文章篇章结构分析
教学目标： 学生能通过分析文章段落层级结构理解篇章。 ★★★☆☆☆
问题层级图
目标层级图
文章篇章结构分析
教学目标：★★★☆☆☆ 学生能通过分析文章段落层级结构理解篇章。
一、总-分型 ★★★☆☆☆
例
1
We all need a healthy environment, but we produce waste every day and it does harm to our environment. Though we are young, we can still do something to help. In fact, even the simplest everyday activities can make a real difference to the environment. Here are some ideas for you to live a green life.
Remember these three words: reduce, reuse and recycle.
Reduce means “use less”. Don't waste things. This saves money and reduces pollution and waste going into the environment. Before we buy something new, think if it is really necessary or maybe the old one will be just as good! When we do buy things, choose local products if possible, and try not to buy too many things from abroad.
Reuse means “use again”. Use things for as long as possible. When we buy things, make sure that they last a long time. We should take care of them so that they will last, and we should repair them if we can instead of throwing them away and buying new ones. Don't use a paper cup or a paper bag. It’s better to use a china cup and a lunch box because you can use them again.
Recycle means “change things into something else”. Although it takes energy to change something into something else, it’s better than throwing things away or burning them. Find out what can be recycled in your neighborhood and take part in recycling programs. We should also buy products made from recycled materials, such as recycled paper, to help save trees.
分析
1. 根据第一段的We all need a healthy environment, but we produce waste every day ,….. Here are some ideas for you to live a green life.我们可以得知本篇文章主要是针对我们需要一个健康的环境，但现在存在了诸多问题，我们要怎样解决这些问题而展开。主要的方式有减少使用、重复使用、回收。
2. 第三段根据第一句的Reduce means “use less”. 及Don't waste things.能够得知段落大意是减少使用，根据后面的try not to buy too many things from abroad.得知相对应的建议。
3. 第三段根据Reuse means “use again”.及 Use things for as long as possible. 和It’s better to use a china cup and a lunch box because you can use them again.可以得知本部分的内容主要在讲解重复使用。根据后面的Don't use…和It’s better to use…可得出具体的建议。
4. Recycle means “change things into something else”. 可得知文段段意在讲回收。根据We should also buy products…可得知具体的建议。
5. 我们可得出以下层次图：
2
Americans in business have a language of their own. Some words and expressions deal with the special areas of their work. Some expressions are borrowed from different kinds of work such as the theatre and movie industry.
One such saying is “get your act together”.
When things go wrong in business, a boss may get angry. He may shout, “Stop making mistakes. Get your act together.” Or, if the boss is calmer, he may say, “Let’s get our act together.” Either way, the meaning is the same. Getting your act together is getting organized. In business, it usually means to develop a calm and orderly (有序的) plan of action.
It is difficult to tell exactly where the saying began. But it is probable that it was in the theatre or movie industry. Perhaps one of the actors was nervous and made a lot of mistakes. The director may have said, “Calm down, now. Get your act together.”
Another expression used by American business people is “cut to the chase”.
“Cut to the chase” means to stop spending so much time on unimportant details or information. Hurry and get to the good part.
Naturally, this saying was started by people who made movies. Hollywood movie producers believe that most Americans want to see action movies. Many of their movies show scenes in which the actors chase each other in cars, in airplanes or on foot.
“Cut” is the director’s word for stop. The director means to stop filming, leave out some material and get to the chase scene now.
So, if your boss tells you to cut to the chase, be sure to get to the main point of your work quickly.
分析
1. 根据第一段第一句Americans in business have a language of their own.得知，本篇文章主要在讲解在商业领域的两种语言以及他们的意义和来源，而下面主要围绕着这一思想而展开，所以此段为文章的中心思想。
2. 根据第2段的one such saying和第5段的another expression 可知文章内容大致分为两个部分而展开，第2-4段主要在讲解“Get your act together”，而根据第3段的中心句“In business, it usually means to develop a calm and orderly (有序的) plan of action.”和第四段的中心句“It is difficult to tell exactly where the saying began.”得知第二段主要在讲此种表达法的含义和来源。主要讲解 第5-9段在讲“cut the chase.”而根据第六段的“Cut to the chase” means to stop spending…”和第7段的this saying was started by people who made movies得知第6段主要在讲意义，第7段主要在讲来源 。
3. 所以我们可以得出以下层次图
练习
What makes a successful speech First, you should have a good speech script(稿子) so that your ideas and language can attract people’s attention. And some skills are necessary, too.
