Unit 4 Law and order 知识清单（讲义） 2024-2025学年高二英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修2

Unit 4　Law and order
一、 单词学记
(一) 英汉对记(13组)
1. dispute n. 争论，辩论，争端，纠纷
vi. & vt. 对……提出质询，对……表示异议(或怀疑)；争夺，竞争；争论，辩论，争执(43)
2. nomadic adj. 游牧的，流浪的(44)
3. law abiding adj. 遵纪守法的，安分守己的(45)
4. abreast adv. 并列，并排，并肩(47)
5. grant vt. (尤指正式地或法律上)同意，准予，允许；(勉强)承认，同意(50)
6. formula n. (pl. formulas or formulae)配方，处方，药方；方案，方法；公式；分子式；配方奶；方程式(50)
7. whisky n. (pl. whiskies or whiskeys) 威士忌(53)
8. soda n. 汽水，苏打水；苏打汽水；苏打(53)
9. cellar n. 地窖，地下室(53)
10. tunnel n. 地下通道，地道，隧道；(动物的)洞穴通道(53)
11. benefactor n. 捐款人，赞助人(54)
12. shrug vt. & vi. 耸肩
n. 耸肩(54)
13. hazard n. 危险，危害(55)
(二) 拓展倍记(35组)
1. detective n. 侦探；警探；私人侦探 adj. 侦查(用)的(43)→detect vt. 发现；查明；侦察出
2. legal adj. 法律的；与法律有关的；合法的；法律允许的；法律要求的(43)→legally adv. 合法地；在法律上(47)→legalize vt. 使合法化；使得到法律认可
3. enforceable adj. 强制的(43)→enforce vt. 强制执行，强行实施(法律或规定)；强迫；迫使→enforcement n. 执行；实施(51)
4. govern vt. & vi. 统治，控制，管理，治理；影响，支配(43)→governor n. 统治者；总督；管辖者；(美国的)州长；(学校、学院、医院等机构的)董事，理事；主管→government n. 政府；内阁；政体；国家体制(3)
5. punishment n. 惩罚，处罚，刑罚；粗暴对待，虐待(43)→punish vt. 处罚；惩罚；对……判罪；判定……的处罚方式
6. diverse adj. 多种多样的；不同的；相异的；形形色色的(43)→diversely adv. 不同地；各色各样地→diversity n. 差异(性)，不同(点)；多样性，多样化(26)
7. originate vi. 起源，发源，发端于 vt. 创立，创建，发明(44)→original adj. 起初的，原来的，最早的；首创的，独创的；原作的，真迹的 n. 原件；正本；原稿；原作(8)→origin n. 起源；源头；起因(49)
8. civilization n. 文明；(特定时期和地区的)社会文明；文明世界，文明社会(44)→civilized adj. 文明的，开化的；有法制伦理的，有道德的；有礼貌的，有教养的，举止得体的(45)→civilize vt. 教化；开化；使文明；使有教养→civil adj. 国民的，平民的；国家的，政府的；民事的；有礼貌的(45)
9. guilty adj. 感到内疚的；感到惭愧的；犯了罪；有过失的(44)→guilt n. 内疚，悔恨；犯罪，罪行；责任，罪过
10. sophisticated adj. (机器、体系等)复杂巧妙的，先进的，精密的；见多识广的，老练的，见过世面的；水平高的，在行的(44)→sophistication n. 世故；复杂巧妙；高水平
11. abolish vt. 废除，废止(44)→abolisher n. 废除(取消)者→abolition n. (法律、制度、习俗等的)废除，废止(44)
12. amend vt. 修正，修订(44)→amendment n. (法律、文件的)修订，改动(45)
13. bullying n. 霸凌，欺凌(45)→bully vt. 恐吓；伤害；胁迫 n. 仗势欺人者；横行霸道者(61)
14. legislature n. 立法机关(45)→legislate vi. 制定法律；立法
15. strive vi. (strove, striven) 努力，奋斗，力争，力求(47)→striving n. 努力，奋斗
16. conceivable adj. 可想象的，可信的(47)→conceive vt. & vi. 想出(主意、计划等)；想象；构想；怀孕
17. browse vt. & vi. 浏览，翻阅；随便看看；搜寻信息，浏览信息(47)→browser n. 浏览器(用于在互联网上查阅信息)；浏览程序；浏览图书报刊者；逛商店的人
