Unit 10 Connections Grammar 课件（共25张）2024-2025学年高二英语北师版（2019）选择性必修4

(共25张PPT)
Grammar
Passive Forms in the Past
Unit 10
Connections
1.To master passive forms in the past.
Learning objectives
Revision
Explain the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory by using the diagram.
We clean the classroom every day.
我们每天打扫教室。
(主动语态，主语we是clean这一动作的执行者)
The classroom is cleaned every day.
教室每天被打扫。
(被动语态，主语the classroom是clean这一动作的承受者)
被动语态
英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
以下几种情况常用被动语态：
1) 不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者；
2) 为了强调动作的承受者；
3) 主语有较长的修饰语时；
4) 通知、公告，新闻报道和科技报道等。
Read the sentences. Underline the passive forms. What tense is used in each sentence
1. The concept was first talked about as long ago as in the 1920s.
2. In the 1950’s, an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically.
3. Once the parcel had been received by this person, he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.
past simple passive
past simple passive
past perfect passive
past simple passive
4. Its name was used as the title of a play and then a film.
5. Soon the game was being played in universities across the United States.
past simple passive
past continuous passive
Read the description of a “Six Degrees of Separation” experiment. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the passage.
We 1　 　　　（give） the task of finding out whether the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory worked at our school. We 2　　 　　（tell）about the “Small-world” experiment in the United States，where packages 3　　 　　（send）from one person to another with the aim of getting it to a stranger in the end. While the idea behind this experiment 4____________________　　 　　（discuss）in our group，it 5　　 　　（suggest）to us by our teacher that we try something similar. So we did. We couldn’t send parcels，but we could send letters. Ten volunteers 6_________　　　　（choose）to take part and they 7　　 　　（ask）to write a letter of introduction to another person in the school that they didn’t know and then to choose someone who they thought 8________　　　　（connect）to that person to give it to. After all the letters 9　 　　（exchange）several times，seven out of the ten target people did receive their letters with chains of five or six people in each case! We think this means that our experiment was a success and it supports the theory.
were given　
were told
had been sent　
was being discussed
was suggested　
were chosen
were asked　
was connected
were exchanged
一般过去时的被动语态: was/were + 过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态: was/were being + 过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态: had been + 过去分词
例如： How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended
The Structure of Passive Forms in the Past
Grammar—Passive Forms in the Past
一般过去时的被动语态
表示过去某一时间的被动动作。无需说明动作执行者时，可省略 “by + 动作执行者”。例如：
The teaching building was built five years ago.
注意: was和were的使用由主语的单复数决定。例如：
A sports meeting was held three days ago.
Many trees and flowers were planted in our school last year.
Grammar—Passive Forms in the Past
过去进行时的被动语态
表示过去某个时刻正在进行或发生的被动性的动作。
例如：
The famous man was being interviewed by her.
The man was being questioned by the police at that time.
Many activities were being planned for the celebration
of the festival.
过去完成时的被动语态
1. 用在told，said，knew，thought等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完。例如：
He said that the books had already been sold out.
2. 当 before，when，by the time，until等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by，before后接过去的时间时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。例如：
By the end of last year, 120 bridges had been built.
Grammar—Passive Forms in the Past
3. 在It was the first/second/... time that... 从句中，主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。例如：
It was the second time that his bike had been stolen.
4. 在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去的事实相反，且主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。例如：
If I had been invited earlier, I would have gone with you.
Grammar—Passive Forms in the Past
单句语法填空
①Steam engines_______________(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
②Everything ____________________(get)ready by the time they arrived.
③The boy _________________(notice)stealing a bike by the police,so he was taken to the police station.
were used
had been gotten
had been noticed
④This issue ___________________(discuss)at this moment yesterday by the company's managers.
⑤What little money he did have _________(spend)on a record selected with extreme care which became,to his way of thinking,a possession close to his heart.
was being discussed
was spent
辨析比较 过去进行时的被动语态/一般过去时的被动语态
过去进行时的被动语态强调的是在过去的某段时间内正在进行的被动动作，一般过去时的被动语态表示的是某个被动动作已经发生。
The farmer said the policemen came to their rescue timely when they were being trapped in the snowstorm.
这个农民说，他们被困在暴风雪中时，警察及时赶来救了他们。
He spared no effort to prepare himself for the college entrance exam,and finally he was admitted to the university he had been dreaming of.
他不遗余力地为高考做准备，最终他被他一直梦想的大学录取了。
辨析比较 过去完成时的被动语态/现在完成时的被动语态
现在完成时的被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时的被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。
Many words have been added to this edition of the dictionary.
这一版本的词典上增加了许多词。
The professor was very delighted to find that two thirds of the project had been finished by the students independently.
