Unit 2 Building the future
一、 单词学记
(一) 英汉对记(20组)
1. graze vi. (在草地上)吃青草
vt. 放牧,放牛,放羊;(在草地上)吃青草(16)
2. scenario n. (pl. scenarios) 设想,方案,预测;(电影或戏剧的)剧情梗概(16)
3. fossil n. 化石(16)
4. dioxide n. 二氧化物(16)
5. biomass n. 生物质;生物量(16)
6. geothermal adj. 地热的(16)
7. turbine n. 涡轮机,汽轮机(17)
8. grid n. 系统网络,输电网,煤气输送网;网格,方格;格子,格栅,栅栏(17)
9. tonne n. 吨(等于 1 000 公斤)(19)
10. ingest vt. 摄入,食入,咽下(20)
11. compost n. 混合肥料,堆肥
vt. 把……制成堆肥;施堆肥于(21)
12. dough n. (用于制面包和糕点的)生面团(21)
13. oven n. 烤箱,烤炉(21)
14. hoe vt. & vi. 用锄头锄地(或除草)
n. 锄头(23)
15. tide n. 潮,潮汐,潮水;潮流,趋势;怒潮;高涨的情绪(25)
16. vanish vi. 不复存在,消亡,绝迹;突然消失(25)
17. dump vt. (尤指在不合适的地方)丢弃,扔掉,倾倒;丢下,抛弃
n. 垃圾场,废物堆(25)
18. cyclone n. 气旋,旋风(26)
19. surge n. 奔涌向前,突然的向上运动;(强烈感情的)突发;(数量的)急剧上升,激增
vi. 涌,汹涌;使强烈地感到;急剧上升,飞涨(26)
20. mangrove n. 红树林植物(26)
(二) 拓展倍记(35组)
1. economy n. 经济;经济情况;节约;节省;节俭(15)→economic adj. 经济的;经济上的;经济学的;有利可图的;可赚钱的;合算的(16)→economical adj. 经济的;实惠的;节俭的;简洁的;精打细算的;省钱的
2. renewable adj. 可更新的;可再生的;(合同、票等)可展期的;可续订的(15)→renew vt. 更新;重申;重新开始;中止后继续;使继续有效;延长……的期限
3. global adj. 全球的;全世界的;整体的;全面的;总括的(15)→globally adv. 全球地(9)→globe n. 地球,世界(尤用以强调其大);地球仪;球体;球状物(5)
4. sustainable adj. 可持续的;(对自然资源和能源的利用)不破坏生态平衡的,合理利用的(15)→sustain vt. 维持(生命、生存);遭受;蒙受;使保持;使稳定持续(25)→sustainability n. 可持续性(15)
5. access n. 通道;通路;入径;(使用或见到的)机会,权利 vt. 访问,存取(计算机文件);到达;进入;使用(16)→accessible adj. 可到达的;可接近的;可进入的;可使用的;易懂的;易相处的(31)→inaccessible adj. 难以达到的;不可得到的→accessibility n. 可达(及)性,可(易)接近性;可访问性
6. deserted adj. 被遗弃的;无人居住的;空寂无人的(16)→desert vt. & vi. 抛弃,离弃,遗弃(某人);舍弃,离弃(某地方);擅离(部队);逃走;开小差 n. 沙漠;荒漠(35)→deserter n. 逃兵;开小差的人
7. enormous adj. 巨大的;庞大的;极大的(16)→enormously adv. 非常;极其
8. inevitable adj. 不可避免的,不能防止的;总会发生的,照例必有的,惯常的(16)→evitable adj. 可以避免的
9. hydroelectric adj. 使用水力发电的,水力产生的(16)→hydroelectricity n. 水电;水力(发的)电
10. alternative adj. 可供替代的;另类的;非传统的 n. 可供选择的事物(16)→alternate n. 候补者;代替者;代理人 vt. & vi. 使交替;使轮流 adj. 交替的;轮流的;间隔的;每隔(……天等)的
11. emit vt. 发出,射出,散发(16)→emission n. (光、热、气等的)发出,射出,排放;排放物;散发物(16)
12. inexhaustible adj. 用之不竭的,无穷无尽的(16)→exhaust vt. 使筋疲力尽;花光;耗尽;详尽讨论(或研究) n. (车辆、发动机或机器排出的)废气;排气管→exhausted adj. 筋疲力尽的;耗尽的;枯竭的→exhausting adj. 使人筋疲力尽的→exhaustion n. 筋疲力尽;耗尽;枯竭→exhaustive adj. 详尽的;彻底的;全面的
13. integrate vt. & vi. (使)合并,成为一体;(使)加入,融入群体(16)→integrated adj. 综合的;各部分密切协调的;完整统一的(45)→integration n. 结合;整合;混合;融合
14. infrastructure n. (国家或机构的)基础设施,基础建设(16)→infrastructural adj. 基础结构的;基础建设的
