专题十六 构词法
按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫构词法。
一、派生法
在词根前面或后面加词缀,从而构成一个新词的方法叫作派生法。加在词根前的词缀叫前缀,加在词根后的词缀叫后缀。
1.前缀
前缀 含义 例 词
un- 不 happy→unhappy不高兴的 friendly→unfriendly不友好的 usual→unusual不寻常的 able→unable不能的 popular→unpopular不流行的
in- 不 active→inactive不积极的 correct→incorrect不正确的
im- 不 polite→impolite不礼貌的 patient→impatient不耐心的
dis- 不 like→dislike不喜欢 appear→disappear消失 agree→disagree不同意
en- 使可能 rich→enrich使丰富 able→enable使能够 courage→encourage鼓励
a- 使处于…… 情况 live→alive活着的 wake→awake醒着的 sleep→asleep睡着的
2.后缀
形式 后缀 例 词
形容词 → 副词 -ly wide→widely quiet→quietly sad→sadly slow→slowly happy→happily angry→angrily simple→simply terrible→terribly true→truly
名词 → 形容词 -y rain→rainy health→healthy wealth→wealthy luck→lucky sun→sunny fun→funny
-ly week→weekly love→lovely friend→friendly
-ous danger→dangerous humor→humorous fame→famous
-ful care→careful help→helpful
-less care→careless help→helpless
-ern west→western south→southern
-en gold→golden wood→wooden
-al tradition→traditional culture→cultural
其他 China→Chinese France→French Britain→British America→American Canada→Canadian Asia→Asian centre→central
续表
形式 后缀 例 词
动词 → 形容词 -ed disappoint→disappointed interest→interested
-ing follow→following interest→interesting
-tive act→active create→creative
-able comfort→comfortable suit→suitable
形容词 → 名词 -ness ill→illness sad→sadness kind→kindness
-y difficult→difficulty
-ity able→ability possible→possibility
-t改为 -ce important→importance silent→silence different→difference
动词 → 名词 -er teach→teacher win→winner
-or act→actor visit→visitor
-ion act→action discuss→discussion
-ment develop→development agree→agreement
-ing fish→fishing read→reading
-ist tour→tourist
其他 serve(v.)→service(n.) weigh(v.)→weight(n.) grow(v.)→growth(n.) long(adj.)→length(n.) hot(adj.)→heat(n.) warm(adj.)→warmth(n.) wise(adj.)→wisdom(n.) safe(adj.)→safety(n.) high(adj.)→height(n.)
二、合成法
由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫作合成法。常见的合成法如下:
类别 例 词
合成 名词 classroom(名词+名词) blackboard(形容词+名词) afternoon(介词+名词)
合成 形容词 worldwide(名词+形容词) good-looking(形容词+现在分词) hard-working(副词+现在分词) well-known(副词+过去分词) hand-made(名词+过去分词)
合成 动词 overcome (副词+动词)
合成 数词 fifty-four (数词+数词)
合成 代词 everybody/anything (代词+名词)
合成 副词 anyway(形容词+名词) downstairs(副词+名词)
合成 介词 inside(介词+名词) within/into(介词+介词)
三、转化法
把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性,这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式如下:
1.名词→动词
show(n.展览;展示)→show(v.表演;展出)
water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)
speed(n.速度)→speed(v.加速)
2.形容词→动词
slow(adj.慢的)→slow(v.放慢)
3.动词→名词
walk(v.散步;走)→walk(n.散步)
look(v.看)→look(n.看)
talk(v.谈话)→talk(n.谈话)
rest(v.休息)→rest(n.休息)
break(v.打破)→break(n.破裂)
visit(v.参观)→visit(n.参观)
swim(v.游泳)→swim(n.游泳)
4.形容词→名词
right(adj.正确的)→(n.正确)
wrong(adj.错误的)→(n.不义行为)
3年淮安、江苏真题
用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1.(2023·淮安中考)Tan Dun is a world-famous composer. People think (high) of his music.
2.(2022·淮安中考)The (France) writer Victor Hugo wrote some famous novels.
