(共16张PPT)
阅读能力突破篇
专题一 阅读理解
第9讲 体裁破解——新闻报道
高频考点 研析透
新闻报道一般突出新闻性，作者要避免对该新闻事件进行主观判断和评价。新闻报道的内容真实、新鲜、及时，趣味可读，时效性强。第一句往往为全文的中心句，下文要叙述事件的过程和细节。新闻报道的一些常用语包括：It is reported that...，As is reported...，According to the report...，It is estimated that...等，时态一般用过去时，语言客观平实，往往没有过分花哨的词汇和过于复杂的句型。
●辨明题类
新闻报道主要是提供事实信息，一般是简单叙述事件发生的五要素及各方反应，很少探究事件背后的原因。因此，做题时要关注新闻报道的结构和细节，题型主要为观点推断题、考查语篇衔接、推断某一特定词或者短语的指代内容或主旨归纳题。
●技法点拨
1．研读导语：首段通常是导语，说明文章的中心人物或事件，即文章的主题。
2．直击题干：判断题目类型，找出定位词。
3．定位信息：根据定位词，在原文中找出关键句，对照选项确定答案。
●真题体验
(2023·浙江1月卷·阅读理解C)
A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate.Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses.It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together.This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem.As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about.”
What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines.A computer works with symbols.Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another.But it does not specify what those symbols mean.Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant.Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols.But for humans, meaning is everything.When we communicate, we communicate meaning.What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads.The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations.It is this that distinguishes humans from machines.And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.
28．Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph？
A．To explain the use of a software program.
B．To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C．To introduce the designer of Project Debater.
D．To emphasize the fairness of the competition.
29．What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to？
A．Arguments. B．Doubts.
C．Errors. D．Differences.
30．What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond？
A．Create rules. B．Comprehend meaning.
C．Talk fluently. D．Identify difficult words.
31．What can we learn from the last paragraph？
A．Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.
B．The human brain has potential yet to be developed.
C．Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.
D．Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
【解题示范】 第一步：浏览全文，把握主旨大意：本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍的是在辩论中战胜人类的名为Project Debater的软件程序。
第二步：细审题干，定位原文
第28小题：根据题干主要信息，定位第一段。
第29小题：根据题干主要信息，定位第二段。
第30小题：根据题干主要信息，定位倒数第二段。
第31小题：根据题干主要信息，定位最后一段。
第三步：仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
在文中找到信息区间后，再仔细对比各选项，确定答案。
28．推理判断题。根据第一段“Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.(上周，在旧金山的一场公开辩论中，一个名为Project Debater的软件程序击败了它的人类对手，其中包括以色列前全国辩论冠军Noa Ovadia。)”可知，作者在第一段提到Noa Ovadia的目的是展示Project Debater的聪明。故选B。
29．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses.It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together.This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.(尽管Project Debater很聪明，但它也有一些弱点。它从文档库和预先构建的参数中提取句子，并将它们串在一起。这可能会导致人类不会犯的错误。)”和“will no doubt be ironed out(毫无疑问会被解决)”可知，画线词所在句子表示“这样的错误会被纠正，被解决”。故选C。
30．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines.A computer works with symbols.Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another.But it does not specify what those symbols mean.Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant.(Hammond所指的是意义的问题，而意义是区分最不聪明的人类和最聪明的机器的关键。计算机使用符号。它的程序指定了一组将一串符号转换为另一串符号的规则。但它并没有具体说明这些符号的含义。事实上，对于计算机来说，意义是无关紧要的。)”可知，根据Hammond的说法，Project Debater不能理解意义。故选B。
31．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads.The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations.(意义的产生是通过社会互动的过程，而不是计算的过程，这种互动塑造了我们头脑中符号的内容。赋予意义的规则不仅存在于我们的头脑中，也存在于外面，存在于社会记忆、社会习俗和社会关系中。)”可知，从最后一段我们能了解到社会互动是理解符号的关键。故选A。 专题一 第9讲
模拟练 提考能
A
(2024·山东省淄博市高三一模)
There was no way to escape when they spotted a polar bear.Verena Mohaupt and a handful of colleagues were trapped on a floating sea ice while the bear gazed at them, smelling the air, a dangerous sign.