15. revolution n. 革命;巨变;大变革 (16)→revolutionize vt. 彻底改变;完成变革(9)→revolutionary adj. 革命的;彻底变革的;巨变的(19)
16. store n. (大型)百货商店;商店;店铺;贮存物;备用物;商品,物品;仓库 vt. 贮存;贮藏;保存;(在计算机里)存储;记忆(17)→storage n. 存储(方式);贮存,贮藏(空间)
17. consumption n. (能量、食物或材料的)消耗,消耗量;消费(17)→consume vt. 消耗,耗费(燃料、能量、时间等);吃;喝;饮;使充满(强烈的感情);烧毁(19)
18. capacity n. 容量;容积;容纳能力;领悟(或理解、办事)能力(17)→capacious adj. 容量大的;容积大的;宽敞的→capable adj. 有能力的;足以胜任的→capability n. 能力;才能
19. deplete vt. 耗尽,使枯竭(19)→depletion n. 耗损,耗尽
20. accelerate vt. 使加速,使加快 vi. 加速,加快 (19)→accelerator n. (汽车等的)加速装置,油门;加速器→acceleration n. 加速;(车辆)加速能力,加速的幅度→decelerate vi. & vt. (使)减速行驶;(使)减缓,变慢
21. optimize (BrE also optimise) vt. 使最优化,充分利用;优化(数据、软件等)(19)→optimism n. 乐观主义;乐观→optimist n. 乐观的人;乐天派→optimistic adj. 乐观的
22. implement vt. 使生效,贯彻,执行,实施(19)→implementation n. 实施;执行
23. decomposition n. 分解(20)→decompose vt. & vi. (使)分解;腐烂(21)
24. degrade vt. 降低,削弱(尤指质量);使退化,使降解;降低……的身份,侮辱……的人格,使受屈辱 vi. 退化,降解,分解(20)→degraded adj. 被降级的;被免职的;堕落的;退化的
25. contain vt. 包含;含有;容纳;控制,抑制(感情);防止……蔓延(20)→container n. 容器;集装箱;货柜(26)
26. solution n. 解决办法;处理手段;答案;谜底;溶液(21)→solve vt. 解决;处理;解答;破解(3)
27. option n. 选择;选择的自由;选修课(21)→opt vi. & vt. 选择;挑选→optional adj. 可选择的;选修的
28. scatter vt. & vi. 撒,撒播;散开,四散(25)→scattered adj. 分散的;零散的;疏落的
29. storm n. 暴风雨;和风暴有关的恶劣天气;(群情迸发的)浪潮;暴风雨般的声音,轰鸣 vt. & vi. 突袭;攻占;气呼呼地疾走;闯;冲;怒吼;大发雷霆(25)→stormy adj. 有暴风雨(或暴风雪)的;群情激愤的;激烈争吵的
30. seep vi. (尤指液体)渗,渗透(25)→seepage n. 渗;渗透;渗液
31. interfere vt. 干涉;干预;介入(25)→interference n. (无线电信号的)干扰;干涉;干预;介入→interfering adj. 干涉他人私生活的;管闲事的
32. tropical adj. 热带的,来自热带的,产于热带的(26)→tropic n. 回归线;(the tropics)热带;热带地区
33. frequently adv. 频繁地;经常(26)→frequent adj. 频繁的;经常发生的→frequency n. 频率;频繁;发生率;出现率
34. refuge n. 庇护,避难;收容所,避难所;庇护者,慰藉(26)→refugee n. 避难者;逃亡者;难民(34)
35. occur vi. 发生;出现;存在于;出现在(27)→occurrence n. 发生的事情;存在的事物;发生;出现;存在→occurrent adj. 目前正在发生的;偶然发生的
(三) 合成并记(6组)
1. titanic sized adj. 巨型的(16)
2. kilowatt hour (abbr. kWh) n. 千瓦时(16)
3. landfill n. 垃圾填埋地(或场);垃圾填埋;填埋的垃圾(21)
4. safeguard vt. & vi. 保护,保障,捍卫(23)
5. leftover n. 吃剩的食物,残羹剩饭;遗留物,残存物
adj. 剩下的,多余的(23)
6. pineapple n. 菠萝,凤梨(26)
(四) 短语强记(4组)
1. dry up 枯竭,耗尽;干涸(16)
2. open the door to 为……提供达到目的的手段,为……创造机会(17)
3. wind up 以……告终(或终结)(21)
4. in hot water 陷入困境(25)
(五) 重点例释(13组)
1. scenario n. (pl. scenarios) 设想,方案,预测;(电影或戏剧的) 剧情梗概
(1) scene n. (戏剧或歌剧的)场;事件;场面;情景;景色;(尤指不愉快事件发生的)地点,现场
(2) the scene of the accident/attack/crime 事故/袭击/犯罪现场
