Unit 1 Looking forwards Grammar and usage 课件（共36张）2024-2025学年高二英语外研版（2019）选择性必修四

(共36张PPT)
Unit 1 Honesty and responsibility
Grammar and usage
By the end of this section, you are going to:
categorize adverbial clauses;
work out the rules of adverbial clauses;
make correct sentences and complete a passage using adverbial clauses;
use adverbial clauses to describe a person practising honesty and responsibility.
Definition
状语
状语
从句
状语是用来修饰谓语、形容词、副词或是整个句子的成分。
当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，该句子就是状语从句。
Classification
状语从句种类 引导词
时间状语从句 when, while, as, before, after, until/till, by the time
条件状语从句 if, unless, so/as long as
原因状语从句 because, as, since, now (that)
目的状语从句 so that, in order that
结果状语从句 so...that..., such...that...
让步状语从句 although/though, while, even if/though, whether ... or..., no matter who/what/where
地点状语从句 where, wherever
方式状语从句 as, as if/though
比较状语从句 as, than
Classification
一、时间状语从句
1. when, while和as引导的时间状语从句
引导词 含义及用法 例句
while “与……同时”，从句常用延续性动词或表示状态的动词。 While I was waiting at the bus stop, three buses went by in the opposite direction.
我在公共汽车站等车时，对面驶过了三辆公共汽车。
when “当……的时候”,表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生或先后发生；从句可用延续性动词或非延续性动词。 It was raining when we arrived.
我们到的时候正在下雨。
as “当……的时候；随着”，表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生。 As time went on, he grew more and more impatient.
随着时间的推移，他越来越没有耐心。
Classification
2. till/until引导的时间状语从句
until表示“直到……为止”。
(1) 用在肯定句中，主句必须用延续性动词；
(2) not...until表示“直到……才”，主句常用短暂性动词。
(3) not until引导的从句位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
e.g.
Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the family was for him.
直到他离开家，他才开始意识到这个家对他有多重要。
Classification
3. by the time引导的时间状语从句
by the time表示“到……的时候”。
(1) 从句用一般现在时，主句则用将来完成时。
(2) 从句用一般过去时，主句则用过去完成时。
e.g.
I will have finished the homework by the time my father comes back.
到我父亲回来的时候，我将会完成作业。
By the time we arrived, someone had grabbed all the good seats.
我们到达时，所有的好位子都被人占了。
Classification
4. 名词短语或副词引导的时间状语从句
有些名词短语 (如the moment, the minute, every time) 或副词 (如immediately, directly) 也可以引导时间状语从句。
e.g.
The moment I heard the news, I hurried to the spot.
我一听到消息就急忙赶到现场了。
She went to see him directly she got the letter.
她一收到信就去看他了。
The minute I entered the wrong classroom, I felt embarrassed.
进错教室的那一刻，我感到很尴尬。
Classification
二、原因状语从句
1. 原因状语从句通常由because, as, since等引导。
since表示“既然”,所述原因是已知的客观事实或显然的理由。
e.g.
Since this method doesn’t work, let’s try another.
既然这个方法不行,我们试试另一个。
You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.
你不该仅仅因为有些人说了你的坏话就发怒。
As all seats were full, he stood up.
由于所有的座位都满了，他只好站着。
Classification
2. 词组now that (既然)，in that (因为)，seeing that (既然；鉴于),
considering that (考虑到；鉴于)， given that (考虑到；鉴于)等
也可引导原因状语从句。
e.g.
Given that they’re inexperienced, they’ve done a good job.
考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们已经做得很好了。
Now that we are all here, let’s begin our work.
既然大家都到齐了，我们开始工作吧。
Seeing that it is ten o’clock, we will not wait for Mary any long.
既然十点钟了，我们不再多等玛丽了。
Classification
结果状语从句常由so that, so...that..., such...that...等引导。表示“如此……以至于……”。
三、结果状语从句
(1) such是限定词，它所限定的名词可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；so是副词，与形容词或副词连用。
e.g.
