专题一 第7讲
模拟练 提考能
A
(2024·内蒙古自治区赤峰市高三一模)
“Tooth loss and gum disease, which is inflammation (发炎) of the tissue around the teeth that can cause shrinkage (萎缩) of the gums and loosening of the teeth, are very common, so evaluating a potential link with brain diseases is incredibly important.Our study found that these conditions may play a role in the health of the brain area that controls thinking and memory, giving people another reason to take better care of their teeth，” said study author Satoshi Yamaguchi, Ph.D.of Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan.
The study involved 172 people with an average age of 67 who did not have memory problems at the beginning of the study.Researchers found that the number of teeth and amount of gum disease was linked to changes in the left hippocampus of the brain.For people with mild gum disease, having fewer teeth was associated with a faster rate of brain shrinkage, which was the same for people with severe gum disease having more teeth.After adjusting for age, researchers found that for people with mild gum disease, the increase in the rate of brain shrinkage due to one less tooth was equal to nearly one year of brain aging.By contrast, for people with severe gum disease, the increase in brain shrinkage due to one more tooth was equal to 1.3 years of brain aging.
“These results highlight the importance of preserving the health of the teeth and not just maintaining the teeth，” Yamaguchi said.Though the study does not prove that gum disease or tooth loss causes diseases like Alzheimer's, it only shows an association.Yamaguchi added, “Future studies are needed with larger groups of people.” The current experiment involved only a small group of people in one region of Japan, and that too from one particular region of the world.
1．What does Satoshi Yamaguchi's research focus on？
A．The reason for gum disease.
B．The influence of brain shrinkage.
C．The advances in memory improvement.
D．The link between dental health and brain.
2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about？
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Basic theories and results of a previous research.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．The detailed procedures of the scientific research.
3．What does Yamaguchi suggest people do？
A．Treat a brain problem with replacing teeth.
B．Frequently visit the dentists to maintain teeth.
C．Protect gums and teeth in their original good state.
D．Pull out one of their unique teeth as a study object.
4．What probably can be involved in the follow-up study？
A．The application in related fields.
B．The further research in wider range.
C．The difficulties of making the previous studies.
D．The suggestions for preventing teeth disease.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现，牙齿脱落和牙龈疾病与大脑健康之间存在联系，因此研究人员建议人们把牙龈和牙齿保持在原来的良好状态，而未来的研究需要在更大的人群中开展以进一步验证这一关联。
1．D 细节理解题。根据第一段“Tooth loss and gum disease, which is inflammation...giving people another reason to take better care of their teeth(牙齿脱落和牙龈疾病非常常见，牙龈疾病是牙齿周围组织的炎症，会导致牙龈萎缩和牙齿松动，因此评估与脑部疾病的潜在联系非常重要。我们的研究发现，这些情况可能对控制思维和记忆的大脑区域的健康起作用，这给了人们更好地照顾牙齿的另一个理由)”可知，他的研究关注的是牙齿健康和大脑之间的联系。故选D。
2．A 段落大意题。根据第二段“For people with mild gum disease...shrinkage due to one more tooth was equal to 1.3 years of brain aging.(对于患有轻度牙龈疾病的人来说，牙齿较少与大脑萎缩速度更快有关，对于患有严重牙龈疾病但牙齿较多的人来说也是如此。在对年龄进行调整后，研究人员发现，对于患有轻度牙龈疾病的人来说，由于少了一颗牙齿而增加的大脑萎缩率相当于近一年的大脑衰老。相比之下，对于患有严重牙龈疾病的人来说，多一颗牙齿导致的大脑萎缩的增加相当于1.3年的大脑衰老。)”可知，本段主要介绍了该研究分析数据后的具体结论，提供支撑研究结果的证据。故选A。
3．C 推理判断题。根据第三段“These results highlight the importance of preserving the health of the teeth and not just maintaining the teeth (这些结果强调了保持牙齿健康的重要性，而不仅仅是维护牙齿)”可知，Yamaguchi认为研究结果显示了人们应当保持牙齿健康。由此可知，他会建议人们把牙龈和牙齿保持在原来的良好状态。故选C。
4．B 细节理解题。根据第三段“Yamaguchi added, ‘Future studies are needed with larger groups of people.’ The current experiment involved only a small group of people in one region of Japan, and that too from one particular region of the world.(Yamaguchi补充说：‘未来的研究需要在更大的人群中进行。’目前的实验只涉及日本一个地区的一小群人，而且也是来自世界上一个特定的地区。)”可知，目前的研究只涉及特定地区的少部分人群，未来的研究应当拓展到更大的范围。故选B。
B
(2024·河北省承德市示范性高三二模)
Taniguchi's family is one of 22 families who make “paakai”， the Hawaiian word for salt, following a cultural and spiritual tradition.Hanapepe is one of the last remaining salt patches (盐池) in Hawaii.Its holy salt can be traded or given away but must never be sold.Hawaiians use it in cooking, healing and as protection.