Here are some suggestions on giving great speeches.
Beat nerves(紧张)
Relax yourself before and when making a speech. Practice your opening sentence three
or four times. This will help make a sure start and a successful speech. When you stand on the stage, think of the audience(观众) as your family members and friends.
Keep it natural
Natural body language will help your speech: smile, stand straight and look at the audience. Do not drop your head or play with a pen. Also, dressing yourself nicely will help the audience feel respected.
Pace and pause(节奏和停顿)
Pace and pause add color to your speech. Speak fast enough to keep people excited and slowly enough for people to fully understand you. After an important point, pause for a moment. It’ll change the atmosphere(气氛) in the audience.
1. 请把文章分段并归纳出所分段落的中心思想。
分段：_________________________________________________________________________
段落大意：
2. 请画出文章的层级图
KEYS:
1.
一段（1-2）：第一段根据“What makes a successful speech ”可得知本段主要讲解了怎样做好一个演讲及建议。
二段（3-4）：根据小标题可得知第4段主要在讲解怎么克服紧张。
三段（5-6）：根据小标题得知第6段主要讲解怎么保持自然。
四段（7-8）：根据小标题得知第8段主要讲解注意节奏和停顿。
2. 文章层次图
二、 杂糅型 ★★★☆☆☆
例
1
Electronic devices(装置)are changing the way people listen to music. But studies show the devices may be causing hearing lose. In many people. Some experts say people may be playing them too loud and too long. And experts say sound levels on these devices need to set lower.
Researchers did a study with three hundred high school students and one hundred adults. They were asked about their use of portable music devices. 40%of the students and adults said they set the sound levels at high on their players. But students were twice more likely(可能的) to play the music at a very loud volume(音量). More than half of the students said they would probably not limit(限制) their listening time.
The study found that more than half of the students and 40% of the adults had at least one kind of hearing loss. Some reported that it was difficult for them to hear parts of a discussion between two people. Others said they had to use volume controls(音量控制) on a television or radio to hear it better. And, some experienced ringing in their ears or other noises.
Hearing experts say part of the problem is the listening equipment people are using. They say large earphones that cover the whole ear are probably safer that smaller earbuds(耳塞) that come with most music players. Hearing loss may not be serious for years, however, once it happens, there is few chances of curing. About thirty million Americans have some hearing loss. one third of them lost their hearing as a result of loud noises.
The American speech-language-hearing association is working with companies and government officials on setting rules for use of music devices. The group says the best way to protect your hearing is to turn down your player, limit listening time and use earphones that keep out foreign noises.
分析
1. 根据文章第一段studies show the devices may be causing hearing lose 和第二段Researchers did a study with three hundred high school students and one hundred adults.以及第三段的The study found that more than half…”可得知第1-3段主要在讲研究的结果。
2. 根据文章的”Hearing experts say part of the problem is the…和Hearing loss may not be..”可得知第四段主要在讲造成问题的原因和伤害。
3. 第三段根据”The group says the best way to protect your hearing…”得知，此段主要在讲解决问题的办法。
4. 根据文章我们可以得出如下层次图：
练习
Every scientist has a childhood dream. A scientist in China once had a dream. He wished to grow a new type of rice. This new type of rice would be as big as peanuts. This person is Yuan Longping---“father” of Hybird rice(杂交水稻).
Yuan Longping was born in 1930. He graduated from the Southwest Agricultural(农业) University in 1953. He came up with an idea for a Hybird rice in the 1960s. Since then, he has devoted himself to research and to the development of new varieties.
In 1973, together with other people, he succeeded in the development of Hybird irce. This made China a worldwide leader in rice production(生产). In 1980, the technology(技术) for Hybird, rice was introduced to the United States. Now his “supper rice” has been introduced to more than 20 other countries.
Because of Professor Yuan’s hard work, China now produces enough rice to feed her people every year. Last November an online survey showed that most Chinese believed that Yuan Professor deserved(应得) a Nobel Peace Prize.