I am so sleepy that I can hardly keep my eyes open.
我太困了，眼睛几乎睁不开。
It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home.
天气太糟糕，以至于我不得不待在家里。
Classification
(2) 当名词前面有many, much, few, little等表示数量多少的限定词时，应该用so，而不能用such。
e.g.
There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to the building.
街上围观大火的人太多了，以至于消防队员无法靠近大楼。
(3) 当so, such位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
e.g.
So much homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.我们要做的作业太多了，以至于我们没有时间休息。
Such a nice man did he seem that we all like him.
他看上去是如此好的一个人，我们都喜欢他。
Classification
四、让步状语从句
1. 让步状语从句常由though, although, while, even if, even
though等引导。
(1) though, although, while意为“虽然，尽管”，在一般情况下可以互换使用，都可与yet, still连用，但不能与but连用。
(2) while引导的从句通常位于主句前。
(3) though和although引导的从句可省略“主语+be”,此时though和 although后可接过去分词、现在分词或形容词。
e.g.
While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available.
尽管我愿意帮忙，但是我没有多少时间。
Although small, the kitchen is well designed.
厨房虽小，但设计巧妙。
Classification
2. whether or not/whether...or (不管……)和no matter
who/what/where/how (无论谁/什么/哪里/如何)也可引导让步状语从句。
e.g.
Whether or not we’re successful, we can be sure that we did our best.
不管成功与否，我们确已尽了最大努力。
Word always gets out no matter how careful you are.
无论你多么小心，消息总会走漏。
Classification
3. as意为“尽管，虽然”时可引导让步状语从句，并可用于倒
装结构，即“表语/状语/动词原形+as+句子其他部分”，though有时也用于这样的结构。
e.g.
Hard as/though he works, he makes little progress.
尽管他很努力，但他几乎没取得什么进步。
Young as he is, he knows a lot.
他虽然年轻，但他懂的很多。
4. no matter how/what (= however/whatever)等可引导让步状
语从句。
e.g.
She has the window open, however cold it is outside.
不管外面多冷她都开着窗户。
No matter what you do, do it well.
他虽然年轻，但他懂的很多。
Classification
五、地点状语从句
地点状语从句常由where、wherever等引导。
e.g.
Stand where you are, and I will come to help you.
你就站在那里，我来帮你。
I will go wherever I am needed.
哪里需要我，我就去哪里。
六、目的状语从句
目的状语从句常由so that或in order that引导，从句中常含有may, might, can, could等情态动词。
e.g.
My mother turned off the TV so that I could better concentrate on my studies.
我妈妈关掉了电视，以便我能更好地集中精力学习。
Classification
七、条件状语从句
1. 条件状语从句常由if, unless, so/as long as等引导。
e.g.
They’ll have respect for you as long as you play fair.
只要你公平竞争，他们就会尊重你。
Supposing you had more money that you could use, how would you spend it
假如你有更多的钱可以用，你会怎么花
2. 有时supposing (that), providing/provided (that)也可引导条
件状语从句。
e.g.
We may go to the party provided that it does not rain.
如果不下雨，我们可以去参加晚会。
Classification
八、方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if, as though等引导。
e.g.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
入乡随俗。
He behaved as if he had known nothing about it.
他表现得好像对此事一无所知。
九、比较状语从句
比较状语从句常由as或than引导。
e.g.
He works as hard as his brother does.
他和他哥哥一样努力工作。
Don’t take on more work than you can handle.
