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知识过关第3讲 语法知识
一、常见感觉系动词分类
表示感觉和知觉的系动词主要用于描述主语的状态或特征，后接形容词作表语，常见分为以下几类：
1. 视觉类（Visual）
look（看起来）强调 ,后接 。
例： .（她看起来很开心。）
否定： .（她看起来不累。）
2. 听觉类（Auditory）
sound（听起来）描述 ，后接 。
例： .（这音乐听起来很棒。）
疑问： （听起来有趣吗？）
3. 嗅觉类（Olfactory）smell（闻起来）表示通过 ，后接 。
例： .（这些花闻起来很香。）
否定： .（这食物闻起来不新鲜。）
4. 味觉类（Gustatory）
taste（尝起来）描述 ，后接 。
例： （汤尝起来很咸。）
疑问： （蛋糕尝起来怎么样？）
5. 触觉类（Tactile）
feel（感觉；摸起来）既可以表示 ，也可以表达 。
例： （布料摸起来很柔软。）
情感： （我对这次旅行感到兴奋。）
否定： （他今天感觉不舒服。）
二、系动词 vs 实义动词
部分感觉动词（如 look, smell, taste, feel）既可以作系动词，也可以作实义动词，区别在于：
系动词：后接形容词，说明主语的状态（主语 + 系动词 + 形容词）。
例：She looks angry.（她看起来生气。）
实义动词：后接副词，描述动作本身（主语 + 实义动词 + 副词）。
例：She looks angrily at him.（她生气地看着他。）
三、特殊用法与固定搭配
感官系动词的进行时态
表示 “此刻 / 暂时的感受”，常用进行时（look/sound/smell/taste/feel + ing）。
例：You’re looking very beautiful today.（你今天看起来很漂亮。）
感官系动词的被动语态
通常不用于被动语态（因强调主语自身特征），但 feel 可用于被动：
例：I felt loved by my family.（我感受到家人的爱。）
与其他系动词的区别
be（是）：最基础的系动词，单纯描述状态（She is happy）。
become/get/grow（变得）：强调状态的变化（He became angry）。
感官系动词：侧重通过感官体验感知到的状态（The milk smells bad）。
四、例句汇总
系动词 肯定句 否定句 疑问句
look He looks nervous. He doesn’t look nervous. Does he look nervous
sound The plan sounds great. The plan doesn’t sound good. Does the plan sound good
smell The bread smells delicious. The bread doesn’t smell fresh. Does the bread smell fresh
taste The coffee tastes bitter. The coffee doesn’t taste sweet. Does the coffee taste sweet
feel She feels cold. She doesn’t feel cold. Does she feel cold
【注意】这类系动词与系动词 be 不同，其否定形式和疑问形式的构成要借助助动词 do。
现在完成时
一、基本结构
肯定句：主语 + have/has + 过去分词（V-ed） + 其他
否定句：主语 + haven’t/hasn’t + 过去分词 + 其他
疑问句：Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他？
助动词：have（主语为 I/we/you/they 及复数）；has（主语为 he/she/it 及单数）
过去分词：规则动词加 -ed（如 worked），不规则动词需特殊记忆（如 eaten, gone, written）。
二、核心用法
1. 过去动作对现在的影响（影响性用法）
动作发生在过去，且结果或影响持续到现在。
例：I have lost my keys.（钥匙丢了，现在找不到）
常与 already, yet, just, ever, never, recently 等连用：
She has already finished the work.（已完成，现在可以休息）
Have you ever been to Paris （去过巴黎对现在的认知有影响）
2. 过去动作持续到现在（持续性用法）
动作从过去开始，持续到现在，可能继续延续。
结构：have/has + 延续性动词的过去分词 + for/since 时间状语
for：接时间段（for 3 years, for a month）
since：接时间点（since 2010, since he left）
例：We have lived here for 10 years.（从过去到现在一直住这里）
3. 重复发生的动作
表示过去到现在之间多次发生的动作。
例：He has visited Beijing three times.（过去三次访问，对现在可能有了解）
三、时间状语分类
类型 常用时间状语 例句
不确定时间 already, yet, just, ever, never, recently She has just arrived.（刚到，现在在场）
时间段 / 时间点 for, since, in the past/last + 时间 They have studied English since 2018.
包含现在的时间 today, this week/month/year, so far We have read 5 books this month.（本月还没结束）
不与现在完成时连用的时间 yesterday, last week, in 2020（具体过去时间） He has gone there yesterday.（应改为一般过去时）
四、与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时 一般过去时
强调过去动作对现在的影响或持续到现在 强调过去某一具体时间发生的动作
时间状语与现在有关（如 today, since） 时间状语为具体过去时间（如 yesterday）
例：I have seen the film.（现在知道内容） 例：I saw the film last week.（上周看的，仅描述过去）
五、特殊注意事项
1. 非延续性动词（瞬间动词）的转换
非延续性动词（如 buy, borrow, die, leave）不能与 for/since 连用，需转化为对应的延续性动词：
非延续性动词 延续性动词 例句
borrow keep He has kept the book for 2 weeks.
buy have They have had the car since 2015.
die be dead My grandpa has been dead for 5 years.
leave be away She has been away from home for a month.