His spare time, Yuan Longping loves playing the violin and listening to music. Every night, he reads for half an hour an hour before he goes to sleep. He likes swimming, too. It is said that Professor Yuan is one of the richest in China. But he cares about nothing but his research.
练习
1. 请把文章分段并归纳出所分段落的中心思想。
分段：_________________________________________________________________________
段落大意：
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
2. 请画出文章的层级图
KEYS:
1.
一段（1）：主要讲解了袁隆平的主要贡献。
二段（2-4）：主要讲解袁隆平的经历。
三段（5）： 主要讲解了袁隆平的爱好。
2. 文章层次图
三、分-分型 ★★☆☆☆☆
例
1
“Happy New Year!” everyone will greet each other with these words as they meet each other on New Year’s Day. But it wasn’t always January 1st that marked the New Year.
At least 4，000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians marked the changing of the year. In Ancient Egypt, the new year started when the Nile River flooded(洪涝），bringing much rich soil (土壤）to farmers’ land. This happened at the end of September.
The Babylonians held a festival in spring, on March 23rd, to begin the next farming cycle. The Babylonian celebration lasted for 11 days.
The date January 1st was picked by the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar as the change of the year when he established his own calendar in 46 BC. The month of January originates（起源）from the Roman god, Janus. He is pictured with two heads. One head looks forward and the other back. They represent a break between the old and new. The new calendar was in time with the sun and it has been used until the present day.
Thailand has its specific New Year’s date; it’s different from the normal calendar. The Thai New Year is celebrated on April 13th. On this day, Thai people play with water, throwing it on each other. It is intended to bring good luck during the New Year ahead.
In Vietnam, the New Year holiday happens in February. They buy peach flowers and put them into their house, following the Vietnamese custom.
In China, the more favorable New Year is usually celebrated in February according to lunar calendar(阴历). On New Year’s Eve, all family members sit together at table, enjoying lots of traditional foods such as dumplings, chicken to bring good luck.
分析
1. 通过本篇第一段的Happy new year 和第二段Egyptians，第三段的The Babylonians,第四段的the Roman，第五段的 Thailand，第六段的In Vietnam，第七段的In China以及每段里面所包含的的时间来源和reasons可看出本篇文章主要围绕的”新年”的话题展开，具体讲解了各个国家的新年时间、起源和活动、原因等。
2. 由此我们可以得到以下的文章层级图：
埃及的新年时间、起源、活动、原因
练习
The life difference between east and west, rich and poor becomes clear when we look at how the kids sleep at night.
Jyoti, aged 14, Nepal
Jyoti left school at a young age and now lives with one of her sisters in the Nepalese countryside where she works on the farm. The family sleep on mats on the mud floor in the open air, with an open fire for cooking and keeping warm. Jyoti loves dancing and she wants to become a dancer to make money for her family.
Tzvika, aged 12, West Bank(约旦河西岸), Israel
Tzvika lives in a gated community(社区) of 36,000 Orthodox Jews in an Israeli settlement(定居点) on the West Bank. Televisions and newspapers are not allowed from the settlement. The average family has nine children, but Tzvika has just two bothers, with whom he shares his room. Religion(宗教) is the most important subject, followed by Hebrew language and math. Sport is not allowed in the school. Tzvika wants to be a learned man when he grows up.
Lamine, aged 12, Bounk Village, South Africa
Lamine studies at the local all-boy Koran school and shares a room with several other schoolmates. His day starts at six o’clock when he and the other boys work on the school farm with the guide of teachers, and in the afternoon the boys study the Koran(可兰经). In his free time, Lamine likes to play football with his friends and when he grows up he would like to teach in this school.
Ahkòxet, aged 15, River Amazon, Brazil
Ahkòxet is a member of the Kraho tribe(部落) living near the river of Amazon. There are only 1,900 members of the tribe. All the tribe members grow and hunt their own foods, and any other material they need is bought, using money made from film companies and photographers who visit their camp. He dreams to be head of the tribe when he grows up.
