专题07 阅读理解说明文
目录
题型综述 1
解题攻略 3
题型01 细节理解题 3
题型02 词句猜测题 4
题型03 判断推理题 6
题型04 主旨大意题 9
高考练场 11
题型简介
说明文是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要体裁，其目的是解释和阐述事物，通常采用比较、解释说明、引用、下定义、举例子、列数字等方法。说明文结构清晰，语言客观简洁，旨在介绍目标对象，呈现事实和观点，作者立场不明显。说明文的常见语篇模式包括“问题—（分析）—解决措施—（解释）—（呼吁、评价或拓展）”、“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”、“新研究发现—解释新研究—（进一步实验论证）—研究结论及其评价、研究启示、未来研究方向”等。
命题类型
细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。
推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。
主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。
词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。
解题思路
快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。
关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。
理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。
同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。
推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。
题型01 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
Students and teachers, as well as some parents, sit on two wooden benches running the length of the hallway of their school. They take turns reading from the Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen, which translates from the Mohawk language to “Words before all else.” These words, which express appreciation for all life forms, mark the day’s start at the Akwesasne Freedom School.
But the 60-odd students here wouldn’t understand these lessons if it weren’t for this little schoolhouse at the United States-Canada border. “This makes us who we are, and if we don’t have this, who are we going to be ” asks teacher Kawehnokwiiosthe, whose name in English means “She makes the island beautiful.”
Kawehnokwiiosthe turns to her young pupils and states that they are wise, or age 5, Mohawk is the medium of education for students in every class from kindergarten to 8th grade. When a child asks a question in English, Kawehnokwiiosthe responds in Mohawk.
Most parents pay for their children with a handmade quilt sold in August. The school is run as a cooperative, where parents do the cleaning along with the students and the maintenance work. Students come from American and Canadian sides of the border, but the school has never accepted funds from either government, says Alvera Sargent, who heads the nonprofit Friends of the Akwesasne Freedom School and is one of the last first-language speakers of Mohawk.
That makes her indispensable, says Waylon Cook, former teacher and now project manager of the school’s nonprofit arm. “We treasure our first-language speakers,” he says. “We treasure them because they are so important for us to continue on our language.”
9．What is the Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen about
A．A way of greeting. B．A way to start and end a day.
C．Deep respect for the natural world. D．Old-fashioned business practices.
10．What can be learned about the school
A．It is headed by Waylon Cook currently.
B．It is self-governed by the local community.
C．It accepts kids from kindergarten to high school.
D．It employs both English and Mohawk for teaching.
【答案】9．C 10．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一所学校为了保护莫霍克语所付出的努力。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“These words, which express appreciation for all life forms, mark the day’s start at the Akwesasne Freedom School. (这句表达对所有生命形式感激之情的话标志着阿克韦森自由学校一天的开始)”可知，Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen是关于对自然世界的深切尊重。故选C。
10．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The school is run as a cooperative, where parents do the cleaning along with the students and the maintenance work. (学校是以合作社的形式经营的，家长和学生一起做清洁和维护工作)”可知，这所学校由当地社区自治。故选B。
题型02 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean 或what is the meaning of the underlined word 为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
The popularity of Durian Personalities is also driven by the longing for depth and genuine emotion in modern society. Psychological research shows that with increasing reliance on social networks and instant messaging tools, shallow relationships have made many lose patience and ability for deep communication. However, Durian Personalities offer a cure: Its “unapproachability” becomes a filtering mechanism, avoiding frivolous social interactions and encouraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersonal connections.
..........
15．What does the underlined word “frivolous” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Regular. B．Unnecessary. C．Nonprofitable. D．Time-consuming.
【答案】 15．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是“榴莲人格”以及其性格特点。
15．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Durian Personalities offer a cure: Its “unapproachability” becomes a filtering mechanism, avoiding(榴莲人格提供了一种治疗方法：它的“不可接近性”变成了一种过滤机制，避免……)”以及后文“social interactions and encouraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersonal connections.(……社交互动，鼓励更深入地参与有价值的人际关系)”可知，榴莲人格的“不可接近性”变成了一种过滤机制，避免了不必要的社交互动，鼓励更深入地参与有价值的人际关系。故划线词意思是“不必要的”。故选B。
Dr Katy Tam at the University of Toronto Scarborough said boredom was closely linked to attention. “We feel bored when there’s a gap between how engaged we are and how engaged we want to be,” she said. “When people keep switching through videos, they become less engaged with the videos and they are looking for something more interesting. This can lead to increased feelings of boredom.”
The results appear to chime with other studies: as the team notes, previous research has suggested that while boredom relief is a driver for people to use social media or smartphones, the use of such technology appears to make the feeling worse.
..........
30．What does the underlined phrase “chime with” mean in Paragraph 3
A．agree with B．compare with C．contrast with D．disagree with
【答案】 30．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多伦多斯卡伯勒大学的研究人员关于人们浏览视频的研究，研究表明不断切换视频或在同一视频中前后跳跃实际上会让人们感到更无聊。
30．词句猜测题。根据前文“When people keep switching through videos, they become less engaged with the videos and they are looking for something more interesting. This can lead to increased feelings of boredom.(当人们不停地切换视频时，他们对视频的参与度就会降低，他们会寻找更有趣的东西。这可能会增加无聊感)”以及后文“as the team notes, previous research has suggested that while boredom relief is a driver for people to use social media or smartphones, the use of such technology appears to make the feeling worse.(正如研究小组指出的那样，之前的研究表明，尽管缓解无聊是人们使用社交媒体或智能手机的一个动力，但使用这些技术似乎会让感觉更糟)”可知，之前的研究和现在的研究结果一样，推知chime with是“以……一致，同意”之意，和A项意思相近。故选A项。
Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day.
However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards.
..........
49．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams.
B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results.
C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision.
D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory.