(3) behind the scenes 在后台;在幕后;秘密地;背地里
(4) scenery n. 风景;景色;风光
【辨析】scene、scenery
*scene是可数名词,通常指一片“景色”,一处“风光”,舞台的一幕“布景”等;或用于指戏剧、电影等中的“一场”或“一段情节”;或用于指故事、事件等发生的“地点,场所”。
*scenery是集合名词,为不可数名词,通常指某一国家或地区的整个自然“景色”,而不是个别的、局部的风景;或指“舞台(全堂的)布景”。
①Let me suggest a possible scenario.
我来设想一种可能出现的情况。
②In the worst case scenario,more than ten thousand people might be affected.
在最坏的情况下,有一万多人可能会受到影响。
③Mary was only in one scene of the play, but she stole the show from stars.
玛丽只演了一幕戏,但她抢尽了其他主演的风头。
④The night scene in Honolulu was quite fantastic.
檀香山的夜景绝佳。
⑤I like mountain scenery very much.
我很喜欢山景。
⑥What beautiful scenery!
真是风景如画!
2. dry up 枯竭,耗尽;干涸
(1) dry vi. & vt. (把……)弄干;(使)变干 adj. 干的;干燥的;干旱的
(2) dry (sb/sth) off (使)变干;弄干
(3) dry (sth) out (使)变干,干透
①If you ask her what she's good at, she will dry up after two minutes.
如果你问她擅长什么,两分钟后她就没话说了。
②Dry your hands.
把你的手擦干。
③The wells in most villages in the region have run dry.
这个地区多数村庄的水井已经干涸了。
④We dried our boots off by the fire.
我们把靴子放在火旁烘干。
⑤Hot sun and cold winds can soon dry out your skin.
火辣辣的太阳和寒风可使你的皮肤很快变干燥。
3. inexhaustible adj. 用之不竭的,无穷无尽的
(1) suffer from physical/mental/nervous exhaustion 遭受身体/精神/神经衰弱
(2) exhaustive research/tests 彻底的探究/检查
①The profound cultural psychology of these poems becomes inexhaustible cultural resources of modern people.
这些诗所积淀的深厚的文化心理,成为现代人取之不尽的文化资源。
②Within three days they had exhausted their supply of food.
他们在三天之内就把所供粮食吃光了。
③Even a short walk exhausted her.
即使走一小段路,她也疲惫不堪。
④It also worsens exhaustion.
它也会加剧疲惫感。
⑤It has been an exhausting day—I could hardly have a sip of water.
真是筋疲力尽的一天——我几乎一口水都没喝上。
⑥This is by no means an exhaustive list but it gives an indication of the many projects taking place.
这绝不是份详尽无遗的清单,但它显示出很多正在进行的项目。
4. open the door to 为……提供达到目的的手段,为……创造机会
(1) opening n. 开放;开端;开幕式
(2) open fields 空旷的田野
(3) an open market 公开市场;自由市场
(4) an open shirt 宽松的恤衫
(5) an open mind 豁达的心胸
(6) an open secret 公开的秘密
(7) keep your ears/eyes open (for sth) (对……)保持警觉;注意;留心
(8) have/keep an open mind (about/on) sth 愿意聆听(或接受)意见;(对……)不怀成见;思想开明
(9) open up 打开;开张;开业;营业;直抒胸臆;畅所欲言
①The agreement will open the door to increased international trade.
此协议将会提供增加国际贸易的机会。
②The museum is open to foreign visitors.
博物馆对外宾开放。
③As the market opens up, I think people are going to be able to spend more money on consumer goods.
