专题04 猜词题
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解试题中的必考题型, 可以是对一个单词意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的推断，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，可以考查替代词的内容。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语大多超出考纲的范围，需要根据语境进行推测其含义。
平时的训练中应当注意生词和短语的积累，还要掌握构词法，和一定的解题技巧。考生应掌握一些猜词技巧，通过定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义、构词、常识及上下文线索等确定词义。
1. 技巧思维导图
2. 命题方式
题型和考查角度：
1.猜测生词或熟词生义。
2.猜测短语的意义。
3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。
4.猜测句意。
命题方式：
The underlined word “ … ” refers to/ (probably) means .
“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as…
What do you think the expression “…” stands for
What does the underlined word “…” refer to in the last paragraph
Which of the following words can take the place of the word “ … ”
The underlined word “…” could best be replaced by…
Which of the following has the closest meaning to the word “ … ”
What does the author mean by “…” in paragraph 2
3. 选项特点
正确选项特征
将选项代入原文，上下文逻辑通顺。
含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。
干扰项特征
与划线部分词形相似
考查熟词生义时，含有常规词义的往往不正确 3.选项中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。
4. 猜测单词或短语
1.根据定义推测词义：
有时作者会通过给词汇下定义来帮助读者理解该词的基本含义，如线索词that is, or, namely, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put it another way, which is等。
2.根据举例推测词义：
有时，划线部分后会根由一些具体的例子，这些例子可以帮助考试理解该词的词义。线索词such as, such...as, for example, for instance, like , including, especially等。
3.根据对比关系或转折关系推测词义：
表达对比或转折关系的词需注意but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead, similarly, on the contrary, in contrast to等。
4.根据同义词或并列结构推测词义：
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调和重复，会使用意思相同或相近的词，此时，只要知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另一个词的意思。
5.根据构词法推测词义：
英语中的很多词汇，尤其是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的，因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。
6.根据因果关系推测词义：
因果关系时一种常见的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。根据线索词as, since, because, for , so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so...that, such...that等可知上下句存在因果，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
5. 猜测代词
定关键：返回原文，找到指代词，理清句子结构。
找替代：根据上下文，寻找复合逻辑关系的名词、代词、短语或句子等。
再核对：比较选项，找出与符合逻辑的选项。
一般来说，it/this/that指代一件事；
it/he/them/they/one/those指代上文提到的人或事。
In the mid 1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24 year old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
6. 猜测句子
一定位：定位划线句，利用语法和逻辑关系准确分析原卷
二分析：分析理解划线句前后语境，合理推断句意
三归纳：归纳总结，找出与原句意思完全吻合的选项
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
9．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean
A．Be careful! B．Well done!
C．No way! D．Don't worry!
7. 构词法基础知识
词缀猜词法。
词根词缀 解释 例词
hemi-, semi- 半 hemisphere n. 半球 semi-civilized a.半开化的
graph, gram 写，图 diagram n. 图解，图表
here, hes 粘附 adhere vi. 粘附，附着