【答案】49．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。
49．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中“Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. (你自己复习考试的经验可能会告诉你，不间断的集中注意力可以帮助你更好地记住关键信息。)”以及第二段首句“However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study.(然而，this commonly held wisdom却被一项心理学研究的观察结果所反驳)”中的“this commonly held wisdom”指的就是前文中提到的“不间断的专注有助于有效复习”的观点。因此，选项C“Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision(不间断的专注有助于有效复习)”符合题意。故选C。
题型03 判断推理题
推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目, 因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。
推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was the author’s attitude towards ...
2. The passage is intended to ...
3. The author suggests that ...
4. The story implies that…
5. Which point of view may the author agree to
6. From the passage we can conclude that...
7. The purpose of the passage is to...。
Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in International Environment that microplastics (微塑料) can make hair loss worse by hurting the skin’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激).
Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bottles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body.
The result of the first study shows when microplastics are tested in living animals, they can create oxidative stress and stop certain proteins from working properly. This can hurt the skin and the parts of the hair follicles where hair grows, finally leading to hair falling out.
In the second study, researchers explored how new and aged microplastics affect the skin and hair in mice. They gave mice water with these microplastics for two months to see what would happen to their hair. After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. But further experiments are needed to decide whether aged microplastics are more harmful.
“Notably, in daily life microplastics can be found in bottled water, clothes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a person consumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week on average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng.
17．How does the author develop paragraph 2
A．By quotation. B．By listing numbers.
C．By comparison. D．By giving a definition.
18．What can be inferred from paragraph 3&4
A．Microplastics are absorbed through many organs.
B．Microplastics finally deposit in the mice’s stomachs.
C．Researchers will carry out further experiments on human beings.
D．New and aged microplastics affect the mice to the same extent in the first study.
19．What is Wang Xusheng’s attitude towards microplastics in daily life
A．Indifferent. B．Objective. C．Concerned. D．Skeptical.
20．Why does the author write the passage
A．To stress on the importance of hair protection.
B．To introduce some new findings of microplastics.
C．To call for urgent action on plastic ban worldwide.
D．To warn readers the danger of microplastics in daily life.
【答案】17．D 18．A 19．C 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微塑料通过氧化应激损害皮肤屏障，加重脱发的研究发现。
17．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bottles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body. (微塑料是非常小的塑料片，小于5毫米。它们来自于大型塑料物品的分解，比如购物袋、外卖容器和饮料瓶。这些微小的颗粒可以进入水、土壤和空气，它们可以沿着食物链向上移动，并沉积在我们的体内)”可知，作者通过下定义的方式解释了微塑料是什么。故选D。
18．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. (仅仅一天之后，研究人员就可以看到微塑料已经穿过老鼠的胃，进入它们的血液，最后进入它们的头发)”可以推断，微塑料通过多个器官被吸收。故选A。
19．推理判断题。由文章最后一段““Notably, in daily life microplastics can be found in bottled water, clothes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a person consumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week on average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng. (“值得注意的是，在日常生活中，瓶装水、我们穿的衣服、甚至我们呼吸的空气中都含有微塑料。据估计，一个人平均每周摄入约5克塑料微粒，”研究负责人王旭生说)”可知，王旭生提到日常生活中的微塑料问题时，表达了对微塑料广泛存在及其潜在危害的关注和担心。故选C。
20．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in International Environment that microplastics (微塑料) can make hair loss worse by hurting the skin’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激). (中山大学的研究人员在《国际环境》杂志上分享了他们的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过一个称为氧化应激的过程损伤皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发)”可知，文章主要介绍了中山大学研究人员的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过氧化应激过程伤害皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发。因此推知，文章的主要目的是介绍微塑料的一些新发现。故选B。
题型04 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage 为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …
The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion (脑震荡), the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch or break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations.
This extremely small damage has big consequences. But decades ago, the public had a “walk it off” attitude towards concussions. That’s changed, thanks in part to an increased awareness about the long-term effects. The 2015 film “Concussion” tells the true story of Dr Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries.
Until recently, the dark-room treatment was the standard prescribed by most doctors, involving patients resting in darkness and without any mental stimulation, until their symptoms eased off. This suggestion came out of studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that found when athletes with concussions continued with high levels of activity, they recovered more slowly than those who rested.
But people who spend more time in a dark room-sometimes called “cocooning”-are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression and sleep problems. Their bodies get weaker due to underuse, as well.
“Science and research have evolved over the past decade, showing that when you stop doing activity altogether, that actually affects your recovery process,” says Babul, a sports-injury specialist. The active-rest approach to concussion recovery promotes a slow increase in activity, starting with a day or two of light daily movement, and gradually adding activity, building to a full return to normal, unrestricted activity.
“People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don’t and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms,” Babul says. “The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do.”
41．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．The workings of concussion. B．The causes of concussion.
C．The symptoms of concussion. D．The effects of concussion.
44．What is the best title of the text
A．From Inaction to Action: Concussion Shocks. B．From Darkness to Light: Concussion Recovery.
C．From Outside to Inside: Concussion Treatment. D．From Nothing to Something: Concussion Study.
