(共16张PPT)
阅读能力突破篇
专题一 阅读理解
第8讲 体裁破解——议论文
高频考点 研析透
议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。文章主要是中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题，作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等手法，大多以“总—分—总”的结构行文，即“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证，其目的是说服他人、宣扬观点，或者说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种行动。
●辨明题类
议论文阅读理解难度相对比较大，命题角度多样化，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题都有可能出现。因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，把握作者最后得出的结论。
●技法点拨
研读首段，确定论点：议论文的主旨，即论点往往在首段，尤其是首段中有however，but等转折词时，其后的内容便是论点。
细读中间段，把握论证方式：中间段是文章的主体部分，即论证部分，作者会用两个或两个以上的段落通过举例、引用、对比、列数字、引用事实和理论等进行论证，这一部分往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应。
关注尾段，理解结论：尾段是结论部分，要弄清楚作者所得出的结论。
●真题体验
(2024·全国甲卷·阅读理解D)
“I didn't like the ending，” I said to my favorite college professor.It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature.I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending.Prof.Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn't have a traditionally positive outcome.Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again.From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I'd pick up a love romance.If I wanted an ending I couldn't guess, I'd pick up a mystery (悬疑小说)．One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction.Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end—that's hard.It's hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers.You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn't seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what's right for the characters.
That's why this issue (期) of Writer's Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you're doing.If it's short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing.Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won't tell you what your ending should be—that's up to you and the story you're telling—but it might provide what you need to get there.
32．Why did the author go to Prof.Gracie？
A．To discuss a novel. B．To submit a book report.
C．To argue for a writer. D．To ask for a reading list.
33．What did the author realize after seeing Gracie？
A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B．Readers are often carried away by characters.
C．Each type of literature has its unique end.
D．A story which begins well will end well.
34．What is expected of a good ending？
A．It satisfies readers' taste. B．It fits with the story development.
C．It is usually positive. D．It is open for imagination.
35．Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims？
A．To give examples of great novelists.
B．To stress the theme of this issue.
C．To encourage writing for the magazine.
D．To recommend their new books.
【解题示范】 第一步：浏览全文，把握主旨大意：文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer's Digest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。
第二步：细审题干，定位原文
第32小题：根据题干主要信息，定位第一段。
第33小题：根据题干主要信息，定位第二段。
第34小题：根据题干主要信息，定位第三段。
第35小题：根据题干主要信息，定位倒数第二段。
第三步：仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
在文中找到信息区间后，再仔细对比各选项，确定答案。
32．细节理解题。根据第一段“‘I didn't like the ending，’ I said to my favorite college professor.It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature.I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending.Prof.Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.(‘我不喜欢这个结局，’我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢。)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A。
33．推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again.From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I'd pick up a love romance.If I wanted an ending I couldn't guess, I'd pick up a mystery (悬疑小说)．One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction.Choosing what to read became easier.(这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本悬疑小说。一种是我有点知道会发生什么，那就是历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了。)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C。
34．推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that's hard.It's hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers.You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn't seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what's right for the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定。)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B。
35．写作意图题。根据倒数第二段“That's why this issue (期) of Writer's Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you're doing.If it's short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing.Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.(这就是为什么这期《Writer's Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中。)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer's Digest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B。专题一 第8讲
模拟练 提考能
A
(2024·内蒙古赤峰市高三一模)
The needs of plus-size consumers have long been the elephant in the room of the fashion industry until body positivity and fat acceptance movements promoted the slogan (口号) that large-bodied people are not those who are left behind.This size-inclusive (尺码包容) trend has become so popular that it is influencing mainstream culture.As a result, fashion brands have finally decided to extend their size ranges.In 2022, the plus-size market grew twice as fast as the standard size market in both North America and the UK.
Yet, many consumers say fashion brands broadening their ranges are not truly inclusive.“Inclusive sizing means that all bodies are included in fashion, not just the ones who fit in standard sizes，” says Marie Southard Ospina, a UK-based journalist who covers body-image issues.“However, what many designers do right now is pick a number that they think is big enough to include plus sizes and stop.This is even more disrespectful.”
Researchers also criticize that some brands are just taking advantage of the trend.“Brands that used to promote so-called perfect bodies in their advertisements are now trying to get in on the trend by adding a few sizes.It doesn't feel like they really care about plus-size people，” says Tom Burgess, analyst in fashion industry.“If brands cared about large-bodied consumers, then it wouldn't have taken until now to acknowledge that they exist，” he says.“It gives the impression that companies are just trying to gain a share of the market without a real commitment to the community.”
The fashion industry must go beyond merely producing clothing in a range of sizes if they hope to succeed with a body-diverse world.The whole industry has to connect on a personal level with consumers.That involves showing shoppers that they are seen, understood and important to brands.“Consumers care about values, and so they want to buy from brands that reflect the values they believe in.Everyone should enjoy the same range of fashion options，” says Ludovica Cesareo, professor of marketing at the College of Business in the US.
