专题一 第2讲
模拟练 提考能
A
(2024·浙江省绍兴市高三二模)
To build a prosperous(繁荣的) society, a fundamental understanding of the modern economy as a driving force in today's world is essential.
What kind of prosperity have we achieved so far？The widespread definition of prosperity focuses on economic power and growth as measures of success.Let's take a look at history.The Second Industrial Revolution enabled mass production and created a sufficient supply of goods.This has greatly increased the importance of money in its role as “a store of value” and “a medium of exchange”．As a result, we have pursued economic power as the only indicator of prosperity, such as GDP.Waves of globalization and technological evolution have promoted overall economic growth, but have allowed the few who are strong to achieve greater power while exploiting the many who are weak.Consequently, inequality has worsened, and disunity has intensified.
The path to a truly prosperous world requires a shift in focus towards the most suitable happiness for all, in addition to economic power.Defining happiness, however, is a complex task.What makes people happy？The degree to which the same thing creates happiness differs from person to person.Happiness is subjective and complicated.This is a world of “multiple values” where each of us determines worth as opposed to “one fixed price” based merely on an economic perspective.Individuals shouldn't be defined by a single identity or role but by multidimensional nature as well as multiple roles making independent choices and taking actions for their happiness in different aspects.
Businesses must be pioneers in pursuing not only economic growth but also the happiness of all citizens of society.Companies can contribute through the pursuit of social value as well as economic profit.At the heart of this lies “purpose”．A company's purpose defines the value it brings to society.The true worth of a company should be determined not just by the returns it creates for shareholders but by the value it creates for society as a whole.
1．What is the author's attitude to the widely accepted standard of prosperity？
A．Indifferent. B．Critical.
C．Uncertain. D．Approving.
2．What is the side effect of technological evolution？
A．The slower economic growth speed.
B．The sharp reduction of job opportunities.
C．The enlarged gap between the rich and the poor.
D．The increasing conflict between different nations.
3．Which statement will the author agree with according to the passage？
A．Happiness is changeable and beyond control.
B．Happiness largely depends on economic power.
C．The pursuit of profit determines a company's true worth.
D．A prosperous world should be measured by multiple values.
4．Who are the main intended readers of the text？
A．Social psychologists. B．Enterprise administrators.
C．School educators. D．Technological researchers.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个繁荣的世界应该用多种价值观来衡量，企业不仅要成为追求经济增长的先锋，还要成为追求全体社会公民幸福的先锋。
1．B 观点态度题。由第二段“The widespread definition of prosperity focuses on economic power and growth as measures of success.Let's take a look at history...Consequently, inequality has worsened, and disunity has intensified.(对繁荣的普遍定义侧重于将经济实力和增长作为成功的衡量标准。让我们来看看历史。第二次工业革命使大规模生产成为可能，并创造了充足的商品供应。这大大增加了货币作为‘价值储存手段’和‘交换媒介’的重要性。因此，我们把经济实力作为衡量繁荣的唯一指标，比如GDP。全球化和技术发展的浪潮促进了整体经济增长，但也让少数强者获得了更大的权力，同时剥削了大多数弱者。结果，不平等加剧，不团结加剧。)”可知，作者对普遍接受的繁荣标准持批判性态度。故选B。
2．C 推理判断题。由第二段“Waves of globalization and technological evolution have promoted overall economic growth, but have allowed the few who are strong to achieve greater power while exploiting the many who are weak.Consequently, inequality has worsened, and disunity has intensified.”可知，技术进化的副作用是贫富差距的扩大。故选C。
3．D 细节理解题。由第三段“The path to a truly prosperous world requires a shift in focus towards the most suitable happiness for all...as well as multiple roles making independent choices and taking actions for their happiness in different aspects.(通往真正繁荣世界的道路，除了经济实力之外，还需要把重点转向最适合所有人的幸福。然而，定义幸福是一项复杂的任务。什么能让人快乐？同一件事给人带来快乐的程度因人而异。幸福是主观的、复杂的。这是一个‘多重价值’的世界，我们每个人都决定价值，而不是仅仅基于经济观点的‘一个固定价格’。个体不应该被定义为单一的身份或角色，而应该被定义为多维的本质和多重的角色，在不同的方面为自己的幸福做出独立的选择和行动。)”可知，一个繁荣的世界应该用多种价值观来衡量。故选D。
4．B 读者对象题。由最后一段“Businesses must be pioneers in pursuing not only economic growth but also the happiness of all citizens of society...but by the value it creates for society as a whole.(企业不仅要成为追求经济增长的先锋，还要成为追求全体社会公民幸福的先锋。公司可以通过追求社会价值和经济利润来做出贡献。这个问题的核心是‘目的’。公司的宗旨决定了它给社会带来的价值。一家公司的真正价值不仅取决于它为股东创造的回报，还应取决于它为整个社会创造的价值。)”可知，本文是写给企业管理者的。故选B。
B
(2024·河北省雄安新区部分高中高三一模)
Extended producer responsibility (EPR) refers to a policy approach where producers are given responsibility for the environmental impacts of their products throughout the product life cycle.Based on the polluter pays principle, this approach requires producers to finance the costs of recycling or disposing of products that consumers no longer want.It aims to shift the costs associated with the management of dealing with solid waste away from the local government.