【答案】41．A 44．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了脑震荡的研究和治疗方法的探讨，即从传统的黑暗治疗方法转向更积极的恢复策略。
41．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion (脑震荡), the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch or break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations.(大脑是由吸震液保护的，在吸震液之外，还有头骨。在脑震荡中，大脑在头骨中反弹，加速，减速或旋转。这产生了一系列的影响。大脑中的神经元受到干扰，在这些神经元之间，轴突——传输电脉冲
的细纤维——伸展或断裂。在大脑内部，就像发生了一场地震。一切都还在，但道路和建筑地基上有裂缝。)”可知，第一段的主要讲的是脑震荡的机制，包括脑部在颅骨内的运动及其对神经元的影响。故选A项。
44．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段““People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don’t and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms,” Babul says. “The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do.”(Babul说：“遵循正确指导和管理的人往往会平静地康复，而那些不遵循正确指导和管理的人则会继续进行活动，继续给大脑带来负担，并可能出现长期持续的症状。”“关键是要立即意识到这一点，并知道该怎么做。”)”可知，文章主要讲的是脑震荡的研究和治疗方法的探讨，即从传统的黑暗治疗方法转向更积极的恢复策略。故这篇文章最好的标题是“从黑暗到光明：脑震荡的康复”。故选B项。
（2024·新高考卷I阅读理解C篇）
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
语篇解读
主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文，这篇文章主要讲了在阅读方面，纸质书相比电子书，音频，视频在信息的吸收，专注度，参与度方面都要胜出不少，为了支撑这个论点，作者用了很多理论和实证来支撑自己的观点。
原文出处 本文来自美利坚大学语言学教授 Naomi S. Baron（ 内奥米· ·S. 巴伦）的一篇名为 Why we remember more by reading – especially print – than from audio or video 的文章 https:///why-we-remember-more by-reading-especially-print-than-from-audio-or-video/
语言知识
重难单词 comprehension n 理解（力）；onscreen adv 在屏幕上； view v [ 名词动化] 看 看； ；contentn 内容； ；cover v [ 熟词生义] 涉及 ， 处理； ；factor n 因素； ；concentration n 专心 ， 专注 ； entertainment n 消遣，娱乐；multitask v 同时执行多项任务；consume v 消费， 消耗； confirm v 证实；print n [熟词生义] 印刷品 ，出版物；experimenter n 实验员； pose v [ 熟词生义] 提出；identify v 识别，找到；mental adj 思考的， 思想的 ， 精神的；abstraction n 抽象；physical adj 物理（ 学 ）的；property n [ 熟词生义] 性质， 特性； literal adj 确确实实的，真实的；visual adj 视觉的；geography n [ 熟词生义] 布局； distinct adj 不同的；aspect n 方面；propose v 提出；shallow v 变浅；approach v 处理，对待； serious adj 严肃的， 需认真思考的；engaging adj 有吸引力的，有趣的；say v [ 熟词生义] 比方说；assign v 布置 ；demonstrate v 证明； ；identical adj 完全相同的； ；piece n [ 熟词生义] 文章， 报道；role n [ 熟词生义] 作用；available adj 可获得的；maximize v 使增加到最大限度，使最大化；reflection n 反思，深思；assume v 认为，假定，假设； randomly adv 随机地； ；informative adj 提供有用信息的 imply v 暗指；apply v 运用；multiple adj 多种的；technique n 技巧；produce v 制作
重难词块 the written word 书面文字； ；relate to 涉及 ， 与 …… 相关 ； a variety of 各种各样的； ；a tendency to do sth 做某事的倾向； shine through 表 现 明 显 ； draw inferences from 从 …… 中推断出结论； be related to 与 与 …… 有关； ；physical properties 物理特性； ；along with与 … 一起； ；link … to ...将 …… 同 …… 联系起来； ；(be) suited to 适合 ……； mental effort 脑力， 心力； in print 已刊印， 已出版；mental focus 精神集中；call for 需要； treat sth lightly 对待某事持轻松的态度； hold sb’s attention 保持某人的注意力； develop advanced skills 培养高级技能
长难句分析 The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – to ones that require mental abstraction – such as drawing inferences from a text. 句意为：当实验人员从提出简单的任务， 如找到阅读文章的主旨， ， 转向需要抽象思维的任务，如从文本中推断出结论时，纸质阅读的好处尤为明显。 本中句中 when 引导时间状语从句，从句谓语为 move，like identifying the main idea in a reading passage 和 such as drawing inferences from a text 分别补充说明 simple tasks 和 ones that require mental abstraction。 According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. 句意为：根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本的态度与对待社交媒体的态度相当，社交媒体通常不那么严肃，相比纸质阅读，人们投入的脑力要少。suited to social media 作后置定语修饰 mindset，which引导的非限词 制性定语从句，修饰先行词 social media，and 连接主句并列的谓语 approach 和devote。
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
（2024·新高考卷II阅读理解C篇）
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
9. What information does the convenient app offer
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
10. What can be concluded about BMF employees
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D. They have a strong environmental awareness.
11. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
语篇解读
主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了巴比伦微农场提供室内种植系统，通过云技术远程监控，减少种植植物所需的水量，实践可持续性，减少碳排放。 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了 一种室内花园系统—— 巴比伦微农场（BMF），它不仅能为家庭和大型机构提供新鲜蔬菜，还能利用云技术远程监控和自动化操作，促进了可持续性和环保。
原文出处 https:///these-micro-farms-put-a-new-spin-to-farm-to-table/
语言知识
重难单词 cover v [ 熟词生义]走完（一段路程）；solid adj [ 熟词生义]可靠的； shorten v （ 使 ）变短 （short + -en）；additionally adv [ 句子副词] 此外； innovative adj 创新的（innovate +-ive）； reliable adj 可靠的（rely + -able）； specifically adv [ 句子副词] 确切地说；remotely adv 远程地； monitor v [名词动化] 监控， 监测； real time n 实时；automated adj 自动化的；moreover adv [ 句子副词] 此外；sustainability n 可持续性（sustainable + -ity）；single-use adj 一次性的； availability n 可用性（available + -ity）
重难词块 when it comes to 说到 ……；fresh greens 新鲜青菜；live out 实践 ， 践行； be passionate about 热衷于；be devoted to 对 …… 全身心投入
长难句分析 Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions from transporting plants from soil to salad. 句意为：此外，在同一楼内的这一系统（从种植到食用）意味着蔬菜从土壤到沙拉过程中的零排放。 having a system in the same building 为动名词短语 作主语，where it’s eaten 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 building，means 为句子谓语。
【答案】8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
（2024·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇）
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
语篇解读
主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲了在记录生态多样性方面，大部分记录都是以照片，视频，或者其他电子媒介的方式记录，他们相比实体标本来说真的靠谱吗？答案是否定的。本文仔细剖析了这些电子记录不靠谱的原因和弥补方案。
原文出处 节选自斯坦福大学网站 2023 年 年 5 月 月 1 日名为 Comparison of specimens and field observations reveals biases in biodiversity data 的文章
语言知识
重难单词 document v [ 学术词] 记录，记载；detect v [ 学术词] 发现； shift n [ 学术词] 改变；variety n 多样性；application n 应用程序（缩写为 app ）；primary adj [ 学术词] 原始的，最初的；investigate v [ 学术词] 研究；reveal v [ 学术词] 揭示；favor v 更倾向于；device n [ 学术词] 设备；encounter n [ 学术词] 相遇；feature n [ 学术词] 特征
重难词块 go extinct 灭绝；citizen scientist 民间科学家；in the form of 以 …… 的形式； with the rise of 随着 ……的兴起；with the aid of 借助于 ……；lead author 第一作者；assistant professor 助理教授；respond to 对 …… 作出反应； tend to do sth 易于做某事；make sense 说得通 ，有道理； inform sb of sth 告知某人某事；be limited in number 数量有限
