sb not to do
137.有机会使用／做have access to sth, have the chance of doing sth
138.充满 be full of, be filled with, be flooded with, be crowded with
139.下降，减少 decline, come/go down, drop, fall, decrease, reduce
140.突然笑/哭起来burst into laughter/tears, burst out laughing/crying
141.告诉某人某事tell sb sth, inform sb of sth, keep sb informed of sth
142.宁做A不做B do A rather than (doing) B, do A instead of (doing) B
143.对某人生气get angry with sb, get cross with sb, be annoyed with sb
144.全世界all over/around the world, worldwide, globally, internationally
145.吸引某人interest/attract/draw sb, appeal to sb, catch sb’s eye/attention
146.优于，胜过have the advantage over, have the edge over, be better than
147.重要 count, matter, be important, significant, vital, crucial/be of importance
148.致力于apply/bend/commit/devote oneself to, be bent/committed/devoted to
149.旨在做aim/be aimed at doing, be designed/intended to do, be meant to do sth
150.偶然地 incidentally, accidentally, by chance/ accident/ coincidence, casually, occasionally
151一…就… on doing; immediately, directly, instantly; the moment, the minute, the second, the instant; as soon as, no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely…when
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第二组
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1.away from 除了…之外=aside from=on top of = other than= in addition to= as well as except for= except =but
2.by oneself 靠自己，独自= (all) on one’s own= (all) alone for oneself 为自己
3.be in possession of…拥有=be possessed of…= possess…= take possession of
4.look after…照顾= take care of… = care for…= deal with… = attend to…
5.look on/upon A as B 把A视为B=think of A as B=view A as B =see A as B =regard A as B = consider A as B
6.表示“阻止、防止、禁止”的动词都可以与from连用
ban/ prohibit/ restrict/ restrain sb from doing sth 禁止某人做某事
prevent/stop sb (from) doing sth 阻止某人做某事=keep sb from doing sth例外：forbid sb to do sth 禁止某人做某事
7.have a liking for… 喜欢= like/love/enjoy…= be fond of…
8.to be frank with you, 坦白说/ 老实说= frankly speaking, …= to tell you the truth,… = to be honest (with you), …
9.feel at ease感到轻松 =feel relaxed not feel at ease 感到不安 =feel unease
10.look out for…小心/注意…=watch out for…
11.by no means 决不，绝不= not… by any means=not…at all=not …in the least=not …in the slightest
=under no circumstances以上结构用于句首时，使用部分倒装的结构
12. burst into tears 突然大哭 =burst out crying burst into laughter 突然大笑 =burst out laughing
13.for nothing 免费=for free = free=without payment
14.for the time being目前= for the present
15.see to it + that从句 务必确定…=make sure + that从句 =ensure that从句（其中that后接从句，大多使用一般时态、完成时态）
16.be tired from +名词/代词/动名词（doing） 因…而疲劳/累be tired of +名词/代词/动名词（doing）对…厌倦
be sick and tired of +名词/代词/动名词（doing）对…厌倦 相当于be sick of与be tired of的结合，起到强大作用 相当于be bored with…或be fed up with…
17.look down on/upon 轻视/瞧不起某人= despise/scorn/disdain
18.look up to sb 尊敬某人= respect sb = hold sb in high esteem
19.make up for… 为…补偿；弥补= compensate for…（高考考过）
20.the road to +名词 通往…之道= the key to +名词...的钥匙/答案
21. How’s it going with you 你近来如何？=How are you (doing)
22. on purpose 故意地=deliberately =intentionally
23.be out of work 失业/不上班=be out of a job=be unemployed
24.on the dot一分不差地/准时=to the minute = exactly
25.by the minute 一分一秒地=minute by minute =each/every minute
26.in a minute 待会儿= in a second = in a moment
27.keep in touch with 与…联络= keep in contact with …=make contact with… =contact…
e up with… 想出/提出…（答案，主意等）=figure out…=hit on/upon= put forward
29.make sb out to be 断言某人是…= think/maintain/assert that sb is
