Unit 3 Helping people 知识清单（讲义） 2024-2025学年高二英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修2

Unit 3　Helping people
一、 单词学记
(一) 英汉对记(23组)
1. mourn vt. & vi. (因失去……而)哀悼，忧伤(30)
2. ash n. (pl.) 灰烬，废墟；灰(30)
3. utter adj. 完全的，十足的，彻底的(30)
4. litre (AmE liter) n. 升(30)
5. helmet n. 头盔，防护帽(33)
6. sacrifice n. 牺牲，舍弃；祭献，祭祀
vt. 牺牲，献出(33)
7. displace vt. 迫使(某人)离开家园；取代；移动，转移；撤职，免职(34)
8. flee vt. & vi. (fled, fled) 迅速离开，(尤指害怕有危险而)逃避，逃跑(34)
9. refugee n. 避难者，逃亡者，难民(34)
10. famine n. 饥荒(34)
11. chickpea n. 鹰嘴豆(34)
12. toll n. (道路、桥梁的)通行费；毁坏，伤亡人数；钟声(35)
13. hydroponics n. 水培，溶液栽培(35)
14. livestock n. 牲畜，家畜(35)
15. despair n. 绝望
vi. 绝望，失去希望，丧失信心(39)
16. drum n. 鼓
vi. 打鼓，击鼓(39)
17. gasp vi. & vt. 透不过气，气喘吁吁地说；喘气，喘息，倒抽气
n. 深吸气，喘息，倒抽气(39)
18. bump vi. & vt. 颠簸行进；(无意地)碰，撞；(尤指身体部位)碰上，撞上
n. 碰撞(声)，撞击(声)；肿块；隆起，凸块；轻微撞车事故(39)
19. tyre (AmE tire) n. 轮胎(39)
20. peer vi. 仔细看，端详
n. 身份(或地位)相同的人，同龄人，同辈(39)
21. soak vt. & vi. 使湿透，把……浸湿；浸泡，浸湿，浸透，湿透(40)
22. stumble vi. (不顺畅地)说，读，演奏；绊脚；跌跌撞撞地走，蹒跚而行(40)
23. ramp n. 斜坡，坡道；支路，匝道；活动梯，活动坡道(40)
(二) 拓展倍记(31组)
1. destroy vt. 摧毁；毁灭；破坏(30)→destruction n. 摧毁；毁灭；破坏(30)→destructive adj. 破坏(或毁灭)性的；引起破坏(或毁灭)的(11)
2. shatter vt. & vi. (使)破碎，破裂；(使感情、希望或信念等)粉碎，破灭，被粉碎，被破坏(30)→shattered adj. 非常惊愕难过的；遭受极大打击的；筋疲力尽的→shattering adj. 令人非常惊愕难过的；给人以极大打击的；非常响亮的
3. establish vt. 建立，创立，设立；使立足，使稳固(30)→establishment n. 机构，大型组织；建立，创立，确立(32)
4. representative n. 代表；销售代表；代表性人物，典型人物；(美国)众议院议员 adj. 典型的；有代表性的；代表各类人(或事物)的(30)→representation n. 表现；描述；描绘；表现形式；代表；陈述→represent vt. 代表；作为……的代言人；维护……的利益；作为……的象征；展示(9)
5. humanitarian adj. 人道主义的，慈善的(30)→humanitarianism n．人道主义；人道主义行为→humanity n. (统称)人，人类；人性；人道，仁慈；(pl. humanities)人文学科(30)→human n. 人 adj. 人的；显示人类特有弱点的；人本性的；有人情味的；通人情的(2)
6. fulfil (AmE fulfill)vt. 实现；履行，执行，符合，具备；起……作用，目的是；使有成就感，使满足(30)→fulfilment n. 履行；实现；完成；满足
7. benefit n. 成效；益处；优势；福利费；奖金；保险金 vt. 对(某人)有用；使受益 vi. 得益于(30)→beneficial adj. 有裨益的；有利的；有用的→beneficiary n. 受益者，受惠人；遗产继承人