长难句分析 These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable 句意为： 现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自 实物 标本的原始数据，而由于 我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗 本句是一个并列句，前半句中的that 作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词the primary data；后半句中的 since 引导原因状语从句，how 引导宾语从句作 investigate 的宾语。 Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants,insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested howwell these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 句意为：Daru 和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 Using a global dataset ... 为分词短语作状语，how 引导宾语从句作 test 的宾语。 This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. 句意为：这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过 移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。 because 引导原因，状语从句，who 引导定语从句修饰先行词 the people，recording ... nearby 为分词短语作后置定语 ，修饰 citizen scientists。
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗 )”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
（2023·新高考卷I阅读理解C篇）
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
重点词汇：
1. minimalism 2. philosophy 3. foundation
4. increasingly 5. intolerable 6. conclude
7. adopt 8. optional9. massive
10. encounter 11. sustainable 12. leisure
13. mindless 14. toolbox 15. minimalist
16. particular 17. circumstance
语篇解读
主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
原文出处 Digital Minimalism_ Choosing a Focused Life in a Noisy World [2019] -- Cal Newport
语言知识
词汇默写 1. minimalism 2. philosophy 3. foundation 4. increasingly 5. intolerable 6. conclude 7. adopt 8. optional 9. massive 10. encounter 11. sustainable 12. leisure 13. mindless 14. toolbox 15. minimalist 16. particular 17. circumstance
词汇答案 1. minimalism n. (艺术)极简主义 2. philosophy n. 哲学；哲理 3. foundation n. 根基；基础；根据；创建；基金(会) 4. increasingly adv. 逐渐地；越来越多地 5. intolerable adj. 无法忍受的；难耐的 6. conclude vt. 推断出；缔结；使结束vi. 结束；总结；作决定；作协议 7. adopt v. 采用；收养；接受 8. optional adj. 任选的 9. massive adj. 巨大的；大量的；大规模的；大范围的；严重的 10. encounter n. 意外的相见；邂逅；遭遇v. 遭遇；遇到；偶然碰到 11. sustainable adj. 可持续的；合理利用的；养得起的；可承受的 12. leisure n. 闲暇；休闲 13. mindless adj. 不留神的；不顾虑的；无需动脑的；愚蠢的 14. toolbox n. 工具箱 15. minimalist n. 最低限要求者 16. particular adj. 特定的；专指的；特殊的；特别的；挑剔的n. 详情；细节 17. circumstance n. 环境；详情；事件；(复数)境况
重点短语 1. divide sth into 把……分为 2. move on 接着，继续 3. step away from 远离 4. carry out施行；实现 5. draw on凭借；动用；引用 6. take a closer look at深度探索
长难句分析 1. The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. 句意为：这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学。 句型分析：该句式简单句，主干为“The goal of this book is to…, and then to teach…”,其中“including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works”非谓语动词结构是对前面的名词“digital minimalism”进行补充说明。 2. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. 句意为：在第一部分中，我描述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先检查了使如此多的人的数字生活越来越难以忍受的力量，然后进入了数字极简主义哲学的详细讨论。 句型分析：句子主干为“I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism”，其中starting非谓语结构为伴随状语，定语从句“that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable”修饰名词forces，“before moving on to”作为时间状语。 3. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 句意为：在三十天结束时，你将添加一小部分精心挑选的在线活动，你相信这些活动会给你所珍视的东西带来巨大的好处 句型分析：这是复合句，其中句子主干为“you will then add back online activities”，其中定语从句“that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.”修饰前面的名词activities。 4. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. 句意为：在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理。 句型分析：这是复合句，其中句子主干为“I’ll draw on an experiment”，其中定语从句“I ran in 2018”省略了引导词that，修饰experiment ，另一个定语从句“in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.”同样修饰experiment，表示在这个实验中…… 5. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. 句意为：您将听到这些参与者的故事，并了解哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到的哪些陷阱您应该避免。 句型分析：该句为复合句，主干为“You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn”，其中and连接两个宾语从句“what strategies worked well for them”和“what traps they encountered that you should avoid”，都作learn的宾语。 6. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. 句意为：每一章都以一系列实践作为结尾，这些实践旨在帮助您实现本章的宏伟构想。 句型分析：该句为复合句，主干为“Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices,”，其中非限制性定语从句“which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter”修饰前面的名词practices。 7. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. 句意为：你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合你特定情况的极简主义生活方式。 句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为You can view these practices as a toolbox，其中“meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle”非谓语结构为目的状语，定语从句“that words for your particular circumstances”修饰前面的名词lifestyle。
【答案】28.B 29.A 30.C 31.A
【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a
detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you
decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后
如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty
days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that
you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活
动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”
可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a
minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助
你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部
分中提及的实践。故选A。
（2023·新高考卷II阅读理解C篇）
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
28. Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
29. What are the selected artworks about
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
30 What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
31. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
全文大意
