高考英语语法复习学案(定语从句)

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名称 高考英语语法复习学案(定语从句)
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
高考英语定语从句复习学案
一、学习目标
1. 透彻理解定语从句的核心结构与逻辑,精准判断先行词在从句中的语法功能。
2. 熟练掌握关系代词(who/whom/whose/which/that)和关系副词(when/where/why)的辨析与选择技巧。
3. 攻克“介词+关系代词”“非限制性定语从句”“复杂先行词”“分隔式定语从句”等重难点题型。
4. 能在写作中正确运用定语从句提升句式丰富度。
二、知识体系构建
(一)定语从句的本质与结构
定义:
定语从句是“形容词性从句”,相当于“形容词+名词”,对先行词起修饰、限定作用。
核心逻辑:先行词在从句中充当某种成分,关系词是先行词在从句中的“替代符号”。
结构公式:
先行词 + 关系词(=先行词)+ 从句剩余部分(缺啥补啥)
例句拆解:
The man who saved the boy is a policeman.
→ 先行词the man在从句中作主语,关系词who替代the man。
The city where I grew up is beautiful.
→ 先行词the city在从句中作地点状语,关系词where替代in the city。
(二)关系词的“三维”选择法
1. 第一维:判断先行词的“属性”
先行词属性 可用关系词 例句
人 who/whom/that/whose The girl whom you met is my friend.
物 which/that/whose The desk whose legs are broken is mine.
时间 when/介词+which I remember the year when/ in which I graduated.
地点 where/介词+which This is the room where/ in which he slept.
原因 why/for+which Do you know the reason why/ for which he left
2. 第二维:分析从句“缺什么成分”
缺主语/宾语/定语 → 用关系代词(who/whom/which/that/whose)。
例:The book (that/which) I read yesterday is interesting.(缺宾语,可省略关系词)
缺状语(时间/地点/原因) → 用关系副词(when/where/why)或“介词+关系代词”。
例:This is the school where I studied ten years ago.(缺地点状语)
3. 第三维:注意“特殊限制条件”
只能用that的8种情况:
① 先行词为all, everything, nothing等不定代词:
All that glitters is not gold.
② 先行词被序数词(first, second)或最高级(best, most)修饰:
This is the first book that I’ve read this year.
③ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰:
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
④ 先行词含人又含物:
We talked about the things and persons that we saw in the park.
⑤ 主句是以who/which开头的特殊疑问句:
Who is the man that is standing there
⑥ 关系代词在从句中作表语:
She is not the girl that she was five years ago.
⑦ 先行词是time(次数)时:
This is the second time that I’ve seen him.
⑧ 先行词是way(方式)且从句缺状语:
I don’t like the way (that/in which) he talks.
只能用which的3种情况:
① 非限制性定语从句中(逗号隔开):
The house, which was built in 1900, is very old.
② 介词后(不能用that):
This is the room in which he was born.
③ 指代整个主句内容时:
He failed the exam, which made his parents sad.
(三)难点突破:三大高频考点
1. 介词+关系代词(重中之重)
介词选择的3大依据:
① 先行词的固定搭配:
I’ll never forget the day on which we met.(on the day)
② 从句中动词的介词搭配:
The person with whom I work is very kind.(work with)
③ 句子的逻辑意义:
He bought a telescope through which he studied the stars.(通过望远镜)
常见错误警示:
误:This is the pen with that I wrote the letter.
正:This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.(介词后只能用which/whom)
2. 非限制性定语从句(逗号的秘密)
三大特征:
① 不可用that引导,关系词不可省略(即使作宾语)。
② 可修饰“单个先行词”或“整个主句”:
My mother, who is 60 years old, still works hard.(修饰人)
He was late again, which made the teacher angry.(修饰整个主句)
③ as与which的区别:
区别 as which
位置 可置于句首 不可置于句首
含义 “正如”(正面、已知事实) “这一点”(往往指负面结果)
例句 As we know, the earth is round. He didn’t study hard, which led to his failure.
3. 分隔式定语从句(先行词与从句的“距离感”)
定义:先行词与定语从句之间被其他成分(如谓语、介词短语)隔开。
例句:
The days are gone when we lived a poor life.(先行词days与从句被are gone隔开)
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us English.(先行词teacher与从句被will come tomorrow隔开)
解题关键:跳过中间成分,找准真正的先行词。
(四)whose的“双重身份”与灵活转换
本质:whose是“形容词性物主代词”,表示“所属关系”,后接名词。
转换公式:
whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of which/whom = of which/whom + the + 名词
例:
The house whose roof is red is mine.
= The house the roof of which is red is mine.
= The house of which the roof is red is mine.
(五)定语从句与同位语从句的“终极辨析”
区别 定语从句 同位语从句
本质 修饰先行词(形容词性) 解释说明名词(名词性)
引导词 that作主语/宾语(可省) that无实际意义(不可省)
例句 The news that he told me is true.(that作宾语,可省) The news that he won the game is true.(that不充当成分)
三、阶梯式专项训练
(一)基础巩固:单句填空(每小题1分,共10分)
