高考英语语法复习学案（被动语态）
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高考英语被动语态复习学案
一、学习目标
1. 掌握被动语态的核心结构（be + 过去分词）及不同时态的变化形式。
2. 区分主动语态与被动语态的使用场景，攻克“感官动词/使役动词的被动”“短语动词的被动”等高频考点。
3. 能准确判断“无被动语态的动词”及“主动表被动的特殊结构”。
4. 在写作中正确运用被动语态提升句式多样性。
二、核心知识梳理
（一）被动语态的本质与结构
定义：
被动语态表示“主语是动作的承受者”，强调动作的对象或结果，而非执行者。
核心结构：主语 + be动词 + 过去分词 (done) + (by+执行者)
主动 vs. 被动对比：
主动语态 被动语态
The teacher praised me. I was praised by the teacher.
强调“动作执行者（老师）” 强调“动作承受者（我）”
（二）被动语态的时态变化（以do为例）
时态 被动语态结构 例句
一般现在时 am/is/are + done The room is cleaned every day.
一般过去时 was/were + done The car was repaired yesterday.
一般将来时 will/be going to + be done The project will be completed next month.
现在进行时 am/is/are + being done A new school is being built in our town.
过去进行时 was/were + being done The problem was being discussed when I arrived.
现在完成时 have/has + been done The task has been finished successfully.
过去完成时 had + been done The work had been done before he came.
含情态动词 情态动词 + be + done This book must be returned on time.
（三）被动语态的适用场景
1. 不知道或不必提及动作执行者：
The window was broken last night.（不必说“谁”打破）
2. 强调动作的承受者：
Chinese is spoken by millions of people.（强调“汉语”被说）
3. 正式文体或科技文献中：
The experiment was conducted at room temperature.（客观描述实验）
（四）被动语态的特殊用法
1. 感官动词与使役动词的被动
感官动词（see/watch/hear/feel等）：
主动语态中接不带to的不定式（see sb. do），被动语态中需还原to：
I saw him enter the room. → He was seen to enter the room.
使役动词（make/let/have）：
The boss made him work 12 hours a day. → He was made to work 12 hours a day.
2. 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词（如look after, take care of, pay attention to）不可拆分，被动语态中保留介词：
They look after the old man. → The old man is looked after by them.
We should pay attention to the details. → The details should be paid attention to.
3. 双宾语结构的被动语态
含双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）的句子，可将其中一个宾语变为主语：
① 间接宾语（人）作主语：
She gave me a book. → I was given a book (by her).
② 直接宾语（物）作主语（需加介词to/for）：
She gave me a book. → A book was given to me (by her).
常见动词：give/show/send/lend（加to）；buy/make/cook（加for）
4. 主动形式表被动意义的情况
类型 结构/动词 例句
主语为物，表“内在属性” sell/wash/write等 + 副词 This pen writes smoothly.（这支笔好写）
不定式结构 be + adj. + to do The problem is easy to solve.（问题容易解决）
动名词的主动表被动 need/want/require + doing The room needs cleaning.（房间需要打扫）
固定句型 be worth doing The movie is worth watching.（电影值得看）
5. 不能用于被动语态的情况
1. 不及物动词（如happen, occur, belong, arise）：
误：The accident was happened yesterday.
正：The accident happened yesterday.
2. 系动词（如be, become, look, seem, feel）：
误：He is seemed very happy.
正：He seems very happy.
3. 宾语为反身代词/同源宾语：
He hurt himself.（反身代词作宾语，无被动）
She dreamed a sweet dream.（同源宾语，无被动）
三、高频考点与易错点解析
考点1：被动语态的时态判断
例题：
The new bridge ______ (complete) by the end of last year.
答案：had been completed
解析：by+过去时间（last year），用过去完成时被动语态。
考点2：短语动词的被动语态
例题：
The plan they had looked forward to ______ (carry out) at last.
答案：was carried out
解析：look forward to中的to为介词，被动语态中不可省略，主语plan为单数，用一般过去时被动。
考点3：主动表被动的特殊结构
例题：
The book is easy ______ (read).
答案：to read
解析：be + adj. + to do结构中，不定式用主动形式表被动意义。
考点4：感官动词的被动语态
例题：
He was heard ______ (sing) in the next room.
答案：to sing
解析：主动语态hear sb. sing，被动语态还原to，用to sing。
易错点：被动语态与系表结构的混淆
区别 被动语态（强调动作） 系表结构（强调状态）
结构 be + 过去分词（done） be + 过去分词（adj.）
副词修饰 可用by短语 可用程度副词（very/quite）
例句 The window was broken by Tom.（动作） The window is broken.（状态，broken为形容词）
四、专项训练
（一）基础巩固：单句填空（每小题1分，共10分）
1. The classroom ______ (clean) every morning.
2. The letter ______ (write) by my father yesterday.
3. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city next year.