随着市场的放开,我认为人们将能够在消费品上花更多的钱。
④The government is going to open up new areas of industry to provide employment.
政府将开发新的工业区以提供就业机会。
⑤The opening of this book is not very good.
这本书的开头不够精彩。
5. accelerate vt. 使加速,使加快 vi. 加速,加快
①Suddenly the car accelerated.
汽车突然加速。
②The bad weather accelerated our departure.
坏天气促使我们提前离开。
③He eased his foot off the accelerator.
他把脚从油门上松开。
④Economic growth decelerated sharply in June.
六月份经济增长大幅减缓。
6. optimize (BrE also optimise) vt. 使最优化,充分利用;优化(数据、软件等)
(1) optimistic/pessimistic adj. 乐观/悲观的;乐观/悲观主义的
(2) optimism/pessimism n. 乐观/悲观;乐观/悲观主义
(3) optimist/pessimist n. 乐观/悲观主义者
①Doctors are concentrating on understanding the disease better, and on optimizing the treatment.
医生正致力于更好地了解这种疾病,并完善治疗方案。
②He was always optimistic, even when things were at their worst.
即使在情况最糟糕的时候他也总是很乐观。
③Not everyone is so pessimistic about the future.
不是每个人都对未来如此悲观。
④Optimism was gradually taking the place of pessimism.
乐观情绪逐渐取代了悲观情绪。
7. decomposition n. 分解
(1) composition n. 成分;构成;作文;作品;作曲
(2) compose vt. & vi. 组成,构成(一个整体);撰写(信函、讲稿、诗歌等);使镇静;创作(音乐);作曲
(3) be composed of 由……组成
(4) compose oneself 使自己镇定下来
①Decomposition is the process of decay that takes place when a living thing changes chemically after dying.
分解指的是生物在死后发生化学变化腐败的过程。
②The teacher told the student to write a composition about his holiday.
老师叫这个学生写一篇关于他的假期的作文。
③He taught the piano, the organ and composition.
他教授钢琴、管风琴和作曲。
④The expert points out the phenomenon that cream goes bad faster than butter comes down to its structure rather than its chemical composition.
专家指出,奶油变质的速度快于黄油的这种现象,归根结底是因为它的结构,而不是它的化学成分。
⑤Ten men compose the committee.
=The committee is composed of ten men.
委员会由十名男性组成。
⑥Emma frowned, making an effort to compose herself.
艾玛皱起了眉头,努力使自己镇静下来。
⑦I was so confused that I could hardly compose my thoughts.
我心烦意乱,难以镇定思绪。
8. degrade vt. 降低,削弱(尤指质量);使退化,使降解;降低……的身份,侮辱……的人格,使受屈辱 vi. 退化,降解,分解
(1) degraded adj. 被降级的;被免职的;堕落的;退化的
(2) degrading adj. 有辱人格的;降低身份的;贬低的
(3) degradation n. 堕落;落魄,潦倒(的境况);毁坏,恶化(过程)
(4) environmental degradation 环境恶化
①For some reason our balancing reflexes degrade with age.
由于某种原因,我们的平衡反射随着年龄的增长而退化。
②This substance degrades rapidly in the soil.
这种物质在土壤里会迅速降解。
③The major was degraded for disobeying orders.
这个少校因不服从命令而被降级。
④The defence lawyers claimed that the prisoners had been subjected to cruel and degrading treatment.
辩护律师声称囚犯遭到了残暴和侮辱性的对待。
⑤Some people look upon labour as degrading.
有些人把劳动看作是有辱人格的事情。
⑥There are serious problems of land degradation in some arid zones.
在一些干旱地带存在严重的土地退化问题。
9. wind up 以……告终(或终结)
(1) wind vi. & vt. (wound, wound) 缠绕;倒(磁带、胶卷等);转动(把手);蜿蜒;曲折而行 n. 风
(2) wind one's way 蜿蜒前进
(3) wind/wrap/twist sb around your little finger 任意摆布某人
(4) get wind of sth 听到……的风声;获悉……的秘密消息
(5) in the wind 即将发生;在酝酿中
(6) like the wind 一阵风似的(地);飞快地
①He forgot to wind up the clock.
他忘了给钟上发条。
②He started winding the car window up but I grabbed the door and opened it.
他开始摇上车窗,但我一把抓住并拉开了车门。
③Despite the wind and the rain, I still enjoy working outside.