Over the past 10 years there have been several threats to this field.They include development, pollution from a neighbouring airfield, damage to the sand from vehicle traffic and waste left by visitors to the nearby beach.In addition, rising sea levels and weather might stop the practice.People believe science and native knowledge can combine to fight against the effects of climate change and save the salt patch.The steps they take include building up the wells' edges, so water won't cover the salt beds.
The process of turning seawater into salt can be slow.The season begins once the rain stops, and water starts to disappear from the salt beds.Ocean water travels underground and enters the wells.Each family has their own well.As water enters the well, so do tiny, red brine shrimp (虾)．These small ocean animals give Hanapepe salt its unusual, sweet taste.
The families first clean the salt beds and line them with black clay.Then they move water from the wells into the beds.There, crystals form.The top level, or layer, is the whitest.It is used for table salt.The middle layer is pinkish and is used in cooking, while the bottom layer, which is a deep red colour, is used in blessings and rituals (宗教仪式)．
Interest in Hawaiian culture and language has recently grown on the islands.People now think about how to teach their knowledge to younger generations.
5．What is NOT included in the use of “paakai” in Taniguchi's？
A．A unique gift. B．A kind of medicine.
C．A product for sale. D．One of the essential dining items.
6．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us？
A．The influence of climate on salt production.
B．The current environmental pollution in Hawaii.
C．The outdated traditional salt production method.
D．The difficulties traditional salt production faces and solutions.
7．What does the underlined word “crystals” in Paragraph 4 refer to？
A．Salt beds. B．Salt wells.
C．Salt grains of different colours. D．Brine shrimps.
8．What conclusion can we draw about Hawaii from the last paragraph？
A．Its traditional culture is making a comeback.
B．Its traditional language is popular among younger people.
C．The new generation have mastered the art of salt production.
D．Tourism benefits from the popularity of its traditional culture.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了夏威夷产盐的特色以及生产流程。
5．C 细节理解题。根据第一段“Its holy salt can be traded or given away but must never be sold.Hawaiians use it in cooking, healing and as protection.(它的圣盐可以交易或赠送，但绝不能出售。夏威夷人将其用于烹饪、治疗和保护。)”可知，Taniguchi的paakai的使用中没有包括出售的产品。故选C。
6．D 段落大意题。根据第二段“Over the past 10 years there have been several threats to this field.They include development, pollution from a neighbouring airfield, damage to the sand from vehicle traffic and waste left by visitors to the nearby beach.In addition, rising sea levels and weather might stop the practice.People believe science and native knowledge can combine to fight against the effects of climate change and save the salt patch.The steps they take include building up the wells' edges, so water won't cover the salt beds.(在过去的10年里，这个领域出现了一些威胁。它们包括开发、邻近机场的污染、车辆对沙子的破坏以及游客在附近海滩留下的废物。此外，海平面上升和天气可能会阻止这种做法。人们相信科学和本土知识可以结合起来对抗气候变化的影响，拯救盐田。他们采取的步骤包括建立井的边缘，这样水就不会覆盖盐层。)”可知，第二段主要告诉我们传统盐业生产面临的困难及解决方法。故选D。