1．What does the author indicate by mentioning “the elephant in the room”？
A．The demands of plus-size consumers have been ignored for ages.
B．The demands of plus-size consumers are of high cost.
C．A problem may do harm to the environment and animals.
D．A problem needs enough time and space to be solved.
2．What is true size inclusion in the eyes of many consumers？
A．To promote plus-size market.
B．To broaden fashion brands.
C．To enlarge clothing to standard sizes.
D．To consider and satisfy all bodies.
3．For what do researchers mainly criticize some brands？
A．Their designs. B．Their quality.
C．Their intention. D．Their advertisements.
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？
A．Fashion brands have truly achieved size inclusion, yes or no
B．Plus-size consumers should also be stylish, for or against
C．Fashion industry explores in body-diverse market, all or nothing
D．Brands should reflect consumers' values, true or false
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了很多品牌推出了大码衣服，却只是为了迎合尺码包容这一趋势，而并非真正的满足客户的需要。品牌如果真的想要取得成功，就需要关心消费者的价值观。
1．A 推理判断题。根据“until body positivity and fat acceptance movements promoted the slogan (口号) that large-bodied people are not those who are left behind (直到对身体的积极态度和对肥胖的接受运动提出了这样的口号：体型大的人不是被遗忘的人)”可知，通过指出大码消费者的需求是the elephant in the room，作者想表达这是个“显而易见却被忽视的事实”，即长期以来大码消费者的需求一直被忽视。故选A。
2．D 细节理解题。根据第二段“Inclusive sizing means that all bodies are included in fashion, not just the ones who fit in standard sizes (包容性尺码意味着所有身体都包含在时尚中，而不仅仅是那些适合标准尺码的人)”可知，在许多消费者看来，真正的尺码包容性是考虑并满足所有身材的要求。故选D。
3．C 推理判断题。根据第三段“‘If brands cared about large-bodied consumers, then it wouldn't have taken until now to acknowledge that they exist，’ he says.‘It gives the impression that companies are just trying to gain a share of the market without a real commitment to the community.’(他说道：‘如果品牌关心大码消费者，那么它就不会直到现在才承认他们的存在。这给人的印象就是，公司只是想要在市场上占有一席之地，而不是真正的对社区做出承诺。’)”可知，研究者认为这些品牌并不是真正地关心大码消费者，而只是为了在市场上占有一席之地。因此，研究者是因为品牌的意图而批评他们。故选C。
4．A 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了很多品牌推出了大码衣服，却只是为了迎合尺码包容这一趋势，而并非真正的满足客户的需要。品牌如果真的想要取得成功，就需要关心消费者的价值观。所以，A项“时尚品牌已经真正实现了尺寸包容性，是还是不是？”切题，是短文的最佳标题。故选A。
B
(2024·安徽省池州市高三二模)
How do we come to make sense of our daily lives？How can we gain a strong grasp of who we really are and how we fit in the world？And how can we naturally connect to important ones in our lives？“Life stories are one of the prime tools we have for understanding ourselves and the world around us，” says Robyn Fivush, a professor at Emory University.
Humans are natural storytellers.We use stories to understand our present, draw insights from our past, and anticipate the future.Thus, storytelling is basic to our lives.As a form of rich engagement between family members, family storytelling should be valued more.Sharing bedtime stories and talks after school, or talking through an event that left a young child crying—these are all opportunities for parents and children to become closer through warmth, understanding and support.Fivush and her colleagues have underscored the value of storytelling in parenting.The ways parents support children's emotions and help them retell more vivid, richly detailed stories have lasting impacts on children's cognitive(认知的)and emotional development.
Children and teenagers learn how to talk about their lives from family stories.An early example is learning how to present a detailed story with a beginning, a middle, and an end—to give it a clear structure.Further, they learn what is appropriate to talk about or avoid and what feelings are appropriate to share over dinner or out with others.
When growing up, we use our life stories to build complex and stable views of ourselves.Through stories about the traditions maintained over the years, we make connections between past successes and failures, our relationships, and the activities that hold meaning to us to develop our new identities.These identities reflect our roles as family members, community members, co-workers and so on, thus helping us have a more complete view of ourselves.
Having a lasting impact on ourselves and those around us, life stories are filled with meaning, insight, and value.By the way, what's the story that stands out to you from a recent meal or chat
5．Why does the writer ask three questions in the beginning？
A．To explain a general idea. B．To give background information.
C．To introduce an argument. D．To report the finding of a study.
6．What does the underlined word “underscored” in Paragraph 2 mean？
A．Cast doubt on. B．Attached importance to.