“That's when everything kicks in，” Mohaupt says, “and you focus on what's important.” As a colleague fired into the sky as a warning shot, Mohaupt radioed their research ship a few kilometres away, whose helicopter luckily arrived quickly and Mohaupt didn't have to use the gun that was hanging over her shoulder.
Keeping a lookout for bears was a regular duty for Mohaupt, the logistics coordinator(后勤协调员) for a year-long mission known as the MOSAiC—the largest Arctic research exploration in history.The project, consisting of roughly 300 scientists, led by scientist MarkusRex, has collected massive measurements that will help better forecast how warming will transform the globe in the coming decades.For months, the exploration operated in constant darkness while polar bears wandered nearby, storms rocked the ship and the ice shifted and cracked.Then, when the Sun returned, the ice began to melt, creating a life-threatening risk and a nightmare for researchers who needed to keep their instruments from sinking.
Tasked with the security of the mission, Mohaupt designed an extensive training course for the participants in which they learnt how to avoid the danger, like storm-rocking and ice-cracking.They jumped into a Norwegian channel in their survival suits and climbed out of the freezing waters using only their ice picks.They learnt how to escape from a crashed helicopter.And they discussed the psychological effects of being far from home.Mohaupt brought knitting equipment, yoga mats and a violin for their mental health—although having been prepared for the isolation.
Mohaupt didn't expect a career in polar regions, but says she has always been drawn to the north.“She was there to make sure that we were protected，” says Markus Rex, “Mohaupt is certainly the champion in the field.”
1．Why does the author mention a polar bear in the beginning？
A．To show the threat of bears. B．To tell an interesting story.
C．To introduce Mohaupt's job. D．To describe the polar scenery.
2．What can we know from paragraph 3？
A．The working conditions were tough.
B．Mohaupt helped to collect massive data.
C．The exploration went on in total darkness.
D．Mohaupt's duty was to protect polar bears.
3．Which of the following best describes Mohaupt？
A．Ambitious and brave. B．Passionate and dependent.
C．Considerate and modest. D．Professional and responsible.
4．What is a suitable title for the text？
A．A Potential Danger in the Exploration.
B．A Guardian Angel of Polar Researchers.
C．A Great Scientific Exploration in History.
D．A Great Female Scientist in Polar Research.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了一名负责历史上最大的北极研究探险队安全任务的后勤协调员Verena Mohaupt。
1．C 写作意图题。根据第三段“Keeping a lookout for bears was a regular duty for Mohaupt, the logistics coordinator(后勤协调员) for a year-long mission known as the MOSAiC—the largest Arctic research exploration in history.(Mohaupt是一名后勤协调员，负责为期一年的MOSAiC任务，这是历史上最大的北极研究探险。)”并结合前两段对遇到北极熊时，Mohaupt应对方式的描述可知，作者在开头提到北极熊，是为了介绍Mohaupt的工作内容。故选C。
2．A 细节理解题。根据第三段“For months...who needed to keep their instruments from sinking.(几个月来，探险一直在黑暗中进行，北极熊在附近游荡，风暴摇晃着船，冰在移动和破裂。然后，当太阳返回时，冰开始融化，对需要防止仪器下沉的研究人员来说，这是一场危及生命的危险和噩梦。)”可知，探险工作的条件非常恶劣。故选A。
3．D 推理判断题。根据第四段“Tasked with the security of the mission...like storm-rocking and ice-cracking.(为了确保任务的安全，Mohaupt为参与者设计了一个广泛的培训课程，让他们学习如何避免危险，比如风暴摇晃和冰裂。)”和“They learnt how to escape ...having been prepared for the isolation.(他们学会了如何从坠毁的直升机中逃生。他们还讨论了远离家乡的心理影响。Mohaupt带来了编织设备、瑜伽垫和一把小提琴，以帮助他们的人保持心理健康——尽管他们已经为隔离做好了准备。)”可知，Mohaupt有着过硬的专业知识和技能，对工作认真负责。故选D。
4．B 标题归纳题。根据最后一段“‘She was there to make sure that we were protected，’ says Markus Rex, ‘Mohaupt is certainly the champion in the field.’(‘她在那里确保我们受到保护，’Markus Rex说，‘Mohaupt无疑是这个领域的冠军。’)”和全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了Mohaupt这名负责北极研究探险队安全任务的优秀的后勤协调员，她是保护北极探险队成员的天使。故选B。
B
(2024·T8联盟高考冲刺卷)
Australian tennis star Thanasi Kokkinakis has celebrated one of his toughest victories, channelling (贯注) all his fighting spirit to claim a second round French Open win over a former champion.