7．C 词句猜测题。根据第四段“The top level, or layer, is the whitest.It is used for table salt.The middle layer is pinkish and is used in cooking, while the bottom layer, which is a deep red colour, is used in blessings and rituals(宗教仪式)．(顶层是最白的。它被用来制作食盐。中间一层是粉红色的，用于烹饪，而底层是深红色的，用于祝福和宗教仪式。)”可知，介绍的三个不同颜色的盐层，为盐的结晶体。crystals指的是不同颜色的盐粒。故选C。
8．A 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Interest in Hawaiian culture and language has recently grown on the islands.People now think about how to teach their knowledge to younger generations.(最近，人们对夏威夷文化和语言的兴趣越来越浓厚。人们现在考虑如何将他们的知识传授给年轻一代。)”可知，从最后一段我们可以了解到夏威夷的传统文化正在卷土重来。故选A。
C
(2024·安徽省黄山市高三一模)
When colds and flu hit, many people automatically turn to over-the-counter (OTC) medicines to push through and treat their symptoms (症状)．Although these medicines are easily accessible and widely used, it might come as a surprise to many people to learn that they are not risk-free.A study estimated that every year, over 26,000 people went to the emergency room for adverse (有害的) events related to OTC cold and cough medicines.
When two or more drugs are used together, their interaction can sometimes produce unexpected harmful effects.Physicians are typically knowledgeable about potential drug interactions, so it is very important for patients to ask their healthcare providers which OTC medicines are safe for them to use.
It is important to read the package ingredients of OTC medicines closely to avoid duplication of doses (剂量重复)．Cold medicines are typically made up of multiple ingredients, including pain relievers, nasal decongestants and cough suppressants or expectorants.A person who takes a single-ingredient medicine paired with one of these multi-ingredient medicines can receive an unsafe dose of that ingredient.
While everyone could potentially experience adverse effects from cold and flu medicines, some groups—including older adults, children and pregnant women—may be at greater risk.
Older people who are using prescribed (处方的) drugs to treat multiple health conditions may have a higher risk of drug interactions because of the higher number of medicines being used at the same time to treat different conditions.The aging body is not expert at absorbing, distributing and clearing medicines as younger bodies are.This can put older adults at higher risk for an overdose and drug-to-drug interactions with some medicines.
The Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not recommend giving cold medicine to children under age 4.Because of a variety of factors, young children have a higher risk of an accidental overdose and adverse events that could lead to death.
9．Why did the author mention the study in paragraph 1？
A．To stress the easy access to OTC medicines.
B．To explain the dangers of using OTC medicines.
C．To emphasize the importance of OTC medicines.
D．To prove the potential risks of using OTC medicines.
10．What advice does the author give to those who take different drugs at the same time？
A．Turn to doctors for advice. B．Buy medicines from physicians.
C．Take only one drug instead. D．Change the ingredients of drugs.
11．What can we infer from the text？
A．Women cannot face aging positively.
B．Children are more easily affected by diseases.
C．Older people's body cannot deal with medicines easily.
D．People's desire for health makes them take more medicine.