18. impulse n. 冲动，心血来潮，一时的念头；动力，冲力，冲量；推动力，刺激(47)→impulsive adj. 凭冲动行事的；易冲动的→pulse n. 脉搏，脉率；强劲的音乐节拍；脉冲；豆果果实 vi. 搏动，跳动，震动；洋溢着，充满(激情等)
19. penalty n. 惩罚，处罚，刑罚；(对犯规者的)判罚，处罚；点球(47)→penal adj. 惩罚的；刑罚的；应受刑罚的；严重的；严厉的→penalize vt. 惩罚；处罚；处以刑罚；(体育运动中)判罚
20. hack vt. & vi. 非法侵入(他人的计算机系统)(47)→hacker n. 黑客(秘密窥视或改变他人计算机系统信息)
21. investigate vt. & vi. 侦查(某事)；调查(某人)；研究；调查(49)→investigator n. 调查者；侦查员(75)→investigation n. (正式的)调查，侦查；科学研究；学术研究
22. interactive adj.合作的；相互影响的；互相配合的；交互式的；人机对话的；互动的(49)→interact vi. 相互作用；相互影响；交流；沟通；合作→interaction n. 相互影响，相互作用；互动，交流(7)
23. innovation n. (新事物、思想或方法的)创造；创新；改革；新思想；新方法(50)→innovative adj. 创新的；引进新思想的；采用新方法的；革新的(17)
24. digitalize vt. (使数据)数字化(50)→digital adj. 数码的；数字信息系统的；数字式的；数字显示的 n. 数字电视
25. infringement n. 侵犯，违反(50)→infringe vt. & vi. 侵犯，侵害(合法权益)；违背，触犯(法规)(50)
26. motivation n. 动机；动力；诱因(50)→motivate vt. 成为……的动机；是……的原因；激励；激发(21)
27. exclusive adj. (个人或集体)专用的，专有的，独有的，独占的；(团体、社团等)排外的(50)→exclude vt. 不包括；不放在考虑之列；防止……进入；阻止……参加；把……排斥在外；排除(……的可能性)；认为……不可能→exclusion n. 排斥；排除在外；不包括在内的人(或事物)；被排除在外的人(或事物)；排除；认为不可能；开除学籍
28. confidential adj. 机密的，保密的；隐密的，秘密的；受信任的，委以机密的(50)→confidentially adv. 机密地，秘密地→confidentiality n. 保密性；机密性
29. logically adv. 逻辑上；合乎逻辑地(52)→logical adj. 必然的；合乎情理的；合乎常理的；符合逻辑的→logic n. 思维方式；解释方法；逻辑；(做某事的)道理，合乎情理的原因；逻辑学；逻辑系统
30. mysterious adj. 神秘的，奇怪的，不易解释的；陌生的；诡秘的，故弄玄虚的(53)→mystery n. 神秘的事物；不可理解之事；奥秘；神秘的人(或事物)；陌生而有趣的人(或事物)；神秘；不可思议；疑案小说(或电影、戏剧)
31. narrate vt. 讲(故事)，叙述；给(纪录片或节目)解说(53)→narration n. (尤指小说、电影或戏剧中的)叙述，讲述；(电影、戏剧等中对情节的)解说；旁白→narrative n. (尤指小说中的)描述，叙述；叙事技巧 adj. 叙事的→narrator n. (书、戏剧或电影中的)叙述者，讲述者；(电视节目中的)幕后解说员；旁白员
32. stained adj. 满是污痕的，沾有污渍的(54)→stain n. (名声上的)污点；污渍；染色剂；着色剂 vt. & vi. (被)玷污；留下污渍；给……染色(或着色)；玷污，败坏(名声)→stainless adj. 不锈的；防锈的；无瑕的
33. exclaim vi. & vt. (尤因强烈的情感或痛苦而)惊叫，呼喊(54)→exclamation n. 感叹；感叹语；感叹词
34. probation n. 缓刑制，缓刑；试用期，见习期，考察期；试读(55)→probational adj. 试用的，试行的；缓刑的；检验的；察看的
35. plead vi. & vt. 表明认罪(或不认罪)；乞求，恳求；声援，支持；申辩，辩护；解释，推说(55)→pleader n. 辩护律师；代诉人；抗辩人；辩护人→pleading n. 恳求；央求；诉状；答辩状
(三) 合成并记(4组)
1. law abiding adj. 遵纪守法的，安分守己的(45)
2. copyright n. 版权，著作权
adj. 受版权保护的，未经准许不得复制的(50)
3. trademark n. 商标
vt. 把……注册为商标(50)
4. pawnbroker n. 典当商人，当铺老板(53)
(四) 短语强记(5组)
1. keep abreast of 了解最新情况，跟上(某事物的发展)(47)