2. 固定句型
It is/has been + 时间段 + since + 一般过去时
例：It has been 3 years since we met last.（自上次见面已过 3 年）
This/That/It is the first/second time + 现在完成时
例：This is the first time I have visited Beijing.（第一次访问，对现在有体验）
3. have been to vs have gone to
have been to：去过某地（已返回）
例：She has been to Japan twice.（去过，现在不在日本）
have gone to：去了某地（未返回）
例：He has gone to Shanghai.（在途中或已到达，未回来）
六、常见错误辨析
误用过去式代替过去分词
He has go to school.
He has gone to school.
延续性动词与非延续性动词混用
He has borrowed the book for 2 weeks.
He has kept the book for 2 weeks.
时间状语混淆
I have seen the movie yesterday.
I saw the movie yesterday.（具体过去时间用一般过去时）
七、例句练习
肯定句：She has written three emails today.（她今天写了三封邮件）
否定句：They haven’t finished the project yet.（还没完成）
疑问句：Has your brother visited the museum （你哥哥参观过博物馆吗？）
1．—My chocolate cookies are done. Try one!
—OK, thank you. Wow! It _______ sweet.
A．sounds B．tastes C．looks D．feels
2．This English song ________ very nice. Who’s it by
A．feels B．tastes C．sounds D．looks
3．—What a beautiful place! The flowers ________ so good and the birds are singing.
—Yes, you are right and lots of people come here to spend their weekends.
A．taste B．sound C．smell D．feel
4．—How does the banana milk ________
—Great. I’d like to have another glass.
A．smell B．taste C．look D．sound
5．Tianshui malatang ________ so good. I can’t wait to have a try.
A．smells B．keeps C．tastes D．feels
6．The cake ________ very good and I like it.
A．taste B．tastes C．feels D．smell
7．The flowers ________ very sweet. Let’s go for a walk in the garden.
A．smell B．look C．feel D．taste
8．— Dad, this black shirt ________ very soft. Would you like to try it on
— No, thanks. I prefer light colors.
A．tastes B．sounds C．smells D．feels
9．—I’m home, Mom. How nice it ________!
—Your father is frying fish in the kitchen.
A．smells B．tastes C．sounds D．looks
10．The scarf looks good on you and soft and smooth. You can keep it.
A．sounds B．feels C．smells D．tastes
11．—I haven’t seen Li Ming for days. Why
—He ________ Beijing. He will come back next month.
A．has been to B．has gone to C．will go to D．went to
12．I think swimming is one of ________ sports in our school.
A．popular B．more popular C．the most popular D．the more popular
13．I don’t think my coach will invite us the competition.
A．enter B．entering C．to enter D．enters
14．The water ________ dark and dirty. It's no longer safe to drink.
A．become B．has become C．will become D．was become
15．I've ________ met her before, so I don't know her.
A．never B．ever C．just D．already
16．In recent years, the economy of our country ________ rapidly.
A．is increased B．has increased C．increased D．increase
17．—I have some trouble with this problem. Could you do me a favor
—Sorry, you may turn to Jim. He has ________ and he may know how to solve it.
A．experience B．expert C．skill D．book
18．Zhao Lan ________ already ________ in this school for two years.
A．was; studying B．will; study C．has; studied D．is; studying
19．—I will go to London for a trip next week.
—Really ________.
A．I don’t think so B．Have a good time C．That’s very strange D．You should try it
20．— Mr. Li will check our homework this afternoon, ______ you ______ it
— No. Not yet. I am doing it.
A．Do; finish B．Had; finished
C．Will; finish D．Have; finished
21．—I have ______ finished my homework.
What about you
—Not ______. I will finish it in half an hour.
A．yet; already B．yet; still C．already; yet D．yet; yet
22．Tony has been to Europe. I ______ there.
A．have been also B．have also been C．also went D．went too
23．–Peter, we are leaving in 10 minutes. Are you ready
–No, I______ our guidebook and towels yet.
A．don’t pack B．didn’t pack C．haven’t packed D．have packed
24．–Is that Miss Chen over there
–It can’t be her. She ______ England for a conference.
A．has been to B．has been in C．has gone to D．has gone in
25．His grandma has ______ for 5 years.
A．died B．dead C．been died D．been dead
26．There ______ some small changes in our hometown since 2010.
A．are B．have C．have been D．were
27．She found her lost money，so she is very happy．
A．have just B．just have C．has just D．just has
28．I _______ the dinner already.
A．has cooked B．cooked C．have cooked D．cook
29．—Where is Li Mei now —She ____ to Canada. She will be back in two days.
A．has been B．goes C．has gone D．had gone
30．Mr. Li London. He the city three times. This time he London for three days.