4. The cake ______ (eat) by the children just now.
5. These books ______ (can keep) for two weeks.
6. Look! A bird ______ (catch) by the boy.
7. The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting last week.
8. The room needs ______ (clean).
9. English ______ (speak) all over the world.
10. The old man ______ (look after) by his son now.
（二）能力提升：单选题（每小题2分，共30分）
1. The boy ______ to stand in the corner as a punishment yesterday.
A. was made B. made C. is made D. makes
2. This kind of cloth ______ smoothly.
A. is washed B. washes C. washed D. is washing
3. The story ______ by my grandmother yesterday.
A. was told B. told C. is told D. tells
4. The task ______ by the time you arrive.
A. will finish B. will be finished
C. will have finished D. will have been finished
5. The little girl was seen ______ in the garden.
A. play B. to play C. played D. playing
6. The computer doesn’t work. It ______.
A. need repairing B. needs to repair
C. needs repairing D. need to repair
7. The plan ______ by the committee now.
A. is being discussed B. is discussing
C. has been discussed D. was discussed
8. Books ______ from the library must be returned on time.
A. borrow B. borrowing C. borrowed D. to borrow
9. He ______ to be clever but dishonest.
A. said B. was said C. is saying D. has said
10. The new song ______ by young people.
A. is wide welcomed B. is widely welcomed
C. widely welcomes D. welcomes widely
11. The problem ______ difficult ______ .
A. is; to solve B. is; to be solved
C. was; solving D. was; solved
12. When we got to the hotel, the room ______ .
A. was preparing B. was prepared
C. had prepared D. had been prepared
13. The child ______ by his father for breaking the glass.
A. punished B. was punishing
C. was punished D. had punished
14. These magazines ______ out of the reading room.
A. can’t take B. mustn’t be taken
C. needn’t take D. shouldn’t take
15. The house ______ by the fire last year.
A. was destroyed B. destroyed
C. had destroyed D. has been destroyed
（三）高考真题实战（每小题3分，共15分）
1.（2023全国卷）The museum ______ by more than 10 million visitors since it opened.
A. visited B. was visited
C. has visited D. has been visited
2.（2022新高考）A new road ______ near my school next year.
A. builds B. will build
C. is built D. will be built
3.（2021北京卷）The cake ______ by my mother. It was very delicious.
A. made B. was made
C. has made D. is made
4.（2020江苏卷）The meeting ______ when I got there.
A. was being held B. is held
C. held D. was holding
5.（2019浙江卷）This kind of plant ______ well in warm climates.
A. grows B. is grown
C. grew D. is growing
（四）翻译与写作（共20分）
1. 翻译句子（每小题5分，共10分）：
① 这座桥是去年建造的。
② 这些书不应该被放在阳光下。
2. 句式升级（用被动语态改写句子，每小题5分，共10分）：
① They will finish the project next month.
② The teacher gave me some advice.
（五）改错（每小题2分，共10分）
1. The bike was belonged to my brother.
2. The problem was discussed by us yesterday has been solved.
3. The room is very dirty and needs to clean.
4. He was made work ten hours a day by the boss.
5. The book written by him is worth to read.
五、答案解析与易错提醒
（一）基础巩固答案
1. is cleaned 2. was written 3. will be built 4. was eaten 5. can be kept
2. is being caught 7. was discussed 8. cleaning/to be cleaned 9. is spoken 10. is being looked after
易错点：
第8题：need doing=need to be done，主动表被动，不可用need clean。
第10题：now提示现在进行时被动，结构为am/is/are + being done。
（二）能力提升答案
1. A
解析：make的被动语态需还原to，yesterday提示一般过去时，选was made。
2. B
解析：wash为不及物动词表“内在属性”，主动表被动，用washes。
3. A
解析：story与tell为被动关系，yesterday提示一般过去时，选was told。
4. D
解析：by+将来时间（you arrive），用将来完成时被动will have been done。
5. B
解析：see的被动语态还原to，选to play。
6. C
解析：need doing=need to be done，主语it为单数，选needs repairing。
7. A
解析：now提示现在进行时被动，结构为is being discussed。
8. C
解析：books与borrow为被动关系，用过去分词作定语，选borrowed。
9. B
解析：he与say为被动关系，表“被说”，用was said。
10. B
解析：widely修饰过去分词welcomed，被动语态结构为is widely welcomed。
11. A
解析：be + adj. + to do主动表被动，选is; to solve。
12. D
解析：room与prepare为被动关系，got to提示过去，by then用过去完成时被动had been prepared。
13. C
解析：child与punish为被动关系，用一般过去时被动was punished。
14. B
解析：magazines与take为被动关系，mustn’t表“禁止”，选mustn’t be taken。
15. A
解析：house与destroy为被动关系，last year提示一般过去时，选was destroyed。
（三）高考真题答案
1. D
解析：since+过去时间，用现在完成时被动has been visited。
2. D
解析：next year提示一般将来时被动will be built。
3. B
解析：cake与make为被动关系，was提示一般过去时，选was made。
4. A
解析：when I got there提示过去进行时被动was being held。
5. A
解析：grow表“生长”为不及物动词，主动表被动，用grows。
（四）翻译与写作答案
1. ① The bridge was built last year.