教授非常高兴地发现，学生们已独立完成了该项目的三分之二。
1. He hurried home,never once looking back to see if he _________________ (follow).
was being followed
【答案解析】was being followed。此处表示过去某段时间内正在进行的某一被动动作，且主语为he，故填was being followed。
2.Jones got the idea after he had talked with an elderly lady who ___________ (cheat)of her money.
had been cheated
【答案解析】had been cheated。根据语境可知，老妇人被骗是在琼斯产生这一想法之前发生的，表示在过去发生的事情之前发生，应用过去完成时；关系词who指代an elderly lady，和动词cheat之间为动宾关系，故用被动语态。
单句语法填空
【误区警示】
（1）“ get + 及物动词的过去分词”表被动。指主语遭遇变化或不好的事件。
He got caught in the rain last night. 他昨晚被雨淋了。
（2） 动词带有双宾语时，可把其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面，变为被动句主语的通常是间接宾语。
His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 他妈妈送给他一件生日礼物。
→ He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（也可改为A present was given to him by his mother for his birthday.）
（3） 当“动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语”结构变为被动结构时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
The manager found a cook smoking in the canteen and fired him on the spot.
经理发现一个厨师在食堂抽烟，当场解雇了他。
= A cook was found smoking in the canteen by the manager and was fired on the spot.
一个厨师被经理发现在食堂抽烟，当场被解雇了。
应该是变为“被动句的主语”
（4） 在使役动词have，make，let 以及感官动词see，watch，notice， hear，feel，observe 等后用不定式作宾语补足语时，to 通常省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 有人看见一个陌生人走进那栋大楼。
→ A stranger was seen to walk into the building （by someone）.
（5） 有些由“动词+ 介词/ 副词”构成的动词词组，也可用于被动结构， 但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开，其中的介词或副词不能省略。
My sister was taken care of by Grandma when my parents went out to work.
我父母出去工作时，我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
（6）“It + be + 及物动词的过去分词+ that 从句/to do sth.”是固定句型。
Since it is believed that strong smells can affect the senses，volunteers are required not to eat or drink for eight hours before the experiment. 因为人们相信强烈的气味会影响感官，所以志愿者们被要求在实验前八小时内不能进食或饮水。
（1） The book 　　　　　　 （已经借出去了）when I got to the library.
（2） He 　　　　　　　　 　　（被嘲笑）by all people around him.
（3）Two paintings displayed 　　　　　　（被卖出）yesterday.
（4）Several factories 　　 　　　　 　　（在郊区被建造）before a school was set up.
把主动语态改为被动语态
（1） My father gave me a new book on my birthday.
→ I 　　　　　　　　　　　 on my birthday（by my father）.
→ A new book 　　　　　　　　　 on my birthday（by my father）.
had been lent
was laughed at
were sold out 　
had been built in the suburb
was given a new book
was given to me
Exercise
（2） My father bought me a new computer yesterday.
→ I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 yesterday（by my father）.
→ A new computer 　　　　　　　　　 yesterday（by my father）.
was bought a new computer
was bought for me
单句语法填空
（1）Diana couldn’t move into her new house as it _______________　 　　　 　　 　　　 　（decorate）.
（2）The teacher said that we 　 　　　 　（give） another chance some time the next month if we failed in the exam.
（3） They said great changes 　　　　 　（take） place in my village and some factories 　　　　 　（set）up since 2015.
（4） She 　　　 　 　（praise）for her fine work in the Youth League.
was being decorated 　
would be given 　
had taken
was praised 　
had been set
（5）He told me that a new stadium 　　 　　 　（ build） and it 　　　　 　________________（ finish） the next year.
（6） After they 　　　　 　（seat）, the father found a friend and went out to greet him.
（7）Many beautiful cherry trees 　 　　　 　（plant）outside the grocery last year and they are booming now.
（8） By the time he got to the school, the first period ________________ 　　　　 　（finish）.
（9）The news 　　　　 　（release） last Friday and drew a lot of attention.
（10）The media reported more than 1,000 people 　 　　　 　（kill）in the earthquake.
was being built
would be finished
were seated
were planted
had been finished
was released
had been killed
时态 被动语态结构 例句 主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 am/is/are + done We clean the classroom every day. The classroom is cleaned by us every day.
一般将来时 will/shall/be going to + be done They will plant trees tomorrow. Tress will be planted by them tomorrow.
现在进行时 am/is/are + being done She is watering the flowers. The flowers are being watered by her.
现在完成时 have/has + been done Jim has finished the work. The work has been finished by Jim.
Summary
时态 被动语态的构成 例句
一般过去时 was / were +过去分词 I was invited to the talk show yesterday.
过去进行时 was / were + being +过去分词 The roads were being built when I passed by.
过去完成时 had been + 过去分词 All the tickets had been sold out before I arrived.
Summary
Do you have a friend or a classmate with whom you've
lost contact for long Write his / her name in the last circle of the following chart and write down your plan to get in touch with him / her.
How many steps might you
take to reach him / her
Try to use past passive in
your writing.
Homework