A．has been to ,has gone to ,has been in B．has gone to ,has been to , has been in
C．has been in, has been to ,has gone to D．has gone to, has been in , has been to
31．Hurry up! The match ________ for ten minutes.
A．has been on B．has began C．has begun D．began
32．— You have been in Neijiang for a long time
— Yeah, ________ my parents came here, ________ about ten years.
A．when; for B．for; since C．when; in D．since; for
33．—Look at the wedding photo of your parents. How happy they are!
—Yeah. They ________ for nearly 15 years and they always share happiness and sadness with each other.
A．were married B．married C．have got married D．have been married
34．—Look at the stamps from Europe, my grandfather________ them for ten years.
—Wow, they are very wonderful.
A．have kept B．has kept C．has bought D．have bought
35．We ________ friends since I came to this school.
A．are B．were C．have been D．will be
36．— _______ did the tourists leave Huai’an
— Four weeks ago. They have been away _______ a month.
A．When; for B．How long; since C．When; since D．How long; for
37．The tourists ________ Jiangsu for five days. They are visiting Changzhou now.
A．have got to B．have arrived in C．have been in D．have been to
38．Betty is a member of the chess club. She ________ chess since she was in primary school.
A．play B．is playing C．has played D．will play
39．We often go to the community library to read books. It ________ for three years.
A．opens B．opened C．will open D．has been open
40．My uncle has worked in the TV station ________ he graduated from university.
A．because B．although C．if D．since
41．—Who ________ this book ________
—William Shakespeare.
A．did, written by B．was, written C．did, write by D．was, written by
42．The photos you just found are ________ old that I almost forget where they ________.
A．so; have taken B．so; were taken C．such; have taken D．such; were taken
43．The doctor ________ the man just now. So he must be ________.
A．operated on; take good care B．was operated; take good care of
C．operated on; taken good care of D．was operated on; taken good care
44．Grandparents ________ to America before.
A．went B．has been C．have gone D．have been
45．—________ you ________ the film before, Lily
—Yes. I ________ it online the other day.
A．Have; seen; have seen B．Did; see; saw C．Have; seen; saw D．Did; see; have seen
46．—Have you visited Russia, Lilian
—Yes, I ________ there for two weeks.
A．studied B．was studying C．have studied D．studies
47．How long has this shop ______
A．be open B．been open C．opened D．been opened
48．—How long ________ you ________ these stamps
—For three years.
A．have; bought B．have; kept C．did; buy D．have; keep
49．— Mom, I want to watch Super Sketch Show tonight.
— Oh, dear, it ________ for a few e on!
A．has begun B．will begin C．has been on D．will be on
50．—Mike, you are late. The talk show ________ since an hour ago.
—What a pity! No wonder all the students have left.
A．has started B．has been on C．has ended D．has been over
参考答案
1．B
【详解】句意：——我的巧克力饼干做好了。尝一个！——好的，谢谢你。哇！尝起来很甜。
考查感官动词用法。sounds听起来；tastes尝起来；looks看起来；feels摸起来。根据“The chocolate cake is done. Try one!”以及“It...sweet.”可知，说话者正在品尝饼干，并评价其味道。故选B。