The term EPR was first coined in 1990 by a Swedish professor, Thomas Lindhqvist, who introduced the idea of producers being responsible for their products to the Swedish Ministry of the Environment.The first example of EPR came in Germany in 1991, where manufacturers picked up household packaging alongside municipal waste collections.Since 1990, countries around the world have adopted EPR policies around key sectors such as packaging, electronics, batteries, and vehicles.
EPR creates a financial motivation for producers to design products that last longer and can be recycled.This is because EPR places the end-of-life costs on the producer.EPR has historically been successful in the managing of products that pose risks to communities such as batteries, paint and old medicines.EPR has led many producers to redesign these items to reduce their risks.Finally, due to EPR closing the loop(循环) on materials management, this approach uses much less energy than it takes to produce items from the beginning.
However, critics of EPR have issues with producers adding recycling costs to the initial price tag of a product.Another disadvantage is that at the international level, it can negatively affect imports to countries that have strict EPR policies as producers in other countries will not want to be subject to extra fees from these policies.Additionally, it restricts competition at the local level as producers who take on the extra costs to accommodate EPR policies are at a competitive disadvantage to those who are able to bend the rules and get out of paying these costs.
5．Who may be most in favor of the policy EPR？
A．The local government. B．The producers.
C．The end consumers. D．The retail traders.
6．What are the producers likely to do under the policy EPR？
A．Cut down their selling costs. B．Increase production capacity.
C．Produce sustainable products. D．Reproduce out-of-date goods.
7．Which word can best describe the author's attitude to the policy EPR？
A．Tolerant. B．Objective.
C．Conservative. D．Suspicious.
8．What can be the best title for the text？
A．The Constantly Varying Policy EPR
B．Challenges of EPR Implementation
C．Holding Back Global Trade and Competition：EPR
D．Reducing Waste and Shifting Responsibilities：EPR
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了EPR政策的相关内容。
5．A 细节推断题。根据第一段“Based on the polluter pays principle, this approach requires producers to finance the costs of recycling or disposing of products that consumers no longer want.It aims to shift the costs associated with the management of dealing with solid waste away from the local government.”可知，当地政府最可能支持政策性的环境评估。故选A。
6．C 细节理解题。根据第三段“EPR creates a financial motivation for producers to design products that last longer and can be recycled.(EPR为生产者创造了一种经济动机，促使他们设计寿命更长、可回收的产品。)”可知，生产商在政策环境责任下可能会生产可持续产品。故选C。
7．B 观点态度题。第三段“EPR has historically been successful in the managing of products ...this approach uses much less energy than it takes to produce items from the beginning.(EPR历来在管理对社区构成风险的产品(如电池、油漆和旧药品)方面取得了成功。EPR促使许多生产商重新设计这些产品，以降低风险。最后，由于EPR关闭了物料管理的循环，这种方法比从一开始就生产所需的能源要少得多。)”介绍了EPR政策的优点；最后一段“However, critics of EPR have issues ...extra fees from these policies.(然而，批评EPR的人士对生产商将回收成本加到产品的初始价格标签上提出了质疑。另一个不利因素是，在国际层面上，它可能会对实施严格的EPR政策的国家的进口产生负面影响，因为其他国家的生产商不希望从这些政策中收取额外费用。)”介绍了EPR的缺点。由此可知，作者对这项政策是持客观态度的。故选B。