2. out of the way 不再挡路，不再碍事；结束，处理完；(用于否定句)奇特的，不寻常的，罕见的(53)
3. on end 连续地，不断地；竖着，直立着(53)
4. reason sth out 通过思考想出对策，推理出(结果)(54)
5. ring true 给人以真实的印象(54)
(五) 重点例释(16组)
1. abolish vt. 废除，废止
【辨析】abolish、eliminate
*abolish尤指正式废止旧时或不合理的法律、制度、习俗等。
*eliminate通常指有步骤地除掉敌人、对手等或消除不需要的事物。
①The old law was abolished.
这项旧法律被废除了。
②The abolishment of the death penalty is a controversial issue.
死刑的废除是个具有争议的事件。
③President Lincoln abolished slavery in the United States.
林肯总统废除了美国的奴隶制。
④He eliminated all his political rivals.
他铲除了所有政治对手。
⑤Our goal is to eliminate poverty.
我们的目标是消除贫困。
2. legislature n. 立法机关
(1) legislate for/against/on sth 制定法律；立法
(2) legislative adj. 立法的；制定法律的
(3) legislation n. 法规；法律；立法；制定法律
①It was originally planned as a reference library for the federal legislature.
最初，它是计划用来作为联邦立法机构的参考图书馆的。
②The government will legislate against discrimination in the workplace.
政府将制定法律，禁止职场歧视。
③Today's hearing was just the first step in the legislative process.
今天的听证会仅仅是立法程序的第一步。
④The government has given qualified support to the idea of tightening the legislation.
政府已经对加强立法的观点给予了有保留的支持。
3. conceivable adj. 可想象的，可信的
(1) inconceivable adj. 难以想象的；无法相信的
(2) conceive (of) sth (as sth) 设想……(为……)
(3) misconceive vt. 误解；误会
(4) preconceive vt. 预想
①But the only conceivable failure would be to give up exploring.
但是，唯一可能的失败，就是放弃探索。
②It was inconceivable to me that Toby could have been my attacker.
托比竟会是袭击我的人，这对我来说简直是匪夷所思。
③I just can't even conceive of that quantity of money.
我简直无法想象那样一笔数量的钱。
④It is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.
我们不可能设想一个在社会经验之外产生的自我。(自我和社会是密不可分的。)
4. browse vt. & vi. 浏览，翻阅；随便看看；搜寻信息，浏览信息
①Sit at your computer, probably at home or at the office, search and browse, and buy.
坐在你的电脑前，可能在家里或在办公室，搜索、浏览和购物。
②You are welcome to come in and browse.
欢迎您光临本店随便看看。
③I found the article while I was browsing through some old magazines.
我在翻阅一些旧杂志时找到了这篇文章。
5. copyright n. 版权，著作权 adj. 受版权保护的，未经准许不得复制的
(1) copy n. (书、报纸等的)一本，一份，一册；复制品 vt. 抄写；复制；模仿 vi. 抄袭
(2) right n. 右；公正，正义；正确；权利 adj. 正确的；恰当的；右边的 adv. 正确地；正好；一直；向右边
(3) it's/that's all right 不用谢；没关系
(4) all right 好的；可以的(表同意或认可)
①A phrase jumped out at me in a piece about copyright.