8. cooperation n. 合作；协作；协助；配合(30)→cooperate vi. 合作；协作；协助；配合→cooperative adj. 合作的；同心协力的；配合的 n. 合作企业；合作社组织(71)
9. poverty n. 贫穷；贫困；贫乏；短缺；劣质(30)→poor adj. 贫穷的；可怜的；不幸的；令人同情的；劣质的；不擅长的；缺乏(2)→poorly adv. 糟糕地；不足 adj. 有病，不适
10. population n. 人口，人口数量(30)→populate vt. 居住于；生活于；构成……的人口；迁移；移居；殖民于→popularize vt. 宣传，推广；使普及(23)
11. recognize vt. 认出；认识；承认；辨别出；(正式)认可，接受；赞赏；正式向……致谢(30)→recognition n. 认出；认识；识别；承认；认可；赞誉；赏识；奖赏(50)
12. recommend vt. 推荐；举荐；介绍；劝告；建议 (30)→recommendable adj. 可取的；值得推荐的→recommendation n. 正式建议；提议；推荐；介绍；推荐信；求职介绍信
13. distressing adj. 使人痛苦的，令人苦恼的(31)→distress n. 忧虑；悲伤；痛苦；贫困；窘迫；困苦；(船、飞机等)遇难，遇险 vt. 使忧虑；使悲伤；使苦恼
14. prosperous adj. 繁荣的，成功的，兴旺的(31) →prosperity n. 兴旺；繁荣；成功；昌盛(89)
15. inadequate adj. 不充分的，不足的，不够的；不胜任的，缺乏信心的(31)→inadequacy n. 不充分，不足，不够；不胜任，缺乏信心；弱点→[反]adequate adj. 足够的；合格的→adequacy n. 足够；胜任
16. initiative n. 倡议；新方案；主动性；积极性；自发性；主动权(31)→initiate vt. 开始，发起，创始；使了解，传授；吸收 n. 新加入某组织(或机构、宗教)的人；新入会的人(24)→initial adj. 最初的；开始的；第一的 n. (名字的)首字母 vt. 用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于(7)
17. transform vt. 使改变形态；使改变外观(或性质)；使改观(31)→transformable adj. 可转化的；可变形的→transformation n. (彻底的)变化，改观，转变，改革
18. deploy vt. 部署，调度(军队或武器)；有效地利用，调动(33)→deployment n. (部队、资源或装备的)部署，调动
19. emergency n. 突发事件；紧急情况(34)→emergent adj. 新兴的；处于发展初期的
20. harsh adj. (天气或生活环境)恶劣的，艰苦的；残酷的，严酷的，严厉的(35)→harshly adv. 严厉地；刺耳地；粗糙地→harshness n. 严肃；刺耳；粗糙的事物；涩味
21. arid adj. 干旱的，干燥的；枯燥的，乏味的，毫无新意的(35)→aridity n. 枯燥无味；干旱；干燥(旱)度
22. persistent adj. 连绵的，持续的，反复出现的；执着的，不屈不挠的，坚持不懈的(37)→persistently adv. 一次又一次地；一直，坚持不懈地→persistence n. 坚持；锲而不舍；持续存在；维持→persist vi. 顽强地坚持；维持；持续存在
23. wiper n. 挡风玻璃刮水器，雨刮器(39)→wipe vt. 擦；拭；抹；揩；蹭；(用布、手等)擦干净，抹掉；消除，抹去(计算机、磁带或录像机上的信息等)；抹去(旧事)
24. furiously adv. 激烈地，猛烈地；愤怒地，狂怒地，暴怒地(39)→furious adj. 狂怒的，暴怒的；激烈的，猛烈的
25. moment n. 片刻；瞬间；准确时刻(39)→momentary adj. 短暂的；片刻的；短促的
26. steering n. (车辆等的)转向装置(39)→steer vt. & vi. 驾驶(船、汽车等)；掌控方向盘；行驶；操纵；控制；引导 n. 肉用公牛→steerer n. 舵手
