专题2 冠词
【2016年高考考纲解读】
冠词的考查几乎每年都有一两道题，而且基本都设两空。一般情况下，试题的情景较为曲折，句式以复合句为主。另外，在短文改错和语法填空中也常常涉及冠词的考查。考查要点主要包括：
1．考查定冠词和不定冠词的基本用法。
2．考查定冠词和不定冠词的特殊用法。抽象名词具体化前冠词的使用情况、比较级前冠词的使用情况。
3．考查冠词的泛指、特指、类指和专指用法。
4．考查零冠词的运用。另外，还涉及很多冠词与名词的固定搭配。
复习冠词须把握好以下三个原则：
(1)单数可数名词用不定冠词a/an表示泛指；
(2)复数可数名词及不可数名词表示泛指时，其前不加冠词；
(3)无论可数名词还是不可数名词，表示特指时，其前都要加定冠词the。
2016年高考将继续把冠词的基本用法作为考查重点，而冠词的活用仍会成为2014年高考考查的难点。
【重点、难点剖析】
一、定冠词
1．表示特指。
Pass me the magazine on the desk.
请把桌上的杂志递给我。
二、不定冠词
1．泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。
A teacher shouldn't talk like that.
教师不应当那样讲话。
2．用于序数词前表示“又一”“再一”。用于形容词最高级前意为“很，非常”。
We'll have to do it a second time.
我们得再做一次。
He is a most wise man.
他是一个十分明智的人。
3．用于具体化了的抽象名词前。
He was a success in business.
他是事业成功人士。
4．在专有名词前表示“某一个”“类似的一个”。
A Mr. Smith wants to see you.
一位史密斯先生想见你。
5．用于of短语中表示“同一”(＝the same)。
Tom and Kate are of an age.
汤姆与凯特同岁。
三、零冠词
1．用于表示泛指或一般意义的物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词等之前。
Knowledge begins with practice.
知识从实践开始。
Teachers should be respected.
教师应该受到尊重。
2．东、西方都有的节日名称前不用冠词，如：New Year's Day, Christmas, National Day, Army Day等；但中国的节日一般用定冠词，如：the Spring Festival, the Mid Autumn Festival等。
3．月份、日期前一般不用冠词，如：in October, on March 8等。
4．三餐名词前不用冠词，如：have breakfast/lunch/dinner等。
但有定语修饰时需加不定冠词，如：have a big breakfast，have a wonderful lunch等。
5．表示体育运动的名词前不用冠词，如：play football/cards/chess等；但乐器名词前需加定冠词，如：play the violin/the piano等。
6．用于作表语、补足语、同位语的唯一职位名词前。
John is captain of the team.
约翰是这个队的队长。
They elected him president of the society.
他们选他为协会会长。
7．用于表示“变成”的turn后、作表语的单数名词前。
He was a teacher before he turned writer.
他成为作家之前是教师。
10．用于某些独立主格结构中。
The teacher came in, book in hand (＝with a book in his hand)．
老师走了进来，手里拿着书。
四、冠词在固定搭配中的用法
1．用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour, by the day, by the dozen, by the yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight, by height等。
2．在句型“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体某部位”中的the不可用人称代词替代。
take sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手臂
hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸
此外，在be red in the face (脸红), be lame in the right leg (右腿瘸)等结构中，名词前要用the。
3．用于某些习惯用法，如have a look, play a trick on, in a hurry, at a loss (茫然，不知所措)等。
4．有些习语中有无冠词意义完全不同。如：
【题型示例】
题型1、不定冠词的用法
【例1】(2015·四川，5)Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be ________Beethoven.
答案：a 句意：布莱恩在写音乐方面很有天赋；他很有可能会成为一个像贝多芬似的人。此处用贝多芬来说明布莱恩也是很有音乐天赋的，故用不定冠词表泛指。
【变式探究】 It is generally accepted that ________ boy must learn to stand up and fight like ________ man.
【答案】a; a
【解析】句意：考查冠词。人们普遍认为男孩子就该学会站起来像男人一样去奋斗。boy和man均为可数名词，都是泛指，故前面应该用不定冠词。
【变式探究】 It is generally accepted that ________ boy must learn to stand up and fight like ________ man.
A．a；a B．a；the C．the；the D．a；/
【答案】A
【变式探究】 First impressions are the most lasting.After all, you never get ________ second chance to make ________ first impression.