② These books shouldn’t be put in the sun.
2. ① The project will be finished next month (by them).
② I was given some advice by the teacher. / Some advice was given to me by the teacher.
（五）改错答案
1. 删除was
解析：belong to无被动语态，直接用belonged。
2. 在discussed前加which/that
解析：改为定语从句，或用过去分词作后置定语（The problem discussed by us...）。
3. to clean→cleaning/to be cleaned
解析：need doing=need to be done，主动表被动。
4. work前加to
解析：make的被动语态需还原to，改为was made to work。
5. to read→reading
解析：be worth doing为固定搭配，用reading。
六、备考策略与资源推荐
（一）记忆口诀（快速掌握核心规则）
“被动语态强调‘被’，be动之后跟过去分；
时态变化看be动，主谓一致要牢记；
感官使役变被动，to字一定不能弃；
短语动词莫拆分，介词必须跟到底；
主动表被动有三招：修饰副词、不定式、need doing别忘记。”
（二）每日训练计划
时间 任务 示例题目
早晨 背诵5个被动语态经典例句，强化时态结构 The report will be presented at the meeting.The dishes were washed by my sister.
午休 专攻1类难点（如短语动词被动/主动表被动） 整理真题中look after, take care of等短语的被动形式
晚上 翻译6个句子并对照答案，总结被动语态与主动语态的转换规律 将主动句改为被动句：They invited her to the party. → She was invited to the party.
周末 限时完成1篇语法填空或短文改错，集中突破无被动语态
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高考英语被动语态复习学案
一、学习目标
1. 掌握被动语态的核心结构（be + 过去分词）及不同时态的变化形式。
2. 区分主动语态与被动语态的使用场景，攻克“感官动词/使役动词的被动”“短语动词的被动”等高频考点。
3. 能准确判断“无被动语态的动词”及“主动表被动的特殊结构”。
4. 在写作中正确运用被动语态提升句式多样性。
二、核心知识梳理
（一）被动语态的本质与结构
定义：
被动语态表示“主语是动作的承受者”，强调动作的对象或结果，而非执行者。
核心结构：主语 + be动词 + 过去分词 (done) + (by+执行者)
主动 vs. 被动对比：
主动语态 被动语态
The teacher praised me. I was praised by the teacher.
强调“动作执行者（老师）” 强调“动作承受者（我）”
（二）被动语态的时态变化（以do为例）
时态 被动语态结构 例句
一般现在时 am/is/are + done The room is cleaned every day.
一般过去时 was/were + done The car was repaired yesterday.
一般将来时 will/be going to + be done The project will be completed next month.
现在进行时 am/is/are + being done A new school is being built in our town.
过去进行时 was/were + being done The problem was being discussed when I arrived.
现在完成时 have/has + been done The task has been finished successfully.
过去完成时 had + been done The work had been done before he came.
含情态动词 情态动词 + be + done This book must be returned on time.
（三）被动语态的适用场景
1. 不知道或不必提及动作执行者：
The window was broken last night.（不必说“谁”打破）
2. 强调动作的承受者：
Chinese is spoken by millions of people.（强调“汉语”被说）
3. 正式文体或科技文献中：
The experiment was conducted at room temperature.（客观描述实验）
（四）被动语态的特殊用法
1. 感官动词与使役动词的被动
感官动词（see/watch/hear/feel等）：
主动语态中接不带to的不定式（see sb. do），被动语态中需还原to：
I saw him enter the room. → He was seen to enter the room.
使役动词（make/let/have）：
The boss made him work 12 hours a day. → He was made to work 12 hours a day.
2. 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词（如look after, take care of, pay attention to）不可拆分，被动语态中保留介词：
They look after the old man. → The old man is looked after by them.
We should pay attention to the details. → The details should be paid attention to.
