03 against动词短语-高中英语高频动词短语速记

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V +against短语动词
一、本义（核心义）：逆，与……相对逆
“against”的核心义体现了一种相反、对立的方向或状态。例如：“He swam out strongly against the current.”，意思是他逆流奋力游出去，这里“against the current”明确展示了与水流方向相反，即“逆”的含义，生动地描绘了他游泳时面临的阻力和挑战 。
二、引申义
（1）反对
这一含义由“与观点相对逆”引申而来。比如：“They are strongly against the idea.”，他们强烈反对这个想法，表明他们的观点与所提及的想法处于对立状态，体现了“against”在表达反对意见时的用法 。
（2）防备，预防
该含义源自“与恶劣环境相对逆”的概念。像：“It is a cream to protect against sunburn.”，这是一种防止晒伤的乳霜，说明这种乳霜的作用是抵御可能对皮肤造成伤害的阳光，体现了“against”表示防备、预防不良情况发生的意义 。
三、典例分析：go against（核心义：go走 + against与…对逆 → 朝与…相对逆的方向走）
（1）反对，违背
“go against”在此义项中，常表示与他人的观点、意愿、期望等相悖。例如：“He shouldn't go against his mother's wishes.”，他不应该违背他母亲的意愿，强调了他的行为不应与母亲的期望相反，否则可能会产生不良后果 。
（2）对……不利
表示朝着对某人或某事不利的方向发展。如：“The vote went against the president.”，投票结果对总统不利，说明投票的结果对总统的利益、形势等方面产生了负面的影响 。
（3）违反，与……不符（或相悖）
用于描述与原则、信念、法律等相悖的情况。“Those who go against the law will have their punishment.”，那些违反法律的人终将得到惩罚，突出了违反法律的行为是与法律规定相对逆的，会受到相应制裁 。
Meaning1：逆，与……相对逆
compete against/with：竞争，争夺，（试图）战胜
“compete against/with”强调在竞争场景中，参与者之间处于相对逆的状态，彼此争夺胜利或资源。例如：“The firm is too small to compete against large international companies.”，这家公司太小，无法与大型国际公司竞争，表明小公司在与大公司竞争时面临巨大压力，体现了“against”在竞争语境中的用法 。
count against：对……不利，（被）认为对……不利
“count against”表示某事物被视为对某人或某事产生负面影响。“His age counts against him when hunts for a job.”，他找工作时，年龄对他不利，说明年龄在求职过程中成为了一个阻碍因素，影响了他获得工作的机会 。
go against（核心义：go走 + against与…相对逆 → 朝与…相对逆的方向走）
（1）反对，违背：“Anyone who goes against me will be punished.”，任何反对我的人都将受到惩罚，再次强调了违背他人意见会面临的后果 。
（2）对……不利：“The competition is going against us.”，这场比赛对我们不利，说明在比赛过程中，形势朝着不利于“我们”的方向发展 。
（3）违反，与……不符（或相悖）：“Lying goes against his principles.”，说谎违背他的原则，体现了说谎这一行为与他所秉持的原则相冲突 。
set against（核心义：set使 + against与…相对逆 → 使与……相对逆）
（1）使敌视：“The civil war set brother against brother.”，内战使兄弟反目成仇，描述了战争导致原本亲密的兄弟之间产生敌对关系，突出了“set against”使双方处于敌对状态的含义 。
（2）使抵消：“Can we set gains against losses ”，我们能以收益抵消损失吗？这里表示将收益与损失相对比，看是否能相互抵消，展示了“set against”在经济或事务权衡方面的用法 。
tell against：对（某人）不利
“tell against”表示某些事实或情况对某人产生负面的影响。“These facts will tell against him.”，这些事实将对他不利，说明这些事实在某个情境中会成为不利于他的因素 。
turn against（核心义：turn转向 + against与…对逆 → 转向与…对逆）
（1）攻击，进攻：“The dog was mad and turned against his own master.”，狗疯了，攻击自己的主人，描述了狗的行为从温顺转向攻击主人，体现了“turn against”表示行为转变为敌对的含义 。
（2）与……反目成仇，不再支持：“His old friends turned against him.”，他的老朋友们与他反目成仇，说明朋友之间的关系发生了恶化，从友好变为敌对，不再支持他 。
Meaning2：反对
argue against：据理反对，反驳
“argue against”强调通过争辩、提出理由来反对某事物。“He argued against the plan.”，他据理反对这个计划，表明他通过阐述自己的观点和理由来反驳该计划，体现了理性反对的过程 。
come against：进攻
“come against”表示前来反对某人，通常用于描述军事或冲突场景中的进攻行为。“The enemy troops came against us in large numbers.”，敌军大批向我们进攻，生动地描绘了敌人大量涌来进行攻击的场面 。
declare against：宣布不支持，声明反对
“declare against”侧重于公开地宣布反对某事物。“The students declared against cheating in examinations.”，学生们声明反对考试作弊，展示了学生们公开表明自己反对作弊行为的态度 。
have against：因……而不喜欢……
“have against”表达因为某种原因而对某人产生不喜欢的情绪。“I don't know why she had against me.”，我不知道她为什么不喜欢我，体现了这种不喜欢的情绪可能存在某种未知的原因 。
hold against：对……有成见，歧视
“hold against”表示对某人持有负面的观点或态度，存在偏见。“I don't hold it against him that he lied to me.”，我不会因为他对我撒谎而对他有成见，说明说话者虽然知道对方撒谎，但选择不因此而对他产生偏见 。
inform against/on：告发，检举
“inform against/on”指的是向相关方告发、检举某人的不良行为。“He went to the police and informed against the criminals.”，他向警方告发了那些罪犯，突出了通过向警方提供信息来揭露罪犯行为的用法 。
take against：开始不喜欢，讨厌