A．a；the B．the；the C．a；a D．the；a
【答案】C
【解析】第一空修饰限定chance用不定冠词，a second表示“又一次”，“再一次”。第二空修饰impression，泛指，所以用不定冠词。
【变式探究】 Being able to afford ________ drink would be ________ comfort in those tough times.
A．the；the B．a；a C．a；/ D．/；a
【答案】B
【解析】考查冠词。第一空，drink前应用不定冠词，表示“一杯饮料”；第二空，comfort前面加不定冠词，表示“一个给人安慰的物品”，所以两个空都要用不定冠词。
【特别提醒】
不定冠词的用法
泛指单数和首提，某个/每个/又一个；
物质名词具体化，相同还是抽象词；
三餐四季有修饰，感叹句中有名单。
①泛指的单数可数名词前和首次提到的单数可数名词前；
②表示又一个，某一个(a second；a certain...)
③具体化的物质名词和抽象名词前(a success，a surprise...)
④有修饰词的三餐和四季前(a wonderful supper，a warm winter)
⑤感叹句中有单数可数名词。(How lovely a girl！)
题型二、定冠词的用法
【例2】 (2015·新课标Ⅱ，)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even________most modern of architects and engineers.
答案：the 句意：由美国西南部的印第安村庄的印第安人建造的土坯房甚至被最现代的建筑师和工程师欣赏。根据后面的most modern可知应为“最现代化的”，最高级前要用定冠词the。
【变式探究】As is known to all, ________ People's Republic of China is ________ biggest developing country in the world.
【答案】the; the
【举一反三】—I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting.
—It is not your fault.With ________ rush－hour traffic and ________ heavy rain，it is no wonder you were late.
A．a；a B．the；the C．/；/ D．/；a
【答案】B
【解析】由句意可知，traffic和rain均为特指，故应加定冠词。
【变式探究】(2015·重庆)I just heard ______ bank where Dora works was robbed by ______ gunman wearing a mask.
答案：the；a 句意：我刚听说朵拉工作的那家银行被一个戴着面罩的枪手抢劫了。bank后面有定语从句，说明是特指，所以用定冠词the；第二空虽有定语修饰，但是表泛指，所以填不定冠词a。
【变式探究】 The biggest whale is ________ blue whale，which grows to be about 29 meters long—the height of ________ 9－story building.
A．the；the B．a；a C．a；the D．the；a
【答案】D
【解析】the blue whale特指“蓝鲸”这类动物；第二个空表泛指，a 9－story building意为“一座9层高的大楼”。
【特别提醒】定冠词的用法
特指双熟悉，上文已提及；
世上独无二，序数最高级；
某些专有名，习语和乐器。
①特指某些人或事物；②谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物；③上文已经提到的人或事物；④世界上独一无二的事物前；⑤序数词、形容词的最高级前；⑥某些专有名词前；⑦一些习惯短语(如in the day等)中和西洋乐器名词前(如：play the piano)
题型三、零冠词的用法
例3、I don't think the experiment is ________ failure. At least we have gained ________ experience for future.
【答案】a; /
【解析】failure意为“失败的事”，表示抽象名词具体化，故第一个空填不定冠词a；experience意为“经验”，是不可数名词，故前面不填冠词。
【变式探究】 Some people fear that ________ air pollution may bring about changes in ________ weather around the world.
A．/；the B．the；/ C．an；the D．the；a
【答案】A
【解析】第一个空后的air pollution是不可数名词，而且是泛指，所以不需要填任何冠词；第二个空后的weather被around the world修饰，所以weather前需要加定冠词the。
【变式探究】 It's ________ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them ________ pleasure.
A．/；a B．a；/ C．the；a D．a；the
【答案】B
【变式探究】 Many lifestyle patterns do such ________ great harm to health that they actually speed up ________ weakening of the human body.