在一篇有关版权的文章中，有一个短语引起了我的注意。
②They used copyrighted music without permission.
他们未经允许使用了有版权的音乐。
③I need a copy of today's China Daily badly.
我急需一份今天的《中国日报》。
④She always copies the way I dress.
她总是模仿我的穿着。
⑤You have the/a right to keep/of keeping silent.
你有权保持沉默。
⑥He knows right from wrong even though he is only five.
尽管他只有五岁，但他能够明辨是非。
6. trademark n. 商标 vt. 把……注册为商标
(1) trade n. 贸易，买卖；行业；职业
vi. & vt. 互相交换；做生意，做买卖
(2) mark n. 斑点，疤痕；标记，符号；分数，成绩 vt. & vi. 留下痕迹；做标记；打分
①The company trademarked their new product.
该公司为他们的新产品注册了商标。
②He works in the tourist trade.
他从事旅游行业。
③He was a carpenter by trade.
他以木工为业。
④My deskmate wanted to trade his pen for my book.
我的同桌想用他的钢笔换我这本书。
⑤Tom could have gained full marks, but he was too careless and made a spelling mistake.
汤姆本可以得到满分的，但是他太粗心了，犯了一个拼写错误。
⑥China's Chang'e 4 robotic probe entered lunar orbit, marking a major step in its mission to make a soft landing on the moon's far side.
中国的嫦娥4号机器人探测器进入月球轨道，标志着它在月球远端软着陆任务中迈出了重要一步。
7. grant vt. (尤指正式地或法律上)同意，准予，允许；(勉强)承认，同意
(1) grant sth (to sb/sth)＝grant (sb) sth 同意(某人)……
(2) take it for granted (that …) 认为……是理所当然
(3) take sb/sth for granted (因习以为常)对……不予重视；(因视为当然而)不把……当回事
①She's a smart woman, I grant you, but she's no genius.
我同意你的观点，她是一个聪明的女人，但绝不是天才。
②I grant you (that) it looks good, but it's not exactly practical.
我承认你说的，它好看，可并不实用。
③Her husband was always there and she just took it for granted.
她丈夫随时都在身边，她只认为这是理所当然的。
8. exclusive adj. (个人或集体)专用的，专有的，独有的，独占的；(团体、社团等)排外的
(1) exclude sb/sth (from sth) 不包括；阻止……参加；把……排斥在外
(2) include vt. 包括，包含；使成为……的一部分
①The two options are not mutually exclusive.
这两种选择并不相互排斥。
②She was part of an exclusive social circle.
她所处的社交圈子很排外。
③During the Sui Dynasty, yellow was officially designated as the exclusive color for the imperial family.
隋朝时期，黄色正式成为皇家专用的颜色。
④She felt excluded by the other girls.
她感到自己受到其他女孩子的排斥。
⑤Does the price include tax
这个价格含税吗？
⑥Check the list of exclusions in the insurance policy.
检查一下保险单上不包括的项目。
9. confidential adj. 机密的，保密的；隐密的，秘密的；受信任的，委以机密的
(1) confidential information/documents 机密情报/文件
(2) strictly confidential＝completely secret 绝对保密的
(3) a confidential secretary 机要秘书
①I can't give you confidential information.
我不能给你机密信息。
②Don't become too confidential with strangers.
不要太信任陌生人。
③He once served as Chairman Mao's confidential secretary.
他曾经担任过毛主席的机要秘书。
10. infringe vt. & vi. 侵犯，侵害(合法权益)；违背，触犯(法规)
①People fear that security cameras could infringe personal liberties.
人们担心安防摄像机会侵犯人身自由。
②She refused to answer questions that infringed on her private affairs.
她拒绝回答侵犯她隐私的问题。
③They were sued for infringement of copyright.
他们被指控侵犯版权。
④There might have been an infringement of the rules.
可能存在违反规章制度的现象。
11. narrate vt. 讲(故事)，叙述；给(纪录片或节目)解说
①The three of them narrate the same events from three perspectives.
他们三人从三个不同的视角讲述了同样的事件。
②He narrated the events of the afternoon to the judge.