3. 双宾语结构的被动语态
含双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）的句子，可将其中一个宾语变为主语：
① 间接宾语（人）作主语：
She gave me a book. → I was given a book (by her).
② 直接宾语（物）作主语（需加介词to/for）：
She gave me a book. → A book was given to me (by her).
常见动词：give/show/send/lend（加to）；buy/make/cook（加for）
4. 主动形式表被动意义的情况
类型 结构/动词 例句
主语为物，表“内在属性” sell/wash/write等 + 副词 This pen writes smoothly.（这支笔好写）
不定式结构 be + adj. + to do The problem is easy to solve.（问题容易解决）
动名词的主动表被动 need/want/require + doing The room needs cleaning.（房间需要打扫）
固定句型 be worth doing The movie is worth watching.（电影值得看）
5. 不能用于被动语态的情况
1. 不及物动词（如happen, occur, belong, arise）：
误：The accident was happened yesterday.
正：The accident happened yesterday.
2. 系动词（如be, become, look, seem, feel）：
误：He is seemed very happy.
正：He seems very happy.
3. 宾语为反身代词/同源宾语：
He hurt himself.（反身代词作宾语，无被动）
She dreamed a sweet dream.（同源宾语，无被动）
三、高频考点与易错点解析
考点1：被动语态的时态判断
例题：
The new bridge ______ (complete) by the end of last year.
答案：had been completed
解析：by+过去时间（last year），用过去完成时被动语态。
考点2：短语动词的被动语态
例题：
The plan they had looked forward to ______ (carry out) at last.
答案：was carried out
解析：look forward to中的to为介词，被动语态中不可省略，主语plan为单数，用一般过去时被动。
考点3：主动表被动的特殊结构
例题：
The book is easy ______ (read).
答案：to read
解析：be + adj. + to do结构中，不定式用主动形式表被动意义。
考点4：感官动词的被动语态
例题：
He was heard ______ (sing) in the next room.
答案：to sing
解析：主动语态hear sb. sing，被动语态还原to，用to sing。
易错点：被动语态与系表结构的混淆
区别 被动语态（强调动作） 系表结构（强调状态）
结构 be + 过去分词（done） be + 过去分词（adj.）
副词修饰 可用by短语 可用程度副词（very/quite）
例句 The window was broken by Tom.（动作） The window is broken.（状态，broken为形容词）
四、专项训练
（一）基础巩固：单句填空（每小题1分，共10分）
1. The classroom ______ (clean) every morning.
2. The letter ______ (write) by my father yesterday.
3. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city next year.
4. The cake ______ (eat) by the children just now.
5. These books ______ (can keep) for two weeks.
6. Look! A bird ______ (catch) by the boy.
7. The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting last week.
8. The room needs ______ (clean).
9. English ______ (speak) all over the world.
10. The old man ______ (look after) by his son now.
（二）能力提升：单选题（每小题2分，共30分）
1. The boy ______ to stand in the corner as a punishment yesterday.
A. was made B. made C. is made D. makes
2. This kind of cloth ______ smoothly.
A. is washed B. washes C. washed D. is washing
3. The story ______ by my grandmother yesterday.
A. was told B. told C. is told D. tells
4. The task ______ by the time you arrive.
A. will finish B. will be finished
C. will have finished D. will have been finished
5. The little girl was seen ______ in the garden.
A. play B. to play C. played D. playing
6. The computer doesn’t work. It ______.
A. need repairing B. needs to repair
C. needs repairing D. need to repair
7. The plan ______ by the committee now.
A. is being discussed B. is discussing
C. has been discussed D. was discussed
8. Books ______ from the library must be returned on time.
A. borrow B. borrowing C. borrowed D. to borrow
9. He ______ to be clever but dishonest.
A. said B. was said C. is saying D. has said
10. The new song ______ by young people.
A. is wide welcomed B. is widely welcomed
C. widely welcomes D. welcomes widely
11. The problem ______ difficult ______ .
A. is; to solve B. is; to be solved
C. was; solving D. was; solved
12. When we got to the hotel, the room ______ .
A. was preparing B. was prepared
C. had prepared D. had been prepared
13. The child ______ by his father for breaking the glass.
A. punished B. was punishing
C. was punished D. had punished
14. These magazines ______ out of the reading room.
A. can’t take B. mustn’t be taken
C. needn’t take D. shouldn’t take
15. The house ______ by the fire last year.
A. was destroyed B. destroyed
C. had destroyed D. has been destroyed
（三）高考真题实战（每小题3分，共15分）
1.（2023全国卷）The museum ______ by more than 10 million visitors since it opened.