A．a；/ B．/；the C．a；the D．/；/
【答案】B
【解析】考查冠词。句意：许多生活方式对人类的健康有害，他们加速了人类身体的衰退。do harm to表示“对……有害”，中间无需冠词；the weakening of the human body特指人体的衰弱。
【特别提醒】
不用冠词的情况口诀
下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前：
专有名词表泛指，学科球类三餐前；
复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前；
颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。
以上口诀主要概括了一般应对“免冠”的几种情况，即：
①名词前已有作定语的this，that，some，my等限定词；
②泛指的专有名词和不可数名词前；
③表示学科的(如English，maths，physics)等名词前；
④球类运动的名词前及三餐总称前；
⑤复数名词表示泛指(一类人或事物)时；
⑥节日、季节、星期、月份前；
⑦表示颜色(如：It's red/yellow)、语种(如：speak English/Japanese)和国家的非全称名词(如：We live in China.They come from America.)前；
⑧在称呼或表示头衔的名词前；
⑨某些习惯短语中(如：in bed，go to school等)。
题型四、固定搭配
例4．(2015·陕西，14)________more learned a man is，________more modest he usually becomes.
答案：The；the 句意：一个人学得越多，通常会变得越谦虚。“the＋比较级＋简单句，the＋比较级＋简单句”结构，表示“越……越……”。
【变式探究】Many people have come to realize that they should go on ________ balanced diet and make ________ room in their day for exercise.
【答案】a; /
【举一反三】The party was ________ success. We sang and danced until it came to ________ end at midnight.
【答案】a; an
【解析】考查冠词。句意：晚会非常成功，我们又唱又跳，直到半夜才结束。第一空a success表示“一件成功的事”；第二空考查短语come to an end“结束”。
【误区警示】
误区1.误用定冠词
例1、(2013·山东，22改编)We can never expect ______ bluer sky unless we create ________ less polluted world.
易错警示：世界上独一无二的名词甚至一些抽象名词之前如果有形容词修饰，也可加不定冠词。如：a red sun一轮红日，a wonderful world一个奇妙的世界。
答案：a；a 句意：如果我们不能创造一个污染更少的世界，就永远不要期待有一片更蓝的天空。sky和world受到形容词修饰限制时前面使用不定冠词。
误区2．抽象名词具体化中冠词的误用
例2、It's ________good feeling for people to admire the beautiful views that give them pleasure.
易错警示：英语中，有些抽象名词，如knowledge, failure, success, help, pleasure, surprise, honour等表示抽象概念时为不可数名词，不加冠词，如with pleasure, in surprise等。但是当表示具体概念时，表示“……的人或事”，其前面应用不定冠词。
答案：a 句意：这些美景给人们带来了快乐，欣赏它们是一种美好的感受。feeling前面有good修饰时，表示一种具体的情感，故使用不定冠词。
误区3．误用零冠词
例3、Everywhere man has cut down forests in order to grow crops, or to use ________ wood as fuel or as building material.
易错警示：此题容易误填a或不填词。题干中，空后面的wood在此处并非表示泛指，而是表示特指，特指前面被砍掉的木材，所以应该选择the。
一、单句填空
1．Jane's grandmother had wanted to write ________ children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in ________ way.
答案：a；the 句意：简的祖母多年来一直想写一本儿童读物，但是一件接一件的事情总是妨碍她写书。children's book的中心词是单数可数名词且第一次出现，并且此处表泛指，故其前需加不定冠词；in the way为固定搭配，意为“挡道，碍事”。
2．Now, years later, this river is one of ________ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
3．She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on ________ top floor.
答案：the top“顶端的，最高的”，只修饰名词，前面用定冠词。on the top floor “在顶楼”。
4．Life is like ________ ocean: Only ________ strong willed can reach the other shore.
答案：an；the 第一个空表示泛指，且ocean以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an；形容词前用定冠词表示一类人，the strong willed意为“意志坚强的人”。
5．The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ________ week, often long into________night.
答案：a；the seven days a week意为“整个星期，一周七天”，long into the night意为“直到深夜”，是固定短语。
6．I can't tell you ________ way to the Wilson's because we don't have ________ Wilson here in the village.
答案：the；a way后有介词短语作定语，表特指，所以第一空填定冠词the；泛指“一个名叫Wilson的人”，第二空填不定冠词a。
7． ________ village where I was born has grown into ________ town.
答案：The；a village后有定语从句修饰，是特指，故第一空填定冠词；泛指“一座城镇”，故第二空填不定冠词a。
8．They chose Tom to be ________ captain of the team because they knew he was ________ smart leader.