8．D 标题归纳题。根据文章大意以及第一段“Extended producer responsibility (EPR) refers to a policy approach ...with solid waste away from the local government.(延伸生产者责任(EPR)是指生产者在整个产品生命周期中对其产品的环境影响负责的一种政策方法。根据污染者付费原则，这种方法要求生产者为回收或处理消费者不再需要的产品的成本提供资金。它的目的是将与处理固体废物管理相关的成本从地方政府转移出去。)”可知，文章主要介绍了EPR政策的相关内容：即它的目的是将与处理固体废物管理相关的成本从地方政府转移出去。故选D。
C
(2024·云南省昆明市高三三模)
Frying French fries in space may be possible, according to a recent study by Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
On Earth, we have gravity and buoyancy(浮力)．Gravity makes sure that the oil stays in the cooker, and buoyancy allows the bubbles that come out of the fries to travel upward so that the fries are cooked.In space, which is under microgravity, there is no buoyancy.So scientists for long believed that frying wasn't possible.
The research team first designed a sealed container that could fry the potato safely in zero gravity and then took the researchers on a ride.The plane climbed up, and then, at a certain point, headed down just like a roller coaster.There were about 20 seconds of microgravity when the plane reached the highest point, during which the team did tests.
To their surprise, the fries were cooked, and the bubbles were able to escape.When being fried, the water inside the potato turned into vapor(水蒸气)．The vapor created pressure when released from the potato.The pressure inside the potato allowed the bubbles to go out and let the oil come in, according to the research paper.It showed that “frying can occur in space”．
This isn't the first attempt for scientists to deep-fry French fries in “space”．Early in 2014, a group of researchers conducted studies under various gravities.The agency's large centrifuge(离心机)can create artificial gravity from 1 to 20 g, with “g” referring to the gravitational acceleration at the surface of the Earth.It has four arms and can spin fast.During the spin, things held by the arm are under centrifugal force, which is the source of artificial gravity.The fries were cooked under different gravities from 1 to 9 g.
They discovered that the French fries had the most crispy(脆的) chips under 3 g．It's interesting to mention that Jupiter's gravity is 2.4 times that of Earth's gravity.So, French fries may have the perfect taste if cooked on Jupiter, compared with other planets in the solar system.
9．What may make frying French Fries possible in space？
A．The release of bubbles. B．The transformation of gravity.
C．The reduction of vapor. D．The accumulation of buoyance.
10．Why did the plane head down like a roller coaster？
A．To make a weightless sense. B．To get appropriate pressure.
C．To test the seal of the container. D．To create experiment conditions.
11．What is the purpose of mentioning the studies conducted in 2014？
A．To show the function of the centrifuge.
B．To find common ground of various experiments.
C．To prove the perfect taste of French fries on Jupiter.
D．To offer more evidence about cooking French fries in space.
12．Where is the text most probably taken from？
A．A science magazine. B．A cook book.