27. solitary adj. 单个的，孤单的，孤零零的；独自的，单独的；喜欢(或惯于)独处的；唯一的，仅有的(39)→solitude n. (尤指平静愉快的)独居，独处
28. paralysed (AmE paralyzed) adj. 瘫痪的(39)→paralyse vt. 使瘫痪；使麻痹；使不能正常工作→paralysis n. 麻痹；瘫痪；(活动、工作等)能力的完全丧失
29. lean vi. (leaned, leaned; leant, leant) 前俯(或后仰)，倾斜；倚靠，靠在 vt. 使斜靠[生义]adj. 瘦且健康的；无脂肪的；贫乏的 n. 瘦肉(40)→leaning n. 倾向；偏向；爱好
30. dedicated adj. 献身的；专心致志的；一心一意的；专用的(42)→dedicate vt. 把……奉献给；题献词；为……举行奉献典礼(42)→dedication n. 献身；奉献；落成典礼；(书、音乐或作品前部的)献词
31. boundless adj. 无限的；无止境的(42)→bound n. 跳跃；蹦跳 vi. 跳跃着跑 vt. 形成……的边界(或界限) adj. 一定会；很可能会；受(法律、义务或情况)约束(必须做某事)；有义务(做某事)
(三) 合成并记(4组)
1. uphold vt. (upheld, upheld) 支持，维护；(尤指法庭)维持(原判)，受理(申诉)(30)
2. framework n．(体系的)结构，机制；信念，观点，准则；(建筑物或物体的)构架，框架，结构(31)
3. chickpea n. 鹰嘴豆(34)
4. livestock n. 牲畜，家畜(35)
(四) 短语强记(5组)
1. building block 组成部分，构成要素；积木，塑料积木(31)
2. take its toll on 产生恶果，造成重大损失(或伤亡、灾难等)(35)
3. windscreen wiper 挡风玻璃刮水器，雨刮器(39)
4. rear view mirror 后视镜(39)
5. steering wheel 方向盘，(操)舵轮(39)
(五) 重点例释(13组)
1. humanitarian adj. 人道主义的，慈善的
(1) inhuman adj. 无同情心的；非人的，恐怖的
(2) inhumanity n. 残酷的行为(或待遇)；无人性；不人道
①They are calling for the release of the hostages on humanitarian grounds.
他们站在人道主义立场上要求释放人质。
②It's beyond human power.
这是人力所不能及的。
③The President has been accused of lacking the human touch.
总统被指责不近人情。
④The detainees are often held in cruel and inhuman conditions.
被拘留者经常被羁押在既残酷又不人道的环境里。
⑤The story was used to emphasize the inhumanity of war.
人们用这个故事来强调战争的残酷。
2. uphold vt. (upheld, upheld) 支持，维护；(尤指法庭)维持(原判)，受理(申诉)
(1) hold vt. & vi. (held, held) 拿着，抓住；抱住，捂住；使保持(在某位置)；支撑……的重量；容纳；包含；拥有，持有；获得，赢得；怀有，持有(信念、意见)；认为，相信；(打电话时)等待，不挂断；停下，不要做；召开，举行，进行 n. 抓；握；影响，控制
(2) hold back 阻止……前进；抑制
(3) hold on (在困境或危险中)坚持住，挺住；等一下，别挂断(电话)
(4) hold out 维持，坚持；提供机会；伸出手(或胳膊)；递出
(5) hold up 支撑住，承受住；延迟，阻碍
(6) hold off 推迟，拖延；战胜，克服
(7) catch/get/grab/take (a) hold of sb/sth 抓住；拿着；握住
①We have a duty to uphold the law.