尽管风吹雨打,我仍然喜欢在室外工作。
④She asked me to wind the wool for her.
她叫我帮她绕毛线。
⑤He wound the tape back to the beginning.
他把磁带倒到了开头。
⑥The river winds to the sea.
那条河蜿蜒地流入大海。
10. landfill n. 垃圾填埋地(或场);垃圾填埋;填埋的垃圾
(1) land n. 陆地;土地;国家,地区 vi. & vt. 降落;着陆;成功得到,赢得,捞到(尤指许多人想得到的工作)
(2) by land 走陆路
(3) land a job 获得一份工作
(4) land (sb) in sth 使(某人)陷入困境
(5) fill vt. & vi. 装满,填满;(使)充满(感情)
(6) be filled with 充满
(7) fill in 填塞,填平(缝隙或孔洞);填写(表格等);涂满,填充(图形)
(8) fill out 填写(表格等);(很瘦的人)发胖,长胖
(9) fill up 挤满;加满
①The map shows the position of the new landfills.
这张地图上标有新的废物填埋场的位置。
②I came here by land.
我是经陆路来的。
③With Chang'e 3 successfully landing, China becomes the third country in the world that has landed on the moon.
随着嫦娥三号的成功着陆,中国成为世界上第三个登上月球的国家。
④The best way to land an informational interview is via a personal connection.
获得信息性面试机会的最好办法是通过熟人介绍。
⑤He filled his pockets with chestnuts.
他在口袋里装满栗子。
⑥The rainforest is an amazing place, filled with plants and animals that aren't found anywhere else in the world.
热带雨林是一个令人惊奇的地方,充满了世界上其他地方找不到的动植物。
⑦She gave me a form and told me to fill it in.
她给了我一份表格让我填写。
⑧If you leave this application form and go to another website, you will lose whatever you have already filled out on this form.
如果你离开这个申请表(所在的页面)去另一个网站,你将会丢失你已经在表格上填好的内容。
11. safeguard vt. & vi. 保护,保障,捍卫
(1) safe adj. 处境(或情况)安全的;不损害健康的;未受伤害的;无危险的;谨慎的
(2) safe and sound 平安无事,安然无恙
(3) (had) better play it safe 最好谨慎行事;为了安全起见
(4) unsafe adj. 不安全的;危险的;身处险境的
【辨析】safe、secure
*safe指不会对身体造成伤害和损坏的;或指没有丢失、受伤等危险,此时不能做定语。
*secure指因受到保护而不会遭受损害、袭击等的,有可以不必担心和害怕的意味,后常接介词against/from。
①The new card will safeguard the company against fraud.
新卡将保护公司免遭诈骗。
②The leaflet explains how to safeguard against dangers at home.
小册子告诉人们在家里如何防备危险。
③He is a very safe driver.
他开车很谨慎。
④We got there safe and sound in the end.
我们最终安然无恙地到了那儿。
⑤—I'd like to quit my job and start my own business.
—You don't have a good knowledge of the market. Better play it safe.
——我想辞职并创业。
——你对市场还不够了解,最好谨慎行事。
⑥It's not safe to go out alone at night.
夜晚独自出门不安全。
⑦She felt quite secure with her husband beside her.
丈夫在身边时,她感到很安全。
12. leftover n. 吃剩的食物,残羹剩饭;遗留物,残存物 adj. 剩下的,多余的
(1) leave vi. & vt. (left, left) 离开;遗弃,丢弃;留下,忘带;把……留给,委托;使……处于……状态;剩下 n. 休假,假期;准许,许可
(2) leave sb to do sth 要某人去做某事
(3) leave sb doing sth 使某人处于做某事的状态
(4) leave sth for sb/leave sb sth 给某人留下某物
(5) leave sth to/with sb 把某物委托给某人
(6) leave alone 丢下不管;不理会
(7) leave sth aside 不予考虑;搁置一边
(8) leave out 不包括;不提及
(9) be left out 遭冷落
(10) leave sb/sth behind 把……抛在后面;超过
(11) leave off 停止;中断
(12) leave for 动身去
①She produced a delicious meal out of a few leftovers.
她用剩下的几样东西烹制出了一顿美味的饭菜。
②What will you do with the leftover food
吃剩的食物怎么办?
③My boss always found fault with me, which was why I decided to leave the company.
我的老板总是对我吹毛求疵,这就是我决定离开公司的原因。
④She left a letter for us.
她给我们留下一封信。
⑤Did you leave the window open
你让窗户开着的吗?