C．A food advertisement. D．A travel brochure.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了在太空中炸薯条可能成为现实的研究。
9．A 细节理解题。根据第四段“The vapor created pressure when released from the potato.The pressure inside the potato allowed the bubbles to go out and let the oil come in, according to the research paper.It showed that ‘frying can occur in space’．(根据研究报告，当土豆中的水蒸气释放出来时，会产生压力。这种压力使得气泡能够从土豆中逸出，让油进入。这表明‘油炸可以在太空中发生。’)”可知，气泡的释放使得在太空中炸薯条成为可能。故选A。
10．D 推理判断题。根据第三段“The research team first designed a sealed container that could fry the potato safely in zero gravity and then took the researchers on a ride.The plane climbed up, and then, at a certain point, headed down just like a roller coaster.There were about 20 seconds of microgravity when the plane reached the highest point, during which the team did tests.(研究小组首先设计了一个密封的容器，可以在零重力下安全地炸土豆，然后带着研究人员去飞行。飞机爬升，然后，在某一点上，像过山车一样下降。当飞机到达最高点时，有大约20秒的失重状态，期间，研究团队进行了测试。)”可知，飞机像过山车一样下降是为了创造实验条件。故选D。
11．D 写作意图题。根据倒数第二段“This isn't the first attempt for scientists to deep-fry French fries in ‘space’．Early in 2014, a group of researchers conducted studies under various gravities.(这并不是科学家第一次尝试在‘太空’中炸薯条。2014年初，一组研究人员在不同重力下进行了研究。)”可知，提到2014年的研究是为了提供更多关于在太空中烹饪薯条的证据。故选D。
12．A 语篇出处题。根据第一段“Frying French fries in space may be possible, according to a recent study by Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.(根据希腊塞萨洛尼基亚里斯多德大学最近的一项研究，在太空中煎炸薯条是可能的。)”可知，文章主要讲述了在太空中炸薯条可能成为现实的研究。所以短文来自科学杂志。故选A。
D
(2024·河南省邓州市部分学校高三一模)
These days, there's barely a world leader who doesn't talk up science.For example, the India's Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress, held in Nagpur, where he encouraged the nation's researchers to do the science needed to make India self-reliant.
The message to researchers is crystal clear：leaders see science as essential to national prosperity, well-being and, of course, competitiveness.So, is research fit for the challenge of advancing, refining or critiquing these goals？Not exactly.And it won't be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career：PhD training.
As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time.Students' stipends (生活津贴) are not enough in most countries, creating a cost-of-living crisis.Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision, with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship (指导)．
Furthermore, PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today.This is especially true for careers outside academic research, where the overwhelming majority of PhD candidates will be heading.
It is not all bad.Universities in a small number of high-income countries have reformed, or are reforming, PhD assessment.But in most places, and especially in low-and middle-income countries, a candidate's work is still evaluated using a single-authored paper.In many countries, candidates must publish in a journal before they get a PhD, something that critics say could fuel profitable publishing.
The system's strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply.According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education, the number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016; US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period.If researchers are to meet society's expectations, their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.
13．Why is the India's Prime Minister mentioned in the first paragraph？
A．To indicate India's serious scientific landscape.
B．To imply more researchers are in great demand in India.
C．To show leaders' emphasis on scientific research.
D．To demonstrate more and more people take an interest in science.
14．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about？
A．The reforms in science.
B．The significance of mentorship.
C．The creation of academic culture.
D．The issues early-career researchers face.
15．Which of the following best describes the author's opinion on PhD training？
A．Disappointed. B．Satisfied.
C．Indifferent. D．Enthusiastic.
16．What does the author mainly intend to express in the last paragraph？
A．PhD education is developing gradually.
B．The reforms in PhD training admit of no delay.
C．The number of PhDs awarded has increased in India and the US.
D．The demand for researchers' meeting society's expectations is pressing.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章指出虽然领导人普遍认为科学对于国家至关重要，但是目前的博士培养体系存在诸多挑战和困境，主要问题包括学生生活津贴不足导致的生活成本危机、对早期职业研究人员持续缺乏支持和低质量监督、博士候选人对跨学科工作和大型团队准备不足等。
13．C 细节推断题。根据第一段“These days, there's barely a world leader who doesn't talk up science.For example, the India's Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress, held in Nagpur, where he encouraged the nation's researchers to do the science needed to make India self-reliant.(如今，几乎没有一个世界领导人不谈论科学。例如，印度总理是在那格浦尔举行的年度印度科学大会的主要执行者，他鼓励该国的科学家从事使印度自力更生所需的科学工作。)”可知，本段首先提出世界领导人几乎都会谈论科学，强调其重要性，然后提到印度总理，作为例子来体现领导人对科研的重视。故选C。