12．What is a suitable title for the text？
A．OTC medicines may not be safe
B．Tips for taking over-the-counter drugs
C．How to deal with an OTC drug overdose
D．Should medicines be available “over the counter”？
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了非处方药 (OTC) 如感冒和流感药物的风险，建议人们在使用OTC药品前要和医生确认是否安全。
9．D 写作意图题。根据第一段“Although these medicines are easily accessible and widely used...cold and cough medicines.(尽管这些药物很容易获得并广泛使用，但许多人可能会惊讶地发现，它们并非没有风险。一项研究估计，每年有26,000多人因非处方感冒药和咳嗽药相关的不良事件前往急诊室。)”可知，这项研究是为了证明OTC药物也是有风险的。故选D。
10．A 细节理解题。根据第二段“Physicians are typically knowledgeable about potential drug interactions, so it is very important for patients to ask their healthcare providers which OTC medicines are safe for them to use.(医生通常了解潜在的药物相互作用，因此患者询问他们的医疗保健提供者哪些OTC药物对他们来说是安全的是非常重要的。)”可知，医生拥有医学知识，了解各种风险，所以在服用OTC药物之前，一定要和医生确认是否安全。故选A。
11．C 推理判断题。根据第五段“The aging body is not expert at absorbing, distributing and clearing medicines as younger bodies are.(衰老的身体不像年轻的身体那样擅长于吸收、分配和清除药物。)”可知，老人的身体已经衰老，无法像年轻人那样高效地处理药品了。故选C。
12．A 标题归纳题。根据第一段“Although these medicines are easily accessible and widely used, it might come as a surprise to many people to learn that they are not risk-free.”可知，OTC药物也是有风险的。故选A。
D
(2024·江西省吉安市六校协作体高三模拟预测)
A century ago, kids were transported to school by all kinds of random vehicles.Because there were no national standards, it was up to states or individual school districts to hire buses, trucks and even horse-drawn wagons to convey kids to and from school.
Frank Cyr didn't like this system.Back in the 1930s, Cyr was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University, and an advocate for rural education.Cyr traveled the country conducting a study of school transportation.“In many cases, standards have been set up by more or less hit-and-miss methods，” reported Cyr in a New York Times article.He decided that something needed to be done to keep America's schoolkids safe.
So in 1939, Cyr organized a conference in New York City dedicated to improving and standardizing the American school bus.He invited educators, transportation officials from 48 states and bus manufacturers to design a newer, safer school bus.At the meeting, Cyr hung up 50 paint samples on the walls of the conference room and formed a special committee to pick a winner.They chose the symbolic yellow-orange color that was originally known as “National School Bus Chrome”．
Cyr wasn't a scientist or a safety expert, but he instinctively made the connection between bright colors, visibility and vehicle safety.“Based upon the standards of 1939, yellow was a very intelligent choice，” says Dr.Stephen Solomon, a retired optometrist (验光师) and founder of Visibility in Motion, which does consulting for emergency services providers.“The colors that are most easily seen by the human eye are the yellows—the yellow-green to yellow to greenish-yellow，” says Solomon.“That's at the peak of the visibility range.”
Solomon explains that color vision is determined by photoreceptor cells in the retina (视网膜) called cones (视锥细胞)．There are three types of cones, each tuned to detect different wavelengths of light：red, green and blue.Yellow light stimulates both the red and green cones at the same time, which is why the eye is most sensitive to colors in the yellow range.
13．What does the underlined word “hit-and-miss” in paragraph 2 probably mean？
A．Random. B．Similar.
C．Effective. D．Special.
14．What do we learn about the 1939 meeting？
A．Many schoolkids were invited.
B．A prize was chosen to award a winner.
C．Cyr was appointed as a transportation official.
D．The color yellow was selected for school buses.
15．Why is yellow a distinct color for the eye？
A．It has different wavelengths.
B．It determines photoreceptor cells.
C．It affects two cones at the same time.
D．It covers the most visibility range.
