专题03 推断题
推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一。推判题是指根据文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，进行加工得出的答案，即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合。以原文信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理判断题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息进行一步推理。
推理判断题包括推理和判断两个方面，是考生失分率较高的题型。考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，进行逻辑推理，对文章的细节、作者的态度、意图作出正确推理判断的能力。分析今年高考题可知，推断题呈不断上升的趋势，且由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义词及长难句来考查考生对语言的理解能力，难度比之前有所增加。
1. 技巧思维导图
2. 知识详解
知识点1 ：推理判断题分类
1.高频考点：隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
2.低频考点：文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。
知识点2：推理判断题（客观）解题方法与技巧：
A.段落推理1
主：读段落找关键句（推理分析）；辅：选项分析排除。
B.段落推理2
主：读段落抓段中心（中心挂钩）；辅：选项分析排除。
C.文章推理1
主：中心挂钩法；辅：选项分析排除。
D.文章推理2
主：关键句分析；辅：选项分析排除。
知识点3：推理判断题注意事项
1.内容与原文一致，通常要淘汰。如果题目是推断题，而某个选项的内容却与原文相同，那么这是与推断的含义相悖的，所以要淘汰。
2.推理的结论不要偏离文章的过远，一步推出的结论最理想。
3.不要脱离文章的主线，与文章的主基调相符的结论最可靠。无论哪种题型，无论考查的侧重点是主旨还是推断，他们都不可能脱离文章的基调而存在。
4.客观，不要受自己主观意愿驱使。做推断题要始终以原文为依托，紧紧地围绕原文展开推理，围绕原文来考虑对选项的取舍。
错误原因总结：1. 主观臆断2. 缺乏逻辑3. 过度推理4. 缺乏常识
3. 选项特点
选项特征 ：
正确选项特征 解释
对原文句子中的关键词进行替换，成为正确选项
把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。
改变原文重点词性或语态，给考生制造了某些障碍。
干扰项特征 解释
即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。
即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
真题演练1：隐含推断类
锁定关键词：
根据题干关键词infer（推断），suggest（表明，暗示），conclude（得出结论）, indicate（暗示，象征）, imply（暗示）, assume(假定，设想)迅速确定题型
解题指导：
浏览选项，首先排除对原文信息简单重复的错误选项
抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；
整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须立足原文，避免主观臆断。
【高考真题典例】 “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
27. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
5. 真题演练2：观点态度类
锁定关键词：
根据题干中表达情感的形容词、副词、动词或介词短语等，如attitude（态度），outstanding（ 优秀的，突出的），disagree（不同意），hopefully（有希望的）,against（反对）, in favor of（赞成）, 迅速确定题型。
解题指导：
认真审题，明确“谁对谁”的态度，明确答题方向
关注段落首尾句，推断文章和段落主题，确定观点
注意作者或文中人物的措辞
分析修饰语和字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；
牢记观点态度的常见词语
观点态度 例词
支持肯定 positive (积极的)、supportive (支持的)、optimistic (乐观的) humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant (愉快的)；
中立 neutral (中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、 uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；
否定反对 negative(否定的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的) critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)。
【高考真题典例】
In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
6. 真题演练3：写作意图类
锁定关键词：
根据题干关键词purpose（目的），intend to（打算），want to tell us ...（想要告诉我们），write this passage to（写这篇文章为了）迅速确定题型。
解题指导：
根据文章或段落主旨推断作者写作意图；
根据文体推断写作意图
记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开（to tell a story, to entertain readers, to share an experience...）；
应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言（to sell, to attract, to persuade, to promote...）
说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句（to introduce, to explain, to inform, to make comparisons...）；
议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。
【高考真题典例】
Over the years John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
7. 真题演练4：文章出处或写作对象类
锁定关键词：
根据设题方式迅速确定题型:
This passage would be most likely to be found in ．
The passage is probably taken from ．
Where does this text probably come from
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from
The text is intended for ．
解题指导：
根据文章的话题和细节确定文章出处或写作对象
根据文章的体裁和内容判断文章的中心话题
广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；
报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活的话题为主；
杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；
产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；
药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；
网络：文体不限，找到click here，download，up load，link，mouse, surf等网络标志
【真题典例1】
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
【真题典例2】
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
21．Where is this text probably taken from
A．A textbook. B．An exam paper. C．A course plan. D．An academic article.
8. 真题感悟
2025年1月浙江卷B
When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact.
According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. “There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,” she says. “It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.”
Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility,” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots.
Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions. “When your child says, ‘My stomach hurts,’ you can say, ‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices,’” says Markey. “Let them feel like they have some control over it.”
