中考英语语法复习学案(定语从句)

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名称 中考英语语法复习学案(定语从句)
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
中考英语定语从句复习学案
一、定语从句基础概念
(一)定义
定语从句是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句,相当于形容词的作用,用于限定先行词的范围或特征。被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词,引导定语从句的词称为关系词。
例句:The student who answered the question is my classmate.
(先行词:the student;关系词:who;定语从句:who answered the question)
(二)关系词的双重作用
1. 连接作用:连接主句和定语从句。
2. 指代作用:指代先行词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或状语。
二、关系词分类及详细用法
(一)关系代词(指代人或物,在从句中作主语、宾语或定语)
1. who:指代人,在从句中作主语或宾语(口语中可代替whom作宾语)。
例句:The man who spoke at the meeting is a professor.(作主语)
例句:The girl who/whom you met yesterday is my sister.(作宾语)
2. whom:指代人,在从句中作宾语(正式文体中常用,可与who互换或省略)。
例句:The teacher whom we admire is retiring next year.(作宾语,可省略)
3. whose:指代人或物,在从句中作定语,表示所属关系(=先行词+of which/whom)。
例句:This is the writer whose book won the prize.(指人,作定语)
例句:The house whose windows face south is very bright.(指物,可转换为:the windows of which face south)
4. which:指代物,在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)。
例句:The movie which was shown last week was a hit.(作主语)
例句:The pen which I lost has been found.(作宾语,可省略)
5. that:指代人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)。
例句:The person that is waiting for you is my friend.(指人,作主语)
例句:The car that he bought is very expensive.(指物,作宾语)
(二)关系副词(指代时间、地点、原因,在从句中作状语)
1. when:指代时间(如day, year, moment等),在从句中作时间状语(=介词+which)。
例句:I still remember the day when we first met.(=on which we first met)
2. where:指代地点(如place, city, house等),在从句中作地点状语(=介词+which)。
例句:This is the school where my mother works.(=in which my mother works)
3. why:指代原因(仅用于先行词为reason的情况),在从句中作原因状语(=for+which)。
例句:Do you know the reason why he was late (=for which he was late)
三、关系词选择的核心逻辑
(一)根据先行词在从句中的语法功能选择
1. 作主语或宾语:用关系代词(who/whom/which/that)。
例句:The book that/which you need is on the shelf.(先行词book作need的宾语)
2. 作状语:用关系副词(when/where/why)或“介词+关系代词”。
例句:
This is the room where I study.(先行词room作study的地点状语)
This is the room in which I study.(in+which=where)
(二)关系代词that的特殊用法
1. 只能用that的情况:
先行词为不定代词(all, everything, nothing, something等):
例句:All that he told me is true.
先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰:
例句:This is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
先行词同时含有人和物:
例句:We talked about the people and things that we experienced.
2. 不能用that的情况:
引导非限制性定语从句(从句与主句用逗号隔开):
例句:My hometown, which is famous for tea, has a long history.(不可用that)
先行词为which或who时(避免重复):
例句:Which is the car that hit him
四、易混关系词对比辨析
(一)who与whom的区别
who为主格,作主语或宾语(口语中可代替whom作宾语);whom为宾格,仅作宾语(正式文体中常用)。
例句:
The girl who is dancing is my cousin.(作主语,用who)
The man whom/who you called is my teacher.(作宾语,whom更正式)
(二)which与that的区别
场景 which that
引导非限制性定语从句 可用(不可省略) 不可用
先行词前有介词 可用(如in which, on which) 不可用(介词后不用that)
先行词为物且被限定词修饰 可用 常用(如先行词被the only修饰)
(三)whose与of which的转换
whose表示所属关系,可转换为“of+先行词+which/whom”结构。
例句:
The boy whose father is a doctor studies hard.
The boy the father of whom is a doctor studies hard.
五、常见错误类型及纠正方法
(一)关系词与先行词不匹配
错误:× The school where I visited yesterday is beautiful.
正确:√ The school that/which I visited yesterday is beautiful.
解析:visited为及物动词,先行词school在从句中作宾语,需用关系代词that/which,而非关系副词where。
(二)介词遗漏或误用
错误:× This is the house which he lives.
正确:√ This is the house in which/where he lives.
解析:live为不及物动词,需加介词in,或用where作地点状语。
(三)that与which的误用
错误:× The book, that I bought last week, is very interesting.
正确:√ The book, which I bought last week, is very interesting.
解析:非限制性定语从句不可用that,需用which。
(四)whose与who’s混淆
错误:× The girl who’s bag is red is my friend.
正确:√ The girl whose bag is red is my friend.
解析:whose表示“谁的”(所有格),who’s是who is的缩写,意为“谁是”。
六、实战演练与中考真题
(一)基础巩固练习
1. 用适当的关系词填空:
① The man ______ is talking to the teacher is my father.
② This is the park ______ we took photos last weekend.
③ I know the student ______ mother is a nurse.
答案:① who/that;② where/in which;③ whose
2. 改错:
① The pen that I bought it yesterday is blue.
② Do you remember the day when we spent together
答案:① 去掉it(that已指代pen,作bought的宾语);② when→that/which(spent为及物动词,先行词day作宾语)。
(二)语境单项选择
1. The museum ______ we saw many ancient things is very famous.
A. where B. which C. that
解析:先行词museum在从句中作地点状语(saw many ancient things in the museum),用where或in which,选A。
2. The boy ______ leg was broken in the accident was taken to hospital.
A. who B. whose C. that
解析:先行词boy与leg为所属关系,用whose,选B。
3. This is the best film ______ I have ever seen.
A. which B. that C. who
解析:先行词被最高级best修饰,只能用that,选B。
(三)中考真题解析
1.(2024·湖北武汉)
The city ______ I grew up is very small.
A. where B. which C. that
解析:先行词city在从句中作地点状语(grew up in the city),用where或in which,选A。
2.(2023·山东济南)
I like the singer ______ can write his own songs.
A. which B. who C. whom
解析:先行词singer指人,在从句中作主语,用who/that,选B。
3.(2024·四川成都)
The reason ______ he was late was that he missed the bus.
A. why B. which C. that
解析:先行词为reason,在从句中作原因状语,用why或for which,选A。
4.(2024·湖南长沙)
The house ______ windows are painted blue is my grandparents’ home.
A. who B. whose C. that
解析:先行词house与windows为所属关系,用whose,选B。
5.(2022·浙江杭州)
The book ______ you lent me is very interesting.
A. what B. who C. that
解析:先行词book指物,在从句中作lent的宾语,用that/which或省略,选C。
七、记忆口诀
定语从句选关系词,先看先行词,再判句中义。
人主who,人宾who/whom可更替,所属whose莫忘记。
物主which,物宾which/that都能行,非限从句which替。
时间when,地点where,原因why前是reason。
介词后,which/whom跟,that特殊情况要记清!
八、课后任务
1. 错题归类:将练习中的错误按“关系词选择、介词使用、that特殊用法”分类记录,分析原因。
2. 翻译训练:将下列句子译为英语:
① 这是我读过的最有趣的小说。
② 你认识那个骑自行车的男孩吗?
3. 真题分析:收集近三年中考卷中定语从句的题目,总结高频考点(如关系代词作宾语时的省略、whose的用法)。
通过“先行词分析→语法功能判断→关系词精准选择”的系统化训练,定语从句的难点将逐一突破,为中考英语阅读和写作奠定坚实基础!
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