16．What can be a suitable title of this text？
A．Why Are School Buses Yellow
B．Cyr：Father of School Buses
C．1939：a Year of School Bus Standards
D．What Vehicles Are Safe for Kids
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“校车是黄色的”这一普遍现象的由来。
13．A 词句猜测题。根据第一段“A century ago, kids were transported to school by all kinds of random vehicles.Because there were no national standards, it was up to states or individual school districts to hire buses, trucks and even horse-drawn wagons to convey kids to and from school.(一个世纪以前，孩子们被各种各样的交通工具送到学校。因为没有全国性的标准，所以要由各州或各个学区自己租用公共汽车、卡车，甚至马车来接送孩子上下学。)”以及第二段“He decided that something needed to be done to keep America's schoolkids safe.(他决定需要采取一些措施来保证美国学生的安全。)”可知，在国家统一的校车标准出来前，各地的校车标准都是不一样的。故选A。
14．D 细节理解题。根据第三段“So in 1939, Cyr organized a conference in New York City dedicated to improving and standardizing the American school bus...(因此，在1939年，Cyr在纽约市组织了一次会议，致力于改善和标准化美国校车。他邀请了48个州的教育工作者、交通官员和校车制造商来设计一种更新、更安全的校车。在会议上，Cyr在会议室的墙上挂了50个油漆样品，并成立了一个特别委员会来挑选获胜者。他们选择了具有象征意义的黄橙色，最初被称为‘国家校车铬’。)”可知，在1939年的会议上，黄色被选作校车的统一颜色。故选D。
15．C 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Solomon explains that color vision is determined by photoreceptor cells in the retina...which is why the eye is most sensitive to colors in the yellow range.(所罗门解释说，色觉是由视网膜上被称为视锥细胞的感光细胞决定的。有三种视锥细胞，每一种都能探测到不同波长的光：红色、绿色和蓝色。黄光同时刺激红色和绿色视锥细胞，这就是为什么眼睛对黄色范围内的颜色最敏感。)”可知，黄色光能同时刺激红色和绿色视锥细胞，这就是眼睛对黄色光最为敏感的原因。故选C。
16．A 标题归纳题。根据第一段“A century ago, kids were transported to school by all kinds of random vehicles.Because there were no national standards, it was up to states or individual school districts to hire buses, trucks and even horse-drawn wagons to convey kids to and from school.”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍校车颜色选择黄色的主要原因。故选A。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共20张PPT)
阅读能力突破篇
专题一 阅读理解
第7讲 体裁破解——说明文
高频考点 研析透
说明文通常运用举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手法，描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，以及介绍场馆，分析社会现象、语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等，用平实的语言客观地说明事物、解释现象。事物说明文常用“总—分”式或“总—分—总”式结构；事理说明文采用由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理的递进式结构；文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分时常用并列式结构；如果需要通过两个事物的对照和比较来说明其异同时常用对照式结构。说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点。
●辨明题类
说明文阅读理解主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况，阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读说明文时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。
●技法点拨
1．抓首尾段：首段往往提出文章的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申强调主题。
2．细读重点：就原文而言，重点就是文章的基本结构、内容和态度；就答题而言，重点就是问题所对应的题源句。以这个标准来衡量的话，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多了。
3．略读或跳读：在快速浏览题干、初步把握文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆进行有选择性地略读或跳读，这样不但可以加快阅读速度，还更容易地从总体上把握全文。在略读过程中，要特别注意对解题有重要意义的词、句、段等，并将其储存在大脑里，以免回头再查看时费时费力。
(1)繁琐的例证：为了说明问题，作者可能会借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，需要花很多时间去阅读。如果例子所说明的问题不明了，可通过详读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较明了，则例子部分可一带而过。
(2)多项列举：有时许多功能相同的项目列举，那么只需读其中一两项即可。
(3)生僻词汇：阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。
(4)较长的人名、地名：有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替。
●真题体验
(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D)
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know：Are they usable？”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species.This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot，” Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32．What do we know about the records of species collected now？
A．They are becoming outdated.
B．They are mostly in electronic form.
C．They are limited in number.
D．They are used for public exhibition.
33．What does Daru's study focus on？
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications.
34．What has led to the biases according to the study？
A．Mistakes in data analysis.
B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C．Improper way of sampling.
D．Unreliable data collection devices.
35．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps？
A．Review data from certain areas.
B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users.
D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【解题示范】 第一步：浏览全文，把握主旨大意：文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据；
第二步：细审题干，定位原文：
第32小题：根据题干主要信息，定位第一段。
第33小题：根据题干主要信息，定位第二段。
第34小题：根据题干主要信息，定位第四段。
第35小题：根据题干主要信息，定位最后一段。
第三步：仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
在文中找到信息区间后，再仔细对比各选项，确定答案。
32．细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.(今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know：Are they usable？(这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗？)”和第四段“‘We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，’ said Daru.(Daru说：‘我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。’)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段“‘We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，’ said Daru.”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.(这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了在他们附近地区的物种的相遇。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。
35．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.(生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用程序应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