维护法律是我们的责任。
②How long will this good weather hold
这样的好天气将持续多久？
③Take/Grab/Get/Catch hold of the rope, and we'll pull you up.
抓住绳子，我们把你拉上来。
④Being able to shine on a stage will for sure serve as a great inspiration for their future careers if they hold on.
如果他们能坚持下去，能够在舞台上大放异彩肯定会给他们未来的职业生涯带来巨大的鼓舞。
⑤Max held out his cup for a refill.
马克斯递过杯子来要再续一杯。
⑥The soldiers managed to hold off the enemy.
战士们成功抵挡住了敌人的进攻。
⑦Mills have iron pillars all over the place holding up the roof.
工厂里到处都有铁柱子支撑着屋顶。
3. distressing adj. 使人痛苦的，令人苦恼的
(1) economic/financial distress 经济拮据；财政困难
(2) a distress signal 求救信号
(3) distressed adj. 烦恼的；忧虑的；苦恼的
①It is so distressing to see food being wasted like this.
看见食物被这样浪费是非常令人痛心的。
②She was obviously in distress after the attack.
她受到攻击后显然很痛苦。
③Mark showed no outward signs of distress.
马克在外表上没有现出沮丧的神色来。
④She was too exhausted and distressed to talk about the tragedy.
她太疲惫和忧伤了，不想谈论那场悲剧。
4. building block 组成部分，构成要素；积木，塑料积木
(1) build vt. & vi. (built, built) 建筑，建造；创建，开发
(2) build up 逐渐建立；增强；创建，开发；积累
(3) block n. 大块；街区；障碍物 vt. 阻塞；挡住
(4) block off 封锁，封闭
(5) block out 遮住(光线或声音)
①Fat is an essential building block of the human body.
脂肪是人体构造中不可缺少的组成部分。
②Social norms, an important building block of an economy, seem to hold up even in the most extreme of circumstances.
社会准则是经济的基础，即便在极端情况下，人们似乎也会坚守。
③The ancient temple was built of wood.
这座古庙是木结构的。
④That is why exercise has been shown to build up your self respect.
那就是为什么锻炼能增强你的自尊。
⑤Bears build up fat stores throughout the summer and fall to have energy enough to last them through their winter sleep.
熊在夏季和秋季逐渐增加其脂肪的储存，积蓄足够的能量使它们度过冬眠。
⑥The more confidence you build up in yourself, the greater are your chances of success.
你树立的自信心越强，成功的把握也就越大。
⑦It's necessary for a language learning student to build up vocabulary.
对于学习语言的学生来说，积累词汇是必要的。
⑧Seeing the road blocked with snow, they had to stay at home, watching TV and drinking coffee.
因为公路被大雪堵住了，他们不得不待在家，看电视、喝咖啡。
5. prosperous adj. 繁荣的，成功的，兴旺的
prosper vi. 兴旺；繁荣；成功；发达
【辨析】prosper、flourish、boom、thrive
*prosper指人、企业等经营有方，经济上获利颇丰。
*flourish指经济、事业等发展迅速或取得巨大成功；也指植物茁壮成长。
*boom指商业、贸易等进入快速发展时期，规模更大、更成功。
*thrive指人、动植物健康茁壮成长；也指经济繁荣发展，作此意解时常可与flourish或prosper换用。
①It is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.
我们坚信卫生保健的改善会带来更加茁壮、繁荣的经济。
②The business prospered under the leadership of the new president.
在新任总裁的领导下公司生意兴隆。
③The fishing industry of that country was booming in the 1890s.
那个国家的捕鱼业在19世纪90年代繁荣一时。
④Children thrive in the country air.
乡村的空气使孩子们茁壮成长。
⑤Now that the highway is finished, the shopping centre should thrive/flourish/prosper.