不要承担超出你能力范围的工作。
1. She wants to get everything ready before her mother comes back. （ ）
2. We’ll go swimming unless it rains tomorrow. （ ）
3. Speak louder please so that people at the back can hear you. （ ）
4. Since the teacher is busy now, you can ask her after school. （ ）
5. Jane is so interested in the film that she wants to see it again.（ ）
6. We’ll have to finish the job no matter how long it takes. （ ）
7. As you grow older, you will get more experience. （ ）
8. He will stop showing off (炫耀) if no one pays attention to him.（ ）
9. I have put up the picture where I can see it every day. （ ）
画出下列各句中的状语从句，并说明作用：
时间状语从句
条件状语从句
目的状语从句
原因状语从句
结果状语从句
让步状语从句
时间状语从句
条件状语从句
地点状语从句
Exercise
1. I haven’t heard from him __________ he went to America.
2. He won’t be here __________ he is invited.
3. He will not go to the cinema __________ he is very busy.
4. We found the key __________ she had left it.
5. We found the books two days __________ he had gone away.
6. We had no sooner got to the station __________ the train left.
7. He speaks English __________ he were an Englishman.
8. He is explaining clearly __________ they could understand.
9. Do not leave the room __________ you have finished the test.
10. She sang __________ she went along.
根据句子意思填写正确的连接词，每空一个词。：
since
unless
because
where
after
than
as if
so that
before
as
Exercise
11. __________ will do the experiment comes to the professor’s office.
12. __________ will do the experiment hasn’t been decided.
13. The teacher didn’t leave __________ twelve o’clock.
14. __________ the day went on, the weather got worse.
15. __________ she is very young, she knows quite a lot.
16. It worried her a bit __________ her hair was turning grey.
17. You will be late __________ you leave immediately.
18. _________________ had I entered the room __________ the phone
rang.
19. John shut everybody out of the kitchen he could prepare
his grand surprise for the party.
20. After the war, a new school building was put up there had
once been a theatre.
Whoever
Who
until
As
Although
that
unless
Hardly/No sooner
when/than
so that
where
Exercise
语篇填空
My mother was cooking in the kitchen 1.__________ I was doing my school assignments. As soon as I finished my homework, I went to get some water to drink. Then the doorbell rang. However, my sister unlocked the door 2.__________ I could open it. We were surprised the moment we saw her 3.___________ her clothes and face were terribly dirty. She looked much poorer than we expected. Since we didn’t know what had happened to her, we stood there and waited for my sister’s story. We wouldn’t leave 4._____________ my sister told us all about it. 5.__________ my sister got changed, she told us that she fell into a ditch when she walked on a path on her way to my uncle’s home in the countryside. She couldn’t get out of the ditch. 6.__________ she cried for help loudly, no one could hear her. She tried to climb out of it, but, 7.__________ hard she tried, she failed to escape from it. 8.__________ time went by, she got worried. After several vain attempts she had to stand 9.____________ she was and waited 10.__________ a boy passed by and gave her a hand. The boy reached her a long rope and told her to climb with the rope. She did 11.__________ the boy told, so that she came out. My sister also warned us to be careful 12.____________ walking on a path even though we are in a great hurry. That’s true. We should mind our step so that we can ensure our safety.
while/when
before
because
unless
After
Although
however
As
where
until
as
when
Exercise
Read the article on Page 6, and answer the following questions.
(1) Who was Huang Danian
(2) How do you describe him Why
He was responsible and dedicated because he was willing to bear the heavy burden of responsibility and devoted to working for the good of his country and people.
(3) What contributions did he make
He mapped the world under the Earth’s surface, which helped
discover valuable mineral resources and brought China’s knowledge and technology in this area alongside the world’s finest.
He was a geophysicist who made great contributions to China.
Exploring the rules
Find the sentences with adverbial clauses from the news story and fill in the table.
Adverbial clause of condition He knew that if he came back, …
Adverbial clause of time When he had to go away on business, …
… until he died in 2017 at the age of just 58.
Adverbial clause of place Huang excelled where he was working …
Adverbial clause of reason Since he spent so much time on work, …
Adverbial clause of purpose … so that he did not miss any work in the daytime.
Adverbial clause of result In fact, he worked so hard that he did not pay enough attention to his own health.