⑥Such a man as leaves his work half done is not reliable.
这种做事半途而废的人是不可靠的。
⑦He left me to wash the clothes.
他让我去洗衣服。
⑧His letter left me feeling pretty bad.
他的信让我感到很难受。
⑨They left me no food.
=They left no food for me.
他们没有给我留食物。
⑩We are leaving for Beijing soon.
我们不久要去北京。
We're going to be left behind by the rest of the world.
我们将被全世界甩在后面。
13. in hot water 陷入困境
(1) water n. 水;大片的水,(尤指)江,河,湖,海;(某一江、河、湖、海的)水域;(某个国家的)领海 vt. & vi. 给……浇水;给……水喝;给(某地)供水;给……加水;充满眼泪;流口水
(2) by water 乘船;走水路
(3) like water 大量地
(4) dead in the water (人或计划)失败,无成功希望
(5) in deep water(s) 在困境中;在危难中
(6) a fish out of water 离水之鱼;在陌生环境不得其所的人
(7) pour/throw cold water on sth 泼冷水;批评;责备
①The company has already been in hot water over high prices this year.
该公司今年已陷入了高价的困境中。
②Water boils at 100℃.
水在100摄氏度时沸腾。
③The waters of the Nile flow out into the sea there.
尼罗河各水域在那里注入大海。
④You can water the flowers every three days.
你可以每三天给花浇一次水。
⑤They stopped to water the horses.
他们停下来让马饮水。
⑥The smells from the kitchen made our mouths water.
厨房里的香味馋得我们直流口水。
⑦The smoke made my eyes water.
烟熏得我直流眼泪。
⑧He spends money like water.
他挥霍无度。
⑨His leadership campaign is dead in the water.
他参加领导层竞选无望成功。
⑩I'm afraid he's in deep water. He hasn't paid his income tax and he's spent all his money.
恐怕他的处境困难,他还没有缴纳所得税,而且把钱都花光了。
二、 短语扩充
(一) 英汉对记(49组)
1. a village surrounded by fertile fields(P16) 一个被肥沃的土地包围的村庄
2. below a mighty mountain 在雄伟的山下
3. titanic sized earth digging machines 巨大的挖土机
4. a temporary economic boom 暂时的经济繁荣
5. cut through everything 切断一切
6. a deserted village 荒凉的村庄
7. a large quantity of carbon dioxide 大量的二氧化碳
8. cause global warming 导致全球变暖
9. face a critical moment 面临关键时刻
10. renewable energy 可再生能源
11. perfect alternatives to fossil fuels 化石燃料的完美替代品
12. in contrast 相比之下
13. a low carbon future 低碳未来
14. be integrated into infrastructures 融入基础设施
15. power supply systems 供电系统
16. the renewable energy revolution 可再生能源革命
17. power electric vehicles(P17) 电动汽车
18. account for more than 20 per cent 占20%以上
19. total energy consumption 总能耗
20. have a storage capacity 有存储容量
21. for instance 例如
22. in outer space 在外层空间
23. solve the energy storage problem 解决能源存储问题
24. better still 更好地
25. highlight an enormous problem(P20) 突出了一个巨大的问题
26. pose serious threats 构成严重威胁
27. release poisonous chemicals 释放有毒化学物质
28. all sectors of society 社会各界
29. be popularized across the country(P23) 推广至全国
30. conscious practice 有意识的实践
31. safeguard food security 保障食品安全
32. promote the traditional virtues 弘扬传统美德
33. take up more room(P25) 占用更多空间
34. interfere with 干涉
35. natural reshaping processes 自然重塑过程
36. reduce freshwater reserves 减少淡水储备
37. give rise to landslides 引发山体滑坡
38. the annual tropical cyclones(P26) 一年一度的热带气旋
39. natural barriers 天然屏障
40. fight climate change 应对气候变化
41. by no means 绝不
42. take a lesson from the ocean 从海洋中吸取教训
43. work together as one 团结一致
44. noise pollution(P27) 噪声污染
45. harmful food production practices 有害的食品生产做法
46. poor access to renewable energy 可再生能源利用率低
47. ineffective urban planning 无效的城市规划
48. non sustainable business practices 不可持续的商业实践
49. create an imbalance in the ecosystem 在生态系统中造成不平衡
(二) 同词类记(2组)
● make(8)
1. make faces/a face 做鬼脸
2. make the bed 整理床铺
3. make a mistake 犯错误
4. make one's way 前进;成功
5. make a living 谋生