“take against”表示原本没有不喜欢的情绪，但后来开始对某人产生讨厌的感觉。“Why have you suddenly taken against Jane ”，你为什么突然开始讨厌简了？强调了这种情绪变化的突然性 。
vote against：投票反对
“vote against”明确表示在投票时表达反对意见。“Ten delegates voted against the motion.”，十名代表投票反对该动议，体现了在投票场景中使用“against”表达反对立场的用法 。
Meaning3：防备，预防
guard against：对……不利，（被）认为对……不利
在“防备，预防”含义下，“guard against”表示保护以防止不利情况发生。如：“His age counts against him when hunts for a job.”（他找工作时，年龄对他不利），这里虽重复，但在“防备”语境下，可理解为人们在求职时要防备因年龄因素导致的不利情况 。
protect against：保护，预防，使免遭
“protect against”强调采取措施保护某人或某物免受伤害。“Dark glasses can protect your eyes against the sun.”，太阳镜可以保护你的眼睛免受阳光伤害，说明了太阳镜在预防阳光对眼睛造成损害方面的作用 。
provide against：预防，避免，防备
“provide against”侧重于提前做出准备，以应对可能出现的不良情况。“They must provide against a possible oil shortage in the coming months.”，他们必须为未来几个月可能出现的石油短缺做好准备，体现了提前预防、未雨绸缪的含义 。
故事法巧记短语
故事一：校园选举风波
In the school, there was a big event - the election for the student council president. Two candidates, Tom and Lily, were competing against (竞争，争夺) each other. Tom was popular and had many supporters, while Lily was hard - working and had great ideas for the school.
Some students declared against (宣布不支持) Lily at first because they thought she was too quiet. But Lily didn't give up. She started to tell everyone about her plans for the school. She argued against (据理反对) the idea that a quiet person couldn't be a good leader. "A good leader should listen to everyone's opinions, and I'm good at that," she said.
As the election day got closer, some unfair things happened. Tom's friends spread some rumors that were going against (对……不利) Lily. They said she didn't have enough time for the student council work because she had to take care of her family. These rumors counted against (对……不利) Lily, and some students who didn't know the truth started to have doubts.
However, Lily's true friends stood by her. They informed against (告发，检举) Tom's friends for spreading false rumors. The teachers found out and punished those students. This made Tom realize his mistake. He apologized to Lily and said he didn't want to win in this unfair way.
Finally, on the election day, students voted. Some students who had taken against (开始不喜欢，讨厌) Lily before changed their minds after they knew the truth. In the end, Lily won the election. Her success showed that going against (违背) fairness would not lead to a good result, and standing up for oneself against (反对) unfairness was the right thing to do.
**中文翻译**：学校里有一件大事——学生会主席选举。两位候选人，汤姆和莉莉，正在相互竞争。汤姆很受欢迎，有很多支持者，而莉莉工作努力，对学校发展有很棒的想法。
一开始，有些学生宣布不支持莉莉，因为他们觉得她太文静了。但莉莉没有放弃。她开始向大家讲述她对学校的规划。她据理反对“文静的人不能成为好领导”这一观点。“一个好的领导者应该倾听每个人的意见，而这正是我所擅长的。” 她说。
随着选举日临近，一些不公平的事情发生了。汤姆的朋友们散布了一些对莉莉不利的谣言。他们说莉莉因为要照顾家庭，没有足够的时间参与学生会的工作。这些谣言对莉莉很不利，一些不明真相的学生开始产生怀疑。
然而，莉莉真正的朋友们支持她。他们告发汤姆的朋友散布不实谣言。老师们发现后惩罚了那些学生。这让汤姆意识到了自己的错误。他向莉莉道歉，说他不想通过这种不公平的方式获胜。
最后，选举日到了，学生们进行投票。一些之前开始讨厌莉莉的学生在了解真相后改变了主意。最终，莉莉赢得了选举。她的成功表明，违背公平不会有好结果，勇敢地反对不公平才是正确的做法。
故事二：神奇的森林守护之旅
Once upon a time, there was a small village near a big forest. The forest was full of magical creatures, but it also faced some dangers. One day, the villagers heard that a group of evil goblins were planning to come against (进攻) the forest and steal its magic resources.
The villagers decided to protect the forest. They formed a team of young people, including a brave boy named Ben. Ben and his friends knew they had to guard against (防备) the goblins' attacks. They made weapons and set traps in the forest.