Adverbial clause of concession Although he spent many years in the UK, …
Exploring the rules
Working out the rules
Adverbial clauses can be introduced by: if, unless, as long as, etc. to express (1) ; until, when, while, etc. to express time; where to express place; because, as, since, in that, etc. to express (2) ; so that, in order that, etc. to express (3) ; that with so or such in the main clause to express result; and although, though, even if, etc. to express concession.
condition
reason
purpose
Exploring the rules
Put the words in the correct order to make sentences with adverbial clauses.
B1
Applying the rules
1. Jake/so that/he/got up early/to exercise/would have time/before class __________________________________________________________________
2. although/they still/edited the photos/looked/she had not/very good __________________________________________________________________
3. he/went to work/nothing had happened/as if __________________________________________________________________
4. she was/liked her/her teacher/because/so hard-working __________________________________________________________________
5. I/do not tell me/when/people/get very upset/the truth __________________________________________________________________
6. if/you are/be/they will/nice to other people/nice to you
__________________________________________________________________
Jake got up early so that he would have time to exercise before class.
Although she had not edited the photos, they still looked very good.
He went to work as if nothing had happened.
Her teacher liked her because she was so hard-working.
I get very upset when people do not tell me the truth.
If you are nice to other people, they will be nice to you.
Lily used to be a fitness coach and a social media influencer. The number of her followers reached a million just last month. Every day, she would post photos of herself working out, or just posing in workout clothes. She looked superb in these photos.
(1) , they were not one hundred per cent real. Actually, they were taken by a professional photographer. Besides, they were also carefully edited (2) ___. We know that social media influencers sometimes post their photos for fun, but companies pay them to do so (3) ___. Lily was no exception. The clothes she was wearing in those photos were sponsored by companies. She was paid to wear them.
Lily was not happy about the photos, though. “I was feeling guilty (4) ___,” she said. “I was so ashamed of myself. I couldn’t bear living a lie any more. I hope my fans can forgive me.” (5) ___, she closed her online account.
The news story below is about a social media plete it with the correct adverbial clauses in the box below. There are two clauses you do NOT need to use. Write the letters in the blanks.
B2
c
e
Applying the rules
b
f
a
a after she had deleted over 2,000 photos
b in order that they can promote their products
c While these photos won her many fans
d because many other people do the same thing
f because I was cheating my fans
g Although she still posted her photos online
B3
Describe a person practising honesty and responsibility using adverbial clauses.
Applying the rules
Possible answer
My friend Peter is a good example of someone who practises honesty and responsibility. Since he was quite young, Peter has been regarded as a “good” boy. His classmates have elected him as class monitor because they know Peter is reliable. He has devoted a lot of time to helping his classmates and the class teacher, earning him high praise. Although he is very busy, he manages to do other activities such as guitar lessons. His parents were concerned that guitar lessons would take up too much of his time, but Peter assured them he made such a strict schedule that he could handle it. It turns out that Peter has kept a good balance between his study and his hobby. Peter has many friends, who like him and trust him more than others. If his friends have a disagreement, they often approach him because they know he will speak the truth and give his honest opinion. He once said, “I’m just doing what I can and try to make smart choices in order that I can help my friends, teachers and family. Where I am needed, I will be there.”
Language points
Language points
1. Among every generation there are those who are willing to bear the heavy
burden of responsibility and devote themselves to working for the good of
their country and people.
每一代人中，都有愿意承担重大责任、致力于为国家和人民谋福利的人。
devote
vt. 献身；奉献，投入（时间、精力等）
常见搭配：devote oneself to (doing) sth. = be devoted to (doing) sth
献身/致力于（做）某事
devote all one’s energy/time to (doing) sth.
投入全部精力/时间于（做）某事
例句： After he graduated he continued to devote himself to research.
毕业之后他继续致力于研究工作。
He devoted all his free time to playing the piano.
他把所有的空闲时间都用来弹钢琴。
vt. 专用于
例句：This dictionary is devoted to explaining word usage.
这本词典专用于解释词的用法。
拓展：devotion n. 挚爱；关爱；奉献；忠诚
Language points
2. Eventually he resigned his post in the UK and returned to China to work at
Jilin University in Changchun.
