Unit 10 Connections Lesson 1 How Closely Connected Are We?课件（共31张） 2024-2025学年高二英语北师版（2019）选择性必修4

(共31张PPT)
Unit 10
Connections
Lesson 1
How Closely Connected Are We
By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:
1. Understand and describe what the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory is;
2. Retell the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory.
3. Be able to master new words and use the following words and phrases: refer to ; impression ; be based on ;
Learning objectives
Example:
I have … contacts on social media. I regularly communicate with … people.
How many contacts do you have on social media How many people do you regularly communicate with
Lead-in
Six Degrees of Separation
六度分隔，又称为“小世界现象”。大意是说，任何两个素不相识的人中间最多只隔着六层关联，即只需要不超过五个人就可以将两个陌生人联系在一起。
Look at the picture and talk about the theory “Six Degrees of Separation”.
Pre-reading
Read the article quickly and find out the main idea.
Read And Explore: Skimming
How to get the
main idea quickly
first & last para.
first sentence of each para.
title
This article introduces what the theory of “Six Degrees Separation” is and how it develops.
What is the writing style of the text
A. Narrative（叙述文） B. Practical writing （应用文）
C. Argumentation （论说文） D. Exposition （说明文）
While-reading
Read And Explore: Scanning
Read the first two paragraphs:
1. What does “Six Degrees of Separation” theory mean
2. When was the concept first talked about
3. Who introduced the theory
It means any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people. In the 1920s,
The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy invented this theory.
Do you believe Six Degrees of Separation
Read And Explore: Scanning
Read the article and find out about the development of the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory. Take notes in the table below.
1967 Mid-1990s 2003 2011
Who
How
Findings/results
How-
He chose a random sample of people in the middle of America and asked them to _________________to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.
Who-
Stanley Milgram
In 1967
Findings/Results-
It only took between ______________people to get the parcels delivered.
send packages
five and seven
Text builder—How Closely Connected Are We
Examples to prove the theory
Line21: “small-world problem”
How-
They _________ a game, the idea of which was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon through _______________six links.
Who-
Two college students in the United States
In the mid-1990s
Findings/Results-
The game __________________ in universities across the United States.
invented
no more than
was being played
Text builder—How Closely Connected Are We
Examples to prove the theory
How-
Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram’s experiment on the Internet. It involved 24, 163 email chains with __________________ in 13 different countries.
Who-
Columbia University
In 2003
Findings/Results-
It ____________ that the average number of links in the chain was ____.
18 target people
confirmed
Text builder—How Closely Connected Are We
Examples to prove the theory
six
Line 51: “ Columbia Small-world Project”
How-
The experiment analysed the relationship between 721 million ______________ users.
Who-
the University of Milan
In 2011
Findings/Results-
92% were __________ by only four stages, or five degrees of separation.
social media
connected
Text builder—How Closely Connected Are We
Examples to prove the theory
six four /five degrees of separation.
In the mid-1990s
How Closely Connected Are We
In 1967
Text builder—How Closely Connected Are We
In 2011
In 2003
Examples to prove the theory
Introduction
Conclusion
The theory “Six Degrees of Separation” was first talked about in the 1920s.
People are closely connected.
A person can be connected to anyone through no more than five other people according to the theory.
Read the article again. Answer the questions.
1. When did the term “Six Degrees of Separation”first appeared
2. What happened in the 1950s
It first appeared in the 1920s.
In the 1950s, an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically.
3. What did Stanley Milgram do
4. What information of the stranger did the people get before they sent the packages in the Stanley Milgram’s test
He tried using a new method to test the theory, which he called “small-world problem”.
They only knew the name, job and general location of the stranger.
5. How many people did it take for the parcel to
reach the right person in Milgram’s experiment
6. How did the theory influence the entertainment industry
It only took between five and seven people for the parcel to reach the right person in the experiment.
First, its name was used as the title of a play and a film. Then, more films and TV programmes were produced and broadcast on the basis of the concept.