homo 同类的 homosexual adj. 同性恋的
herit 继承 inherit vt. 继承（传统等）
fore- 前 forehead n. 前部
flu 流动 fluid adj. 流动的，易变的
form 形成，形状 formation n. 形成，构成
frac, frag 打碎 fraction n. 小部分，片断
geo 地 geology n. 地质学，地质情况
ex- 出 export vt. 输出，出口
femin 女人 feminine adj. 女性的，女子的
fer 带来，拿来 ferry n. 渡船
flect, flex 弯曲 reflect v. 反射，映现
pend, pens, pond 称重量，称银子，引申为花费 expend vt. 花费，消费
em-, en- 进入…之中，包括；使进入状态 enclose vt. 围住，圈起
ceed 行走，前进 proceed vi. 行进，前进
erg, ert 能量，活力 energy n. 精力，活力
lev 变轻，举起 elevator n. 电梯，升降机
mot 动 motion n. 运动，动作
norm 规范 normal adj. 正常的，正规的
rect 竖，直 erect vt. 建造
vid, vis 看 invisible adj. 看不见的，无形的
e-, ef- 出 efficiency n. 效率，功效
don, dit 给予 donation n. 捐款，捐赠
electr 电的 electric adj. 电的
rupt 断裂 interrupt v. 打断，打扰
stinct, sting 刺 distinct adj. 与其它不同的
vers, vert 转 convert v. （使）转变
di- 两个 divide v. 分开
dis- 不；分开 dismiss vt. 解雇，解散
gener 产生 generate vt. 发生，引起
pict 描写，画 picture n. 图画
port 拿，运 export vt. 输出
scend, scens, scent 爬 descend vi. 下来，下降
scribe, script 写 describe vt. 形容，描写
de- 离开；变坏，向下，加强 deduct vt. 扣除，减去
dec- 十 decade n. 十年
creed, cred 相信，信任 incredible adj. 不可信的
词根词缀 解释 例词
cur(r) 跑 currency n. 通货，流行
fac, fact, fect, fic 做 manufacture vt. 制造，加工
duce, duct 引导 conduct n. 指导；管理
contra- 相反 contrary adj. 相反的
crop, corpor 身体，团体 corporation n. 公司，企业
dict 说 dictate v./n. 口授，命令
sist 站立 persist vi. 坚持，持续
serv 保持 reserve vt. 保留，留存
tend, tent 伸展 extend v. 扩大，伸展
ven, vent 来 revenue n. 收入，收益
vict 征服 convict vt. 证明……有罪
centr 中心 concentrate v. 集中，聚集
dem(o) 民众 democracy n. 民主，民主制
fer 带来 suffer v. 遭受，忍受
fid 相信，信念 confidence n. 信任，信心
fin 结束，范围 confine vt. 限制
plex 重叠，交叉 complex adj. 复合的
secut, sequ 跟随 consequene n. 结果，后果
sens, sent 感觉 sentiment n. 感情，情绪
col-, cor- 在同辅音词根前，表示“共同” colleague n. 同事
com, con- 共同；加强 combine v. 联合，结合
lust 光，照亮 illustrate vt. 说明
lapse 滑倒 collapse vi./n. 倒塌，瓦解
mand 命令 command vt. 命令，指挥
mun 服务 municipal adj. 市政的
pel, puls 驱动，推 pulse vt. 搏动，跳动
ab-, abs- 相反，变坏，离去 abuse vt./n. 滥用
ab-, ac-, ad-, af, ag- 等加在同辅音字母的词跟前，表示“一再”等加强意 accelerate vt. 加速
aer- 空气，充气 aerial adj. 空中的，架空的
tract 拉 tractor n. 拖拉机，牵引车
cord, card 心脏，一致 accord n. 一致
celer 速度 accelerate vt. 加速
cur 关心 curious adj. 关心的
equ, equi 相等，平等 equation n. 等式
opt 选择 option n. 选择
vers, vert 转 convert vt. （使）转变
grav 重 gravity n. 重力，引力
ambi- 二 ambition n. 雄心，抱负
ana- 错误；在旁边；分开 analyse vt. 分析，分解
alter 其他的，改变状态 alternate adj. 交替的，轮流的
ann 年 annual adj. 每年的
词根词缀 解释 例词
gress 行走 progress n. 前进，进步
liter 文学 literary adj. 文学的，文人的
loc 地方 local adj. 地方性的
log 说话 apologize vi. 道歉，谢罪
a- 不，无，非；在…，…的；加强含义 aside adv. 在旁边，到旁边
art 技巧，关节，诡计 artificial adj. 人工的
cert 搞清，区别 certify vt. 证明，证实
scend, scens, scent 爬，攀 descend vi. 下来，下降
spect, spic 看 perspective n. 视角，观点
simil, sembl, simul 相似；一样 similar adj. 相似的，类似的
sum 拿，取 resume vt. 继续，恢复
tain, ten, tin, tinu 拿住 retain vt. 保留，保持
audi 听 audience n. 听众
bat 打 combat n. 战争
bene 善，好 benefit vi, 有益于，得益