I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’ re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
24. What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph
A. She is upset by her kids’ weight. B. She is critical of the way she was fed.
C. She is interested in making food. D. She is particular about what she eats.
27. What does the author think of the strategies she has been following
A. Costly. B. Complex. C. Workable. D. Contradictory.
2025年1月八省联考B
Jim Johnson, a mail carrier, was an institution in the leafy Westmoreland, Westhaven and Westover Hills neighborhoods. just north of downtown Wilmington, where he delivered much more than the mail. He knew all the kids and their pets by name; he carried in the groceries; he took note of unlocked doors, offered gardening advice, and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball. When he wasn't doing all that, Jim was running across a checkerboard of green lawns（草坪） to ensure the local postal service did not fall short of its daily promise.
Though the postal service is often disparaged now, the trust in local postal service lives on. In many communities, that trust is won every day when life-saving medicine, greetIng cards, social security checks, college acceptance letters-even the bills-appear in mailboxes in front of the houses.
24. What do we know about Jim Johnson from the first paragraph
A. He's open-minded. B. He's sharp-eyed.
C. He's warm-hearted. D. He's strong-willed.
2025年1月八省联考D
According to this research, the best time to exercise to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why That's one question the researchers have yet to answer. Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning. I've run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout. But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost to improve learning.
35. What might the author's marathon running prove
A. The findings of the study are reliable. B. Long-distance runners are often smart.
C. Studies on the marathon are not enough. D. Hard exercise may not sharpen the brain.
2024年6月新课标全国Ⅰ卷B
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”
27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance.
C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection.
2024年6月新课标全国Ⅰ卷D
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
2024年6月新课标全国Ⅱ卷C
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
10. What can be concluded about BMF employees
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D. They have a strong environmental awareness.
2024年6月新课标全国甲卷C
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions (区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
9. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.
11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.专题03 推断题
推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一。推判题是指根据文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，进行加工得出的答案，即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合。以原文信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理判断题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息进行一步推理。
推理判断题包括推理和判断两个方面，是考生失分率较高的题型。考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，进行逻辑推理，对文章的细节、作者的态度、意图作出正确推理判断的能力。分析今年高考题可知，推断题呈不断上升的趋势，且由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义词及长难句来考查考生对语言的理解能力，难度比之前有所增加。
1. 技巧思维导图
2. 知识详解
知识点1 ：推理判断题分类
1.高频考点：隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
2.低频考点：文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。
知识点2：推理判断题（客观）解题方法与技巧：
A.段落推理1
主：读段落找关键句（推理分析）；辅：选项分析排除。
B.段落推理2
主：读段落抓段中心（中心挂钩）；辅：选项分析排除。
C.文章推理1
主：中心挂钩法；辅：选项分析排除。
D.文章推理2
主：关键句分析；辅：选项分析排除。
知识点3：推理判断题注意事项
1.内容与原文一致，通常要淘汰。如果题目是推断题，而某个选项的内容却与原文相同，那么这是与推断的含义相悖的，所以要淘汰。
2.推理的结论不要偏离文章的过远，一步推出的结论最理想。
3.不要脱离文章的主线，与文章的主基调相符的结论最可靠。无论哪种题型，无论考查的侧重点是主旨还是推断，他们都不可能脱离文章的基调而存在。
4.客观，不要受自己主观意愿驱使。做推断题要始终以原文为依托，紧紧地围绕原文展开推理，围绕原文来考虑对选项的取舍。
错误原因总结：1. 主观臆断2. 缺乏逻辑3. 过度推理4. 缺乏常识
3. 选项特点
选项特征 ：
正确选项特征 解释
同义替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换，成为正确选项
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
语言简化 把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。
词性或语态的变化 改变原文重点词性或语态，给考生制造了某些障碍。
干扰项特征 解释
曲解文意 即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。
张冠李戴 即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
偷梁换柱 干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
无中生有 这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
鱼目混珠 鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
扩缩范围 为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
真题演练1：隐含推断类
锁定关键词：
根据题干关键词infer（推断），suggest（表明，暗示），conclude（得出结论）, indicate（暗示，象征）, imply（暗示）, assume(假定，设想)迅速确定题型
解题指导：
浏览选项，首先排除对原文信息简单重复的错误选项
抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；
整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须立足原文，避免主观臆断。
【高考真题典例】
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
27. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.(你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式)”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。
5. 真题演练2：观点态度类
锁定关键词：
根据题干中表达情感的形容词、副词、动词或介词短语等，如attitude（态度），outstanding（ 优秀的，突出的），disagree（不同意），hopefully（有希望的）,against（反对）, in favor of（赞成）, 迅速确定题型。
解题指导：
认真审题，明确“谁对谁”的态度，明确答题方向
关注段落首尾句，推断文章和段落主题，确定观点
注意作者或文中人物的措辞
分析修饰语和字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；
牢记观点态度的常见词语
观点态度 例词
支持肯定 positive (积极的)、supportive (支持的)、optimistic (乐观的) humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant (愉快的)；
中立 neutral (中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、 uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；
否定反对 negative(否定的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的) critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)。
【高考真题典例】
In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
6. 真题演练3：写作意图类
锁定关键词：
根据题干关键词purpose（目的），intend to（打算），want to tell us ...（想要告诉我们），write this passage to（写这篇文章为了）迅速确定题型。
解题指导：
根据文章或段落主旨推断作者写作意图；
根据文体推断写作意图
记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开（to tell a story, to entertain readers, to share an experience...）；
应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言（to sell, to attract, to persuade, to promote...）
说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句（to introduce, to explain, to inform, to make comparisons...）；