Jasmine, aged 14, Kentucky, the US
Jasmine lives in a big house with her parents and three brothers in the Kentucky countryside. Her father works as a railroad engineer. Her bedroom is filled with her favorite toys and her wardrobe is filled with her dresses, for she normally gets two new dresses every month. She enjoys being treated like a princess, having her hair done and wearing pretty clothes and make-up and would like to be a rock star when she grows up.
1.请画出文章的层级图
KEYS:
1.文章篇章结构分析
教学目标： 学生能通过分析文章段落层级结构理解篇章。 ★★★☆☆☆
问题层级图
目标层级图
文章篇章结构分析
教学目标：★★★☆☆☆ 学生能通过分析文章段落层级结构理解篇章。
一、总-分型 ★★★☆☆☆
例
1
We all need a healthy environment, but we produce waste every day and it does harm to our environment. Though we are young, we can still do something to help. In fact, even the simplest everyday activities can make a real difference to the environment. Here are some ideas for you to live a green life.
Remember these three words: reduce, reuse and recycle.
Reduce means “use less”. Don't waste things. This saves money and reduces pollution and waste going into the environment. Before we buy something new, think if it is really necessary or maybe the old one will be just as good! When we do buy things, choose local products if possible, and try not to buy too many things from abroad.
Reuse means “use again”. Use things for as long as possible. When we buy things, make sure that they last a long time. We should take care of them so that they will last, and we should repair them if we can instead of throwing them away and buying new ones. Don't use a paper cup or a paper bag. It’s better to use a china cup and a lunch box because you can use them again.
Recycle means “change things into something else”. Although it takes energy to change something into something else, it’s better than throwing things away or burning them. Find out what can be recycled in your neighborhood and take part in recycling programs. We should also buy products made from recycled materials, such as recycled paper, to help save trees.
分析
1. 根据第一段的We all need a healthy environment, but we produce waste every day ,….. Here are some ideas for you to live a green life.我们可以得知本篇文章主要是针对我们需要一个健康的环境，但现在存在了诸多问题，我们要怎样解决这些问题而展开。主要的方式有减少使用、重复使用、回收。
2. 第三段根据第一句的Reduce means “use less”. 及Don't waste things.能够得知段落大意是减少使用，根据后面的try not to buy too many things from abroad.得知相对应的建议。
3. 第三段根据Reuse means “use again”.及 Use things for as long as possible. 和It’s better to use a china cup and a lunch box because you can use them again.可以得知本部分的内容主要在讲解重复使用。根据后面的Don't use…和It’s better to use…可得出具体的建议。
4. Recycle means “change things into something else”. 可得知文段段意在讲回收。根据We should also buy products…可得知具体的建议。
5. 我们可得出以下层次图：
2
Americans in business have a language of their own. Some words and expressions deal with the special areas of their work. Some expressions are borrowed from different kinds of work such as the theatre and movie industry.
One such saying is “get your act together”.
When things go wrong in business, a boss may get angry. He may shout, “Stop making mistakes. Get your act together.” Or, if the boss is calmer, he may say, “Let’s get our act together.” Either way, the meaning is the same. Getting your act together is getting organized. In business, it usually means to develop a calm and orderly (有序的) plan of action.
It is difficult to tell exactly where the saying began. But it is probable that it was in the theatre or movie industry. Perhaps one of the actors was nervous and made a lot of mistakes. The director may have said, “Calm down, now. Get your act together.”
Another expression used by American business people is “cut to the chase”.
“Cut to the chase” means to stop spending so much time on unimportant details or information. Hurry and get to the good part.
Naturally, this saying was started by people who made movies. Hollywood movie producers believe that most Americans want to see action movies. Many of their movies show scenes in which the actors chase each other in cars, in airplanes or on foot.
“Cut” is the director’s word for stop. The director means to stop filming, leave out some material and get to the chase scene now.
So, if your boss tells you to cut to the chase, be sure to get to the main point of your work quickly.