bio, bi 声明，生物 biology n. 生物学，生态学
im-, in- 不，无，非；向内，进入 import vt./n. 输入，进口
val, vail 强壮的，价值 invaluable adj. 非常宝贵的，极为贵重的
brilli 发光 brilliant adj. 光辉的，卓越的
calc 石灰 calcium n. 钙
cracy 统治 democracy n. 民主，民主制
fic 做 artificial adj. 人工的，人为的
cap(t), cep(t), ceive, cip 拿，抓，握住 capture vt. 捕获，俘获
circ 环绕 circuit n. 电路，环行
clin 倾斜 incline vt. 使倾斜
cid 落下 incident n. 发生的事，事件
clos, clud, clus 关闭 exclude vt. 把……排除在外
lust 光，照亮 illustrate vt. 说明
ject 抛 inject vt. 注入
sect 切割 section n. 截面，剖面
sert 插，放 insert vt. 插入，嵌入
sist 站立 persist vi. 坚持，持续
magn- 大 magnificent adj. 壮丽的，华丽的
fac, fact, fect, fic 做 manufacture vt. 制造，加工
junct 连接，联合 conjunction n. 接合，连接
leg 法律 legal adj. 法律的，合法的
micro-. mini- 小 microscope n. 显微镜
multi- 多 multiple adj. 多重的
mod 方式，模式，风度 mode n. 方式，模式
词根词缀 解释 例词
op- 相反 oppose vt. 反对，反抗
mut 变 mutual adj. 相互的
neg 否定 negative adj. 否定的，消极的
opt, opto 视力 optical adj. 眼的，光学的
not 知道 notion n. 概念
orn 装饰 adorn v. 装饰
para- 半，类似，辅助；在旁边；降落伞 parallel adj. 类似的，并列的
per- 贯穿，自始至终；坏，假 persist vt. 坚持，持续
oxy 氧的 oxygen n. 氧气，氧
part 部分 partial adj. 部分的
pass 感觉 passion n. 激情，热情
pre- …前的，预先 previous adj. 先，前，以前的
prim- 第一，主要的 prime adj. 首要的，最好的
jud 判断 judgement n. 审判，判断
preci 价值 precious adj. 珍贵的，宝贵的
pro- 向前，在前；很多；赞同；亲… proceed vi. 行进，前进
priv 私有的，单一 private adj. 私人的，个人的
re- 向后，相反，不；一再，重新 renew v. 重新开始，继续
fess 说 confess vt. 供认，坦白
gress 行走 progress n. 前进，进步
voc 声音 vocal adj. 嗓音，发声的
retro- 向后 retrograde v. 后退，倒退
med 治疗 remedy n. 补救办法，治疗法
rect 竖，直 erect vt. 建造，使竖立
spons 约定 sponsor n. 主办者，保证人
tort 扭 distort v. 扭曲，歪曲
viv 生命 vivid adj. 深冬的，活泼的
volv 滚，卷 revolve v. 旋转，循环
ven 来 revenue n. 收入，收益
se- 分开 separate v. 愤慨，隔离
rupt 断 interrupt v. 打断，中断
sacr 神圣的 sacrifice n. 牺牲，供奉
sens 感觉 sensitive adj. 敏感的，灵敏的
sequ 跟随 consequence n. 结果，推论
simil, simul 相类似 similar adj. 相似的，类似的
greg 群体 aggregate v. 合计；聚集
satur 饱 saturable adj. 可饱和的
sub- 在……下面 subway n. 地铁
soc 同伴，结交 social adj. 社会的，社交的
sol 太阳，独自 solar adj. 太阳的
stimul 刺激 stimulate v. 刺激，激励
词根词缀 解释 例词
cult 培养，种植 culture n. 教养，培养
cip 抓，拿 recipient n. 接收者
mon 警告 monitor n. 班长；监视器，检测器
suf- 下面 suffice v. 足够，有能力
super- 超过 superman n. 超人
sup- 在下面 supplicant adj. 哀求的，恳求的
sur- 超过 surrender v. 放弃，投降
sus- 在……下面 sustain v. 支撑，维持
cept 拿，抓，握住 except v. 除外
sym, syn 共同 sympathy n. 同情，同情心
tele 远 telepathic adj. 心灵感应的
terr 地 territorial adj. 领土的
tri- 三 triangle n. 三角形
trans- 交换 transport v. 运输，传送
port 拿，运 import n. 进口，输入
test 证据 testify v. 证明，证实
text 编织 textile adj. 纺织的
tribut 给予 contribute v. 捐助，捐献
turb 扰乱 disturb v. 弄乱，扰乱
ultimo 最后的 ultimate adj. 最后的，最终的
un- 不 unfair adj. 不公平的
uni- 单一 uniform adj. 统一的，一致的
with- 向后，相反 withdraw v. 收回，撤销
util 使用 utilize v. 利用
vac 空 vacant adj. 空白的
vit 生命 vitamin n. 维他命，维生素
vari 变 various adj. 多样的，多方面的
verb 词语 adverb n. 副词
ver 真实的 verdict n. 裁决，判断
verg 倾向 converge v. 聚合，会聚
8. 真题感悟
2025年1月浙江卷C
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
......