A. visited B. was visited
C. has visited D. has been visited
2.（2022新高考）A new road ______ near my school next year.
A. builds B. will build
C. is built D. will be built
3.（2021北京卷）The cake ______ by my mother. It was very delicious.
A. made B. was made
C. has made D. is made
4.（2020江苏卷）The meeting ______ when I got there.
A. was being held B. is held
C. held D. was holding
5.（2019浙江卷）This kind of plant ______ well in warm climates.
A. grows B. is grown
C. grew D. is growing
（四）翻译与写作（共20分）
1. 翻译句子（每小题5分，共10分）：
① 这座桥是去年建造的。
② 这些书不应该被放在阳光下。
2. 句式升级（用被动语态改写句子，每小题5分，共10分）：
① They will finish the project next month.
② The teacher gave me some advice.
（五）改错（每小题2分，共10分）
1. The bike was belonged to my brother.
2. The problem was discussed by us yesterday has been solved.
3. The room is very dirty and needs to clean.
4. He was made work ten hours a day by the boss.
5. The book written by him is worth to read.
五、答案解析与易错提醒
（一）基础巩固答案
1. is cleaned 2. was written 3. will be built 4. was eaten 5. can be kept
2. is being caught 7. was discussed 8. cleaning/to be cleaned 9. is spoken 10. is being looked after
易错点：
第8题：need doing=need to be done，主动表被动，不可用need clean。
第10题：now提示现在进行时被动，结构为am/is/are + being done。
（二）能力提升答案
1. A
解析：make的被动语态需还原to，yesterday提示一般过去时，选was made。
2. B
解析：wash为不及物动词表“内在属性”，主动表被动，用washes。
3. A
解析：story与tell为被动关系，yesterday提示一般过去时，选was told。
4. D
解析：by+将来时间（you arrive），用将来完成时被动will have been done。
5. B
解析：see的被动语态还原to，选to play。
6. C
解析：need doing=need to be done，主语it为单数，选needs repairing。
7. A
解析：now提示现在进行时被动，结构为is being discussed。
8. C
解析：books与borrow为被动关系，用过去分词作定语，选borrowed。
9. B
解析：he与say为被动关系，表“被说”，用was said。
10. B
解析：widely修饰过去分词welcomed，被动语态结构为is widely welcomed。
11. A
解析：be + adj. + to do主动表被动，选is; to solve。
12. D
解析：room与prepare为被动关系，got to提示过去，by then用过去完成时被动had been prepared。
13. C
解析：child与punish为被动关系，用一般过去时被动was punished。
14. B
解析：magazines与take为被动关系，mustn’t表“禁止”，选mustn’t be taken。
15. A
解析：house与destroy为被动关系，last year提示一般过去时，选was destroyed。
（三）高考真题答案
1. D
解析：since+过去时间，用现在完成时被动has been visited。
2. D
解析：next year提示一般将来时被动will be built。
3. B
解析：cake与make为被动关系，was提示一般过去时，选was made。
4. A
解析：when I got there提示过去进行时被动was being held。
5. A
解析：grow表“生长”为不及物动词，主动表被动，用grows。
（四）翻译与写作答案
1. ① The bridge was built last year.
② These books shouldn’t be put in the sun.
2. ① The project will be finished next month (by them).
② I was given some advice by the teacher. / Some advice was given to me by the teacher.
（五）改错答案
1. 删除was
解析：belong to无被动语态，直接用belonged。
2. 在discussed前加which/that
解析：改为定语从句，或用过去分词作后置定语（The problem discussed by us...）。
3. to clean→cleaning/to be cleaned
解析：need doing=need to be done，主动表被动。
4. work前加to
解析：make的被动语态需还原to，改为was made to work。
5. to read→reading
解析：be worth doing为固定搭配，用reading。
六、备考策略与资源推荐
（一）记忆口诀（快速掌握核心规则）
“被动语态强调‘被’，be动之后跟过去分；
时态变化看be动，主谓一致要牢记；
感官使役变被动，to字一定不能弃；
短语动词莫拆分，介词必须跟到底；
主动表被动有三招：修饰副词、不定式、need doing别忘记。”
（二）每日训练计划
时间 任务 示例题目
早晨 背诵5个被动语态经典例句，强化时态结构 The report will be presented at the meeting.The dishes were washed by my sister.
午休 专攻1类难点（如短语动词被动/主动表被动） 整理真题中look after, take care of等短语的被动形式
晚上 翻译6个句子并对照答案，总结被动语态与主动语态的转换规律 将主动句改为被动句：They invited her to the party. → She was invited to the party.
周末 限时完成1篇语法填空或短文改错，集中突破无被动语态
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