As they were preparing, Ben found out that one of his old friends, Jack, had joined the goblins. Jack's betrayal made Ben very sad, but he knew he couldn't let this affect his mission. Jack had turned against (与……反目成仇，不再支持) his own people and the forest they loved.
When the goblins finally arrived, the battle began. The villagers fought bravely against the goblins. Ben's team used their traps to set against (使抵消) the goblins' numbers. Although the goblins were strong, the villagers' determination was even stronger.
During the battle, some villagers were in danger. Ben always rushed to protect them against (保护，预防，使免遭) the goblins' attacks. He shouted, "We won't let you destroy our forest!"
In the end, the villagers won the battle. They chased the goblins away. Jack, who had gone against (违背) his own values, realized his mistake. He came back to the village and apologized. The villagers forgave him, and they all learned that they must always be ready to provide against (预防，避免，防备) any threat to their home.
**中文翻译**：从前，在一片大森林附近有一个小村庄。森林里充满了神奇的生物，但也面临着一些危险。一天，村民们听说一群邪恶的小妖精正计划进攻森林，偷走森林里的魔法资源。
村民们决定保护森林。他们组建了一支由年轻人组成的队伍，其中包括一个勇敢的男孩本。本和他的朋友们知道他们必须防备小妖精的袭击。他们制作了武器，并在森林里设置了陷阱。
在准备过程中，本发现他的一个老朋友杰克加入了小妖精的队伍。杰克的背叛让本非常伤心，但他知道不能让这件事影响他的任务。杰克与自己的族人以及他们热爱的森林反目成仇。
当小妖精们终于到来时，战斗打响了。村民们勇敢地与小妖精作战。本的队伍利用陷阱来抵消小妖精在数量上的优势。尽管小妖精很强，但村民们的决心更加坚定。
战斗中，一些村民陷入了危险。本总是冲过去保护他们免受小妖精的攻击。他喊道：“我们不会让你们破坏我们的森林！”
最后，村民们赢得了战斗。他们把小妖精赶走了。杰克违背了自己的价值观，他意识到了自己的错误。他回到村庄并道了歉。村民们原谅了他，大家都明白了必须时刻准备好预防任何对家园的威胁。
故事三：小镇篮球比赛的意外转折
There was a small town where the annual basketball game was the most exciting event. Two local teams, the Tigers and the Lions, were always competing against (竞争，争夺) each other. This year, the Tigers had a new player, Mark.
Mark was very talented, but some players on the Lions had something against (因……而不喜欢……) him. They thought Mark was too arrogant. So, they tried to make things difficult for him during the game.
The game started, and the Lions came against (进攻) the Tigers strongly. Mark's performance was affected by the Lions' unfriendly attitude. Some of his shots didn't go well, and the situation seemed to be going against (对……不利) the Tigers.
However, the Tigers' coach encouraged the team. He told them not to be affected by the Lions' behavior. Mark decided to prove himself. He started to play better and better, competing hard against (竞争，争夺) the Lions' best players.
As the game went on, the Lions' behavior became worse. One of their players even tried to trip Mark on purpose. This made Mark's teammates very angry. They informed the referee against (告发，检举) the Lions' player for unsportsmanlike conduct.
The referee punished the Lions' player, which turned the situation around. The Tigers got more motivated and started to play as a team. Mark's skills and his teammates' support helped the Tigers catch up. In the end, the Tigers won the game.
After the game, the Lions' players who had held against (对……有成见，歧视) Mark realized their mistake. They apologized to Mark, and Mark forgave them. Everyone learned that it was wrong to go against (违背) the spirit of sportsmanship, and they should focus on fair competition instead.
**中文翻译**：有一个小镇，一年一度的篮球比赛是最激动人心的活动。当地的两支球队，老虎队和狮子队，总是相互竞争。今年，老虎队来了一名新球员，马克。
马克很有天赋，但狮子队的一些球员因为某些原因不喜欢他。他们觉得马克太傲慢了。所以，在比赛中，他们试图刁难他。
比赛开始了，狮子队猛烈地向老虎队发起进攻。马克的表现受到了狮子队不友好态度的影响。他的一些投篮不太顺利，局势似乎对老虎队不利。
然而，老虎队的教练鼓励队员们。他告诉他们不要受狮子队行为的影响。马克决定证明自己。他开始打得越来越好，与狮子队的最佳球员激烈竞争。
随着比赛的进行，狮子队的行为变得更糟。他们的一名球员甚至故意试图绊倒马克。这让马克的队友们非常生气。他们向裁判告发狮子队球员的不体育行为。
裁判惩罚了那名狮子队球员，这扭转了局势。老虎队变得更有斗志，开始团队协作。马克的技术和队友们的支持帮助老虎队追平了比分。最后，老虎队赢得了比赛。
比赛结束后，那些对马克有成见的狮子队球员意识到了自己的错误。他们向马克道歉，马克也原谅了他们。大家都明白了违背体育精神是不对的，他们应该专注于公平竞争。
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