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
2025年1月八省联考B
Jim Johnson, a mail carrier, was an institution in the leafy Westmoreland, Westhaven and Westover Hills neighborhoods. just north of downtown Wilmington, where he delivered much more than the mail. He knew all the kids and their pets by name; he carried in the groceries; he took note of unlocked doors, offered gardening advice, and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball. When he wasn't doing all that, Jim was running across a checkerboard of green lawns（草坪） to ensure the local postal service did not fall short of its daily promise.
Though the postal service is often disparaged now, the trust in local postal service lives on. In many communities, that trust is won every day when life-saving medicine, greetIng cards, social security checks, college acceptance letters-even the bills-appear in mailboxes in front of the houses.
25. What does the underlined word “disparaged” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Refused. B. Criticized. C. Investigated. D. Suspended.
2024年6月新课标全国Ⅰ卷C
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.
2024年6月新课标全国Ⅱ卷D
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. If read by someone poorly educated.
B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent.
D. If translated by someone unacademic.
以防潜在危机。
2024年6月新课标全国甲卷B
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
2024年6月北京卷C
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by.
2024年1月九省联考C
However, there are ways to win an argument every time. When you state your position, formulate （阐述） an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. When you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully Assess its strength and weakness Raise objections（异议） and listen carefully to their replies. This method will require effort, but practice will make you better at it.
30. What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Defend. B. Explain. C. Conclude. D. Repeat.专题04 猜词题
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解试题中的必考题型, 可以是对一个单词意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的推断，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，可以考查替代词的内容。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语大多超出考纲的范围，需要根据语境进行推测其含义。
平时的训练中应当注意生词和短语的积累，还要掌握构词法，和一定的解题技巧。考生应掌握一些猜词技巧，通过定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义、构词、常识及上下文线索等确定词义。
1. 技巧思维导图
2. 命题方式
题型和考查角度：
1.猜测生词或熟词生义。
2.猜测短语的意义。
3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。
4.猜测句意。
命题方式：
The underlined word “ … ” refers to/ (probably) means .
“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as…
What do you think the expression “…” stands for
What does the underlined word “…” refer to in the last paragraph
Which of the following words can take the place of the word “ … ”
The underlined word “…” could best be replaced by…
Which of the following has the closest meaning to the word “ … ”
What does the author mean by “…” in paragraph 2
3. 选项特点
正确选项特征
将选项代入原文，上下文逻辑通顺。
含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。
干扰项特征
与划线部分词形相似
考查熟词生义时，含有常规词义的往往不正确 3.选项中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。
4. 猜测单词或短语
1.根据定义推测词义：
有时作者会通过给词汇下定义来帮助读者理解该词的基本含义，如线索词that is, or, namely, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put it another way, which is等。
2.根据举例推测词义：
有时，划线部分后会根由一些具体的例子，这些例子可以帮助考试理解该词的词义。线索词such as, such...as, for example, for instance, like , including, especially等。
3.根据对比关系或转折关系推测词义：
表达对比或转折关系的词需注意but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead, similarly, on the contrary, in contrast to等。
4.根据同义词或并列结构推测词义：
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调和重复，会使用意思相同或相近的词，此时，只要知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另一个词的意思。
5.根据构词法推测词义：
英语中的很多词汇，尤其是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的，因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。
6.根据因果关系推测词义：
因果关系时一种常见的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。根据线索词as, since, because, for , so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so...that, such...that等可知上下句存在因果，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
【真题典例】
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
【答案】A
【解析】 词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
5. 猜测代词
定关键：返回原文，找到指代词，理清句子结构。
找替代：根据上下文，寻找复合逻辑关系的名词、代词、短语或句子等。
再核对：比较选项，找出与符合逻辑的选项。
一般来说，it/this/that指代一件事；
it/he/them/they/one/those指代上文提到的人或事。
【真题典例】
In the mid 1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24 year old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
【答案】D
【解析】指代判断题。上文提到了Bissell(比塞尔)写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章，然后画线词所在句提到他的访问最终涉及的事远不止这个，因而才有了Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia这本书。由此可知，画线词that指的是“写有关咸海的文章”。故选D。
6. 猜测句子
一定位：定位划线句，利用语法和逻辑关系准确分析原卷
二分析：分析理解划线句前后语境，合理推断句意
三归纳：归纳总结，找出与原句意思完全吻合的选项
【真题典例】
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
9．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean
A．Be careful! B．Well done!