30.make out 了解…= understand =take in
31. What do you say to doing sth 做…你让我如何？=How/What about doing sth
32.stuff A with B 以B填塞A= stuff B into A
33.for all… 尽管…=despite… = in spite of…
34.be bound for +地点名词 开往/驶往某地= head for = leave for = make for =start for =set off/out for
35.be bound to + 名词 被绑在…上=be tied to= be fastened to= be attached to
36.prefer to do + rather than do 喜欢做…胜于做/而不喜欢做=prefer to do + instead of doing
37.for good 永远地；永久地=for good and all= forever = for ever = for ever and ever= eternally = permanently
38.wonder at 对…感到惊异=be amazed at
39.for all I know, … 就我所知，…=as far as I know, …=so far as I know, …= to my knowledge, …
= to my understanding, … be beyond one’s understanding 超过某人是所能理解的范围
40.in the interest of 对…有利的=for the benefit of
41.be in cooperation with 与…合作cooperate with 与…合作
42.put…into practice 将…付诸实施/施行= put…into action= carry out…put…in/into practice 将…付诸实行
in practice 实际上= =in reality
43.put aside… 存（钱等）=set aside… =save…
44.A get acquainted with B A与B认识= A make B’s acquaintance acquaint vt.使认识
45.buy sth for +钱 用多少钱买某物=buy sth at the cost/price/rate of +钱 以某价格买某物=pay钱 for sth
buy sth for sb 买某物给某人（高考英语考过）= buy sb sth
46.be above doing sth 不愿意/不屑于…= be unwilling to do sth=be reluctantly
47.keep up with 跟上/赶上；与…并驾齐驱=keep pace with=keep abreast of
48.industrious 勤奋的=hardworking =diligent
49.be second to none 不亚于任何人/物，= be the best=have no peer/rival/equal=be without one’s peer
无人能出其右，没有敌手be second to +名词/代词 仅次于…
50.all of a sudden 突然；忽然= all at once = suddenly =sharply= out of the blue= without warning
51.cheat on sb 对某人不忠=be not faithful to sb
52. learn…by heart 将…背起来=memorize注：recite 指发声背出
53. go on with 继续从事=get on with =continue (with)
54. at one’s leisure 在某人空闲/有空时=in one’s free/spare time leisure 闲暇，空闲
e across 无意间发现…= happen on =encounter
56.run into sb 与某人不期而遇；偶遇= bump into sb = encounter sb
e to 苏醒；恢复知觉= come around = come round
58.by degree 渐渐地= little by little = gradually
59.be in charge of 负责…= be responsible for… 负责…（对…负责）= take responsibility for…（对/为…负责）
be responsible to sb for sth 对某人负责某事
60.because of 因为/由于=owing to =on account of = due to
61.bring on 导致/引起=bring about = lead to = lead up to=contribute to =cause= account for=make for=result in (result from…起因于…)
62.without result 没有成效= to no avail = in vain = for nothing
63.with the coming of… 随着…的到来= with the approaching of…
64.on the contrary 相反地= instead
65.at a stroke 一口气；一次= without stopping
66. with a view to doing sth 为了从事/为了做某事=with an eye to doing sth =for the purpose of + doing sth
= in order to do （可句首、句中）= so as to do （多用于句中）
67.the key to… 开启…的的钥匙/秘诀the solution to sth …的解决方法the answer to sth …的答案
68.in place of 取代…=instead of
69.identify with… 同情…，认同…
70.be particular about 对…挑剔= be picky about= find fault with sb
71.be under repair 在修理中= be being repaired
72.inquire into 调查…= look into = investigate
73.inquire after sb 问候某人的健康状况= ask for sb
74. look forward to +名词/代词/doing 期待…=expect to do= anticipate +名词/代词/doing
75.be keen on/about… 热衷于…= be enthusiastic about
76.be capable of doing sth 有能力做…= be able to do sth
77.to some extent 就某种程度上来说= to some degree = in a sense
78.to the end 到最后= to the bitter end
79.joke about 对…开玩笑=make fun of=play jokes/a joke on sb= play tricks/a trick on sb
80.at heart 心地上，本质上=by nature
81.be bent on doing sth 一心想要做某事
= be determined to do sth
82. on/upon sth/doing sth, +主语+动词… 一…，就… =as soon as +主语+动词，+主句（主语+动词…）
83.be proud of 为…感到骄傲/自豪= take pride in = pride oneself on