14．D 段落大意题。根据第三段“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time...with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship (指导)．(正如《自然》和其他出版物经常报道的那样，一段时间以来，世界范围内的博士培养一直陷入困境。在大多数国家，学生的生活津贴不够，造成了生活成本危机。早期职业研究人员不断报告对持续缺乏支持和低质量监督的担忧，而高级研究人员很少接受过指导培养。)”可知，本段主要介绍了世界范围内的博士培养陷入的困境，这些早期职业研究人员面临着生活成本危机、缺乏支持、监督质量低等问题。故选D。
15．A 观点态度题。根据第二段“And it won't be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career：PhD training.(除非对通往研究职业的大门——博士培养——进行根本性改革，否则这一切都不会发生。)”、第三段“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time.(正如《自然》和其他出版物经常报道的那样，一段时间以来，世界范围内的博士培养一直陷入困境。)”和第四段“Furthermore, PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today.(此外，博士候选人对当今尖端科学的跨学科工作和大型团队准备不足。)”可知，作者认为博士培养面临着困境，候选人没有为未来的工作做好充分准备，该培养需要进行根本性改革。由此可知，作者对博士培养很失望。故选A。
16．B 写作意图题。根据最后一段“The system's strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply...training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.(由于攻读博士学位的人数急剧上升，这一体系的压力变得更加明显。根据2022年出版的《迈向博士教育的全球核心价值体系》一书，印度获得博士学位的人数从2004年的17,850人增加到2016年的25,095人；同期，美国的数字从485,000攀升至69,525。如果研究人员要满足社会的期望，他们的培养和指导必须摆脱19世纪的模式。)”可知，作者认为攻读博士学位的人数的上升加剧了博士培养体系的压力，这种体系需要做出改变才能满足社会的期望。由此可知，作者想表达博士培养改革刻不容缓。故选B。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共42张PPT)
阅读能力突破篇
专题一 阅读理解
第2讲 题型破解——推理判断题
高频考点 研析透
推理判断是指在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的推敲，作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解文章的深层含义的过程。推理判断题主要考查考生分析上下文逻辑关系的能力以及逻辑推理能力。题目所涉及的内容可能是某几句话，要求考生在理解原文意思的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，从而揭示其深层含义。纵观近几年高考真题，细节推断、观点态度、写作意图为高频考点，而推断读者对象、语篇出处、后续内容、文章体裁、写作手法和文章结构等为低频考点。
考点１
细节推断题
●辨明题类
细节推断题要求考生根据语篇内容，就某具体细节进行推断，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。一般题干中经常会出现六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出结论，推断出)和assume(假定，设想)。
该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
(1)It can be inferred/concluded from the text that .
(2)What can we infer/learn from...
(3)We can learn from the passage that .
(4)The passage/story...indicates/suggests/implies that .
●技法点拨
第一步：定位关键细节——根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息，即推理的依据；
第二步：正确理解推断——对原文中的信息细读理解其字面意义，然后结合语境，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
【特别提醒】 (1)如果某个选项是文章中的一个细节内容，则不能作为推理的结论。
(2)切勿把脱离原文的个人看法、主观臆断作为答案。
●真题体验
(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C)
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper？And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material？The answers to both questions are often “no”．The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties.With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages.People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect.Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”．According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print.However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
31．What does the author imply in the last paragraph？
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
【解题示范】 第一步：确定题干中的关键信息：imply in the last paragraph；
第二步：确定推理依据的位置或范围是最后一段之后，再进行推理判断：“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print.However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C。
考点２
观点态度题
●辨明题类
所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观、悲观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。设问形式常有：
(1)What's the writer's attitude towards...
(2)What is the author's opinion on...
(3)What does the author think/feel about...
●技法点拨
1．文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中，注意文中作者或人物的措辞。
(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切忌用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。
(2)留意那些描写所处氛围及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。
(3)关注首段首尾句，推断文章主题，确定作者观点。
2．要分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语，再以此对照文章内容。下面是一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
(1)表示支持或肯定的词语
favorable赞同的，有利的；positive积极的，肯定的，确实的；supportive支持的；reasonable合理的；enthusiastic热情的等。
(2)表示反对或否定的词语
critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；impractical不实际的；radical激进的；prejudiced有成见的，偏颇的等。
(3)表示中立或客观的词语
objective 客观的；neutral 中立的；indifferent 漠然的等。
●真题体验
(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·阅读理解B)
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read？Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there's a kiosk(小亭) for that.In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
“You enter the fare gates(检票口) and you'll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story，” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit—known as BART.“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”
It's that simple.Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March.Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders.“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest，” Trost says.“And as of right now, we've received about 120 submissions.The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit(交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience.So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，” she says.