议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。
【高考真题典例】
Over the years John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
【答案】B
【详解】推理判断题。根据“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.(这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水)”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。
7. 真题演练4：文章出处或写作对象类
锁定关键词：
根据设题方式迅速确定题型:
This passage would be most likely to be found in ．
The passage is probably taken from ．
Where does this text probably come from
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from
The text is intended for ．
解题指导：
根据文章的话题和细节确定文章出处或写作对象
根据文章的体裁和内容判断文章的中心话题
广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；
报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活的话题为主；
杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；
产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；
药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；
网络：文体不限，找到click here，download，up load，link，mouse, surf等网络标志
【真题典例1】
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. (Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及第二段第一句“In this book of books”可推知，本文最有可能出自一世界各地的收藏品的一本书。故选A。
【真题典例2】
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
21．Where is this text probably taken from
A．A textbook. B．An exam paper. C．A course plan. D．An academic article.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature (文学概论课程评分办法)”和Essays (60%)部分“Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade of for this course (你的四篇主要文章将构成本课程评分的主要部分)”可知，文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法。由此推知，本文是出自一个课程计划。故选C项。
8. 真题感悟
2025年1月浙江卷B
When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact.
According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. “There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,” she says. “It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.”
Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility,” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots.
Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions. “When your child says, ‘My stomach hurts,’ you can say, ‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices,’” says Markey. “Let them feel like they have some control over it.”
I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’ re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
24. What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph
A. She is upset by her kids’ weight. B. She is critical of the way she was fed.
C. She is interested in making food. D. She is particular about what she eats.
27. What does the author think of the strategies she has been following
A. Costly. B. Complex. C. Workable. D. Contradictory.
24. B 推理判断题题。根据第一段内容，作者提到 “It really messed up my relationship with food” 可知，她对自己小时候接受的饮食方式持批评态度，故选B项。
27. C 推理判断题。最后一段首句作者在文中提到 “I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions” 可知，这些策略是有效的，故选C项。
2025年1月八省联考B
Jim Johnson, a mail carrier, was an institution in the leafy Westmoreland, Westhaven and Westover Hills neighborhoods. just north of downtown Wilmington, where he delivered much more than the mail. He knew all the kids and their pets by name; he carried in the groceries; he took note of unlocked doors, offered gardening advice, and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball. When he wasn't doing all that, Jim was running across a checkerboard of green lawns（草坪） to ensure the local postal service did not fall short of its daily promise.
Though the postal service is often disparaged now, the trust in local postal service lives on. In many communities, that trust is won every day when life-saving medicine, greetIng cards, social security checks, college acceptance letters-even the bills-appear in mailboxes in front of the houses.
24. What do we know about Jim Johnson from the first paragraph
A. He's open-minded. B. He's sharp-eyed.
C. He's warm-hearted. D. He's strong-willed.
本文讲述了一位深受社区居民爱戴的邮递员Jim Johnson的工作经历和他退休时的感人故事，展现了邮递员与社区之间的深厚纽带。
C 细节理解题。由第一段中的“he carried in the groceries; he took note of unlocked doors, offered gardening advice, and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball”可知，Jim不仅仅是送信，还热心帮助邻居做其他事情，比如搬运杂货、注意安全问题、提供园艺建议等，这表明他是一位热心的人。故选C项。
2025年1月八省联考D
According to this research, the best time to exercise to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why That's one question the researchers have yet to answer. Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning. I've run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout. But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost to improve learning.
35. What might the author's marathon running prove
A. The findings of the study are reliable. B. Long-distance runners are often smart.
C. Studies on the marathon are not enough. D. Hard exercise may not sharpen the brain.
本文介绍了一项研究，探索了运动与学习之间的关系，特别是运动对记忆力的影响以及何时运动可以最大化地帮助学习。
35. D 推理判断题。由最后一段中的“I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout”可推测，作者用自己的经验表明剧烈运动可能不会让大脑变得更敏锐。故选D项。
2024年6月新课标全国Ⅰ卷B
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”
27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance.
C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection.
【解析】
【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用于动物，并取得了初步成效。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ( 法伯确信，随着时间的推移，综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的:自1982年以来，美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。)”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。
2024年6月新课标全国Ⅰ卷D
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
【32题详解】
推断题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
2024年6月新课标全国Ⅱ卷C
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
10. What can be concluded about BMF employees
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D. They have a strong environmental awareness.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
2024年6月新课标全国甲卷C
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions (区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
9. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.
11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
【9题详解】
推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。
【11题详解】
推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