答案：the；a 第一空后面的名词captain“队长”后面有介词短语of the team修饰，表示特指，所以使用定冠词the；第二空后的可数名词leader前面有形容词smart修饰，用a表示泛指。
9．Four and ________ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and ________ break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar.
答案：a；a 句意：四个半小时的讨论让我们到了午夜，我们稍微休息了一下，吃了奶酪、巧克力并且喝了加糖的茶。两空前加不定冠词a，都为固定搭配。
10．People develop ________ preference for a particular style of learning at ________ early age and these preferences affect learning.
答案：a；an 第一空a preference表示“一种倾向性的喜好”，用不定冠词a表示“一个，一种”的概念，同时have/develop a preference for sth.也可以看作固定词组，表示“对某物偏好，喜爱”；而第二空at an early age是固定词组，意为“在幼年时期”，也表示“一个，一种”的概念。
11． ________ news of the mayor's coming to our school for a visit was given out on the radio yesterday.
答案：The 句意为：市长来我们学校参观的新闻昨天通过收音机发布了。名词news后有介词短语修饰，起限定作用，表特指，故填the。
12．In Germany, ________ successful project, which roughly translates as “adopt a grandparent”， has been running with a great success.
答案：a 句意为：在德国，一个名为“领养祖父母”的项目已成功运行。project为单数可数名词，此处意为“一个成功的项目”，表泛指。故填不定冠词a。
13．—Mom, why can't I have ________ new bike?
—Dear, you know, money doesn't grow on trees.
答案：a 句意为：——妈妈，我为什么不能要一辆新自行车？——亲爱的，你要知道，赚钱可不是件容易的事。bike为单数可数名词，是首次提到，此处表泛指，故用不定冠词a。
14．________ wish always remains unrealistic that you can come first in the final exam when you make no efforts at all.
15．Your son is in great danger and he needs ________ immediate operation which costs 48,000 yuan.
答案：an 句意为：你的儿子很危险，他需要紧急手术，费用为48,000元。operation为单数可数名词，且immediate为元音音素开头，故填不定冠词an。
16．I'd like to buy ________ computer. Could you please give me some advice?
答案：a 句意为：我想买一台电脑，你能给我一些建议吗？computer为单数可数名词，此处表不确定的事物，表泛指，故填不定冠词a。
17．Zinio is ________ platform for digital magazines, with more than 5,500 magazines from a wide range of publishers.
答案：a 句意为：Zinio是一个电子杂志平台，拥有来自各出版商所提供的5,500多本杂志。platform是单数可数名词，此处指“一个平台”，表泛指，故填不定冠词a。
18．What if your first choice is wrong? If so, just give yourself ________ second chance.
答案：a 句意：如果你的第一次选择错误怎么办？如果是这样，要再给自己一次机会。序数词前加不定冠词表示“再一，又一”，所以填不定冠词a。
19．—Would you mind giving me advice on how to improve my record?
—If you make ________ most of your potential, there will be a rise in your achievement.
答案：the 句意为：——给我一些建议使我提高记录好吗？——如果你充分利用自己的潜能，你的成绩就会提高。make the most of是固定短语，意为“充分利用”，故填定冠词the。
20．With the development of society, our country is badly in need of those with ________ better command of computer skills.
答案：a 句意为：随着社会的发展，我们国家非常需要那些可以进行电脑操作的人才。with a command of...为惯用搭配，意为“掌握……”，故填不定冠词a。
二、单句改错
1．This custom soon became another meal of day.
答案：day前加the day此处意为“时期，时代”，特指某一时期，故用定冠词the。
2．The teacher was angry because we had same answers in the test.
答案：same前加the same意为“相同的，同样的”，其前必须有定冠词the。
3．Tomorrow is first day of school.
答案：first前加the或my 表示顺序的序数词前要加定冠词或物主代词、名词所有格等限定词。
4．As a result, nobody knew truth.
答案：truth前加the 特指前面提到的事情的真相，因此用定冠词the。
5．As result, the plants are growing everywhere.
6．Now I'm living in a city，but I miss my home in countryside.
答案：countryside前加the in the countryside意为“在农村”，是固定短语。
7．I think it good habit that in our spare time we read more books of great use.
答案：good前加a habit意为“习惯”，是可数名词，此处为泛指，故用不定冠词a修饰。
8．Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in a ordinary school.