C．No way! D．Don't worry!
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. (那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼。由此可推知，画线词指“落地技巧完美，干得漂亮”。故选B。
7. 构词法基础知识
词缀猜词法。
词根词缀 解释 例词
hemi-, semi- 半 hemisphere n. 半球 semi-civilized a.半开化的
graph, gram 写，图 diagram n. 图解，图表
here, hes 粘附 adhere vi. 粘附，附着
homo 同类的 homosexual adj. 同性恋的
herit 继承 inherit vt. 继承（传统等）
fore- 前 forehead n. 前部
flu 流动 fluid adj. 流动的，易变的
form 形成，形状 formation n. 形成，构成
frac, frag 打碎 fraction n. 小部分，片断
geo 地 geology n. 地质学，地质情况
ex- 出 export vt. 输出，出口
femin 女人 feminine adj. 女性的，女子的
fer 带来，拿来 ferry n. 渡船
flect, flex 弯曲 reflect v. 反射，映现
pend, pens, pond 称重量，称银子，引申为花费 expend vt. 花费，消费
em-, en- 进入…之中，包括；使进入状态 enclose vt. 围住，圈起
ceed 行走，前进 proceed vi. 行进，前进
erg, ert 能量，活力 energy n. 精力，活力
lev 变轻，举起 elevator n. 电梯，升降机
mot 动 motion n. 运动，动作
norm 规范 normal adj. 正常的，正规的
rect 竖，直 erect vt. 建造
vid, vis 看 invisible adj. 看不见的，无形的
e-, ef- 出 efficiency n. 效率，功效
don, dit 给予 donation n. 捐款，捐赠
electr 电的 electric adj. 电的
rupt 断裂 interrupt v. 打断，打扰
stinct, sting 刺 distinct adj. 与其它不同的
vers, vert 转 convert v. （使）转变
di- 两个 divide v. 分开
dis- 不；分开 dismiss vt. 解雇，解散
gener 产生 generate vt. 发生，引起
pict 描写，画 picture n. 图画
port 拿，运 export vt. 输出
scend, scens, scent 爬 descend vi. 下来，下降
scribe, script 写 describe vt. 形容，描写
de- 离开；变坏，向下，加强 deduct vt. 扣除，减去
dec- 十 decade n. 十年
creed, cred 相信，信任 incredible adj. 不可信的
词根词缀 解释 例词
cur(r) 跑 currency n. 通货，流行
fac, fact, fect, fic 做 manufacture vt. 制造，加工
duce, duct 引导 conduct n. 指导；管理
contra- 相反 contrary adj. 相反的
crop, corpor 身体，团体 corporation n. 公司，企业
dict 说 dictate v./n. 口授，命令
sist 站立 persist vi. 坚持，持续
serv 保持 reserve vt. 保留，留存
tend, tent 伸展 extend v. 扩大，伸展
ven, vent 来 revenue n. 收入，收益
vict 征服 convict vt. 证明……有罪
centr 中心 concentrate v. 集中，聚集
dem(o) 民众 democracy n. 民主，民主制
fer 带来 suffer v. 遭受，忍受
fid 相信，信念 confidence n. 信任，信心
fin 结束，范围 confine vt. 限制
plex 重叠，交叉 complex adj. 复合的
secut, sequ 跟随 consequene n. 结果，后果
sens, sent 感觉 sentiment n. 感情，情绪
col-, cor- 在同辅音词根前，表示“共同” colleague n. 同事
com, con- 共同；加强 combine v. 联合，结合
lust 光，照亮 illustrate vt. 说明
lapse 滑倒 collapse vi./n. 倒塌，瓦解
mand 命令 command vt. 命令，指挥
mun 服务 municipal adj. 市政的
pel, puls 驱动，推 pulse vt. 搏动，跳动
ab-, abs- 相反，变坏，离去 abuse vt./n. 滥用
ab-, ac-, ad-, af, ag- 等加在同辅音字母的词跟前，表示“一再”等加强意 accelerate vt. 加速
aer- 空气，充气 aerial adj. 空中的，架空的
tract 拉 tractor n. 拖拉机，牵引车
cord, card 心脏，一致 accord n. 一致
celer 速度 accelerate vt. 加速
cur 关心 curious adj. 关心的
equ, equi 相等，平等 equation n. 等式
opt 选择 option n. 选择
vers, vert 转 convert vt. （使）转变
grav 重 gravity n. 重力，引力
ambi- 二 ambition n. 雄心，抱负
ana- 错误；在旁边；分开 analyse vt. 分析，分解
alter 其他的，改变状态 alternate adj. 交替的，轮流的
ann 年 annual adj. 每年的
词根词缀 解释 例词
gress 行走 progress n. 前进，进步
liter 文学 literary adj. 文学的，文人的
loc 地方 local adj. 地方性的
log 说话 apologize vi. 道歉，谢罪
a- 不，无，非；在…，…的；加强含义 aside adv. 在旁边，到旁边
art 技巧，关节，诡计 artificial adj. 人工的
cert 搞清，区别 certify vt. 证明，证实
scend, scens, scent 爬，攀 descend vi. 下来，下降