他向法官叙述了那天下午发生的事情。
③The third part contains narration and the analysis.
第三部分包含叙事和分析。
④He is a writer of great narrative power.
他是一位颇有记述能力的作家。
⑤Neither author was very strong on narrative.
两位作者在记叙方面都不强。
⑥The narrator is a special and important character.
旁白员是一个特殊而重要的人物。
12. out of the way 不再挡路，不再碍事；结束，处理完；(用于否定句)奇特的，不寻常的，罕见的
(1) by the way 顺便说，顺便问
(2) by way of 经由，路过
(3) in a way 在某种程度上
(4) in no way 决不，绝不
(5) in the/sb's way 挡路，碍事
(6) on the/one's way (to) 在(某人)去……的路上
(7) under way 在进行中
(8) all the way 一路上，自始至终；完全地
(9) make way for … 为……让路/开路
(10) give way to … 被……替代；向……让步
(11) make one's way 去，前往，行进
①He pushed her roughly out of the way.
他粗暴地把她推到一边。
②The plan has to remain confidential at least until the local elections are out of the way.
此项计划至少在地方选举结束之前都得保密。
③My house is out of the way.
我的房子在偏僻的地方。
④There are different ways to do/of doing it.
做这事有不同的办法。
⑤In a way I can see what you mean, even though I don't share your point of view.
在某种程度上，我理解你的意思，即使我不同意你的观点。
⑥I'll buy some bread on the way home.
我将在回家的路上买些面包。
⑦I'll support him all the way.
我将永远支持他。
⑧He had to walk all the way home.
他不得不一路步行回家。
⑨Mary stepped aside to make way for the senior citizens on the garden path.
玛丽在花园小路上靠边走为老年人让路。
⑩The explorer struggled in the snow, trying to make his way forward.
探险者在雪中挣扎，想闯出一条路。
13. on end 连续地，不断地；竖着，直立着
(1) come to an end 结束，完结
(2) put sth to an end 使……结束
(3) end up 结束，完事
(4) end up doing sth 以做某事而告终
(5) end up with … 以……而结束
(6) end up as … 作为……而结束，最终成为……
(7) at the end (of …) 在(……的)末端
(8) at an end 结束，终止；耗尽，到头
(9) in the end 最后，终于
(10) to the end 到底，始终，到最后，到头
(11) without end 永远的，没有完结的
①That film is so successful that it has been on for weeks on end.
那部电影太成功了，已经连续上映好几个星期了。
②He sat there for hours on end.
他在那里一连坐了几个小时。
③Place the log on end.
把这根木头竖着放。
④We have to wait until the discussion between them comes to an end.
我们不得不等到他们之间的讨论结束。
⑤How does the story end up
这个故事是怎样结束的？
⑥You are most likely to end up taking over this company if you play your cards right.
如果你处理得当，你最有可能最终接管这家公司。
⑦The weakest students can end up with a negative score.
最差的学生可能会以负分收场。
⑧Maybe you'll end up as a lawyer, like me.
也许你会像我一样，最终成为律师。
⑨I must warn you that my patience is almost at an end.
我必须警告你我快没有耐心了。
⑩They had trouble without end.
他们的麻烦无穷无尽。
14. stained adj. 满是污痕的，沾有污渍的
①The windows have beautiful stained glass insets.
窗户上镶着漂亮的彩色玻璃。
②They stained the floors dark brown.
他们把地板涂成了深棕色。
③Using too much water could spread the stain.
用水太多可能使污迹扩散。
④I have a set of stainless knives and forks.
我有一套不锈钢刀叉。
⑤You can adopt stainless steel plates according to the requirements of users.
你可以根据用户要求采用不锈钢板。
15. reason sth out 通过思考想出对策，推理出(结果)
(1) reason后接定语从句，通常用why(＝for which)引导，有时也可用that，在非正式英语中甚至可以省略，句型为the reason why … is that …
(2) reasonable adj. 合乎情理的；合理的；公道的；还算好的
(3) unreasonable adj. 不合理的；不公正的；期望过高的
①It's easy to reason out what the consequences of that action will be.