And you'll never be without something to read.
27．What is Trost's opinion about BART's future？
A．It will close down. B．Its profits will decline.
C．It will expand nationwide. D．Its ridership will increase.
【解题示范】 第一步：根据题干确定题型：由题干中的Trost's opinion about可知本题是考查观点态度；
第二步：确定答案，定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据倒数第二段“‘At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience.So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，’she says.(她说：‘归根结底，所有的交通机构现在都在尽一切努力改善乘客体验。所以我绝对认为，我们会因为短篇小说而吸引更多的乘客。’)”可知，Trost认为通过提升乘客体验，包括提供短篇故事阅读服务，BART可以吸引更多的乘客，乘客量将会增加。故选D。
考点３
写作意图题
●辨明题类
通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问形式常有：
1．整篇文章的写作目的/意图
(1)The writer writes this passage in order to .
(2)The purpose of the text is to .
(3)What is the main purpose of the passage
(4)The writer of the story wants/intends to tell us that .
2．某处细节的写作目的/意图
(1)The writer uses...in the first paragraph to .
(2)The writer uses the example of...to .
(3)The author writes the last paragraph in order to .
●技法点拨
通常可依据文体特点来推断作者的写作意图：
1．记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开。
2．应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言。
3．说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，故应找准主题句。
4．议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。
●真题体验
(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·阅读理解D)
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革)．
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now—several decades before these developments are expected to take place.She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it.She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity.We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
35．What is the author's purpose in writing the text？
A．To recommend a book on AI.
B．To give a brief account of AI history.
C．To clarify the definition of AI.
D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.
【解题示范】 第一步：确定题干中的关键信息：the author's purpose；
第二步：根据题型特点和文章内容，确定应考虑的主要段落：根据第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革)．
(考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战。)”和最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.(人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书。)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A。
考点４
语篇出处/类别题
●辨明题类
语篇出处/类别题要求考生具备一定的常识，要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。一般说来，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如家电、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品的服用说明会告知服用的时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。设问形式常有：
(1)This passage would probably/most likely be found in .
(2)The passage is probably taken from/out of .
(3)Where is the text probably from
(4)Where is the text most probably taken from
(5)Where can the text be found
(6)What is the text
(7)What is the text most probably
●技法点拨
1．利用内容判断文章出处
(1)文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称：newspaper。
(2)推销介绍新产品：advertisement。
(3)文章中有click here, download, upload, link, mouse, surf等网络标志语等网络用语：website。
(4)旅游胜地方面的介绍：travel guide。
(5)时尚、名人或娱乐方面的介绍：magazine/journal/entertainment section。
(6)科普知识：science report。
(7)文化教育类文章：education section。
2．利用内容判断文章类别
(1)旅游景点方面的介绍：travel guide。
(2)新产品/新书/新影片/演出介绍：advertisement。
(3)活动介绍：notice/announcement。
(4)文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称：news。
(5)科普知识/研究介绍：science report/study report。
●真题体验
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解A)
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course：Essay 1＝10%; Essay 2＝15%; Essay 3＝15%; Essay 4＝20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course.All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class.Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late.If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero.Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero.Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
21．Where is this text probably taken from？
A．A textbook. B．An exam paper.
C．A course plan. D．An academic article.
【解题示范】 第一步：阅读题干，把握关键词Where，is taken from；
第二步：快速浏览全文，确定体裁为说明文。根据标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature (文学概论课程评分政策)”和“Essays(60%)(论文(60%))”部分的“Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course (你的四篇主要文章将构成本课程评分的主要部分)”可知，文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法，可得出本文是出自一个课程计划。故选C。
考点5
读者对象题
●辨明题类
读者对象题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象，即作者针对的读者对象是什么人。设问形式常有：
(1)The passage is probably intended for .
(2)Who is the passage intended for
(3) Who is the text mainly intended for
(4)Who are the main intended readers of the text
●技法点拨
先确定文章主题，再根据文章具体细节内容判断读者对象。