spect, spic 看 perspective n. 视角，观点
simil, sembl, simul 相似；一样 similar adj. 相似的，类似的
sum 拿，取 resume vt. 继续，恢复
tain, ten, tin, tinu 拿住 retain vt. 保留，保持
audi 听 audience n. 听众
bat 打 combat n. 战争
bene 善，好 benefit vi, 有益于，得益
bio, bi 声明，生物 biology n. 生物学，生态学
im-, in- 不，无，非；向内，进入 import vt./n. 输入，进口
val, vail 强壮的，价值 invaluable adj. 非常宝贵的，极为贵重的
brilli 发光 brilliant adj. 光辉的，卓越的
calc 石灰 calcium n. 钙
cracy 统治 democracy n. 民主，民主制
fic 做 artificial adj. 人工的，人为的
cap(t), cep(t), ceive, cip 拿，抓，握住 capture vt. 捕获，俘获
circ 环绕 circuit n. 电路，环行
clin 倾斜 incline vt. 使倾斜
cid 落下 incident n. 发生的事，事件
clos, clud, clus 关闭 exclude vt. 把……排除在外
lust 光，照亮 illustrate vt. 说明
ject 抛 inject vt. 注入
sect 切割 section n. 截面，剖面
sert 插，放 insert vt. 插入，嵌入
sist 站立 persist vi. 坚持，持续
magn- 大 magnificent adj. 壮丽的，华丽的
fac, fact, fect, fic 做 manufacture vt. 制造，加工
junct 连接，联合 conjunction n. 接合，连接
leg 法律 legal adj. 法律的，合法的
micro-. mini- 小 microscope n. 显微镜
multi- 多 multiple adj. 多重的
mod 方式，模式，风度 mode n. 方式，模式
词根词缀 解释 例词
op- 相反 oppose vt. 反对，反抗
mut 变 mutual adj. 相互的
neg 否定 negative adj. 否定的，消极的
opt, opto 视力 optical adj. 眼的，光学的
not 知道 notion n. 概念
orn 装饰 adorn v. 装饰
para- 半，类似，辅助；在旁边；降落伞 parallel adj. 类似的，并列的
per- 贯穿，自始至终；坏，假 persist vt. 坚持，持续
oxy 氧的 oxygen n. 氧气，氧
part 部分 partial adj. 部分的
pass 感觉 passion n. 激情，热情
pre- …前的，预先 previous adj. 先，前，以前的
prim- 第一，主要的 prime adj. 首要的，最好的
jud 判断 judgement n. 审判，判断
preci 价值 precious adj. 珍贵的，宝贵的
pro- 向前，在前；很多；赞同；亲… proceed vi. 行进，前进
priv 私有的，单一 private adj. 私人的，个人的
re- 向后，相反，不；一再，重新 renew v. 重新开始，继续
fess 说 confess vt. 供认，坦白
gress 行走 progress n. 前进，进步
voc 声音 vocal adj. 嗓音，发声的
retro- 向后 retrograde v. 后退，倒退
med 治疗 remedy n. 补救办法，治疗法
rect 竖，直 erect vt. 建造，使竖立
spons 约定 sponsor n. 主办者，保证人
tort 扭 distort v. 扭曲，歪曲
viv 生命 vivid adj. 深冬的，活泼的
volv 滚，卷 revolve v. 旋转，循环
ven 来 revenue n. 收入，收益
se- 分开 separate v. 愤慨，隔离
rupt 断 interrupt v. 打断，中断
sacr 神圣的 sacrifice n. 牺牲，供奉
sens 感觉 sensitive adj. 敏感的，灵敏的
sequ 跟随 consequence n. 结果，推论
simil, simul 相类似 similar adj. 相似的，类似的
greg 群体 aggregate v. 合计；聚集
satur 饱 saturable adj. 可饱和的
sub- 在……下面 subway n. 地铁
soc 同伴，结交 social adj. 社会的，社交的
sol 太阳，独自 solar adj. 太阳的
stimul 刺激 stimulate v. 刺激，激励
词根词缀 解释 例词
cult 培养，种植 culture n. 教养，培养
cip 抓，拿 recipient n. 接收者
mon 警告 monitor n. 班长；监视器，检测器
suf- 下面 suffice v. 足够，有能力
super- 超过 superman n. 超人
sup- 在下面 supplicant adj. 哀求的，恳求的
sur- 超过 surrender v. 放弃，投降
sus- 在……下面 sustain v. 支撑，维持
cept 拿，抓，握住 except v. 除外
sym, syn 共同 sympathy n. 同情，同情心
tele 远 telepathic adj. 心灵感应的
terr 地 territorial adj. 领土的
tri- 三 triangle n. 三角形
trans- 交换 transport v. 运输，传送
port 拿，运 import n. 进口，输入
test 证据 testify v. 证明，证实
text 编织 textile adj. 纺织的
tribut 给予 contribute v. 捐助，捐献
turb 扰乱 disturb v. 弄乱，扰乱
ultimo 最后的 ultimate adj. 最后的，最终的
un- 不 unfair adj. 不公平的
uni- 单一 uniform adj. 统一的，一致的
with- 向后，相反 withdraw v. 收回，撤销
util 使用 utilize v. 利用
vac 空 vacant adj. 空白的
vit 生命 vitamin n. 维他命，维生素
vari 变 various adj. 多样的，多方面的
verb 词语 adverb n. 副词