2．C
【详解】句意：这首英文歌听起来非常好听。它是谁演唱的呢？
考查系动词辨析。feels感觉，摸起来；tastes尝起来；sounds听起来；looks看起来。根据“This English song…very nice”可知，指的是歌曲听起来好听。故选C。
3．C
【详解】句意：——多么美丽的地方啊！花儿闻起来很香，鸟儿在歌唱。——是的，你说得对，很多人来这里度周末。
考查感官动词辨析。taste尝起来；sound听起来；smell闻起来；feel感觉。根据“The flowers”可知，和花匹配的感官动词应是smell“闻起来”。故选C。
4．B
【详解】句意：——香蕉奶昔品尝起来怎么样？——很棒。我想要再来一杯。
考查感官动词。smell闻起来；taste品尝；look看起来；sound听起来。根据“Great. I’d like to have another glass.”可知，这里是问蕉奶昔品尝起来怎么样，故选B。
5．A
【详解】句意：天水麻辣烫闻起来太棒了，我迫不及待地要品尝了。
考查系动词辨析。smells闻起来；keeps保持；tastes尝起来；feels摸起来。根据“I can’t wait to have a try.”可知，还没有品尝，排除C；麻辣烫是闻起来很棒，所以选“闻起来”。故选A。
6．B
【详解】句意：蛋糕尝起来很好吃，我喜欢它。
考查动词辨析。taste尝起来，动词原形；tastes尝起来，动词第三人称单数形式；feels感觉，动词第三人称单数形式；smell闻起来，动词原形。句子主语为“cake”，食物应是品尝起来的味道很好，C、D选项可排除。且主语“cake”为第三人称单数，故动词taste应用第三人称单数形式。故选B。
7．A
【详解】句意：这些花闻起来很香。我们去花园里散散步吧。
考查动词辨析。smell闻起来；look看起来；feel感觉；taste尝起来。根据“The flowers...very sweet. Let’s go for a walk in the garden.”可知，花闻起来很香。故选A。
8．D
【详解】句意：——爸爸，这件黑衬衫摸起来很柔软。您想试穿一下吗？——不了，谢谢。我喜欢浅色的。
考查动词辨析。tastes尝起来；sounds听起来；smells闻起来；feels感觉到。空格后为“soft”，表达的是触感，故应用动词feels，即摸起来很柔软。故选D。
9．A
【详解】句意：——妈妈，我回来了。闻起来真香！——你爸爸正在厨房里煎鱼。
考查动词辨析。smells闻起来；tastes尝起来；sounds听起来；looks看起来。根据“Your father is frying fish in the kitchen.”可知，应是闻起来很香。故选A。
10．B
【详解】句意：这条围巾戴在你身上很好看，摸起来又软又滑。你可以留着它。
考查动词辨析。sounds听起来；feels摸起来；smells闻起来；tastes尝起来。根据“The scarf looks good on you and…soft and smooth.”可知，此处指这条围巾摸起来又软又滑，应填动词feels“摸起来”。故选B。
11．B
【详解】——我好几天没见到李明了。为什么？——他去北京了。他下个月回来。
考查时态。has been to去过某地，人已经回来；has gone to去了某地，人未回来。根据“Beijing”以及“He will come back next month.”可知，李明去了北京，还没回来，用现在完成时has gone to。故选B。
12．C
【详解】句意：我认为游泳是我们学校最受欢迎的运动之一。
考查形容词最高级。分析题干可知，本题考查“one of+the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数形式”结构，此结构意为“最……的……之一”。故选C。
13．C
【详解】句意：我认为我的教练不会邀请我们参加比赛。
考查非谓语动词。invite sb. to do sth.为固定搭配，表示“邀请某人做某事”，需填不定式to enter。故选C。
14．B
【详解】句意：水变得又黑又脏。喝起来再也不安全了。
考查现在完成时。由“It's no longer safe to drink.”可知，水脏了后产生的影响是喝起来不安全。应该用现在完成时，结构为have/has done。主语为the water，不可数名词，根据主谓一致原则，应该用 has done形式。故选B。
15．A
【详解】句意：我以前从未见过她，因此我不认识她。
考查副词辨析。never从不；ever曾经；just刚好；already已经；根据“so I don't know her”可知，不认识她是因为从未见过她，故选A。
16．B
【详解】句意：近些年来，我们国家的经济飞速发展。
考查动词时态。句中的in recent years 意为“近些年来”，是现在完成时的时间状语，又因为主语the economy of our country是第三人称单数，故选B。
17．A
【详解】句意：——我在这个问题上遇到了一些麻烦。你能帮我一下吗？——对不起，你可以找吉姆。他有经验，他可能知道如何解决这个问题。
考查名词辨析。experience经验；expert专家；skill技巧；book书。根据“Sorry, you may turn to Jim.”和“he may know how to solve it.”可知，此处表示“经验”的含义。故选A。
18．C
【详解】句意：赵兰已经在这所学校学习了两年。
考查现在完成时。was; studying过去进行时；will; study一般将来时；has; studied现在完成时；is; studying现在进行时。根据句中“already”和“for two years”可知，此处应用现在完成时。故选C。
19．B
【详解】句意：——我下周将去伦敦旅行。——真的吗？玩得开心。
考查情景交际。I don’t think so我不这样认为；Have a good time玩得开心；That’s very strange那真奇怪；You should try it你应该试一下。根据前句“I will go to London for a trip next week.”可知，此处应祝愿前者玩的开心。故选B。
20．D
【详解】句意：“李老师下午将检查我们的作业。你做完了吗？”“还没有。我现在正在做。”
Do; finish 一般现在时；Had; finished 过去完成时，Will; finish 一般将来时，Have; finished 现在完成时。Not yet=have not……yet.用于现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在的影响。故选D。
21．C
【详解】句意：——我已经完成我的作业了。你呢？——还没有。我将在半小时后完成它。
still仍然；already已经，用于肯定句；yet还，用于否定句。第一空是肯定句，故用already。第二空根据not可知，此处是否定句，故用yet。故选C。