既然这条公路已经竣工，那个商业中心应该会兴隆起来。
6. displace vt. 迫使(某人)离开家园；取代；移动，转移；撤职，免职
(1) place n. 地方，地点；住处；适当的处所；地位；名次 vt. 放置；安置，安顿；以某种态度对待(或看待)；排名
(2) in place 到位；就位；在合适的位置
(3) in place of sb/sth＝in sb's/sth's place 代替
(4) out of place 位置不当；不得体；不适当
(5) take place 发生
(6) take the place of sb/sth＝take sb's/sth's place 代替
①Gradually factory workers have been displaced by machines.
工厂的工人已逐渐被机器取代。
②Nowhere else in the world can you find such a quiet beautiful place.
世界上你再也找不到比这更静美的地方了。
③We already have our core team in place.
我们的骨干团队已经就位了。
④He was unable to come himself, but he sent his daughter, who is also an experienced doctor, to get my body examined in place of him.
他不能亲自来了，但是他派了跟他一样有着丰富经验的医生女儿来代替他检查我的身体。
⑤Depending on your preferences, you can create a new programme and use it in place of the old one.
根据你的喜好，你可以创建一个新的程序来代替旧的。
⑥This joke is rather out of place.
这个玩笑开得太不得当。
⑦Miss Wang is ill, so I'll take her place to teach you Lesson 20.
王老师病了，因此我将代替她给你们上第二十课。
7. harsh adj. (天气或生活环境)恶劣的，艰苦的；残酷的，严酷的，严厉的
(1) harsh criticism 严厉的批评
(2) harsh realities 残酷的现实
(3) a harsh winter/wind/climate 寒冷的冬天/凛冽的风/恶劣的气候
①The harsh truth is that luck plays a big part in who will live or die.
残酷的现实是，运气在很大程度上决定着谁生谁死。
②The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals.
沙漠中的恶劣环境对大多数动植物来说是无法忍受的。
③Not everyone is treated so harshly.
并非每个人都被如此粗暴地对待。
④As the wine ages, it loses its bitter harshness.
随着葡萄酒变陈，酒中的苦涩味就会消失。
8. persistent adj. 连绵的，持续的，反复出现的；执着的，不屈不挠的，坚持不懈的
persist (in) doing sth (不顾艰难)坚持做某事
【辨析】持续：persist、continue、endure、last
*persist多指不好的情况持续存在。
*continue指没有间断地持续发生、存在或进行；或指中断后再继续。
*endure指长期持续存在。
*last指持续一段时间；也指长时间存在、有效或保持良好的状态。
【辨析】坚持：persist、insist
*persist指不顾困难或他人的反对而坚持做某事。
*insist指坚持认为某种想法正确或坚称某种说法属实，尤指与他人的想法或说法相左；或指坚决要求做某事。
①Only persistent study yields steady progress.
只有坚持不懈的学习才能取得稳定的进步。
②This problem persisted for much of the decade.
该问题在那10年的大部分时间里一直存在。
③She will continue her research after the birth of her baby.
生完孩子之后她将继续她的研究工作。
④She thinks that his career is a success that will endure.
她认为他的事业将会持续成功。
⑤A pair of good jeans will last you ten years.
一条好的牛仔裤可以穿10年。
⑥She persisted with her experiment despite the lack of money.
尽管缺少资金，她还是坚持自己的实验。
⑦She insisted that he should leave for Shanghai.
她坚持要他去上海。
9. windscreen wiper 挡风玻璃刮水器，雨刮器
(1) wipe out 彻底消灭，全部摧毁；使疲惫不堪
(2) wipeout n. 全部摧毁；彻底失败
(3) wipe away 抹掉，擦掉
(4) wipe off 擦去；揩去；擦掉；勾销(债务)
①The windscreen wiper is an important part in the automobile body.
雨刮器是汽车车身的重要部件。
②I wipe my hands on this towel.
我用这条毛巾擦手。
③The rain had wiped away the tracks left by the cart.
雨水抹去了货车留下的辙迹。
④You can wipe off the dirt with this cloth.
你可以用这块布把污垢擦掉。
⑤You have helped me so much that I am willing to wipe off the $20 you owe me.