《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》是对一种日常物品的庆祝——书籍，它在来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术作品中均有体现。读者的形象在历史上始终存在，即使在我们现在所熟知的书籍问世之前，艺术家们就已经以书籍和阅读为题材进行创作。在艺术家们对书籍和阅读的描绘中，我们可以看到超越文化和时代的共享人性的瞬间。 在这本"书中之书"中，艺术作品被精选并以一种强调不同时代和文化之间联系的方式进行编排。我们可以看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，书籍成为代表不同代际关系的焦点。成年人在许多场景和姿势中被描绘成独自一人——沉浸在一本书中，深思或陶醉于休闲的时刻。这些场景可能绘制于几百年前，但记录了我们都能产生共鸣的瞬间。 书籍本身在绘画中可以被象征性地使用，以展示主题的才智、财富或信仰。在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍就是珍贵的物品，本身可以成为艺术品。最近，随着书籍变得廉价甚至可以随意丢弃，艺术家们将它们作为艺术品的原材料——将封面、页码甚至整本书转化为绘画和雕塑。 通信技术的不断发展曾一度被认为使印刷页面过时。从21世纪的角度来看，印刷书肯定是古老的，但它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有交互性。为了发挥其功能，书籍必须由使用者激活：打开封面，翻开页面，审阅内容，也许写下笔记或划线。与我们日益网络化的生活形成对比的是，我们消费的信息受到监控和追踪，而印刷书仍然提供了一个完全私密的、"脱机"的活动机会。
语言知识
词汇默写 1.representation 2. shared 3. humanity 4. selected 5. emphasize 6.portray 7. absorbed 8.volume 9. symbolically 10.demonstrate intellect 12. faith 13. treasured 14. inexpensive 15.throwaway raw 17. transform 18. sculpture 19 .outdated 20. interactive battery-powered 22.activate 23. increasingly 24.consume monitor 26.track 27. wholly worked
词汇答案 1.代表, 描述 2.共享的，共同的 3.人性 4.被挑选，精选的 5.强调 6.描绘 7. 被吸引，专注于 8.卷 9.象征性地 10.展示 11.智力 12.信仰 13.珍贵的 14.廉价的 15.可随意丢弃的 16.原始的 17.转变 18.雕塑 19.过时的 20.互动的 21.电池驱动的 22.激活 23.越来越多 24.消费 25. 监控 26.跟踪 27.完全 28. 网络化的
重点短语 around the world 全世界 2 came into being 产生 3. relate to 涉及，和...有关 4.in contrast to 与...形成对照 5 come into being 出现，存在 6 go beyond sth 超过（或超出）某事；7. (be)absorbed in sth 被 …吸引住，全神贯注 8. deep in thought 陷入沉思 9. be lost in 陷入 10. printing press 11. work of art 艺术品 12 in one’ s own right 凭借自身的资格 13.raw material 原材料，素材；14 communication technology 通信技术 15 point of view 观点，看
长难句分析 1.Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. 句意为：《阅读艺术：献给书籍爱好者的艺术》是对一个日常物品——书籍的庆祝，这里用来代表该书籍的是来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术作品。 句型分析：主语：Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers谓语：is 表语a celebration of an everyday object — the book。 “represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world” 为过去分词做定语修饰the book。 The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being． 句意为：阅读者的形象是贯穿历史的，早在我们如今熟知的书籍出现之前很久，就己 展现阅读者形象的艺术作品问世。 句型分析：主语The image谓语appears. “throughout history”和 “in art ...” 作状语，made long before books came into being 作后置定语，修饰 art; as we now know them 为插入语。 More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks - transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. 句意为：最近，由于书籍变得廉价甚至被随意丢弃，艺术家们己经将书籍用作艺术品的 原材料，将书籍的封面、内页甚至整本书变成绘画和雕塑作品。本句为主从复合句，主句的主语 artists 谓语have used 宾语them 介词短语as the raw material for art work做状语 so as 引导原因状语从句，主句后的动词-ing 短语作伴随状语。
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. A 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. (Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
【30题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate to”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
A
【来源】2025届浙江省杭州市联考高三上学期12月一模英语试题
The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion (脑震荡), the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch or break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations.
This extremely small damage has big consequences. But decades ago, the public had a “walk it off” attitude towards concussions. That’s changed, thanks in part to an increased awareness about the long-term effects. The 2015 film “Concussion” tells the true story of Dr Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries.
Until recently, the dark-room treatment was the standard prescribed by most doctors, involving patients resting in darkness and without any mental stimulation, until their symptoms eased off. This suggestion came out of studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that found when athletes with concussions continued with high levels of activity, they recovered more slowly than those who rested.
But people who spend more time in a dark room-sometimes called “cocooning”-are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression and sleep problems. Their bodies get weaker due to underuse, as well.
“Science and research have evolved over the past decade, showing that when you stop doing activity altogether, that actually affects your recovery process,” says Babul, a sports-injury specialist. The active-rest approach to concussion recovery promotes a slow increase in activity, starting with a day or two of light daily movement, and gradually adding activity, building to a full return to normal, unrestricted activity.
“People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don’t and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persi专题07 阅读理解说明文
目录
题型综述 1
解题攻略 3
题型01 细节理解题 3
题型02 词句猜测题 4
题型03 判断推理题 6
题型04 主旨大意题 9
高考练场 11
题型简介
说明文是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要体裁，其目的是解释和阐述事物，通常采用比较、解释说明、引用、下定义、举例子、列数字等方法。说明文结构清晰，语言客观简洁，旨在介绍目标对象，呈现事实和观点，作者立场不明显。说明文的常见语篇模式包括“问题—（分析）—解决措施—（解释）—（呼吁、评价或拓展）”、“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”、“新研究发现—解释新研究—（进一步实验论证）—研究结论及其评价、研究启示、未来研究方向”等。
命题类型
细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。
推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。
主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。
词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。
解题思路
快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。
关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。
理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。
同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。
推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。
题型01 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
Students and teachers, as well as some parents, sit on two wooden benches running the length of the hallway of their school. They take turns reading from the Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen, which translates from the Mohawk language to “Words before all else.” These words, which express appreciation for all life forms, mark the day’s start at the Akwesasne Freedom School.