84.be typical of 是…的特征/写照= be characteristic of
85. tell A from B 区别A于B的不同/差异= tell the difference between A and B=tell A and B apart
=distinguish A from B
86.set up 建立=found =establish
87.set about (doing) sth 开始着手= set out to do sth=begin/start to do =begin/start doing/sth
88.devote …to… 将…致力于/献身于…=dedicate …to…
89.approve of… 赞同disapprove of… 反对/不赞成approve （及物动词为“批准、核准”）
90.turn out (to be) 结果是（系动词）=prove (to be)
91.turn up 出现，到达= show up =arrive, appear
92.be free from… 没有…/脱离…=be free of…= be without…
93.be dressed in… 穿着…= have on…= be wearing…
94.be different from 与…不同= differ from be indifferent from 对…漠不关心
95. play a big/an important part in (doing) sth 在…方面扮演重要角色play a big/an important role in (doing) sth
96.be oblivious of 忘却…=be forgetful of =forget…
97.do away with… 除去/摆脱…= get rid of…
98.put up with 容忍=tolerate =bear =stand=withstand
99. be famous for +名词/代词/动名词 因…而出名=be known for = be noted for be notorious for 因…而恶名昭彰
100. keep to the rules 坚守规则= stick to the rules=conform to the rules =comply with the rules
101. be unaware of 不知道…= be unconscious of
102. be confident of 对…有信心= have confidence in
103. be thankful to sb for doing sth 因某事感激某人= be grateful to sb for doing sth= be obliged to sb for doing sth= be indebted to sb for doing sth
104. be incapable of 无能力做某事=be unable to do
105. be senior sb by年 比某人年长…岁=be older than sb by 年 be junior sb by年 比某人年幼…岁= be younger than sb by年 prior to… 在…前= before
106. by +时间 最迟不超过某时间= not later than =before
107. be for sth 赞成 =be in favor of sthbe against 反对 =be opposed to
108. be opposed to (doing) sth 反对…=object to (doing) sth =oppose (doing) sth
e off 发生，举行=come about= take place = happen = occur
110. succeed to 继承= take over = inherit
111. consist in 在于… = lie in
112. consist of 由…组成=be made up of =be composed of
113. run after 追逐/追求…= chase be after sb = be chasing sb 追赶某人
114.be sensitive to （心理上）对…敏感be allergic to （生理上）对…敏感/过敏be sensible of 感觉到…的
=be aware of =be conscious of 知道…
115. call on sb to do 呼吁/要求某人做某事=urge sb to do =ask sb to do
116. call sb down 责骂/责备某人=scold sb = tell sb off
117. depend on 依赖/指望=rely on =count on =look to sb = turn to sb都可以后接sb to do sth 指望/依赖某人去做某事，都可以后接for sth depend on sb for help 指望/求助于某人的帮助=look to sb for help=count on sb for help=rely on sb for help =turn to sb for help
118. look for 寻找 =search/ hunt/ seek for look to 指望/依赖 look to sb for help 指望/依赖某人帮忙
119. with regard to 关于…=in regard to =with respect to =in respect of=concerning =regarding=as to =about, on
120. take A for B 误将A当作B= mistake A for B
121. call on sb 拜访某人= pay a visit to sb= pay sb a visit =visit call for 需要…（主语多为sth）= require
122. call off 取消 =cancel
123. be equal to 胜任=be cut out for =be competent for
124. get through with 做完= be through with = finish= be finished with = be done with
125. for ages 好长一段时间=for a long time
126. for the time being 目前=for the present
127. live a …life 过着…的生活=lead a…life = have a …life
128. be in high spirits 心情很好=be in good mood=be in good humor
be in low spirits 心情很差=be in a bad mood=be in a bad humor
129. be through sth 经历某事= experience sth =undergo sth =go through sth
130. in detail 详细地= at length
131. stand for 代表/表示=represent=be on behalf of=symbolize
132. present sb with sth 赠与某物给某人=present sth to sb
133. provide sb with sth 提供某物给某人= provide sth for sb=supply sb with sth=supply sth to sb=afford sb sth
=afford sth to sb
134. be brought up 被抚养长大= be raised= be reared bring up = raise 将某人抚养长大
135. agree with sb 和某人看法相同= see eye to eye with sb