6. make fun of 取笑,嘲笑
7. make a contribution to … 为……做贡献
8. make ends meet 维持生计;收支平衡
● take(10)
1. take apart 分开;拆开
2. take away 拿走;消除
3. take back 撤销;收回
4. take down 取下;记录下来
5. take … for 当作;误认为
6. take in 收留;包括;吸收
7. take off 脱掉;起飞
8. take on 呈现出
9. take over 接任;接管
10. take up 从事;占用
三、 精选句型
1. There was once a village surrounded by fertile fields with farmers tending their crops and farm animals grazing lazily below a mighty mountain. (P16)
2. Besides, fossil fuels are non renewable, whose reserves are estimated to dry up one day in the future. (P16)
3. In contrast, renewable energy sources are basically inexhaustible and will be available to us for a few billion more years if our planet remains safe and healthy. (P16)
4. Renewable energy is now gradually being integrated into infrastructures, such as transport, communication and power supply systems. (P16)
5. China is one of the countries embracing the renewable energy revolution. (P16)
6. Over the past decade, China has been ahead in the development and application of clean energy technologies. (P17)
7. The truth is that producing power from renewable energy sources can be challenging. (P17)
8. Compared with common batteries, these thermal batteries are considerably cheaper, and have a longer life as well as a higher storage capacity. (P17)
9. A plastic bag was found lying at its bottom. (P20)
10. It is estimated that more than 1 million seabirds and 100,000 marine animals die from plastic pollution every year. (P20)
11. It appears that no living thing is safe from plastic pollution. (P20)
12. Strictly implementing the above measures would require cooperation and participation from all sectors of society. (P20)
13. When eating out, people are choosing to order according to their needs and pack up their leftovers. (P23)
14. The problem of food waste concerns us all, so ask yourself: am I part of the problem or the solution (P23)
15. In recent years, the people of these islands have noticed tides getting higher and storms getting worse. (P25)
16. Sadly, the fact is that the islands in the Pacific, especially low lying coral ones, are suffering the serious effects of global warming. (P25)
17. As global temperatures increase, so do sea levels. (P25)
18. Unfortunately, however, rising waves accelerate the process, and this certainly causes problems for anyone living on the side that is being washed away. (P25)
19. What is more, as the ocean warms, many coral reefs, which act as natural barriers and are home to a rich diversity of ocean species, are dying. (P26)
20. It is by no means easy as the ocean has been part of their lives for generations. (P26)
21. No matter what solutions the islanders develop, their islands are still in hot water. (P26)
22. If we need to tackle the problem of climate change, we will have to work together as one. (P26)
四、 语法指南
段落基本要素(The elements of a paragraph)
(一) 段落的定义
段落在文章内容中具有完整意义的外部表现形态,是文章结构的基本单位。段落通常由若干个对一个主要观点展开论述的相互关联的句子组成。但是,段落并不是句子的随意堆砌,更不能把意思上互不相关的句子堆砌在一起,句子内容之间应该具有连贯性和逻辑性。
(二) 段落的构成
1. 主题句(Topic sentence)
在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子,叫做主题句。关于某个主题的观点或态度为主题思想。主题句限定了在一个单独的段落中所允许讨论的内容。如:
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important boxing winners.