But the 60-odd students here wouldn’t understand these lessons if it weren’t for this little schoolhouse at the United States-Canada border. “This makes us who we are, and if we don’t have this, who are we going to be ” asks teacher Kawehnokwiiosthe, whose name in English means “She makes the island beautiful.”
Kawehnokwiiosthe turns to her young pupils and states that they are wise, or age 5, Mohawk is the medium of education for students in every class from kindergarten to 8th grade. When a child asks a question in English, Kawehnokwiiosthe responds in Mohawk.
Most parents pay for their children with a handmade quilt sold in August. The school is run as a cooperative, where parents do the cleaning along with the students and the maintenance work. Students come from American and Canadian sides of the border, but the school has never accepted funds from either government, says Alvera Sargent, who heads the nonprofit Friends of the Akwesasne Freedom School and is one of the last first-language speakers of Mohawk.
That makes her indispensable, says Waylon Cook, former teacher and now project manager of the school’s nonprofit arm. “We treasure our first-language speakers,” he says. “We treasure them because they are so important for us to continue on our language.”
9．What is the Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen about
A．A way of greeting. B．A way to start and end a day.
C．Deep respect for the natural world. D．Old-fashioned business practices.
10．What can be learned about the school
A．It is headed by Waylon Cook currently.
B．It is self-governed by the local community.
C．It accepts kids from kindergarten to high school.
D．It employs both English and Mohawk for teaching.
题型02 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean 或what is the meaning of the underlined word 为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
The popularity of Durian Personalities is also driven by the longing for depth and genuine emotion in modern society. Psychological research shows that with increasing reliance on social networks and instant messaging tools, shallow relationships have made many lose patience and ability for deep communication. However, Durian Personalities offer a cure: Its “unapproachability” becomes a filtering mechanism, avoiding frivolous social interactions and encouraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersonal connections.
..........
15．What does the underlined word “frivolous” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Regular. B．Unnecessary. C．Nonprofitable. D．Time-consuming.
Dr Katy Tam at the University of Toronto Scarborough said boredom was closely linked to attention. “We feel bored when there’s a gap between how engaged we are and how engaged we want to be,” she said. “When people keep switching through videos, they become less engaged with the videos and they are looking for something more interesting. This can lead to increased feelings of boredom.”
The results appear to chime with other studies: as the team notes, previous research has suggested that while boredom relief is a driver for people to use social media or smartphones, the use of such technology appears to make the feeling worse.
..........
30．What does the underlined phrase “chime with” mean in Paragraph 3
A．agree with B．compare with C．contrast with D．disagree with
Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day.
However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards.
..........
49．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams.
B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results.
C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision.
D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory.
题型03 判断推理题
推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目, 因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。
推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was the author’s attitude towards ...
2. The passage is intended to ...
3. The author suggests that ...
4. The story implies that…
5. Which point of view may the author agree to
6. From the passage we can conclude that...
7. The purpose of the passage is to...。
Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in International Environment that microplastics (微塑料) can make hair loss worse by hurting the skin’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激).
Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bottles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body.
The result of the first study shows when microplastics are tested in living animals, they can create oxidative stress and stop certain proteins from working properly. This can hurt the skin and the parts of the hair follicles where hair grows, finally leading to hair falling out.
In the second study, researchers explored how new and aged microplastics affect the skin and hair in mice. They gave mice water with these microplastics for two months to see what would happen to their hair. After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. But further experiments are needed to decide whether aged microplastics are more harmful.
“Notably, in daily life microplastics can be found in bottled water, clothes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a person consumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week on average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng.
17．How does the author develop paragraph 2
A．By quotation. B．By listing numbers.
C．By comparison. D．By giving a definition.
18．What can be inferred from paragraph 3&4
A．Microplastics are absorbed through many organs.
B．Microplastics finally deposit in the mice’s stomachs.
C．Researchers will carry out further experiments on human beings.
D．New and aged microplastics affect the mice to the same extent in the first study.
19．What is Wang Xusheng’s attitude towards microplastics in daily life
A．Indifferent. B．Objective. C．Concerned. D．Skeptical.
20．Why does the author write the passage
A．To stress on the importance of hair protection.
B．To introduce some new findings of microplastics.
C．To call for urgent action on plastic ban worldwide.
D．To warn readers the danger of microplastics in daily life.
题型04 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage 为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …
The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion (脑震荡), the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch or break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations.
This extremely small damage has big consequences. But decades ago, the public had a “walk it off” attitude towards concussions. That’s changed, thanks in part to an increased awareness about the long-term effects. The 2015 film “Concussion” tells the true story of Dr Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries.
Until recently, the dark-room treatment was the standard prescribed by most doctors, involving patients resting in darkness and without any mental stimulation, until their symptoms eased off. This suggestion came out of studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that found when athletes with concussions continued with high levels of activity, they recovered more slowly than those who rested.
But people who spend more time in a dark room-sometimes called “cocooning”-are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression and sleep problems. Their bodies get weaker due to underuse, as well.
“Science and research have evolved over the past decade, showing that when you stop doing activity altogether, that actually affects your recovery process,” says Babul, a sports-injury specialist. The active-rest approach to concussion recovery promotes a slow increase in activity, starting with a day or two of light daily movement, and gradually adding activity, building to a full return to normal, unrestricted activity.
“People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don’t and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms,” Babul says. “The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do.”
41．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．The workings of concussion. B．The causes of concussion.
C．The symptoms of concussion. D．The effects of concussion.
44．What is the best title of the text
A．From Inaction to Action: Concussion Shocks. B．From Darkness to Light: Concussion Recovery.
C．From Outside to Inside: Concussion Treatment. D．From Nothing to Something: Concussion Study.