Kokkinakis beat 2015 Roland Garros champion, Switzerland's Stan Wawrinka, in a five-set marathon to win 3-6, 7-5, 6-3, 6-7(4), 6-3.Kokkinakis, 27, was left to regret a slow start to the fourth set tie-break (决胜局) as Wawrinka raced to a 5-0 lead to force a deciding set.But Kokkinakis opened the fifth set with a 4-0 run.Wawrinka then saved four match points, but couldn't stop Aussie, who won in four hours and 38 minutes.It was a huge relief for Kokkinakis to win, having lost previous five sets, second round epic to British champion Andy Murray at the Australian Open in January.
“I think the first set and a half he was playing was the best tennis he can play，” said Kokkinakis.“I was just trying to hang in there.I lost a match in a Grand Slam (大赛) earlier this year against Murray; I didn't want to do it against another legend.He never went away.It seemed like when he was down, he was playing better tennis, but I just trusted myself and I'm so happy.”
“Back in the third round on clay, who would have thought it for an Australian, but my game suits it here, I love it.2015 was the last time I won a match at Roland Garros and I made the third round...”
Kokkinakis will now face Karen Khachanov, the big hitting Russian who ended Kokkinakis' childhood friend and doubles partner (双打搭档) Nick Kyrgios' golden run at the US Open last year.
5．How did Kokkinakis feel after becoming champion？
A．Worried. B．Relieved.
C．Shocked. D．Worn.
6．What can be inferred from Kokkinakis' words in Paragraph 3？
A．He placed a trust in his power. B．He was content with the first set.
C．He was inspired by opponent's spirits. D．He resolved to be a legend in his field.
7．Who was once Kokkinakis' partner？
A．Stan Wawrinka. B．Andy Murray.
C．Karen Khachanov. D．Nick Kyrgios.
8．What is the text
A．A news report. B．A short story.
C．A diary. D．A research article.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道，主要报道了澳大利亚网球明星Thanasi Kokkinakis在法网公开赛第二轮比赛中战胜了一位前冠军而赢得了比赛。
5．B 细节理解题。根据第二段“It was a huge relief for Kokkinakis to win, having lost previous five sets, second round epic to British champion Andy Murray at the Australian Open in January.(Kokkinakis在今年1月的澳网公开赛上，第二轮输掉了与英国冠军Andy Murray史诗般的五盘大战的比赛，这场胜利让他大大松了一口气。)”可知，在1月的澳大利亚网球公开赛的获胜让他如释重负。故选B。
6．A 推理判断题。根据第三段“It seemed like when he was down, he was playing better tennis, but I just trusted myself and I'm so happy.(似乎当他状态低落的时候，他的网球打得更好，但我只是相信自己，我很高兴。)”可知，Kokkinakis认为即使在Wawrinka状态低落时都打得很好，但是他还是相信自己，最终取得胜利，由此可知，Kokkinakis相信自己的实力。故选A。
7．D 细节理解题。根据尾段“Kokkinakis will now face Karen Khachanov, the big hitting Russian who ended Kokkinakis' childhood friend and doubles partner (双打搭档) Nick Kyrgios' golden run at the US Open last year.(Kokkinakis现在将面对Karen kachanov，这位俄罗斯大明星在去年的美国网球公开赛上终结了Kokkinakis的童年好友兼双打搭档Nick Kyrgios的金牌之路。)”可知，Nick Kyrgios曾经是Kokkinakis的搭档。故选D。
8．A 语篇类别题。根据首段“Australian tennis star Thanasi Kokkinakis has celebrated one of his toughest victories, channelling (贯注) all his fighting spirit to claim a second round French Open win over a former champion.(澳大利亚网球明星Thanasi Kokkinakis庆祝了他最艰难的胜利之一，他将自己所有的战斗精神都带到了比赛上，在法网公开赛第二轮击败了前冠军。)”以及下文介绍Kokkinakis比赛的相关信息以及赛后比赛感受可知，本文应是新闻报道，报道了Kokkinakis在法国网球公开赛的第二轮赢得了一场伟大的比赛。故选A。
C
(2024·广东省部分高中高三三模)
The birth of a male white-tailed eagle signals the success of the Roy Dennis Wildlife Foundation (RDWF) and Forestry England project to return these iconic birds to their original widespread locations along the southern coast of England.The last time a white-tailed eagle chick grew in England, Mozart was working on his opera Idomeneo in Germany.