ver 真实的 verdict n. 裁决，判断
verg 倾向 converge v. 聚合，会聚
8. 真题感悟
2025年1月浙江卷C
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
......
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
本文介绍了“矩阵式”种植方法，倡导模仿自然设计园艺。
28. B 词义猜测题。由划线词所在句 “Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools” 以及后文提到 “to garden more like nature does” 可知，矩阵种植强调减少人类干预，因此 “Eschewing” 意为 “避免、远离”，故选B项。
2025年1月八省联考B
Jim Johnson, a mail carrier, was an institution in the leafy Westmoreland, Westhaven and Westover Hills neighborhoods. just north of downtown Wilmington, where he delivered much more than the mail. He knew all the kids and their pets by name; he carried in the groceries; he took note of unlocked doors, offered gardening advice, and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball. When he wasn't doing all that, Jim was running across a checkerboard of green lawns（草坪） to ensure the local postal service did not fall short of its daily promise.
Though the postal service is often disparaged now, the trust in local postal service lives on. In many communities, that trust is won every day when life-saving medicine, greetIng cards, social security checks, college acceptance letters-even the bills-appear in mailboxes in front of the houses.
25. What does the underlined word “disparaged” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Refused. B. Criticized. C. Investigated. D. Suspended.
本文讲述了一位深受社区居民爱戴的邮递员Jim Johnson的工作经历和他退休时的感人故事，展现了邮递员与社区之间的深厚纽带。
25. B 词义猜测题。由第二段中的“the trust in local postal service lives on”以及前后语境可推测，“disparaged”是指邮政服务现在常受到批评或贬低。故选B项。
2024年6月新课标全国Ⅰ卷C
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
2024年6月新课标全国Ⅱ卷D
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. If read by someone poorly educated.
B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent.
D. If translated by someone unacademic.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
【12题详解】
词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。
2024年6月新课标全国甲卷B
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
【6题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
2024年6月北京卷C
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by.
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。
2024年1月九省联考C
However, there are ways to win an argument every time. When you state your position, formulate （阐述） an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. When you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully Assess its strength and weakness Raise objections（异议） and listen carefully to their replies. This method will require effort, but practice will make you better at it.
30. What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Defend. B. Explain. C. Conclude. D. Repeat.
30 B. Explain. 词义猜测题。在第三段中，“spell out”意味着详细解释或阐明。作者建议当你与持有某种立场的人交谈时，要求他们给出理由并完整地阐述他们的观点。原文中提到：“ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully.” 让他们为自己的观点提供依据也就意味着详细解释他们的观点。