（2024·新高考卷I阅读理解C篇）
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
（2024·新高考卷II阅读理解C篇）
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
9. What information does the convenient app offer
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
10. What can be concluded about BMF employees
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D. They have a strong environmental awareness.
11. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
（2024·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇）
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
（2023·新高考卷I阅读理解C篇）
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
（2023·新高考卷II阅读理解C篇）
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
28. Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
29. What are the selected artworks about
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
30 What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
31. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
A
【来源】2025届浙江省杭州市联考高三上学期12月一模英语试题
The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion (脑震荡), the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch or break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations.
This extremely small damage has big consequences. But decades ago, the public had a “walk it off” attitude towards concussions. That’s changed, thanks in part to an increased awareness about the long-term effects. The 2015 film “Concussion” tells the true story of Dr Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries.
Until recently, the dark-room treatment was the standard prescribed by most doctors, involving patients resting in darkness and without any mental stimulation, until their symptoms eased off. This suggestion came out of studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that found when athletes with concussions continued with high levels of activity, they recovered more slowly than those who rested.
But people who spend more time in a dark room-sometimes called “cocooning”-are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression and sleep problems. Their bodies get weaker due to underuse, as well.
“Science and research have evolved over the past decade, showing that when you stop doing activity altogether, that actually affects your recovery process,” says Babul, a sports-injury specialist. The active-rest approach to concussion recovery promotes a slow increase in activity, starting with a day or two of light daily movement, and gradually adding activity, building to a full return to normal, unrestricted activity.
“People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don’t and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms,” Babul says. “The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do.”
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．The workings of concussion. B．The causes of concussion.
C．The symptoms of concussion. D．The effects of concussion.
2．What leads to people’s weaker bodies in the dark-room treatment
A．The dark environment. B．Their physical pain.
C．Their insufficient activity. D．Their mental disorder.
3．Which practice is advised to help with concussion, according to the passage
A．Setting a progressive fitness plan first. B．Doing heavy housework daily.
C．Playing competitive sports regularly. D．Lying in bed for the whole day.
4．What is the best title of the text
A．From Inaction to Action: Concussion Shocks. B．From Darkness to Light: Concussion Recovery.
C．From Outside to Inside: Concussion Treatment. D．From Nothing to Something: Concussion Study.
B
【来源】福建省名校联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题
Watching sports, particularly at large gatherings, goes beyond entertainment. It fosters a sense of community and belonging among audiences. Although it is popularly recognized for its positive effects, existing studies on the relationship between watching sports and well-being offer only limited evidence.
Recognizing this gap, a team of researchers led by Associate Professor Shintaro Sato from the Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Japan, embarked on a groundbreaking study. A significant challenge in well-being research is the subjective nature of measurement procedures, potentially leading to biased findings. “Therefore, our studies focused on both subjective and objective measures of well-being.” explains Prof. Sato.
In the first study, an online survey was aimed at investigating whether the connection between sports viewing and well-being varied depending on the type of sport observed. The experiment exposed participants to various sports videos, assessing their well-being both before and after viewing. The findings underscored that widely embraced sports, like baseball, exerted a more significant impact on enhancing well-being compared to less popular sports, such as golf.
However, the most groundbreaking aspect of this research emerged in the second study. Here, the team employed neuroimaging techniques to examine alterations in brain activity following sports viewing. Using multimodal MRI neuroimaging measurement procedures, the brain activity of fourteen able-bodied Japanese participants was analyzed while they watched sports clips. The results showed that, sports viewing triggered activation in the brain’s reward circuits, indicative of feelings of happiness or pleasure. Additionally, a noteworthy finding surfaced in the structural image analysis. It revealed that individuals watching sports more frequently exhibited greater gray matter volume in regions associated with reward circuits, suggesting that regular sports viewing may gradually cause changes in brain structures. Both subjective and objective measures of well-being were found to be positively influenced by engaging in sports viewing.
The study has profound implications and theoretical contributions to sports management literature. Existing literature has primarily focused on sports fans; however, this study has taken into consideration a larger general population irrespective of their relationship to sports consumption. This research can contribute significantly to sports management practices and policymaking for public health.
5．Why did Shintaro Sato conduct the research
A．To arouse public interest. B．To provide more evidence.
C．To entertain larger audience. D．To contradict existing studies.
6．What may be a suggested way to boost well-being according to the study
A．Playing golf frequently. B．Watching baseball regularly.
C．Identifying types of sports accurately. D．Organizing sports events occasionally.
7．What can be learned about changes in brain
A．Golf playing boosts brain’s activity.
B．Different sports cause better brain image.
C．Soccer playing triggers brain’s reward circuits.
D．Regular sports viewing affects gray matter volume.
8．What is the potential contribution of this research
A．Better policy for public health.
B．Stricter requirements on sports fans.
C．Bitter comments on existing literature.
D．Deep understanding of relationship management.
C
【来源】山东省名校考试联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期12月月考英语试题
Emotions and memories go hand in hand. There is a clear link between emotion and memory. Emotion affects the formation of a memory because emotions are both physically and cognitively (认知地) arousing. This arousal enables the amygdala (杏仁核) and the hippocampus (海马体), both of which are involved in memory formation and consolidation. So emotional memories are stored more effectively than memories for the everyday event. Memories for emotional events tend to be vivid and detailed. These memories insist over time, along with memory for the mood value (positive or negative) of the emotion that we felt when the event happened.
So it is clear that emotions can and do influence memory. But does it work the other way around If memory is impaired, what happens to emotion
In 2014 Guzman-Velez, Feinstein, and Tranel conducted an experiment and examined the link between memory and emotion in a group of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). They brought about feelings of happiness and sadness in a group of patients suffering from AD and in healthy control individuals matched for age, sex (they tested both males and females), and education. And they found, once again, that despite not being able to recall the details of the films they’d watched, AD sufferers’ emotional reactions remained heightened well beyond the point at which the details of the films, either happy or sad, had faded away. They likened this disassociation between memory and emotions to being “stuck in a mood and you can’t remember why.”