For two centuries these amazing birds were missing from most of the UK, having been wiped out by human persecution by the early 20th century.
In 2020, the parents of the landmark bird were translocated from the Outer Hebrides and north-west Sutherland in Scotland to the Isle of Wight.This is an area with plentiful food to sustain them.It is also a location from which the birds could spread out to cliffs, lakes and forests.
Female G405 and male G471 were two of 25 eagles (16 are still alive) released by the RDWF and Forestry England as part of the ongoing project.And they are one of three pairs to have now established breeding territories in the south of England.
The chick hatched earlier this summer at a nest on private land, the exact location of which is being kept a secret to ensure the welfare of the young bird.
“This is a very special moment for everyone who has worked on, supported and followed this ground-breaking project，” Roy Dennis says, founder of the RDWF.“Restoring a breeding population in southern England, where the species was once widespread, has been our ultimate goal.Seeing the first pair reach this stage is truly incredible.”
The young white-tailed eagle has now been ringed and fitted with a satellite tag (标签) so that its progress can be tracked.A further release of young white-tailed eagles is planned for late summer from the project team's base on the Isle of Wight.
9．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Mozart in paragraph 1？
A．To admire the musician's great works.
B．To celebrate the birth of the white-tailed eagle.
C．To compare the situations of England and Germany.
D．To emphasize white-tailed eagles' centuries-long absence.
10．Which word can replace the underlined word “persecution” in paragraph 2？
A．Hunt. B．Exploration.
C．Disturbance. D．Training.
11．Why is the accurate position of the chick kept secret？
A．For privacy. B．For safety.
C．For territory. D．For support.
12．Which may be a suitable title for the text？
A．A Splendid Bird
B．A Successful Wildlife Project
C．Milestone for White-tailed Eagles
D．Restoring a Breeding Population
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了一只雄性白尾鹰的出生是恢复英国白尾鹰繁殖的里程碑。
9．D 写作意图题。根据第一段“The last time a white-tailed eagle chick grew in England, Mozart was working on his opera Idomeneo in Germany.(上一次白尾鹰雏鸟在英国长大时，莫扎特正在德国创作他的歌剧Idomeneo.)”可知，作者在第一段中提到Mozart是为了强调白尾鹰几个世纪之久的缺席。故选D。
10．A 词句猜测题。根据第二段“were missing from most of the UK, having been wiped out by human(在英国大部分地区都消失了，因人类的……而灭绝)”可知，此处指这种鸟类因人类的猎杀而消失。故选A。
11．B 细节理解题。根据第五段“The chick hatched earlier this summer at a nest on private land, the exact location of which is being kept a secret to ensure the welfare of the young bird.(今年夏天早些时候，这只雏鸟在私人土地上的一个鸟巢里孵化出来，为了确保雏鸟的安宁，鸟巢的确切位置一直保密。)”可知，将雏鹰的准确位置保密是为了确保其安全。故选B。
12．C 标题归纳题。根据第一段“The birth of a male white-tailed eagle signals the success of the Roy Dennis Wildlife Foundation (RDWF) and Forestry England project to return these iconic birds to their original widespread locations along the southern coast of England.(一只雄性白尾鹰的诞生标志着罗伊丹尼斯野生动物基金会(RDWF)和英格兰林业项目的成功，该项目将这些标志性的鸟类送回了它们原来在英格兰南部海岸的广泛分布的地方。)”以及第六段“This is a very special moment(这是一个非常特殊的时刻)”可知，文章主要介绍了一只雄性白尾鹰的出生是恢复英国白尾鹰繁殖的里程碑。C项“白尾鹰的里程碑”最适合做文章标题。故选C。
D
(2024·江西省南昌市高三一模)
One year ago, the Colorado State Fair made headlines for unknowingly awarding first place to an artwork created with help from artificial intelligence.Now, officials with the 151-year-old fair have revised the contest's rules：Artists must claim whether they used AI to make their entries, reports the Denver Post's John Wenzel.