你帮了我那么多忙，我愿意把你欠我的20美元一笔勾销。
10. furiously adv. 激烈地，猛烈地；愤怒地，狂怒地，暴怒地
(1) be furious with sb 对某人暴怒
(2) be furious at sth 对某事暴怒
(3) be furious that … 让人暴怒的是……
①She furiously rushed down the stairs.
她气冲冲地跑下楼。
②I was absolutely furious with him.
我被他气炸了。
③He is furious at the way his wife has been treated.
他因妻子所受到的待遇而狂怒不已。
④I'm furious that I wasn't told about it.
没人告诉我这件事，我很生气。
11. despair n. 绝望 vi. 绝望，失去希望，丧失信心
(1) in despair 绝望地；失望地
(2) despairing adj. 表示绝望的；感到绝望的；没有希望的
(3) a despairing cry/look/sigh 绝望的呼叫/神情/叹息
①He abandoned himself to despair.
他陷入绝望。
②I despair of him; he can't keep a job for more than six months.
我都对他绝望了，他做任何工作都不超过半年。
③He gave up this attempt in despair.
他在绝望中放弃了这次尝试。
④Being deprived of hope is not despairing.
被剥夺了希望并不就是绝望。
12. solitary adj. 单个的，孤单的，孤零零的；独自的，单独的；喜欢(或惯于)独处的；唯一的，仅有的
①He led a solitary life.
他过着独居生活。
②He was a solitary man who avoided the society of others.
他是个孤僻的人，不愿和人交往。
③He enjoyed his moments of solitude before the pressures of the day began in earnest.
他很喜欢一天的压力真正开始前的独处时刻。
④She longed for peace and solitude.
她渴望安宁，渴望独享清静。
13. paralysed (AmE paralyzed) adj. 瘫痪的
①The accident left him paralysed from the waist down.
那场事故使他腰部以下都瘫痪了。
②She stood there, paralysed with fear.
她站在那里，吓得呆若木鸡。
③This can paralyse the enemy's fighting will.
这可能瓦解敌军的斗志。
④The strike caused total paralysis in the city.
罢工使这座城市完全瘫痪。
⑤The city has been virtually paralysed by sudden snowstorms.
这座城市实际上已因突降的暴雪而瘫痪。
二、 短语扩充
(一) 英汉对记(48组)
1. on one's knees(P30) 陷入困境；屈服；跪下
2. mourn the loss of loved ones 为失去亲人而哀悼
3. World War Ⅱ 第二次世界大战
4. human conflict 人类斗争
5. shatter people's lives 摧毁人们的生活
6. a world desperate for lasting peace and security 一个渴望持久和平与安全的世界
7. the following year 第二年
8. maintain international peace and security 维护国际和平与安全
9. protect human rights 保护人权
10. deliver humanitarian aid 提供人道主义援助
11. promote sustainable development 促进可持续发展
12. uphold international law 维护国际法
13. benefit all of humanity 造福全人类
14. safe drinking water 安全饮用水
15. a decade ago 十年前
16. with this end in view(P31) 为达到此目标
17. transboundary water cooperation 跨界水合作
18. three key dimensions 三个关键方面
19. spare no effort 不遗余力
20. with regard to poverty 关于贫困问题
21. live in extreme poverty 生活在极端贫困之中
22. fulfil their most basic needs 满足他们最基本的需求
23. end poverty 消除贫困
24. build prosperous, healthy and fair societies 建设繁荣、健康和公平的社会
25. due to various circumstances 由于各种情况
26. ongoing education programmes 正在进行的教育项目
27. create online learning opportunities 创造在线学习机会
28. limited access to basic necessities(P34) 获得有限的基本必需品
29. be threatened by war 受到战争威胁
30. in times of emergency 在紧急情况下
31. in the modern context 在现代语境中
32. in extremely harsh conditions(P35) 在极其恶劣的条件下
33. team up with local engineers 与当地工程师合作
34. twice as fast as … 是……的两倍快
35. a great advocate for social justice(P37) 一位社会正义的伟大倡导者
36. take advantage of the Internet 利用互联网
37. expand our relationship network 扩大我们的关系网
38. strain one's eyes(P39) 集中视力
39. bump down the road 在路上颠簸
40. bring the car to a stop 把车停了下来
41. roll down the window 摇下车窗
42. open the boot of one's car(P40) 打开某人的汽车后备箱
43. lean out of the window 身子探出窗外
44. ease one's car down the driveway 把车缓慢开下车道