分析
1. 根据第一段第一句Americans in business have a language of their own.得知，本篇文章主要在讲解在商业领域的两种语言以及他们的意义和来源，而下面主要围绕着这一思想而展开，所以此段为文章的中心思想。
2. 根据第2段的one such saying和第5段的another expression 可知文章内容大致分为两个部分而展开，第2-4段主要在讲解“Get your act together”，而根据第3段的中心句“In business, it usually means to develop a calm and orderly (有序的) plan of action.”和第四段的中心句“It is difficult to tell exactly where the saying began.”得知第二段主要在讲此种表达法的含义和来源。主要讲解 第5-9段在讲“cut the chase.”而根据第六段的“Cut to the chase” means to stop spending…”和第7段的this saying was started by people who made movies得知第6段主要在讲意义，第7段主要在讲来源 。
3. 所以我们可以得出以下层次图
练习
What makes a successful speech First, you should have a good speech script(稿子) so that your ideas and language can attract people’s attention. And some skills are necessary, too.
Here are some suggestions on giving great speeches.
Beat nerves(紧张)
Relax yourself before and when making a speech. Practice your opening sentence three
or four times. This will help make a sure start and a successful speech. When you stand on the stage, think of the audience(观众) as your family members and friends.
Keep it natural
Natural body language will help your speech: smile, stand straight and look at the audience. Do not drop your head or play with a pen. Also, dressing yourself nicely will help the audience feel respected.
Pace and pause(节奏和停顿)
Pace and pause add color to your speech. Speak fast enough to keep people excited and slowly enough for people to fully understand you. After an important point, pause for a moment. It’ll change the atmosphere(气氛) in the audience.
1. 请把文章分段并归纳出所分段落的中心思想。
分段：_________________________________________________________________________
段落大意：
2. 请画出文章的层级图
二、 杂糅型 ★★★☆☆☆
例
1
Electronic devices(装置)are changing the way people listen to music. But studies show the devices may be causing hearing lose. In many people. Some experts say people may be playing them too loud and too long. And experts say sound levels on these devices need to set lower.
Researchers did a study with three hundred high school students and one hundred adults. They were asked about their use of portable music devices. 40%of the students and adults said they set the sound levels at high on their players. But students were twice more likely(可能的) to play the music at a very loud volume(音量). More than half of the students said they would probably not limit(限制) their listening time.
The study found that more than half of the students and 40% of the adults had at least one kind of hearing loss. Some reported that it was difficult for them to hear parts of a discussion between two people. Others said they had to use volume controls(音量控制) on a television or radio to hear it better. And, some experienced ringing in their ears or other noises.
Hearing experts say part of the problem is the listening equipment people are using. They say large earphones that cover the whole ear are probably safer that smaller earbuds(耳塞) that come with most music players. Hearing loss may not be serious for years, however, once it happens, there is few chances of curing. About thirty million Americans have some hearing loss. one third of them lost their hearing as a result of loud noises.
The American speech-language-hearing association is working with companies and government officials on setting rules for use of music devices. The group says the best way to protect your hearing is to turn down your player, limit listening time and use earphones that keep out foreign noises.
分析
1. 根据文章第一段studies show the devices may be causing hearing lose 和第二段Researchers did a study with three hundred high school students and one hundred adults.以及第三段的The study found that more than half…”可得知第1-3段主要在讲研究的结果。
2. 根据文章的”Hearing experts say part of the problem is the…和Hearing loss may not be..”可得知第四段主要在讲造成问题的原因和伤害。
3. 第三段根据”The group says the best way to protect your hearing…”得知，此段主要在讲解决问题的办法。
4. 根据文章我们可以得出如下层次图：
练习
Every scientist has a childhood dream. A scientist in China once had a dream. He wished to grow a new type of rice. This new type of rice would be as big as peanuts. This person is Yuan Longping---“father” of Hybird rice(杂交水稻).
Yuan Longping was born in 1930. He graduated from the Southwest Agricultural(农业) University in 1953. He came up with an idea for a Hybird rice in the 1960s. Since then, he has devoted himself to research and to the development of new varieties.
In 1973, together with other people, he succeeded in the development of Hybird irce. This made China a worldwide leader in rice production(生产). In 1980, the technology(技术) for Hybird, rice was introduced to the United States. Now his “supper rice” has been introduced to more than 20 other countries.
Because of Professor Yuan’s hard work, China now produces enough rice to feed her people every year. Last November an online survey showed that most Chinese believed that Yuan Professor deserved(应得) a Nobel Peace Prize.