136. attend to 对…专注= pay attention to= be attentive to
137. take on 带有/呈现出…= assume
138. take after 和…相像=resemble
139. make fun of 取笑…= tease
140. brush…aside 忽视/漠视=ignore
141. brush up on 复习=go over =review =revise
142. hope for sth 期待/希望…=wish for =long for = desire
143. go with 与…相配=match
144. turn down 拒绝=reject =refuse
145. keep off… 远离…；不让…接近=stay away from
146. by accident 不经意间；无意地；偶然地=by chance =accidentally =unexpectedly
147. take …off…. 将…从…取下来 take …out of… 把…拿出来从…= take …from…
148. blame sb for sth 因为…责怪某人；把某事归罪于某人身上= blame sth on sb=lay/ place/ put the blame on sb for sth
149. talk sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事=persuade sb to do sth
150. talk sb out of doing sth 说服某人不要做某事=persuade sb not to do sth=dissuade sb from doing sth
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1.（2025·湖北省高中名校联盟第二次联合测评）When Mammola and Ficetola went to an ecology conference in 2021, they met a scientist with an unusual complaint. Jennifer Anderson, an expert in aquatic fungi(水生真菌), said that the subject of her research was not available in emoji(表情符号) form. “If you are doing the important work of trying to save whales, you can use pictures or images to help you communicate this,” said Anderson. “If you are working to save the aquatic fungi, you first must let people know that they exist, and then describe in words what they look like.”
What did Anderson complain about
A．Lack of available emojis for aquatic fungi.
B．People’s disinterest in studying aquatic fungi.
C．People’s unwillingness to save aquatic fungi.
D．Difficulty in describing aquatic fungi in words.
本题中题干中的complain源自complaint，选项Lack of---原文not available
2.（2025·河南省三门峡市期中）When Sarah Wishnia received an iPad from her daughter, she didn’t even know how to open the thing. Max Rosenblum showed her how to socialize on Facebook and how to shop on Amazon with her new device.
What happened to Sarah when she received the iPad from her daughter
A．She had no interest in opening it. B．She had no idea how to use it.
C．She felt quite disappointed with it. D．She showed it to Max Rosenblum.
本题中正确选项中的had no idea=didn’t even know how to open the thing=how to use it此处打开iPad就是使用它。
考点六 运筹帷幄——熟记常用有关文章出处的词汇
常用有关文章体裁的词汇
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
1.story 故事
2.novel/fiction小说science novel/fiction 科幻小说
3.fable寓言
4.fairy tale童话；神话
6.advertisement/Ad 广告
8.leaflet 传单；小册子
9.website/web page 网页 link (链接) , click(点击) , hit(点击),download(下载) ,book here(点击这里 )
An official website官方网站A travel website旅游网站an instructive website有教育意义的网站
10.magazine杂志
travel magazine旅游杂志geography magazine地理杂志art magazine艺术杂志science magazine科学杂志illustrated magazine插图杂志financial magazine金融杂志
11.newspaper 报纸 business newspaper商业报纸
12.report 报告
science report科学报告 medical report医学报告official report官方报告research report研究报告news report新闻报道
13.journal日记，日志
A travel journal 旅行杂志
14.A guidebook旅游指南
travel guidebook旅行指南A guide book一本指南exhibition guidebook展览指南 A program guide一个程序指南
15.brochure 小册子；手册
A training brochure培训手册 A travel brochure 旅行手册
16.review 评论
A book review A literature review书评 A film review电影评论
17.article 文章；论文
academic article学术文章 research article研究文章18.essay论说文；论文
19.biography传记
20.lecture 讲座
21.A column introduction专栏介绍
22.A recipe book食谱书
23.entertainment 娱乐节目
24.government document政府文献
25.course plan 课程计划
26.a club newsletter俱乐部通讯
27.encyclopedia百科全书
A geographical encyclopedia地理百科全书
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