该句中gold是主题词,two important boxing winners 是表达主题思想的关键词。
(1) 主题句必须是一个完整的句子,包括:一个主语(主题词),一个谓语动词,常常还带有其他修饰语。
(2) 主题句由主题词和主题思想两部分构成。主题思想的表述内容应该限制或控制这个主题词,是能够展开叙述主题思想的一个词或一个短语,即关键词。
(3) 由于主题句仅仅提及主题思想,因此只是一种概括性陈述,而不提供具体的细节,它能被段落中其他句子解释、论证或分析。主题句应对该段内容进行适当概括和限制。主题句如果太笼统,就不能包含具体的思想和观点,由于内容太空泛而使读者很难确切地知道本段要谈论的内容;主题句如果太具体,读者就会发现作者对这段内容已无发挥、充实的余地,而无法将主题句展开。
(4) 主题句的位置:
①主题句通常位于段首,其优点是开门见山,一目了然。用演绎法写段落也称作“扩张法”,就是以概述主题为首,随之辅以细说,即用具体细节或事例来演绎或展开主题句中的主题思想。
②主题句有时也位于段落的中间。这种写作方法常用来比较或对比不同的对象。段中主题句起承上启下,使上下文平衡的作用。
③用归纳法写段落也称作“收拢法”,从细节出发,最后归纳到段落的中心论点。用此种方法写作时,主题句一般位于段落的末尾,它是依据上文的细节总结出的论点,起到画龙点睛的作用。
④有的段落中,主题句甚至不直接写出来,而是通过细节的陈述含蓄地表达出段落的主题思想,这需要读者自己意会。
⑤尽管主题句可以出现在段落中的任何位置,但对于英语写作的初学者来说,大多数情况下,宜采用段首主题句的方法进行写作练习,这便于扩展和限制全段的写作,是一种行之有效的方法。我们必须明确,无论主题句出现在段落的何处,都必须是段落内容的焦点,即必须涵盖段落其他句子所阐述的论点。
2. 支撑句(Supporting sentence)
支撑句也叫展开句或推展句。支撑句是主题句的延伸,是段落中对主题句进行具体论证的句子,即以具体的或真实的细节对段落主题进行阐述、说明、举证或引申,从而扩展、深化主题。学生在英语写作中存在的一个最大的问题是在文章中缺乏有条理性的信息来说明或支持段落主题。
(1) 要写好支撑句,必须注意所有支撑句的阐述都要与主题句密切相关。
(2) 要用有条理性的论证细节来说明主题思想,为了体现论证的条理性,可以用“大→中→小”和“具体→抽象”等方法展开论证。
(3) 为了保持句子之间的连贯性,支撑句之间应该添加过渡性成分(如:first of all、what's more、last but not least、on one hand、on the other hand等)体现其逻辑顺序。
(4) 两种保持段落连贯性的方法:
第一,记叙文或说明文按照一定的逻辑顺序排列句子,采用何种逻辑顺序应取决于文章的主体和写作目的。最常用的逻辑顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序和主次顺序。
第二,议论文用转承信号词表明一个意思是怎样与下一个意思相连的。转承词是用于指示写作方向的词语,告诉读者:作者在什么时候阐述一个相同的意思,什么时候阐述一个相反的意思,什么时候举例,什么时候给出结果或结论。因此运用转承词不仅能使行文连贯,而且能指导读者跟随作者的思路进行阅读,清楚地掌握文章的脉络。
3. 结尾句(Concluding sentence)
在段落中总结全段,升华主题,抒发作者感想的句子叫结尾句。一般来说,结尾句出现在段末,常常令人深思,给人启示。
(1) 使用表示段落结尾的转承信号词,如in conclusion、in summary、finally、in brief、in sum、to conclude、all in all、if从句、only引导的强调句等。
(2) 或者对段落要点加以总结,或者对主题加以评论,或者展望未来,以给读者留下深刻印象。
五、 话题写作
(一) 佳句积累
1. At present, fossil fuels still cannot be completely replaced. (被动语态)
2. We must maximize the role of ecological mechanisms and emphasize the use of renewable resources. (情态动词)
3. Though water is a renewable resource, we should still economize. (状语从句)
4. There are several reasons accounting for this problem. (分词做定语)
5. The main topics were the environment and the sustainable development. (简单句)
6. A national public campaign should be launched to give animals a good living environment. (动词不定式做目的状语)
7. In addition, the government should pass some firm laws to forbid overfishing. (连接词语)
8. The sustainable development refers to a mode of human development, in which resource use aims to meet human needs while ensuring the sustainability of natural systems and the environment, so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. (复合句)
(二) 佳作欣赏
假定你是李华,你的朋友Jack来信向你了解关于“充分利用资源,保持可持续发展”的话题,请你写一封回信,向他介绍你所了解到的知识。内容包括:
1. 资源种类;
2. 不同资源的特点;
3. 你对利用资源的态度。
注意:
1. 写作词数应为80左右;
2. 请按如下格式作答。
Dear Jack,
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
One possible version:
Dear_Jack,
There are many kinds of resources on the Earth, of which renewable and non renewable resources are very important.
Renewable resources can be used again and again. The energy resources from the sun, tides, water, wind and so on are renewable. Non renewable resources are limited in supply. Once used, they disappear forever. Many energy resources like coal, gas, and oil are all non renewable.
Humans need to take good care of the non renewable resources. Only with joint efforts and good cooperation from the world can we make good use of the resources and create a greener and healthier world with the sustainable development.
Yours,
Li_Hua