45. a chance encounter 偶然的邂逅
46. pursue one's long lost dream 追求某人失去已久的梦想
47. shop online and make online payments(P41) 网上购物和网上付款
48. make appointments with doctors 预约医生
(二) 同词类记(2组)
● make(10)
1. make up one's mind 下定决心
2. make room for … 为……让出地方
3. make a telephone call 打电话
4. make money 赚钱
5. make a list of … 列一张……的清单
6. make a fire 生火
7. make trouble 制造麻烦
8. make sense 有意义
9. make sure 务必，保证
10. make up for 弥补
● take(10)
1. take a bus 乘公共汽车
2. take the first place 获第一名
3. take a walk/rest/look 散步/休息/看一看
4. take a photo 照相
5. take notes 做笔记
6. take hold of 抓住；吸引住；掌握
7. take a cold 感冒
8. take a holiday 休假
9. take medicine 服药
10. take a course/lesson 学一门课程
三、 精选句型
1. It is my privilege and pleasure to stand before you today and share with you a little bit about this wonderful organization. (P30)
2. The UN was officially established on 24 October 1945, when the UN Charter, the founding document of the organization, came into force. (P30)
3. With regard to poverty, the UN estimates that around 10% of the world's population, including one in six children, live in extreme poverty, unable to fulfil their most basic needs. (P31)
4. Health, education and standard of living are three key dimensions that can reflect whether people are being left behind. (P31)
5. It is the belief of the UN that education is the most basic building block of every society and the single best investment countries can make to build prosperous, healthy and fair societies. (P31)
6. To conclude, I do hope you have found this brief insight into the work of the UN both inspiring and stimulating. (P31)
7. So I urge you all to find out more about how you can make a difference to one person, one society or the world, no matter how small. (P31)
8. Across the globe, millions of people are displaced by disasters. (P34)
9. Such was the situation for the people of Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq. (P34)
10. As the desert's arid climate makes it difficult to grow crops, goats serve as their main source of food. (P35)
11. Thanks to this special nutrient solution, the plants can grow twice as fast as those using traditional farming methods. (P35)
12. Consequently, not only is cheaper and better food provided for livestock, but any extra food can be sold in the market to generate additional income. (P35)
13. No matter whether you volunteer at a non profit organization or in the community, all of the volunteer work makes you a better person, improves other people's quality of life and has a huge impact on the world. (P37)
14. The rain was still pounding on the roof of the car and he felt as if he had been trapped inside a drum. (P39)
15. The rain seemed to have eased a little, and in the distance, he could see a light twinkling in the blackness. (P39)
16. Most importantly, he began to look forward to each new day and view it as an opportunity to help others so that he could continue the chain of kindness. (P40)
四、 语法指南
篇章结构(The development of a text)
(一) 理解文章基本结构
1. 说明文(exposition)的基本结构：
―→Conclusion
2. 议论文(argumentation)的基本结构：
Topic ―→ Arguments
(Opinion)　(Supporting sentences)