22．B
【详解】句意：托尼去过欧洲。我也去过那里。根据前一句Tony has been to Europe.可知此处用现在完成时，故排除CD两项。also位于be动词之前，故选B。
23．C
【详解】句意：——彼得，我们10分钟后要离开。你准备好了吗？——没有，我还没有把我们的指南和毛巾包起来。根据yet可知此处用于现在完成时的否定句，故选C。
24．C
【详解】句意：——那边那个是陈小姐吗？——不可能是她。她去英国参加一个会议。Has been to去了某地，已经回来；has been in在某地； has gone to去了某地，还没有回来。根据It can’t be her.可知她不可能在这里，因此是去了某地还没有回来，故选C。
25．D
【详解】句意：他的祖母已经死去了5年。die去世，是瞬间性动词；dead死亡的，是形容词；be dead死亡，是延续性动词。此处与for 5 years时间段连用，故用延续性动词，故选D。
点睛：延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。常见的非延续性动词有：come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, getup等。这类动词也可以用于完成时态，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和for 表示的一段时间的状语连用。此处与for 5 years时间段连用，故用延续性动词，故选D。
26．C
【详解】句意：自从2010年在我们的家乡有一些小的变化。There be句型表示有，根据since引导的时间状语从句时，主句用现在完成时，故选C。
点睛：there be句型表示某地或某时存在某人或某物，have表示某人或某物拥有某物；根据in our hometown表示某地有某物，故用there be句型，根据since引导的时间状语从句时，主句用现在完成时，故选C。
27．C
【详解】句意：她刚刚找到她丢失的钱，所以他非常高兴。主语she为第三人称单数，助动词用has，副词just用于has之后，过去分词之前。故选C。
28．C
【详解】本题考查时态。Already常用于现在完成时态中。谓语用have（has）+动词过去分词。主语为I。故应用have cooked。选C。
29．C
【详解】has gone to 表示“去了某地”还没有回来。而 “李梅本人不在这里”。可能在途中，也可能已经到达，但现在人不在本地，通过问句可以看出，C是正确的答案。
30．B
【详解】试题分析：句意：李先生去了昆明。他已去过这城市三次。这一次他在昆明呆了三天啦。Gone to去了；been to去过；been in呆在。所以选B。
考点：考查现在完成时。
31．A
【详解】句意：快点！比赛已经开始十分钟了。
考查现在完成时。根据“for ten minutes”可知，此处表示比赛从过去开始一直持续到现在已经十分钟了 ，应该用现在完成时，且要用持续性动词。故选A。
32．D
【详解】句意：—— 你在内江待了很久了吗？ —— 是的，自从我父母来到这里，大约有十年了。
考查时间状语从句和介词辨析。when当……；in在……里面；since自从；for持续，加一段时间。根据“my parents came here”可知，第一空表示“自从我父母来到这里”；根据“about ten years”可知，for后接时间段，用来表示动作持续的时间长度。故选D。
33．D
【详解】句意：——看你父母的婚礼照片。他们有多幸福！——耶。他们已经结婚将近15年了，他们总是彼此分享快乐和悲伤。
考查动词时态。根据“for nearly 15 years”可知，空处时态为现在完成时，其结构为have/has +done，选项核心词marry为短暂性动词，需变成可延续的be married结构，主语为They，助动词用have，be的过去分词为been。故选D。
34．B
【详解】句意：——看这些来自欧洲的邮票，我爷爷已经收藏它们十年了。——哇，它们太棒了。
考查动词辨析和时态。have kept是现在完成时，表示“已经保存，且还在继续保存”；has kept是第三人称单数形式的现在完成时，意思同上；has bought错误表达；have bought错误表达。根据对话内容可知，此处表达的是“我爷爷已经收藏这些邮票十年了”的意思，且收藏的动作还在继续，所以应该用现在完成时，且主语是“my grandfather”，是第三人称单数，所以应该用“has kept”。故选B。
35．C
【详解】句意：自从我来到这所学校，我们就一直是朋友。
考查动词时态。根据“since”可知，since引导的时间状语从句，从句是一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。故选C。
36．A
【详解】句意：——游客们是什么时候离开淮安的？——四周前。他们已经离开一个月了。
考查特殊疑问句和介词辨析。when什么时候；how long多长时间；for后接时间段；since后接时间点。根据“Four weeks ago”可知，问的是什么时候离开的，应用when；a month是时间段，应用介词for。故选A。
37．C
【详解】句意：游客们已经在江苏待了五天。他们现在正在参观常州。
考查现在完成时的用法。根据“for five days”可知，此句时态为现在完成时，且要用延续性动词，排除选项A、B。根据“They are visiting Changzhou now”可知，游客已经在江苏了。故选C。
38．C
【详解】句意：Betty是国际象棋俱乐部的一员。她从小学开始就一直在下国际象棋。
考查动词时态。根据“since she was in primary school.”可知，这里是since+一般过去时的从句，主句用现在完成时have/has done的结构，故选C。
39．D
【详解】句意：我们经常去社区图书馆看书。它已经开放了三年。
考查时态。根据“for three years”可知，此处应用现在完成时，D项符合。故选D。
40．D
【详解】句意：我的叔叔自从大学毕业以来，就一直在电视台工作。
考查连词词义辨析。because因为，引导原因状语从句；although尽管，引导让步状语从句；if如果，引导条件状语从句；since自从，引导时间状语从句 。根据句中“has worked”为现在完成时，以及“he graduated from university”为一般过去时可知，从大学毕业这个时间点开始一直持续到现在的动作，存在时间上的先后关系，since符合语境，且since是现在完成时的标志词。故选D。
41．D
【详解】句意：——谁写的这本书？——William Shakespeare。
考查被动语态。“this book”与“write”之间存在被动关系，需用结构be done；疑问词是who，因此需用by表示“被谁所写”（被动语态中动作的执行者需要用by引出）。故选D。
42．B
【详解】句意：你刚刚找到的这些照片太旧了，以至于我几乎都忘了它们是在哪里拍的了。