很容易推断出此行的结果如何。
②We tried to reason out the answer to the mystery.
我们努力通过推理来揭开这个秘密。
③He has two reasons for doing this.
他这样做有两个原因。
④The reason why he is absent today is that he has got a bad headache.
他今天缺席的原因是头痛得厉害。
⑤This argument sounds reasonable, but actually it's incorrect.
这种论调貌似有理，实际上是错误的。
⑥She would never give in to the unreasonable requirements of her manager.
她绝不会屈从于经理的无理要求。
16. ring true 给人以真实的印象
(1) ring off 挂断电话
(2) ring back 回电话
(3) ring up 打电话
(4) ring out 清晰可闻
①His excuse just doesn't ring true.
他的借口听起来就不真实。
②These words still ring true today in my role as a journalist.
作为一名记者，如今这些说法在我看来依旧真实。
③We'll ring you up tomorrow.
我们明天打电话给你。
④I'll give you a ring tonight.
我今晚给你打个电话。
⑤Naomi is showing off her engagement ring.
娜奥米正在炫耀她的订婚戒指。
⑥I must ring off now. The water is boiling in the kitchen.
我现在必须挂电话了。厨房里的水开了。
⑦Tell her I'll ring back in a few minutes.
告诉她，我过几分钟就会给她回电话。
⑧He lay there bleeding while the gunshots continued to ring out next door.
他鲜血直流地躺在那儿，而隔壁仍然枪声不断。
二、 短语扩充
(一) 英汉对记(36组)
1. small permanent farming communities(P44) 小型永久性农业社区
2. nomadic hunter gatherer lifestyles 游牧式的狩猎采集生活方式
3. in the cause and effect format 以因果关系的形式
4. innocent until proven guilty 在被证明有罪之前是无辜的，无罪推定
5. in various ways 以各种方式
6. the abolition of slavery laws 奴隶制法律的废除
7. amount to a criminal offence(P45) 构成刑事犯罪
8. advances in technology 技术进步
9. changes in societal attitudes 社会态度的变化
10. the advent of the Internet 互联网的出现
11. in turn 反过来
12. unauthorized access to personal data 未经授权访问个人数据
13. adopt a data protection law 通过一项数据保护法
14. online users' private information 在线用户的私人信息
15. be applicable to all situations 适用于所有情况
16. adapt to the constant changes 适应不断的变化
17. every newly emerging problem 每一个新出现的问题
18. the first law abiding communities 第一批守法社区
19. a private detective(P53) 一名私人侦探
20. seemingly insignificant details 看似无关紧要的细节
21. the only possible object 唯一可能的目标
22. put in the advertisement 刊登广告
23. the temporary office 临时办公室
24. have some strong motive 有某种强烈的动机
25. the assistant's fondness for photography 助手对摄影的爱好
26. vanish into the cellar 消失在地窖里
27. make inquiries 询问
28. the most daring criminal 最大胆的罪犯
29. dig a tunnel 挖一条隧道
30. beat upon the pavement 敲打人行道
31. stretch out 延伸
32. call upon the chairman(P54) 拜访主席
33. in other words 换句话说
34. save me from boredom 把我从无聊中解救出来
35. the routines of daily life 日常生活的惯例
36. a benefactor of society 社会的恩人
(二) 同词类记(2组)
● make(8)
1. make use of 利用
2. make the most of 最大限度地利用
3. make do (with sth) 凑合，将就
4. make believe 假装
5. be made of … 由……制成(能看出原材料)
6. be made from … 由……制成(看不出原材料)
7. be made into 被制成
8. be made up of … 由……组成
● take(10)
1. take one's time 不着急，慢慢来
2. take one's temperature 测量体温
3. take steps 采取措施
4. take office 就职
5. take … seriously 认真对待……
6. take care of 照料
7. take notice of 注意到
8. take against (说不清原因地)开始不喜欢
9. take it easy 别紧张，放轻松
10. take pity on 同情；怜悯
三、 精选句型
1. Without the law, human societies might not have developed in the way they have. (P44)
2. The code presented laws in the cause and effect format, a style used in nearly all later codes. (P44)
3. Societies constantly transform, so legal systems respond accordingly and ensure laws remain relevant. (P44)
4. In Australia, a law amendment makes workplace bullying amount to a criminal offence. (P4445)
5. Besides, new laws are made as new situations develop such as those created by advances in technology or changes in societal attitudes. (P45)
6. … so it is necessary to adopt a data protection law to strengthen the protection of online users' private information. (P45)