3.(2024·无锡中考) The father is always a real (fight) in the little kid’s heart.
4.(2024·扬州中考)Every year, Yangzhou offers a magical and special experience for its (tour).
5.(2024·无锡中考) The AI technology is (rapid) changing all the time.
6.(2024·无锡中考) The traditional Chinese folk music has a (last) value.
7.(2024·无锡中考) Jim has gone to bed This is very (usual). He always stays up late.
8.(2024·扬州中考)Planting some flowers in your garden is very (help) for attracting bees.
9.(2023·无锡中考)The (win) of this year’s Spelling Bee is...Daniel!
10.(2023·扬州中考)Follow these tips, and you can enjoy your summer (safe).
11.(2023·南京中考)Reading is always a (meaning) time and I really enjoy it.
12.(2023·无锡中考)Some people don’t like the fruit (simple) because of smell.
13.(2023·无锡中考)The Changjiang Delta is a very (wealth) area in China.
14.(2022·泰州中考) With the (develop) of the society, more and more people devote their energy to charity.
语法专题集训
用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1.(2024·云南中考) David is a (work) at a car factory. He loves his job.
2.(2024·龙东中考) It’s (polite) to talk loudly in public places.
3.(2024·云南中考)It is sunny and (wind) today. Let’s go outside and fly kites.
4.(2024·龙东中考)ChatGPT is one of the most amazing (invent). I think it will change the world.
5.(2024·兰州中考) It is very (use) to be able to speak a foreign language.
6.(2024·兰州中考)Learning is a lifelong journey. Learn (wise) and learn well.
7.(2024·包头中考)As a (lead) of a team, you need to plan well and make good decisions quickly.
8.(2024·达州中考)Look! It is raining (heavy). We can’t go out with friends.
9.(2024·包头中考)Lucy’s junior middle school teacher made a big (different) to her life. She wants to express her thanks to the teacher at the graduation ceremony.
10.(2024·达州中考)An (invent) is a person who has invented something.专题十六 构词法
按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫构词法。
一、派生法
在词根前面或后面加词缀,从而构成一个新词的方法叫作派生法。加在词根前的词缀叫前缀,加在词根后的词缀叫后缀。
1.前缀
前缀 含义 例 词
un- 不 happy→unhappy不高兴的 friendly→unfriendly不友好的 usual→unusual不寻常的 able→unable不能的 popular→unpopular不流行的
in- 不 active→inactive不积极的 correct→incorrect不正确的
im- 不 polite→impolite不礼貌的 patient→impatient不耐心的
dis- 不 like→dislike不喜欢 appear→disappear消失 agree→disagree不同意
en- 使可能 rich→enrich使丰富 able→enable使能够 courage→encourage鼓励
a- 使处于…… 情况 live→alive活着的 wake→awake醒着的 sleep→asleep睡着的
2.后缀
形式 后缀 例 词
形容词 → 副词 -ly wide→widely quiet→quietly sad→sadly slow→slowly happy→happily angry→angrily simple→simply terrible→terribly true→truly
名词 → 形容词 -y rain→rainy health→healthy wealth→wealthy luck→lucky sun→sunny fun→funny
-ly week→weekly love→lovely friend→friendly
-ous danger→dangerous humor→humorous fame→famous
-ful care→careful help→helpful
-less care→careless help→helpless
-ern west→western south→southern
-en gold→golden wood→wooden
-al tradition→traditional culture→cultural
其他 China→Chinese France→French Britain→British America→American Canada→Canadian Asia→Asian centre→central
续表
形式 后缀 例 词
动词 → 形容词 -ed disappoint→disappointed interest→interested
-ing follow→following interest→interesting
-tive act→active create→creative
-able comfort→comfortable suit→suitable
形容词 → 名词 -ness ill→illness sad→sadness kind→kindness
-y difficult→difficulty
-ity able→ability possible→possibility
-t改为 -ce important→importance silent→silence different→difference
动词 → 名词 -er teach→teacher win→winner
-or act→actor visit→visitor
-ion act→action discuss→discussion
-ment develop→development agree→agreement
-ing fish→fishing read→reading
-ist tour→tourist
其他 serve(v.)→service(n.) weigh(v.)→weight(n.) grow(v.)→growth(n.) long(adj.)→length(n.) hot(adj.)→heat(n.) warm(adj.)→warmth(n.) wise(adj.)→wisdom(n.) safe(adj.)→safety(n.) high(adj.)→height(n.)