考查so…that…结构以及被动语态。根据“The photos you just found are…forget where they…”可知，空处①指的是这些照片太旧了，so…that…结构中，so是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词，such…that…结构中，such是形容词，用来修饰名词，此处是修饰形容词old，故选so；空处②指的是照片是被拍摄的，所以要用被动语态，其结构为“be+过去分词”。take的过去分词是taken，故选B。
43．C
【详解】句意：医生刚才给这个男人做了手术，所以他必须被好好照顾。
考查动词短语和被动语态。operate on sb表示“给某人做手术”，是主动语态形式；be operated on表示“被做手术”，是被动语态形式；take good care of sb表示“好好照顾某人”，其被动形式为sb be taken good care of，表示“某人被好好照顾”；take good care表达错误，缺少介词of。 根据“The doctor…the man just now”可知，这里主语是The doctor，是动作operate on的执行者，所以要用主动语态operated on；再根据“So he must be….”，可知这里主语he是动作take good care of的承受者，所以要用被动语态taken good care of。故选C。
44．D
【详解】句意：祖父母以前去过美国。
考查现在完成时的用法。went“去了”；have/has been to“去过已经回来”；have gone to“去了还没有回来”。结合题干分析可知，before“以前”为副词，作时间状语，应用现在完成时。祖父母原来去过美国，已经回来。且主语grandparents为复数形式，助动词have用原形。故选D。
45．C
【详解】句意：——你之前看过这部电影吗，丽丽？——是的。我前几天在网上看了它。
考查现在完成时和一般过去时。根据问句中时间状语before“之前”，用现在完成时，表示动作发生在过去，对现在产生影响；答句中时间状语the other day“前几天”，表明动作发生在过去，用一般过去时。故选C。
46．A
【详解】句意：——你去过俄罗斯吗，Lilian？ ——去过，我在那里学习了两个星期。
考查时态。studied，一般过去时；was studying，过去进行时；have studied，现在完成时；studies，一般现在时。根据问句可知，Lilian在俄罗斯学习这件事已发生且已结束，则需用一般过去时，故选A。
47．B
【详解】句意：这家店开了多长时间了？
考查动词时态。be open开着，表示状态，open是形容词；been open现在完成时；opened过去式；been opened现在完成时被动语态。根据“has”可知时态是现在完成时，且“How long”与延续性动词连用。故选B。
48．B
【详解】句意：——你保存这些邮票多久了？——三年了。
考查现在完成时。buy买，过去分词是bought；keep保持，过去分词是kept。根据“For three years.”可知，时态为现在完成时，结构为“have done”，且表示一个持续的时间段，因此要填一个延续性动词；keep是一个延续性动词，可以用于表示某物被持续拥有或保持的状态。故选B。
49．C
【详解】句意：——妈妈，我想今晚观看超级素描表演。——哦，亲爱的，它已经开始了几分钟了。快点！
考查延续性动词和时态。begin开始，短暂性动词；be on在上演，延续性动词。根据“for a few minutes”可知，时态为现在完成时，且与一段时间连用时应用延续性动词，结构为have/has+done，it为主语，助动词用has。故选C。
50．D
【详解】句意：——Mike，你迟到了。脱口秀一小时前就结束了。——真遗憾！难怪所有学生都走了。
考查现在完成时。has started已经开始；has been on已经开始并持续；has ended已经结束；has been over已经结束。根据“What a pity! No wonder all the students have left.”可知学生们都离开了，脱口秀应是已经结束了，结合“since an hour ago”可知用持续性动词，此处用has been over。故选D。
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知识过关第3讲 语法知识
一、常见感觉系动词分类
表示感觉和知觉的系动词主要用于描述主语的状态或特征，后接形容词作表语，常见分为以下几类：
1. 视觉类（Visual）
look（看起来）强调 ,后接 。
例： .（她看起来很开心。）
否定： .（她看起来不累。）
2. 听觉类（Auditory）
sound（听起来）描述 ，后接 。
例： .（这音乐听起来很棒。）
疑问： （听起来有趣吗？）
3. 嗅觉类（Olfactory）smell（闻起来）表示通过 ，后接 。
例： .（这些花闻起来很香。）
否定： .（这食物闻起来不新鲜。）
4. 味觉类（Gustatory）
taste（尝起来）描述 ，后接 。
例： （汤尝起来很咸。）
疑问： （蛋糕尝起来怎么样？）
5. 触觉类（Tactile）
feel（感觉；摸起来）既可以表示 ，也可以表达 。
例： （布料摸起来很柔软。）
情感： （我对这次旅行感到兴奋。）
否定： （他今天感觉不舒服。）
二、系动词 vs 实义动词
部分感觉动词（如 look, smell, taste, feel）既可以作系动词，也可以作实义动词，区别在于：
系动词： （主语 + 系动词 + 形容词）。
例：She looks angry.（她看起来生气。）
实义动词： （主语 + 实义动词 + 副词）。
例：She looks angrily at him.（她生气地看着他。）
三、特殊用法与固定搭配
感官系动词的进行时态
，常用 。
例：You’re looking very beautiful today.（你今天看起来很漂亮。）
感官系动词的被动语态
通常不用于被动语态（因强调主语自身特征），但 feel 可用于被动：
例：I felt loved by my family.（我感受到家人的爱。）
与其他系动词的区别
be（是）：最基础的系动词，单纯描述状态（She is happy）。
become/get/grow（变得）：强调状态的变化（He became angry）。
感官系动词：侧重通过感官体验感知到的状态（The milk smells bad）。
四、例句汇总
系动词 肯定句 否定句 疑问句
look He looks nervous. He doesn’t look nervous. Does he look nervous
sound The plan sounds great. The plan doesn’t sound good. Does the plan sound good
smell The bread smells delicious. The bread doesn’t smell fresh. Does the bread smell fresh
