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高考英语短文改错常见错误总结学案
一、语法类错误(高频考点)
1. 动词时态与语态
错误类型:
时态不一致(如一般过去时与现在完成时混用)
被动语态遗漏be动词
主谓不一致
例句:
错:She go to school by bus every day.(主谓不一致)
对:She goes to school by bus every day.
错:The project was complete last month.(被动语态缺过去分词)
对:The project was completed last month.
解题技巧:
划谓语动词,检查主语单复数
关注时间状语(如yesterday, since 2020)
被动语态结构:be + 过去分词
2. 名词单复数与所有格
错误类型:
可数名词单数漏加冠词(a/an/the)
不可数名词误用复数
所有格形式错误(’s与s’混淆)
例句:
错:I have many hobby.(可数名词未用复数)
对:I have many hobbies.
错:This is Tom’s and Jim’s room.(共有所有格错误)
对:This is Tom and Jim’s room.(共同拥有加最后一个’s)
解题技巧:
前有many/much, few/little等词,判断名词可数性
所有格:单数名词+’s,复数名词+s’
3. 形容词与副词混淆
错误类型:
形容词误用为副词(如修饰动词用形容词)
副词等级错误(原级/比较级/最高级)
例句:
错:She sings beautiful.(形容词修饰动词)
对:She sings beautifully.
错:He is the tall in his class.(最高级缺the)
对:He is the tallest in his class.
解题技巧:
形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词/形容词/句子
比较级标志:than;最高级标志:the + 形容词最高级
二、虚词类错误(细节陷阱)
1. 冠词(a/an/the)
错误类型:
泛指/特指混淆(a vs. the)
专有名词前错用冠词
固定搭配中冠词缺失或多余
例句:
错:I want to be engineer.(元音音素前用an)
对:I want to be an engineer.
错:The China is a developing country.(国名前不加the)
对:China is a developing country.
解题技巧:
牢记冠词基本用法:a/an表泛指,the表特指
固定搭配:in the morning, play basketball(球类前无the)
2. 介词(搭配错误)
错误类型:
不及物动词后缺介词
固定短语中介词误用(如to/for/with混淆)
例句:
错:He arrived the station on time.(arrive后缺at)
对:He arrived at the station on time.
错:Thank you for your help of me.(of改为to)
对:Thank you for your help to me.
解题技巧:
常见动词短语:listen to, depend on, apologize for
形容词短语:be good at, be interested in, be responsible for
3. 代词(指代不清)
错误类型:
人称代词主格/宾格错误(I/me, he/him)
形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词混淆(my/mine)
不定代词误用(such as: some/any, other/another)
例句:
错:Let I help you.(宾格误用主格)
对:Let me help you.
错:This book is her.(名词性物主代词缺失)
对:This book is hers.
解题技巧:
动词/介词后用宾格(如give it to him)
名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词(如mine=my book)
三、逻辑类错误(隐性难点)
1. 上下文逻辑矛盾
错误类型:
转折/因果关系词误用(but/and, so/because)
肯定/否定词矛盾(如hardly与not连用)
例句:
错:He was tired, and he kept working.(转折关系用but)
对:He was tired, but he kept working.
错:I can’t hardly believe my eyes.(双重否定错误)
对:I can hardly believe my eyes.
解题技巧:
通读句子,判断前后逻辑关系(并列/转折/因果)
常见否定词:hardly, never, seldom, rarely
2. 语义重复
错误类型:
近义词堆砌(如return back, repeat again)
多余修饰词(如very unique, completely full)
例句:
错:Please repeat again what you said.(repeat已含again之意)
对:Please repeat what you said.
错:The room is very empty.(empty无需very修饰)
对:The room is empty.
解题技巧:
牢记固定搭配,避免语义重复
常见错误:enter into, return back, completely destroy
四、固定搭配类错误(高频考点)
1. 动词短语
错误类型:
介词遗漏或误用(如look for/look after混淆)
不定式与动名词混淆(如want to do/ enjoy doing)
例句:
错:He suggested to go hiking.(suggest后接doing)
对:He suggested going hiking.
错:I look forward to see you.(to为介词,接doing)
对:I look forward to seeing you.
解题技巧:
常考短语:
接动名词:admit doing, avoid doing, practise doing
接不定式:decide to do, hope to do, plan to do
2. 名词短语
错误类型:
单复数与搭配不符(如a pair of shoe)
固定短语错误(如in danger/ in troubles)
例句:
错:She bought two pair of socks.(pair用复数)
对:She bought two pairs of socks.
错:He is in a trouble now.(trouble为不可数名词)
对:He is in trouble now.
解题技巧:
常见固定短语:
a piece of advice, a lot of traffic, make progress
in fact, on time, at first
五、解题步骤与实战演练
1. 解题四步法
1. 通读全文:把握主旨,标记明显错误(如时态、单复数)
2. 逐句分析:按“语法→虚词→逻辑→搭配”顺序排查
3. 复读验证:修改后通读,确保逻辑通顺、语法正确
4. 统计错误类型:总结高频错误,针对性强化
2. 实战演练(附解析)
原文片段:
Last week, I go to the library with my friend. We plan to do our homework there. When we arrived, we found a lot of student studying quietly. I seated down and took out my book. Suddenly, my friend whispers, “Look at the man over there!” I looked up and saw a man wearing a black jacket. He was look through a shelf of books nervous.
改错解析:
1. go→went(时态错误,Last week用一般过去时)
2. plan→planned(同上)
3. student→students(a lot of后接复数)
4. seated→sat(seat为及物动词,此处用sit)
5. whispers→whispered(时态一致)
6. look→looking(过去进行时was doing)
7. nervous→nervously(副词修饰动词短语look through)
六、备考策略
1. 错题归类表
错误类型 高频考点 自我检测问题
动词时态 过去时与现在完成时 该句时间状语是什么?
名词复数 可数与不可数名词 前有哪些修饰词?
介词搭配 动词短语中介词 该动词是及物还是不及物?
逻辑关系 转折与因果词 前后句是何逻辑关系?
2. 高效训练法
限时训练:每天10分钟,练习1篇短文改错,培养快速反应能力
错题重做:每周复习错题,分析错误原因,避免重复犯错
规律总结:整理常考错误类型(如每年必考1-2处动词时态错误)
关键提醒:短文改错遵循“1改1删1增”原则(1处修改,1处删除,1处增添),注意每句最多2处错误,避免过度修改。坚持每日练习,可显著提升语法敏感度和解题速度!
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