7. What is the “Columbia Small-world Project”
8. What was the result of Columbia University’s experiment
Columbia University recreated Milgram’s experiment on the Internet in 2003, which was known as the “Columbia Small-world Project”.
The average number of links in the email chain was six.
9. What was the result of the University of Milan’s research
Of the 721 million social media users, 92% need only go through four stages (i.e. five degrees of separation) to establish a connection.
Talk about how the theory developed based on your notes.
Frigyes Karinthy
Find out how the author organises the passage.
作者采用时间顺序来向读者介绍了著名的“六度分隔”理论的发展史。作者通过正确运用时态以及时间状语、时间名词等来按照客观事件的先后顺序进行叙述。本文中作者在介绍“六度分隔”理论的发展时，主要使用了一般过去时。同时，文中还有大量的表示时间的表达， in the 1920s、in 1929、In the 1950s 、after twenty years、in 1967、In the last few decades、In the mid-1990s、In 2003、in 2011 等。
Post-reading
Learn some background information about the theory “Six Degrees of Separation”.
Stanley Milgram
斯坦利·米尔格兰姆（1933-1984），美国社会心理学家。1967年，他根据“六度分隔”进行了一次名为“小世界”的连锁信实验，该实验发现一封信函平均经受五位陌生人即可到达目标收件人手中。该实验结果于1967年发表。
the Oscar-winning film Babel
奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》。该影片讲述的是四个不同国家、不同种族、不同语言的家庭，在短短11天内历经各种不幸，而所有的不幸几乎都源于沟通不畅。《通天塔》体现了六度分隔理论。
Columbia Small-world Project
哥伦比亚小世界项目。2001年秋，在美国哥伦比亚大学社会学系任教的沃茨博士组建了一个研究小组，采用转发邮件的方式在更大范围内验证六度分隔现象。实验对邮件的转发次数进行统计，发现每封邮件平均转发5到7次，即可到达目标。
Group Work Read the article again. Take turns to explain the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory. Use the diagram to help you
Read And Explore
Group Work
1. Why did Milgram and Columbia University both label their experiments “Small-world”
2. Why do you think people study how people are connected
Because they believed that any person on Earth could be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.
In this sense the world is small.
Probably people want to study the structures of human society, the rules of human social activities, and how people are connected with each other.
Think and Share
1. In 1967, a __________ Stanley Milgram did an experiment to find out how many degrees of separation there were between strangers in different parts of American.
2. All of the _________ in Milgram’s experiment were delivered to the right people after passing through the hands of between five and seven people.
3. The results of Milgram’s experiment _____________ in the magazine Psychology Today.
4. The result of the “Columbia Small-world Project” confirmed that the average number of links in the ________ was six.
5. People doing experiments into “Six Degrees of Separation” usually choose a _______ sample of people to take part to make the results more reliable.
6. Recently, creating and growing your social _______ has become more important than ever before due to the growth of social media.
sociologist
packages
were published
chain
random
network
random sociologist network publish package chain
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words.
1. refer to ；指的是，提及，谈到；查阅，参考； 涉及，关于
教材原句p.8 “Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that...“六度分隔”理论说的是……
搭配：refer to...as... 称……为……
He likes to be referred to as “Doctor Khee”. 他喜欢别人叫他“基博士”。
The figures refer to our sales in Europe. 这些数字涉及我们在欧洲的销售额。
【归纳拓展】
refer to/turn to/consult the dictionary 查词典
look up...in the dictionary 在词典中查阅……
写出 refer to 在句中的含义
（1） I was not referring to her when I said so.
（2） Now that the boy has been punished，please don’t refer to that matter again. 　　　　
（3） The teacher asked us not to refer to our books or dictionaries when we were in the exam. 　　　　
不要老是查词典，你要学会猜测生词在文章中的含义。
（4） Don’t always 　　　 　 　　　　 　 　　　　 　 　　　　 　；you should learn to guess the meaning of the new words in the passage.