taste The coffee tastes bitter. The coffee doesn’t taste sweet. Does the coffee taste sweet
feel She feels cold. She doesn’t feel cold. Does she feel cold
【注意】这类系动词与系动词 be 不同，其否定形式和疑问形式的构成要 。
现在完成时
一、基本结构
肯定句：
否定句：
疑问句：
助动词：
过去分词：
二、核心用法
1. 过去动作对现在的影响（影响性用法）
例：I have lost my keys.（钥匙丢了，现在找不到）
常与 等连用：
She has already finished the work.（已完成，现在可以休息）
Have you ever been to Paris （去过巴黎对现在的认知有影响）
2. 过去动作持续到现在（持续性用法）
结构：
for：
since：
例：We have lived here for 10 years.（从过去到现在一直住这里）
3. 重复发生的动作
例：He has visited Beijing three times.（过去三次访问，对现在可能有了解）
三、时间状语分类
类型 常用时间状语 例句
不确定时间
时间段 / 时间点
包含现在的时间
不与现在完成时连用的时间
四、与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时 一般过去时
五、特殊注意事项
1. 非延续性动词（瞬间动词）的转换
非延续性动词（如 buy, borrow, die, leave）不能与 for/since 连用，需转化为对应的延续性动词：
非延续性动词 延续性动词 例句
borrow He has kept the book for 2 weeks.
buy They have had the car since 2015.
die My grandpa has been dead for 5 years.
leave She has been away from home for a month.
2. 固定句型
It is/has been + 时间段 + since + 一般过去时
例：It has been 3 years since we met last.（自上次见面已过 3 年）
This/That/It is the first/second time + 现在完成时
例：This is the first time I have visited Beijing.（第一次访问，对现在有体验）
3. have been to vs have gone to
have been to：去过某地（已返回）
例：She has been to Japan twice.（去过，现在不在日本）
have gone to：去了某地（未返回）
例：He has gone to Shanghai.（在途中或已到达，未回来）
六、常见错误辨析
误用过去式代替过去分词
He has go to school.
He has gone to school.
延续性动词与非延续性动词混用
He has borrowed the book for 2 weeks.
He has kept the book for 2 weeks.
时间状语混淆
I have seen the movie yesterday.
I saw the movie yesterday.（具体过去时间用一般过去时）
七、例句练习
肯定句：She has written three emails today.（她今天写了三封邮件）
否定句：They haven’t finished the project yet.（还没完成）
疑问句：Has your brother visited the museum （你哥哥参观过博物馆吗？）
1．—My chocolate cookies are done. Try one!
—OK, thank you. Wow! It _______ sweet.
A．sounds B．tastes C．looks D．feels
2．This English song ________ very nice. Who’s it by
A．feels B．tastes C．sounds D．looks
3．—What a beautiful place! The flowers ________ so good and the birds are singing.
—Yes, you are right and lots of people come here to spend their weekends.
A．taste B．sound C．smell D．feel
4．—How does the banana milk ________
—Great. I’d like to have another glass.
A．smell B．taste C．look D．sound
5．Tianshui malatang ________ so good. I can’t wait to have a try.
A．smells B．keeps C．tastes D．feels
6．The cake ________ very good and I like it.
A．taste B．tastes C．feels D．smell
7．The flowers ________ very sweet. Let’s go for a walk in the garden.
A．smell B．look C．feel D．taste
8．— Dad, this black shirt ________ very soft. Would you like to try it on
— No, thanks. I prefer light colors.
A．tastes B．sounds C．smells D．feels
9．—I’m home, Mom. How nice it ________!
—Your father is frying fish in the kitchen.
A．smells B．tastes C．sounds D．looks
10．The scarf looks good on you and soft and smooth. You can keep it.
A．sounds B．feels C．smells D．tastes
11．—I haven’t seen Li Ming for days. Why
—He ________ Beijing. He will come back next month.
A．has been to B．has gone to C．will go to D．went to
12．I think swimming is one of ________ sports in our school.