二、合成法
由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫作合成法。常见的合成法如下:
类别 例 词
合成 名词 classroom(名词+名词) blackboard(形容词+名词) afternoon(介词+名词)
合成 形容词 worldwide(名词+形容词) good-looking(形容词+现在分词) hard-working(副词+现在分词) well-known(副词+过去分词) hand-made(名词+过去分词)
合成 动词 overcome (副词+动词)
合成 数词 fifty-four (数词+数词)
合成 代词 everybody/anything (代词+名词)
合成 副词 anyway(形容词+名词) downstairs(副词+名词)
合成 介词 inside(介词+名词) within/into(介词+介词)
三、转化法
把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性,这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式如下:
1.名词→动词
show(n.展览;展示)→show(v.表演;展出)
water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)
speed(n.速度)→speed(v.加速)
2.形容词→动词
slow(adj.慢的)→slow(v.放慢)
3.动词→名词
walk(v.散步;走)→walk(n.散步)
look(v.看)→look(n.看)
talk(v.谈话)→talk(n.谈话)
rest(v.休息)→rest(n.休息)
break(v.打破)→break(n.破裂)
visit(v.参观)→visit(n.参观)
swim(v.游泳)→swim(n.游泳)
4.形容词→名词
right(adj.正确的)→(n.正确)
wrong(adj.错误的)→(n.不义行为)
3年淮安、江苏真题
用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1.(2023·淮安中考)Tan Dun is a world-famous composer. People think highly(high) of his music.
2.(2022·淮安中考)The French(France) writer Victor Hugo wrote some famous novels.
3.(2024·无锡中考) The father is always a real fighter(fight) in the little kid’s heart.
4.(2024·扬州中考)Every year, Yangzhou offers a magical and special experience for its tourists(tour).
5.(2024·无锡中考) The AI technology is rapidly(rapid) changing all the time.
6.(2024·无锡中考) The traditional Chinese folk music has a lasting(last) value.
7.(2024·无锡中考) Jim has gone to bed This is very unusual(usual). He always stays up late.
8.(2024·扬州中考)Planting some flowers in your garden is very helpful(help) for attracting bees.
9.(2023·无锡中考)The winner(win) of this year’s Spelling Bee is...Daniel!
10.(2023·扬州中考)Follow these tips, and you can enjoy your summer safely(safe).
11.(2023·南京中考)Reading is always a meaningful(meaning) time and I really enjoy it.
12.(2023·无锡中考)Some people don’t like the fruit simply(simple) because of smell.
13.(2023·无锡中考)The Changjiang Delta is a very wealthy(wealth) area in China.
14.(2022·泰州中考) With the development(develop) of the society, more and more people devote their energy to charity.
语法专题集训
用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1.(2024·云南中考) David is a worker(work) at a car factory. He loves his job.
2.(2024·龙东中考) It’s impolite(polite) to talk loudly in public places.
3.(2024·云南中考)It is sunny and windy(wind) today. Let’s go outside and fly kites.
4.(2024·龙东中考)ChatGPT is one of the most amazing inventions(invent). I think it will change the world.
5.(2024·兰州中考) It is very useful(use) to be able to speak a foreign language.
6.(2024·兰州中考)Learning is a lifelong journey. Learn wisely(wise) and learn well.
7.(2024·包头中考)As a leader(lead) of a team, you need to plan well and make good decisions quickly.
8.(2024·达州中考)Look! It is raining heavily(heavy). We can’t go out with friends.
9.(2024·包头中考)Lucy’s junior middle school teacher made a big difference(different) to her life. She wants to express her thanks to the teacher at the graduation ceremony.
10.(2024·达州中考)An inventor(invent) is a person who has invented something.
