中考英语复习学案(宾语从句)

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名称 中考英语复习学案(宾语从句)
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
中考英语宾语从句复习学案
一、宾语从句的本质与核心要素
定义:宾语从句是在复合句中充当宾语的句子,相当于名词的作用,可位于及物动词(如say, know, ask)、介词(如about, of)或形容词(如sure, glad)之后。
核心三要素:引导词(连接句子)、语序(陈述句结构)、时态(与主句呼应)。
二、引导词的详细用法与场景辨析
(一)陈述句作宾语:用that引导
功能:引导一个事实陈述,that在口语中常省略,但以下情况不可省略:
1. 并列多个宾语从句时:第一个that可省,后续必须保留。
例句:He said (that) he was tired and that he wanted to rest.(他说他累了,想休息。)
2. 宾语从句较长或结构复杂时:为避免歧义,建议保留that。
例句:I believe that if we work hard, we will succeed.(我相信如果我们努力,就会成功。)
(二)一般疑问句作宾语:用if/whether引导
含义:表示“是否”,二者多数情况下可互换,但以下场景只能用whether:
1. 位于介词之后:
例句:I’m worried about whether he can pass the exam.(我担心他是否能通过考试。)
2. 接动词不定式(to do):
例句:She hasn’t decided whether to go to the party.(她还没决定是否去派对。)
3. 句首作主语或与or not直接连用:
例句:Whether he is right is important.(他是否正确很重要。)
例句:I don’t know whether or not he likes it.(我不知他是否喜欢。)
(三)特殊疑问句作宾语:用原疑问词引导
规则:保留特殊疑问词(如what, where, how),但需将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序(即“疑问词+主语+谓语”)。
常见疑问词分类:
指人:who(谁)、whom(谁,宾格)、whose(谁的)
指物:what(什么)、which(哪一个)
指时间:when(何时)
指地点:where(哪里)
指原因:why(为什么)
指方式:how(如何)
例句对比:
特殊疑问句:What does he want (他想要什么?)
宾语从句:Do you know what he wants (你知道他想要什么吗?)
三、语序规则:严格遵循陈述句结构
(一)陈述句语序的判断标准
正确结构:引导词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分
错误类型:
1. 保留疑问句中的助动词/情态动词:
× I don’t know why does he like cats.
√ I don’t know why he likes cats.
2. be动词位置错误:
× Can you tell me where is the bank
√ Can you tell me where the bank is
(二)特殊情况:疑问词本身是主语
当疑问词在从句中作主语时,语序无需调整(本身已是陈述句语序)。
例句:
Who is singing in the room (谁在房间唱歌?)→ 疑问词who作主语
Do you know who is singing in the room (你知道谁在房间唱歌吗?)→ 宾语从句语序不变
四、时态呼应的动态规则
(一)主句为现在时态(一般现在时/现在进行时/现在完成时)
规则:从句时态不受限制,根据实际情况使用相应时态(可表示现在、过去或将来)。
例句:
He says that he is a student.(他说他是学生。)→ 一般现在时
I know that she visited Paris last year.(我知道她去年去了巴黎。)→ 一般过去时
She believes that they will win the game.(她相信他们会赢比赛。)→ 一般将来时
(二)主句为过去时态(一般过去时/过去进行时)
规则:从句需使用与过去相关的时态(一般过去时/过去进行时/过去完成时/过去将来时)。
例句:
He said that he was reading a book.(他说他在读书。)→ 过去进行时
She asked if I had eaten dinner.(她问我是否吃过晚饭。)→ 过去完成时
They wanted to know when we would leave.(他们想知道我们何时离开。)→ 过去将来时
(三)客观真理与普遍事实
规则:无论主句时态如何,从句永远用一般现在时。
例句:
The teacher said that light travels faster than sound.(老师说光比声音传播快。)
He asked why plants need water.(他问为什么植物需要水。)
五、宾语从句的位置与特殊结构
(一)位于及物动词后
例句:
I think that English is important.(我认为英语很重要。)
She asked me where I bought the shoes.(她问我在哪里买的鞋。)
(二)位于介词后
例句:
We are talking about what we should do next.(我们在讨论下一步该做什么。)
He is worried about whether he can finish the task on time.(他担心是否能按时完成任务。)
(三)位于形容词后(表情感或态度)
例句:
I’m sure that he will come.(我确定他会来。)
She is glad that you passed the exam.(她很高兴你通过了考试。)
六、易混点深度辨析
(一)宾语从句 vs 状语从句(以if为例)
类型 宾语从句 条件状语从句
含义 表示“是否”(if=whether) 表示“如果”(主将从现)
时态规则 时态根据主句调整 从句用一般现在时表将来
例句 I wonder if he likes coffee.(我想知道他是否喜欢咖啡。) If he likes coffee, I’ll buy some for him.(如果他喜欢咖啡,我就给他买些。)
(二)that引导的宾语从句 vs 定语从句
类型 宾语从句 定语从句
功能 作宾语,主句完整 修饰名词,主句不完整
引导词that 无实际意义,可省略 指代先行词,作主语/宾语不可省略
例句 I hope (that) you are happy.(我希望你快乐。) The book that I bought is interesting.(我买的书很有趣。)
七、常见错误与应对策略
(一)引导词选择错误
错误1:× I don’t know if to accept the invitation.