These kinds of results may have implications for treatment and help for people suffering from AD．The actions caretakers and family have toward AD patients may have unintended consequences. Even though AD patients may not remember the specific actions that created an emotional response, the emotion itself may stay for quite a while. Perhaps “adopting an attitude of acceptance and giving the patients positive support can potentially generatelong states of positive emotion while minimizing instances of noncompliant and aggressive behavior.”
9．Why do emotional memories stay longer
A．They link more closely to brains. B．They stand the test of longer time.
C．They co-exist with other memories. D．They activate some key brain parts.
10．What does the underlined word “impaired” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Damaged. B．Stored. C．Deleted. D．Protected
11．What is the finding of the experiment in paragraph 3
A．Emotion belongs to memory. B．Emotion can be self-existent.
C．Memory co-exists with emotion. D．Memory can get out of emotion.
12．What can the experiment result imply concerning the treatment of AD
A．Medical treatment should be used. B．Positive interactions are needed.
C．More films should be provided. D．New environment is necessary.
D
【来源】2025届湖南省高三上学期九校联盟第一次联考英语试题
A cyclist pedals down the street. The cyclist’s brain takes in information from what he has perceived but can no longer see. The brain sorts through that information—the color, shape and text on signs, for example—and selects what is most important. Based on that, he takes the correct turn and continues on.
Freek Van Ede, cognitive neuroscientist (神经学家) at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, studies attention. He uses a lot of bicycling metaphors. His focus is not on external attention—what someone is looking at or attending to in the moment. Instead, Van Ede is trying to understand what happens inside-how the brain focuses on and grabs exactly what it needs from incoming information to guide future behavior.
Getting a more real-world picture means measuring brain activity in real time, which is why Van Ede uses electro-encephalography (脑电图), paired with eye tracking. In one experiment, participants watched objects briefly appear on a screen. Van Ede found that when a participant was asked to recall something about an object that had been onscreen, their gaze moved quickly toward where the object had been, even though it was no longer there.
That movement was detectable as microsaccades (微跳视)—tiny unconscious movements that your eyes make. When participants shifted their attention to focus on where an object had been, the microsaccades were systematically pulled in the direction of that attention shift. This discovery opened new opportunities for tracking “the mind’s eye,” Van Ede says, and so decoding what information the brain is using to plan future action.
Van Ede’s lab has used the technique to show that when preparing for the future, the brain doesn’t wait until all the information is in to make a plan. Instead, the brain plans possible actions as each piece of information comes in—even though the brain can select only one plan in the end. Knowing how the brain plans actions could someday help scientists gain an insight into memory disorders or attention problems.
13．How does the author introduce the topic
A．By making an assumption. B．By giving a relevant example.
C．By making some contrasts. D．By listing research data.
14．What does Van Ede’s study concentrate on
A．Cognitive neuroscience. B．External environment.
C．Internal attention. D．Unconscious movements.
15．What can we learn about Van Ede’s experiment
A．Electro-encephalography is the only method to use.
B．The brain doesn’t plan future action until all information has come in.
C．Participants fail to recall what they perceived previously.
D．Participants’ microsaccades correspond to their attention shifts.
16．What aspect may the discovery be applied in
A．Decoding all messages in the brain. B．Improving cognitive competence.
C．Knowing some memory problems. D．Helping cure certain brain illnesses.
E
【来源】湖北省云学联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期12月联考英语试题
The artificial intelligence (AI) industry is projected to reach a value of $407 billion by 2027. However, its rapid development raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding the treatment of data labelers. Without these workers, products like ChatGPT wouldn’t exist.
Data labelers play a key role in helping AI systems “learn”. As the name suggests, data labeling involves assigning labels to raw data-such as images, videos or text-so that Al systems can recognize patterns and make predictions. For example, autonomous vehicles depend on labeled videos to differentiate between pedestrians and road signs, while large language models like ChatGPT require labeled text to interpret human language.
Despite their essential role, labelers are often exploited. AI models can cost tens of millions of dollars to develop, so tech giants like Google and Microsoft outsource much of the data labeling work to factories in developing countries where workers are paid unfairly low wages. For instance, data labelers in Venezuela typically earn between $0.90 to $2 per hour whereas their counterparts in the US earn $10 to $25 per hour. Some companies even employ children for this task. The working conditions are also poor. Many data labelers are crowded into dusty, unsafe rooms that pose health risks. Moreover, they often lack basic social protections such as healthcare.
Data labeling can also be mentally exhausting due to repetitive tasks, tight deadlines and strict quality controls. Workers are sometimes required to read and label hate speech or other abusive content which can harm their mental health. Additionally, labelers often have no access to performance data and are unable to defend themselves in the event of wage cuts or job losses.
These issues have become so serious that in May nearly 100 data labelers and AI workers in Kenya published an open letter to US President Joe Biden, declaring that “our working conditions amount to modern-day slavery”.
The urgent need for more ethical Al supply chains is panies must implement fair wage policies that reflect the value of labelers’ contributions. Governments should introduce regulations promoting fairness and transparency in performance evaluations and data processing. As Al users, we can all advocate for ethical practices by supporting companies that are frank about their supply chains and treat their workers fairly.
17．What is the key role of data labelers in AI industry
A．They analyse data to train AI systems. B．They program AI models for language tasks.
C．They assist AI system to identify patterns. D．They recognize patterns and make predictions.
18．Which is a challenge data labelers may face
A．Leakages of personal information. B．Lack of professional training
C．Limited access to information D．A threat to psychological health
19．Why did data labelers in Kenya publish an open letter to US President Joe Biden
A．To complain about hate speech. B．To require better working conditions
C．To defend their rights as citizens D．To declare their wages cuts and job loss
20．What is the purpose of this text
A．To introduce the basic tasks data labelers do
B．To advocate bettering the welfare of data labelers
C．To reveal how data labelers relieve their work pressure.
D．To interpret the importance data labelers attach to AI industry.
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