His spare time, Yuan Longping loves playing the violin and listening to music. Every night, he reads for half an hour an hour before he goes to sleep. He likes swimming, too. It is said that Professor Yuan is one of the richest in China. But he cares about nothing but his research.
练习
1. 请把文章分段并归纳出所分段落的中心思想。
分段：_________________________________________________________________________
段落大意：
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
2. 请画出文章的层级图
三、分-分型 ★★☆☆☆☆
例
1
“Happy New Year!” everyone will greet each other with these words as they meet each other on New Year’s Day. But it wasn’t always January 1st that marked the New Year.
At least 4，000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians marked the changing of the year. In Ancient Egypt, the new year started when the Nile River flooded(洪涝），bringing much rich soil (土壤）to farmers’ land. This happened at the end of September.
The Babylonians held a festival in spring, on March 23rd, to begin the next farming cycle. The Babylonian celebration lasted for 11 days.
The date January 1st was picked by the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar as the change of the year when he established his own calendar in 46 BC. The month of January originates（起源）from the Roman god, Janus. He is pictured with two heads. One head looks forward and the other back. They represent a break between the old and new. The new calendar was in time with the sun and it has been used until the present day.
Thailand has its specific New Year’s date; it’s different from the normal calendar. The Thai New Year is celebrated on April 13th. On this day, Thai people play with water, throwing it on each other. It is intended to bring good luck during the New Year ahead.
In Vietnam, the New Year holiday happens in February. They buy peach flowers and put them into their house, following the Vietnamese custom.
In China, the more favorable New Year is usually celebrated in February according to lunar calendar(阴历). On New Year’s Eve, all family members sit together at table, enjoying lots of traditional foods such as dumplings, chicken to bring good luck.
分析
1. 通过本篇第一段的Happy new year 和第二段Egyptians，第三段的The Babylonians,第四段的the Roman，第五段的 Thailand，第六段的In Vietnam，第七段的In China以及每段里面所包含的的时间来源和reasons可看出本篇文章主要围绕的”新年”的话题展开，具体讲解了各个国家的新年时间、起源和活动、原因等。
2. 由此我们可以得到以下的文章层级图：
埃及的新年时间、起源、活动、原因
练习
The life difference between east and west, rich and poor becomes clear when we look at how the kids sleep at night.
Jyoti, aged 14, Nepal
Jyoti left school at a young age and now lives with one of her sisters in the Nepalese countryside where she works on the farm. The family sleep on mats on the mud floor in the open air, with an open fire for cooking and keeping warm. Jyoti loves dancing and she wants to become a dancer to make money for her family.
Tzvika, aged 12, West Bank(约旦河西岸), Israel
Tzvika lives in a gated community(社区) of 36,000 Orthodox Jews in an Israeli settlement(定居点) on the West Bank. Televisions and newspapers are not allowed from the settlement. The average family has nine children, but Tzvika has just two bothers, with whom he shares his room. Religion(宗教) is the most important subject, followed by Hebrew language and math. Sport is not allowed in the school. Tzvika wants to be a learned man when he grows up.
Lamine, aged 12, Bounk Village, South Africa
Lamine studies at the local all-boy Koran school and shares a room with several other schoolmates. His day starts at six o’clock when he and the other boys work on the school farm with the guide of teachers, and in the afternoon the boys study the Koran(可兰经). In his free time, Lamine likes to play football with his friends and when he grows up he would like to teach in this school.
Ahkòxet, aged 15, River Amazon, Brazil
Ahkòxet is a member of the Kraho tribe(部落) living near the river of Amazon. There are only 1,900 members of the tribe. All the tribe members grow and hunt their own foods, and any other material they need is bought, using money made from film companies and photographers who visit their camp. He dreams to be head of the tribe when he grows up.
Jasmine, aged 14, Kentucky, the US
Jasmine lives in a big house with her parents and three brothers in the Kentucky countryside. Her father works as a railroad engineer. Her bedroom is filled with her favorite toys and her wardrobe is filled with her dresses, for she normally gets two new dresses every month. She enjoys being treated like a princess, having her hair done and wearing pretty clothes and make-up and would like to be a rock star when she grows up.
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