答案：第二个a→an ordinary是以元音音素开头的形容词，故其前应用不定冠词an。
9．Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years. It came suddenly and went on for over three hours.
答案：a→the 根据in years可知，此处表示“最严重的暴风雨”，形容词最高级前应加定冠词the。
10．When children are ill, I try my best to take a good care of them.
答案：去掉good前的a take good care of...为固定搭配，意为“精心照顾……”，care前不加冠词。
三、语法填空
Doctors have been warning for years that secondhand smoke leads to many types of illness.__1__，many children around the world live in areas where adults __2__(regular)smoke.
A journal __3__(call)Annals of Family Medicine recently published an article，__4__ called for doctors to start treating children's contact to secondhand smoke as abuse.In that case，contact to secondhand smoke would be viewed much like physical abuse or neglect.The author of the article，Dr.Adam Goldstein，is __5__ professor at University of North Carolina School of Medicine.He says secondhand smoke __6__(cause)many diseases in children.
The U．S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention agree that secondhand smoke can cause serious health problems in children.They say that compared to children who grow up in homes __7__ smokers，children with parents who smoke have smaller lungs and __8__(many)illnesses.
However，several organizations for smokers' rights in the U．S.say people have __9__ right to smoke in their own homes.Dr.Adam Goldstein has warned tobacco companies are trying to avoid and even weaken anti tobacco laws，and the fight is going to be difficult.But he added，“We should not give up __10__ we make sure tobacco industry goes out of business.”
1．______ 2.______ 3.______ 4.______ 5.______
6．______ 7.______ 8.______ 9.______ 10.______
4．which 考查定语从句。从句中缺少主语，所以填关系代词；先行词是article，所以填which或that；再由逗号可知，此处是非限制性定语从句，所以填which而非that。
5．a 考查冠词。Dr.Adam Goldstein是University of North Carolina School of Medicine的一位教授，此处表泛指，所以填不定冠词。
6．causes 考查时态。此处是该教授说的研究结果，所以具有真理性，故用一般现在时；主语是secondhand smoke，所以用单数第三人称。
7．without 考查介词。此处是两组人员比较，一组是父母吸烟的，一组是父母不吸烟的。所以填without，与后一句中的with反义对应。
8．more 考查比较级。此处与前面的smaller照应，所以使用比较级。
9．the 考查冠词。have the right to do sth.有做某事的权利。
10．until/before 考查连词。句意：直到烟草公司关闭我们才会停止战斗。
四、短文改错
My grandparents live in the countryside.They keep a dog calling Ah Bao.One day my grandparents go to work in the fields，taking along my little brother and Ah Bao.My brother and Ah Bao came to a river nearby and enjoyed himself. My brother was trying to catch a butterfly while he fell into a river.Ah Bao barked and immediate jumped into a water.Hearing about him barking，my grandparents hurried there and saw Ah Bao swimming towards the bank carrying my brother. Ah Bao did all he could save my little brother，that moved all the people present.Everyone praised Ah Bao for his brave and kindness.
答案：
My grandparents live in the countryside.They keep a dog callingcalled Ah Bao.One day my grandparents gowent to work in the fields，taking along my little brother and Ah Bao.My brother and Ah Bao came to a river nearby and enjoyed himselfthemselves. My brother was trying to catch a butterfly whilewhen he fell into a river.Ah Bao barked and immediateimmediately jumped into athe water.Hearing about him barking，my grandparents hurried there and saw Ah Bao swimming towards the bank carrying my brother. Ah Bao did all he could ∧to save my little brother，thatwhich moved all the people present.Everyone praised Ah Bao for his bravebravery and kindness.
解析：
第一处：calling→called 考查非谓语动词。根据dog是call的动作承受者，应用过去分词作定语。
第二处：go→went 考查时态。由全文可知，应该使用一般过去时。
第三处：himself→themselves 考查代词。根据该句的主语my brother and Ah Bao判断反身代词应用themselves。
第四处：while→when 考查连词。be doing...when...是固定句式，意为“正在做……(就在这时)突然……”。
第五处：immediate→immediately 考查形容词与副词。修饰动词jumped应该用副词。
第六处：a→the 考查冠词。river在前文已经提到，应用定冠词表特指。
第七处：去掉about 考查介词。hear听到；hear about听说。此处是hear sb doing听到某人正在做某事。