C．Shown concern for. D．Thought poorly of.
7．How can life stories help form a complete view of ourselves according to the writer？
A．By maintaining social ties.
B．By rebuilding our identities.
C．By connecting our past and future.
D．By learning from family members.
8．Where is the text most probably taken from？
A．A review on a storybook. B．An advice letter for social life.
C．A guidebook to parenting. D．An essay on the value of storytelling.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文，主要探讨了生活故事在个人身份认同和情感发展中的作用，以及家庭讲故事对亲子关系的重要性。
5．C 推理判断题。根据第一段“Life stories are one of the prime tools we have for understanding ourselves and the world around us(生活故事是我们了解自己和周围世界的主要工具之一)”可知，第一段使用了三个问题是为了引出这一论点。故选C。
6．B 词句猜测题。根据“Sharing bedtime stories and talks after school, or talking through an event that left a young child crying—these are all opportunities for parents and children to become closer through warmth, understanding and support.(分享睡前故事和放学后的谈话，或者讨论清楚让孩子哭泣的事件，这些都是父母和孩子通过温暖、理解和支持变得更亲密的机会。)”以及“the value of storytelling in parenting(讲故事在育儿中的价值)”可知，画线词的含义为“重视”。故选B。
7．B 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“When growing up, we use our life stories ...us have a more complete view of ourselves.(在成长过程中，我们用自己的生活故事来构建复杂而稳定的自我观念。通过讲述多年来保持的传统故事，我们在过去的成败、人际关系以及对我们有意义的活动中建立联系，以发展我们的新身份。这些身份反映了我们作为家庭成员、社区成员、同事等的角色，从而帮助我们对自己有一个更完整的认识。)”可知，通过讲述生活故事来重建我们的身份，我们可以建立起对自己的复杂而稳定的看法。故选B。
8．D 语篇出处题。根据第一段“Life stories are one of the prime tools we have for understanding ourselves and the world around us”、第二段“Sharing bedtime stories and talks after school, or walking through an event that left a young child crying—these are all opportunities for parents and children to become closer through warmth, understanding and support.”以及最后一段“Having a lasting impact on ourselves and those around us, life stories are filled with meaning, insight, and value.”可知，文章指出讲故事是理解日常生活和了解自我的重要工具，并通过 Fivush 教授的观点以及家庭讲故事的例子说明了讲故事在生活中的重要性。可推理出，文章取自探讨讲故事的价值和重要性的文章。故选D。
C
(2024·山东省青岛市高三一模)
At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice：“Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a fellow psychology professor.He wasn't objecting to any particular claim I'd made—he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.
To understand the context for Nosek's advice, we need to take a step back—to the nature of science itself.Despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method.Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.
Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires.But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks, and for scientific arguments to develop into personal battles.Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic probably shares.
Nosek's advice may sound pessimistic, but it's not so foreign to science.Philosophers of science sometimes refer to the “pessimistic meta-induction (元归纳)” on the history of science：All of our past scientific theories have been wrong, so surely our current theories will turn out to be wrong, too.That doesn't mean we haven't made progress, but it does indicate that there is always room for improvement—ways to be less wrong.
I like the advice because it builds in an awareness of our limitations and a readiness to accept the unknown (“there are things I do not know！”) along with a sense that we can do better (“there are things I do not know yet！”)．It also builds in a sense of community—we're all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.Perhaps the focus on a shared goal—our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong—can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.
9．Why did Nosek send the advice？
A．To express opinions about my claims.
B．To remind me to be open to criticism.
C．To encourage me to take up science.
D．To better my understanding of psychology.
10．How does assuming you are wrong help？
A．It motivates scientists to make efforts.
B．It addresses personal attacks and conflicts.
C．It sets a constructive improvement goal.
D．It contributes to a deeper insight into yourself.
11．What does the author think of science theories？
A．Dynamic. B．Testable.
C．Pioneering. D．Well-established.