正确:√ I don’t know whether to accept the invitation.
策略:牢记“if不接不定式,whether可接”的规则。
错误2:× He asked me that if I needed help.
正确:√ He asked me if I needed help.
策略:陈述句用that引导,疑问句用if/whether引导,不可混用。
(二)语序混乱
错误:× Can you tell me how can I get to the station
正确:√ Can you tell me how I can get to the station
策略:每次遇到宾语从句,先找引导词,再确认“主语+谓语”的顺序。
(三)时态呼应错误
错误:× He told me that he will meet his friend tomorrow.
正确:√ He told me that he would meet his friend tomorrow.
策略:主句为过去时,从句需将will→would,am/is→was,are→were,do/does→did等。
(四)that的多余与遗漏
错误1:× I think when he will arrive.
正确:√ I think that he will arrive soon.
策略:陈述句作宾语时,若引导词后有疑问词(如when, where),需用that明确引导,避免结构混乱。
错误2:× She said she was tired and wanted to sleep.
正确:√ She said (that) she was tired and that she wanted to sleep.
策略:并列宾语从句中,第二个that不可省略,以避免歧义。
八、实战演练与中考真题精讲
(一)基础能力训练
1. 句型转换(改为宾语从句)
① Does he like sports → I want to know ______.
→ I want to know if/whether he likes sports.
② Where is the post office → Could you tell me ______
→ Could you tell me where the post office is
2. 用括号内单词的正确形式填空
① He said that he ______ (be) to Beijing twice.
→ had been(主句said为过去时,从句用过去完成时)
② Do you know when the train ______ (leave)
→ leaves(客观时刻表,用一般现在时)
(二)语境理解与运用
1. 单项选择
—Could you tell me ______ the nearest hospital is
—Turn left at the first crossing.
A. how B. what C. where
解析:回答地点用where,选C。
I’m not sure ______ he will come or not.
A. if B. whether C. that
解析:与or not连用用whether,选B。
The teacher told us that the earth ______ around the sun.
A. moved B. moves C. will move
解析:客观真理用一般现在时,选B。
(三)中考真题分类解析
1. 引导词辨析类(2024·湖北武汉)
—Do you know ______ the meeting will start
—At 9:00 am.
A. when B. where C. why
解析:回答时间用when,选A。
2. 语序类(2023·山东济南)
Could you please tell me ______ I want to post a letter.
A. where is the post office B. where the post office is C. how can I get to the post office
解析:宾语从句用陈述句语序,选B。
3. 时态呼应类(2024·四川成都)
He asked me ______ I had seen the film “The Wandering Earth 2”. I said yes.
A. that B. if C. what
解析:表示“是否”用if,主句asked为过去时,从句用过去完成时had seen,选B。
4. 客观真理类(2024·湖南长沙)
Our geography teacher said that the Yangtze River ______ the longest river in China.
A. is B. was C. will be
解析:客观事实用一般现在时,选A。
5. 介词后宾语从句类(2022·浙江杭州)
We are talking about ______ we can finish the work on time.
A. if B. whether C. that
解析:位于介词about后用whether,选B。
九、记忆口诀与学习技巧
(一)口诀速记
宾语从句三关键,引导词、语序、时态链。
陈述that可隐身,疑问if/whether站中间。
特殊疑问词照用,陈述语序记心间。
主句若把过去选,从句相应过去连。
真理事实永现在,时态规则莫弄反!
(二)高效学习法
1. 三步分析法:
第一步:判断从句类型(陈述/疑问),确定引导词;
第二步:检查语序是否为“引导词+主语+谓语”;
第三步:根据主句时态调整从句时态。
2. 错题可视化:将易错题写在卡片上,正面写题目,背面写解析,随时翻看强化记忆。
3. 语境造句法:用高频引导词(如that, if, where)造句,结合生活场景加深理解(如:I wonder if it will snow tomorrow.)。
十、课后拓展任务
(一)基础巩固
1. 用that, if, whether, what, where等引导词各造2个宾语从句。
2. 改正下列句子的错误:
① I don’t know that he likes apples or not.
② She asked me where was I from.
(二)能力提升
1. 阅读短文,划出所有宾语从句并分析其引导词、语序和时态:
“I think that learning English is fun. Do you know why Because I can watch movies and understand what the characters say. My teacher told me that practice makes perfect, so I try to speak English every day.”
2. 写作练习:用宾语从句描述一次对话场景(如:妈妈问你作业是否完成,你回答已完成并说明时间)。
(三)真题冲刺
1. 限时完成10道中考宾语从句真题,统计错误率最高的考点(如引导词选择、语序调整)。
2. 分析近三年中考卷中宾语从句在完形填空、阅读理解中的考查形式,总结解题技巧。
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