最终他辞去了在英国的职务，回到中国，在长春的吉林大学工作。
resign
vt. & vi. 辞职；辞去（某职务）
常见搭配：resign from the company 从公司辞职
resign one’s office/position 辞职
resign as sth. 辞去某职务
例句： He resigned his position in the company.
他辞去了在那家公司的职务。
He is still on the board of directors, but he resigned as chairman some months ago.
他仍在董事会，但几个月前他辞去了董事长职务。
vt. 使顺从
常见搭配：resign oneself to 听任；只好接受；顺从
例句：He has resigned himself to the fact that he will lose the job.
他已经接受了他将要失去这份工作的事实。
She resigned herself to her fate. 她只好听天由命了。
拓展：resignation n. 辞职；辞职信；顺从；听任
Language points
3. I was feeling guilty.
我感到内疚。
guilty
adj. 感到内疚的；感到惭愧的
常见搭配：be/feel guilty about... 对……感到内疚
例句： I felt guilty about not visiting my parents more often.
我因没有常去看望父母而感到内疚。
adj. 犯了罪；有过失的；有罪责的
常见搭配：be guilty of... 犯……罪
find sb. guilty of... 裁决某人犯有……罪
例句：The jury found him guilty of murder.
陪审团裁决他犯有谋杀罪。
拓展：
guilt n. 内疚；有罪；罪过
a sense of guilt 内疚感
have feeling of guilt about 对……感到内疚
Language points
4. I was so ashamed of myself. I couldn’t bear living a lie any more. I hope
my fans can forgive me.
我为自己感到惭愧，我再也无法忍受过骗人的生活了。我祈祷我的粉丝们能原谅我。
ashamed
adj. 惭愧；羞愧；尴尬
常见搭配：be ashamed of 为……感到惭愧
ashamed of oneself 自感惭愧
例句： She was deeply ashamed of her behaviour at the party.
她对自己在聚会上的行为深感羞愧。
adj. 因惭愧而不情愿；羞于
常见搭配：be ashamed to do 耻于做……
例句：I cried at the end and I’m not ashamed to admit it.
最后我哭了，我并不耻于承认哭过。
拓展：
shame n. 羞耻；羞愧；惭愧；令人惋惜的事
vt. 使羞愧（或惭愧）；使蒙受耻辱
It is a shame that... 真可惜……
Language points
4. I was so ashamed of myself. I couldn’t bear living a lie any more. I hope
my fans can forgive me.
我为自己感到惭愧，我再也无法忍受过骗人的生活了。我祈祷我的粉丝们能原谅我。
forgive
vt. 原谅；宽恕
常见搭配：forgive sb. for (doing) sth. 原谅某人（做）某事
forgive sb. sth. 宽恕某人某事
forgive sb./sb.’s doing... 宽恕某人做……
forgive and forget 不念旧恶；不记仇
例句： I never forgive her for what she did. 我绝不会原谅她所做的事。
I forgave him his crimes. 我宽恕了他的罪行。
After the fight, the two young men decided to forgive and forget.
打完架后，两个年轻人决定握手言和。
vt. （银行、国家等）免除（债务）
例句：The government has agreed to forgive a large part of the debt.
政府同意免除一大部分债务。
拓展：forgiveness n. 原谅
Language points
Exercise
1. Professor Stevenson has devoted himself to ___________ (protect) the deer.
2. Her ___________ (devote) to the job left her with very little free time.
3. He was forced to resign his position ___________ headmaster of the school
because of ill health.
4. The man was proved ___________ (guilt) of murder.
5. You should be ashamed ___________ yourself for telling such lies.
6. It’s ___________ shame that he should have failed the exam.
7. Forgive me _________ interrupting, but I really don’t agree with you.
8. He begged _________________________ (forgive) for what he had done.
protecting
devotion
as
guilty
of
a
for
forgiveness/to be forgiven
单句语法填空
Review the adverbial clauses.