A．popular B．more popular C．the most popular D．the more popular
13．I don’t think my coach will invite us the competition.
A．enter B．entering C．to enter D．enters
14．The water ________ dark and dirty. It's no longer safe to drink.
A．become B．has become C．will become D．was become
15．I've ________ met her before, so I don't know her.
A．never B．ever C．just D．already
16．In recent years, the economy of our country ________ rapidly.
A．is increased B．has increased C．increased D．increase
17．—I have some trouble with this problem. Could you do me a favor
—Sorry, you may turn to Jim. He has ________ and he may know how to solve it.
A．experience B．expert C．skill D．book
18．Zhao Lan ________ already ________ in this school for two years.
A．was; studying B．will; study C．has; studied D．is; studying
19．—I will go to London for a trip next week.
—Really ________.
A．I don’t think so B．Have a good time C．That’s very strange D．You should try it
20．— Mr. Li will check our homework this afternoon, ______ you ______ it
— No. Not yet. I am doing it.
A．Do; finish B．Had; finished
C．Will; finish D．Have; finished
21．—I have ______ finished my homework.
What about you
—Not ______. I will finish it in half an hour.
A．yet; already B．yet; still C．already; yet D．yet; yet
22．Tony has been to Europe. I ______ there.
A．have been also B．have also been C．also went D．went too
23．–Peter, we are leaving in 10 minutes. Are you ready
–No, I______ our guidebook and towels yet.
A．don’t pack B．didn’t pack C．haven’t packed D．have packed
24．–Is that Miss Chen over there
–It can’t be her. She ______ England for a conference.
A．has been to B．has been in C．has gone to D．has gone in
25．His grandma has ______ for 5 years.
A．died B．dead C．been died D．been dead
26．There ______ some small changes in our hometown since 2010.
A．are B．have C．have been D．were
27．She found her lost money，so she is very happy．
A．have just B．just have C．has just D．just has
28．I _______ the dinner already.
A．has cooked B．cooked C．have cooked D．cook
29．—Where is Li Mei now —She ____ to Canada. She will be back in two days.
A．has been B．goes C．has gone D．had gone
30．Mr. Li London. He the city three times. This time he London for three days.
A．has been to ,has gone to ,has been in B．has gone to ,has been to , has been in
C．has been in, has been to ,has gone to D．has gone to, has been in , has been to
31．Hurry up! The match ________ for ten minutes.
A．has been on B．has began C．has begun D．began
32．— You have been in Neijiang for a long time
— Yeah, ________ my parents came here, ________ about ten years.
A．when; for B．for; since C．when; in D．since; for
33．—Look at the wedding photo of your parents. How happy they are!
—Yeah. They ________ for nearly 15 years and they always share happiness and sadness with each other.
A．were married B．married C．have got married D．have been married
34．—Look at the stamps from Europe, my grandfather________ them for ten years.
—Wow, they are very wonderful.
A．have kept B．has kept C．has bought D．have bought
35．We ________ friends since I came to this school.
A．are B．were C．have been D．will be
36．— _______ did the tourists leave Huai’an
— Four weeks ago. They have been away _______ a month.
A．When; for B．How long; since C．When; since D．How long; for
37．The tourists ________ Jiangsu for five days. They are visiting Changzhou now.
A．have got to B．have arrived in C．have been in D．have been to
38．Betty is a member of the chess club. She ________ chess since she was in primary school.
A．play B．is playing C．has played D．will play
39．We often go to the community library to read books. It ________ for three years.
A．opens B．opened C．will open D．has been open
40．My uncle has worked in the TV station ________ he graduated from university.
A．because B．although C．if D．since
41．—Who ________ this book ________
—William Shakespeare.
A．did, written by B．was, written C．did, write by D．was, written by
42．The photos you just found are ________ old that I almost forget where they ________.
A．so; have taken B．so; were taken C．such; have taken D．such; were taken
43．The doctor ________ the man just now. So he must be ________.
A．operated on; take good care B．was operated; take good care of
C．operated on; taken good care of D．was operated on; taken good care
44．Grandparents ________ to America before.
A．went B．has been C．have gone D．have been
45．—________ you ________ the film before, Lily
—Yes. I ________ it online the other day.
A．Have; seen; have seen B．Did; see; saw
C．Have; seen; saw D．Did; see; have seen
46．—Have you visited Russia, Lilian
—Yes, I ________ there for two weeks.
A．studied B．was studying C．have studied D．studies
47．How long has this shop ______
A．be open B．been open C．opened D．been opened
48．—How long ________ you ________ these stamps
—For three years.
A．have; bought B．have; kept C．did; buy D．have; keep
49．— Mom, I want to watch Super Sketch Show tonight.
— Oh, dear, it ________ for a few e on!
A．has begun B．will begin C．has been on D．will be on
50．—Mike, you are late. The talk show ________ since an hour ago.
—What a pity! No wonder all the students have left.
A．has started B．has been on C．has ended D．has been over
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