―→Conclusion
3. 记叙文(narrative)的基本结构：
―→
4. 夹叙夹议文(Narration interspersed with comments)的基本结构：
Story presentation―→Conclusion
(二) 对文章基本结构理解的考查方式
1. 篇章结构题
(1) How is the text organized
A. Topic—arguments—explanation.
B. Opinion—discussion—description.
C. Main idea—comparisons—supporting examples.
D. Introduction—supporting examples—conclusion.
(2) The writer uses the example of “ocelots”/“the 2000 Sydney Olympics” to show that …
(3) The first paragraph is used as/to …
(4) The first paragraph mentioned Peter Jennings' death in order to …
2. 代词指代题
(1) The word “everything” in Paragraph 2 means “________”．
(2) What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 refer to
3. 文章出处题
(1) The passage is most likely a part of ________．
(2) The passage is most likely to be taken from ________．
(三) 篇章结构题的解题技巧：根据问题所在的不同位置确定不同的解题技巧
1. 问题在段首
(1) 通常是段落主题句。认真阅读下文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。
(2) 与下文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读下文第一、二句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与下文第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种衔接手段。
(3) 段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上文结尾部分，通常将正确答案与上文结尾有机地衔接，并结合下文内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。
2. 问题在段尾
(1) 通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore、as a result、thus、hence、in short、to sum up、to conclude、in a word等，选项中也可发现上文的同义词句。
(2) 与上文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与上文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。
(3) 与上文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节，因此根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出现表示并列/递进关系的关联词或与上文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他线索。前面的一句与正确答案的第一句是紧密相连的。
(4) 所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与上文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。
(5) 如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，辨析此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词，如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
3. 问题是一整个自然段
(1) 这个段落应是承上启下，而且自成一体，即有一个段落的中心，因此可重点阅读选项中较长的选项，以此类推直至找到正确答案。
(2) 着重阅读前一段结尾和后一段开头的一两句并查找相关的线索，而且重要线索通常会在后一段开头，因此后一段开头往往比前一段结尾更为重要。
(3) 分析段落之间的逻辑关系及内容的连贯性，注意段落间的衔接手段。将选项代入原文，如果前后内容连贯，符合逻辑，就能得出正确答案。
五、 话题写作
(一) 佳句积累
1. The world is no longer what it used to be.(表语从句)
2. It was not until then that I really understood the meaning of the proverb: “Helping others is the source of happiness.” (含not until的强调句型)
3. It is the small act of kindness that makes our world warmer. (强调句型)
4. The voluntary work enriched our life and we have become aware that a small action would make a great difference to our community. (宾语从句)
5. Tired/Exhausted as we were, we were really proud to have done some voluntary work on this special day. (倒装句)
6. Though it seemed cold still, we all felt warm at the moment. (状语从句)
7. When doing voluntary work, not only did we do our part in helping others, but it promoted our social awareness. (状语从句的省略；倒装句)
8. In my opinion, I just did what I should do and it is our duty to help those who are in trouble. Only in this way can we live in a harmonious society. (宾语从句；形式主语；定语从句；倒装句)
9. Tired as we were, we felt it was worthwhile, for it not only taught us to discover the kindness in our life, but also inspired us to become the very person delivering love to everyone around us. (倒装句；状语从句；现在分词做后置定语)
(二) 佳作欣赏
假定你是某国际中学的学生，即将作为代表在校志愿者社团(Volunteer Club)的成立仪式上发言，请你用英语写一篇发言稿。内容包括：
1. 社团宗旨；
2. 自身经历；
3. 发出呼吁。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 请按如下格式作答。
Good morning, everyone!
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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That's all. Thank you for listening!
One possible version：
Good_morning,_everyone!
Today the Volunteer Club will be set up in our school. The club aims to appeal to you all to spare your time for those in need and make the world a better place. Now I would like to share my previous experience with you.
As a volunteer, taking part in voluntary activities is a part of my life. I always help a left behind child called Wang Wei with his lessons at weekends because both his parents are working in another city and his grandparents are too old to assist him. Seeing Wang Wei make rapid progress, I am so proud that I can make a big difference to someone.
I hope all of you can lend a helping hand to someone who needs help.
That's_all._Thank_you_for_listening!