The saga (事件) began last August, when game designer Jason Allen won the top spot in the fair's digital arts competition.When he shared his victory online, he mentioned that he'd used Midjourney—an AI program that turns text into images—to help create his piece, titled Thé tre D'opéra Spatial.
Allen maintains he was open about using AI from the beginning, though judges say they didn't know until after the fact.Either way, claim wasn't necessary at the time, meaning Allen never broke any rules.
His victory was controversial—and now, as a result, officials have decided to tweak the submission requirements.At this year's fair, which took place in Pueblo between August 26 and September 4, artists needed to “tell if art or artwork was created using an Artificial Intelligence Generator，” according to the 2023 requirements.
Allen wasn't happy about the new requirement, telling the Denver Post that it was essentially a “discriminatory mark” against AI artworks.Despite the change, he decided to submit once again to the digital arts category.
The fair's leaders say they plan to continue adapting as technology advances.As Scott Stoller, the fair's general manager, tells the Denver Post, the digital arts category itself has only been around for a few decades.In the future, officials may even decide to add a separate AI category, depending on how popular tools like Midjourney become.
“That's the beauty of art—that it's always evolving，” says Stoller.“Art can be anything, and anything can be made into art.”
13．What can be learnt about Jason Allen？
A．He designed an AI game program.
B．He opposed the use of AI program.
C．He made the rules of an arts contest.
D．He won first place in an art competition.
14．What does the underlined word “tweak” in paragraph 4 mean？
A．Select. B．Revise.
C．Continue. D．Create.
15．What's Stoller's attitude towards the AI artworks？
A．Unclear. B．Doubtful.
C．Approving. D．Dismissive.
16．Which of the following can be the best title for the text？
A．AI Artworks, Rock the World B．AI Artworks, Lead the Trend
C．AI Artworks, Face New Challenges D．AI Artworks, Bring New Rules
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了美国科罗拉多州博览会艺术比赛中，Jason Allen的人工智能画作获得一等奖所引发热议，促使历史悠久的博览会修改了比赛规则。
13．D 细节理解题。根据第二段“The saga (事件) began last August, when game designer Jason Allen won the top spot in the fair's digital arts competition.(这个事件始于去年8月，当时游戏设计师Jason Allen赢得了博览会数字艺术竞赛的冠军。)”可知，Jason Allen在这次艺术比赛中获得了第一名。故选D。
14．B 词句猜测题。根据第四段“His victory was controversial—and now, as a result, officials have decided to tweak the submission requirements.(他的胜利是有争议的，因此，现在官员们决定tweak提交要求。)”以及第五段“Allen wasn't happy about the new requirement(Allen对这项新规定并不满意)”可知，因为这次事件，主办方对作品提交要求做出了一些改变。故选B。
15．C 推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘That's the beauty of art—that it's always evolving，’ says Stoller.‘Art can be anything, and anything can be made into art.’(Stoller说：‘这就是艺术之美——它总是在不断发展。艺术可以是任何东西，任何东西都可以成为艺术。’)”可知，Stoller对人工智能创作的作品持支持态度。故选C。
16．D 标题归纳题。根据第一段“Now, officials with the 151-year-old fair have revised the contest's rules：Artists must claim whether they used AI to make their entries, reports the Denver Post's John Wenzel.(据《丹佛邮报》的John Wenzel报道，现在，这个有着151年历史的博览会的官员修改了比赛规则：艺术家必须声明他们是否使用了人工智能来制作作品。)”可知，人工智能创作出的作品让历史悠久的博览会修改了比赛规则。故选D。
※小贴士：阅读理解中错误选项的特征
第一类错误：
(1)无中生有。选项所说内容看似合理，但在原文中未提及或与原文不符。
(2)正反混淆。选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反。
(3)答非所问。虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边。
第二类错误：
(1)绝对化错误。常用all，every等词汇。
(2)扩大范围。注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mostly。
(3)因果倒置。
(4)常识判断错误。
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