（5） Don’t always 　 　　　　 　 　　　　 　；you should learn to guess the meaning of the new words in the passage.
指的是　
提及　
查阅，参考
refer to the dictionary/turn to the dictionary
look up the new words in the dictionary
2 impression n. 印象，感想；印记
教材原句 p.8 ...his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks.
……许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。
搭配： get/have a good/bad impression of 对……的印象好/不好
leave/make a（n）...impression on sb 给某人留下……的印象
【归纳拓展】 impress v. 使留下深刻印象； 使意识到（重要性或严肃性等）
impress sb with sth 某事物给某人留下深刻印象
impress sth on sb 使某人意识到某事的重要性
be impressed with/by 对……印象深刻
【词语积累】 impressive adj. 令人赞叹的，令人敬佩的
The way he dealt with the conflict with his colleague left a deep impression on me.
他处理与同事冲突的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。
We were impressed with your positive attitude. 你乐观的态度给我们留下了深刻的印象。
He impressed on us the need for immediate action. 他让我们认识到立刻采取行动的必要性。
单句语法填空
（1） The splendid scenery left a deep impression 　　 us.
（2） Father impressed 　　　 me the value of hard work.
（3） The historical architecture of London attracts visitors from all over the world，and leaves a deep 　　　　 　（impress）on them.
on 　
on　
impression 　
（4）The most 　　　　 　（impress） memory of my high school life is the constant encouragement from my English teacher.
完成句子
（5） As a candidate，you must ______________________________ 　 　　　　　　　（给……留下好印象）everyone you meet if you want to win the election.
（6） We 　　　　 　　　　 　（对……印象深刻） the enjoyable experience in the countryside.
impression 　
leave/ make a good impression on 　
were impressed with/by
3 be based on 基于，以……为根据；在……基础上
教材原句p.9 For example，the Oscar-winning film Babel is based on the concept of “Six Degrees of Separation”. 例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。
In my diary，I set down a series of things that was based on facts.
在我的日记里，我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。
【归纳拓展】 base...on/upon... 使……以……为基础/ 根据
at the base of... 在……底部
单句语法填空
（1） The research group produced two reports 　　 　（base）on the survey，but neither contained any useful suggestions.
（2） 　　　 　（base）on a true story，the film attracts many people，whether they are old or young.
（3） 　　　　 　（base）an important decision more on emotion than on reason，you will regret it sooner or later.
完成句子
（4） The new film 　　　　　　 （以……为根据） a true incident.
（5） The report 　　　　　　　　 　　（以数据为根据） from six countries.
based
Based
Basing
is based on
is based on the data
4. 教材原句p.8 “Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.“六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外五个人的联结与其他任何一个人联系起来。
【句式分析】that引导同位语从句，解释说明the theory的具体内容。
在复合句中，充当同位语成分的从句称为同位语从句。由that 或wh- 类连接词引导，常放在 doubt，fact，news，idea，truth，hope， problem，information，impression，thought 等抽象名词后，解释说明该名词的具体内容。
He left the first impression to us that he was not only handsome but also reliable.
他给我们的第一印象是他不仅英俊而且可靠。
单句语法填空
（1） The manager put forward a suggestion 　　　　 　 we should have an assistant. There was too much work to do.
（2） There’s a tradition in our office 　　　　 　 when it’s somebody’s birthday，they bring in a cake for us all to share.
（3） I have no idea 　　　the cell phone isn’t working，so could you fix it for me
（4） The hope 　　　　 　 they expressed is that they would go to visit that country again.
（5）［2020·北京卷］But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact 　　　　 　 we will be able to build these systems.
that 　
that
why 　
that/which
that
Discuss and decide what experiment you can carry out to find out how many degrees of separation there are between people who don’t know each other.
Consider:
How many people will participate in the experiment
How will you find out the results of the experiment
Homework