1. The man ______ is standing at the gate is my uncle.
2. The book ______ cover is blue belongs to Lily.
3. This is the school ______ my father worked for 20 years.
4. I’ll never forget the day ______ we met for the first time.
5. The reason ______ he was late was that he missed the bus.
6. The house ______ we live in is very old.
7. The girl ______ you talked to just now is my sister.
8. He is the only person ______ I want to see now.
9. The pen ______ which he wrote the letter is broken.
10. As we all know, China is a country ______ history is very long.
(二)能力提升:单选题(每小题2分,共30分)
1. The factory ______ produces cars is far from here.( )
A. where B. who C. which D. when
2. I still remember the village ______ my grandfather lived.( )
A. that B. which C. where D. when
3. The man ______ you are looking for is in the office.( )
A. whom B. where C. when D. why
4. This is the best film ______ I have ever seen.( )
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
5. The boy ______ mother is a doctor studies very hard.( )
A. who B. whom C. whose D. that
6. He bought a bike ______ he could go to school faster.(陷阱题:区分定语从句与目的状语从句)
A. which B. where C. that D. so that
7. The reason ______ he gave for being late was untrue.(陷阱题:缺宾语vs.缺状语)
A. why B. which C. where D. when
8. The day ______ we looked forward to finally came.(陷阱题:look forward to的宾语)
A. when B. that C. where D. why
9. I have two brothers, ______ are teachers.(非限制性定语从句)
A. both of them B. both of who C. both of whom D. both of that
10. ______ is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.(as/which辨析)
A. As B. Which C. That D. What
11. The house ______ windows face south is my home.(whose的转换)
A. which B. whose C. of which D. that
12. This is the teacher ______ I learned a lot.(介词+关系代词)
A. from whom B. from who C. of whom D. of who
13. The hotel ______ during our holiday stands by the sea.(分隔式定语从句)
A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed
14. She heard a terrible noise, ______ brought her heart into her mouth.(修饰整个主句)
A. which B. it C. this D. that
15. The way ______ he explained the problem was easy to understand.(way的特殊用法)
A. which B. in which C. what D. who
(三)高考真题实战(每小题3分,共15分)
1.(2023全国卷)The museum ______ we visited last week is famous for its ancient art collections.
A. where B. which C. when D. who
2.(2022新高考)He wrote a letter ______ he explained what had happened in the accident.
A. what B. which C. where D. how
3.(2021北京卷)The book ______ cover is yellow has been translated into 10 languages.
A. whose B. which C. that D. what
4.(2020江苏卷)In the 1950s, the US launched a program ______ satellites were designed to observe weather patterns.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
5.(2019浙江卷)They reached the top of the mountain, ______ they enjoyed a beautiful view.
A. which B. where C. when D. that
(四)翻译与写作(共20分)
1. 翻译句子(每小题5分,共10分):
① 这就是我曾经住过的房子。
② 正如我们预料的那样,他成功通过了考试。
2. 句式升级(用定语从句改写句子,每小题5分,共10分):
① The girl is my sister. She is wearing a red dress.
② I like the novel. You recommended it to me.
(五)改错(每小题2分,共10分)
1. This is the park where we visited yesterday.
2. The man whom I spoke is from Canada.
3. I have a friend who’s father is a doctor.
4. Which is known to all, the moon goes around the earth.
5. The reason why he gave is not true.
四、答案解析与易错提醒
(一)基础巩固答案
1. who/that 2. whose 3. where 4. when 5. why
2. that/which/不填 7. whom/that/不填 8. that 9. with 10. whose
易错点:
第2题:混淆whose与which,注意whose+名词=the+n.+of which。
第8题:先行词被the only修饰,只能用that。
(二)能力提升答案
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C
2. D (陷阱:so that引导目的状语从句,非定语从句)
3. B (陷阱:从句缺宾语,用which/that,why表原因状语)
4. B (陷阱:look forward to的宾语是the day,用that/which)
5. C (非限制性定语从句,of后用whom)
6. A (as置于句首,表“正如”)
7. B (whose windows=the windows of which)
8. A (learn from sb.,用from whom)
9. A (省略关系代词,stay at the hotel)
10. A (which指代noise,非限制性定语从句)
11. B (the way作先行词,从句缺状语用in which/that/不填)
陷阱题解析:
第6题:若选A/B/C,从句缺状语,但bike无法作地点状语,故为目的状语从句,用so that。
第7题:give缺宾语(reason是先行词,但从句主语是he,宾语需用which指代reason)。
(三)高考真题答案
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B
真题点拨:
第2题:letter是抽象地点,从句缺状语(in the letter),用where=in which。
第4题:program是抽象地点(=in the program),用where引导定语从句。
(四)翻译与写作答案
1. ① This is the house where I once lived.
② As we expected, he successfully passed the exam.
2. ① The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.
② I like the novel (that/which) you recommended to me.
(五)改错答案
1. where→that/which/不填(visited缺宾语,用关系代词)
2. spoke后加to(speak to sb.,缺介词)
3. who’s→whose(who’s=who is,whose表所属)
4. Which→As(置于句首表“正如”,用as)
5. why→that/which(gave缺宾语,用关系代词)
五、备考策略与资源推荐
(一)记忆口诀(快速突破核心考点)
“先找先行词,再分主宾地;
人用who物用which,所属关系whose替;
时间when地点where,原因why前有reason;
介词紧跟关系代,非限从句逗隔开;
that用法最特殊,不定代词最高级;
as可句首which否,分隔从句要注意。”
(二)每日训练计划
时间 任务 示例题目
早晨 背诵20个定语从句经典例句 As is often the case, success comes from hard work.
午休 专攻1类难点(如介词+关系代词) 分析真题中“介词选择”的逻辑
晚上 翻译5个句子并对照答案 将简单句合并为定语从句,如:The boy is Tom. He is reading a book. → The boy who is reading a book is Tom.
(三)推荐资源
1. 语法书:《薄冰高级英语语法》定语从句章节
2. 真题集:《高考英语真题逐句精解》
3. 在线工具:BBC Learning English的“定语从句”专题视频
六、写作提升:定语从句在写作中的高级用法
1. 修饰抽象名词
The importance of learning English, which can broaden our horizons, is obvious.
(用非限制性定语从句
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