12．Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A．Accept the Unknown B．Aim to Be Less Wrong
C．Get Engaged in Psychology D．Dig into the Nature of Science
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了作者对在科学研究中“假设你是错的”这条建议的看法，并肯定了它所带来的好处。
9．B 推理判断题。根据第一段“He wasn't objecting to any particular claim I'd made—he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.(他并没有反对我的任何特定主张——他提出了一个追求更好科学的策略，并鼓励其他人也这样做。)”和第三段“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic probably shares.(相反，从你错了的假设开始，批评更容易被视为一个有用的提示，一个如何减少错误的建设性建议——这是你的批评者可能也有的同样目标。)”可知，Nosek提出的这条建议是一个追求更好科学的策略，从假设自己错了开始，就会更容易接受批评，让自己减少错误，是为了提醒作者对批评持开放态度。故选B。
10．C 推理判断题。根据第三段“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic probably shares.”可知，假设你错了可以帮助你获得如何减少错误的建设性建议，而减少错误或许是你和你的批评者的共同目标，由此可推测出，假设你错了可以帮助设立一个建设性的改进目标。故选C。
11．A 观点态度题。根据第二段“Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.(正如科学理论在变化，科学方法也在变化。)”可知，作者认为科学理论是变化的、动态的。故选A。
12．B 标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice：‘Assume you are wrong.’(在上周的一次会议上，我收到了一条有趣的建议：‘假设你错了。’)”和最后一段“Perhaps the focus on a shared goal—our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong—can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.(也许关注一个共同的目标——我们作为科学家和人类的目标是减少错误——可以帮助弥补科学动机或沟通中的任何伤害。)”可知，本文主要讨论了在科学研究中“假设你是错的”这个方法，它有助于让所有人关注减少错误这一共同目标，从而让科学取得进步。故选B。
D
(2024·浙江省天域联盟高三二模)
I'm always cautious of the tired saying, “If it doesn't kill you, it'll make you stronger.” I mean, what about polio (小儿麻痹症)？Or loads of other horrible things that if you survive, you're left scarred in one way or another.
For many years I worked in a specialist NHS clinic for people with eating disorders, which are greatly misunderstood and connected with vanity (虚荣) when instead it's usually about control or even profound trauma (精神创伤)．Eating disorders have the highest mortality of any mental illness, with one in five of those with an eating disorder dying from it.Treatment for it is long, tough and tiring.So, it's fair to say it's not something to be taken lightly.
Yet I was often surprised by how many patients—patients with all sorts of other conditions too, from depression to cancer—would tell me how the experience had changed them for the better after receiving treatment.It's not so much that what doesn't kill you makes you stronger; more, it might make you more understanding of yourself and more sensitive to the battles and struggles of others.It can also give people a sense of determination and perseverance they never had before.
I had one patient who was an addict and alcoholic besides suffering eating disorder.She was frequently rushed into hospital and was sometimes at a real risk of dying.However, after years of hard work, she stopped drinking, stopped using drugs and her eating disorder improved.She got back into work and started doing several courses to get promoted.Actually, she had gone through numerous intense and exhausting interviews before landing a job, but she said whenever she felt she couldn't handle it or doubted her capabilities, she reminded herself that nothing would ever be worse or harder than what she had already gone through.She managed to make the most of her life and turn her life around.
13．What does the author think of the old mantra？
A．Always applicable. B．Totally absurd.
C．Partially right. D．Quite misleading.
14．What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 possibly mean？
A．The number of deaths.
B．The possibility of being cured.
C．The rate of getting mentally hurt.
D．The chance of having mental illness.
15．How does the experience influence patients according to paragraph 3？
A．It leads to a changeable attitude.
B．It makes no noticeable difference.
C．It builds up their physical strength.
D．It fosters self-awareness and sympathy.
16．What can we learn about the patient mentioned in the last paragraph？
A．She continued harmful habits.
B．She relied only on medication.
C．She always believed in herself.
D．She became stronger and tougher.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了一名治疗饮食功能失调症的专家通过分享他的工作经历，表达了自己对常见说法“如果疾病没有杀死你，它会使你更强大”的看法。
13．C 观点态度题。根据第一段“I'm always cautious of the tired saying(我总是对这句疲倦的话持谨慎态度)”可知，作者对这一说法持保留态度。故选C。
14．A 词句猜测题。根据“Eating disorders have the highest mortality of any mental illness, with one in five of those with an eating disorder dying from it(饮食功能失调症是所有心理疾病中mortality最高的，五分之一患有饮食功能失调症的人会死于这种疾病)”可推断画线词的意思应该是“死亡率”。故选A。
15．D 细节理解题。根据第三段“It's not so much that what doesn't kill you makes you stronger; more, it might make you more understanding of yourself and more sensitive to the battles and struggles of others.(并不是说那些杀不死你的东西都会让你变得更强大；更重要的是，它可能会让你更加了解自己，对他人的斗争和博斗更加敏感。)”中的it指代上文提到的“the experience”，这段经历能培养自我意识和同情心。故选D。
16．D 推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, after years of hard work...make the most of her life and turn her life around.(然而，经过多年的努力，她戒酒、戒毒，饮食失调也得到改善。她重新回到工作岗位，开始学习几门课程以获取晋升。事实上，在找到工作之前，她经历了无数次紧张而疲惫的面试，但她说，每当她觉得自己无法应对或怀疑自己的能力时，她都会提醒自己，没有什么比她已经经历的更糟糕或更困难的了。她成功地充分利用了自己的生活并扭转了自己的生活。)”可知，事例中女病人在与吸毒、酗酒、饮食失调等做斗争的过程中变得更强大、更坚韧。故选D。
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