7. As it continues to lead us into the future, the law will hopefully help us develop societies that are not just more harmonious but also more civilized. (P45)
8. It is my sincere hope that you are able to accept our invitation. (P48)
9. A patent is applied for on a product or a process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. (P50)
10. The detective has the habit of paying attention to the smallest and seemingly insignificant details, which inevitably leads to him solving many mysterious crimes. (P53)
11. It was a curious way of managing it, but, really, it would be difficult to suggest a better way. (P53)
12. From the time that I heard of the assistant having come for half wages, it was obvious to me that he had some strong motive for securing the situation. (P53)
13. I could think of nothing except that he was digging a tunnel to some other building. (P53)
14. The only remaining point was what they were digging for. (P54)
15. When you drove home after the concert, I called upon Scotland Yard and the chairman of the bank directors, with the result that you have seen. (P54)
16. But it was essential that they should use it soon, as it might be discovered, or the gold might be removed. (P54)
17. The police investigated the case and discovered that the construction waste consisted of large pieces of wood with some iron nails, weighing about 250kg, which posed a serious safety hazard. (P55)
18. Although his behaviour did not cause personal injury or property damage, the crime of endangering public safety by dangerous means should be applied. (P55)
四、 语法指南
语言文体(Language styles)
英语有许多不同的文体，用何种文体取决于具体语境。常见的语言文体分正式和非正式两种。正式文体常见于论文、报告、申请等正式场合，非正式文体常用于短信、私人通信、熟人聊天等非正式场合。
(一) 正式文体
1. 正式文体通常使用比较复杂的句子结构，往往含被动语态或从句。如：
(1) Please kindly inform us of your availability for the meeting to be held next Wednesday.
(2) We would appreciate it if you could come for the weekend.
(3) Appropriate measures have been taken to address the problem.
(4) Some teachers create an interesting situation in which the newly learnt grammar can be practised.
2. 正式文体会使用比较多的抽象名词。如：
We should give serious consideration to this matter.
(二) 非正式文体
1. 非正式文体的句式简单，常用主动语态。如：
(1) We exercise to keep fit.
(2) Let me know if you can come for the meeting next Wednesday.
2. 非正式文体的语言比较口语化。如：
(1) How about coming down to stay with us for weekend
(2) Help yourself.
(3) I'm all ears.
3. 非正式表达法多用省略，而正式表达法反之。如：
(1) 非正式的表达法。如：
①Come to my office for a ticket.
②We've heard lots of reports on cybercrime.
(2) 正式的表达法(一般用于写给上级领导、合作伙伴等)。如：
I would like you to come to my office to pick up the ticket.
五、 话题写作
(一) 佳句积累
1. In this way, we can have more fun learning English. (have fun doing sth)
2. Through these activities we can improve our English skills in an easy and relaxing way. (简单句)
3. All in all, what we need is more free time and more space. (主语从句)
4. Recently, we had a discussion on how to make learning English relaxing and fun. (“疑问词＋动词不定式”做宾语)
5. As we all know, having a good knowledge of different cultures plays an important role in building a harmonious relationship. (动名词做主语)
6. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides. (it做形式主语)
(二) 佳作欣赏
假定你是李华，刚刚学习了消费者法。最近，你在网上购买的商品到货了，但拆封之后发现质量并没有商家说得那么好。请你给商家写封电子邮件，表达自己的合法诉求。内容包括：
1. 写电子邮件的目的；
2. 产品问题描述；
3. 你期待商家如何解决问题。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 请按如下格式作答。
Dear Sir/Madam，
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
One possible version：
Dear_Sir/Madam，
I am happy that the earphone I ordered on your website has arrived on time. But what makes me sad is that there is something wrong with the sound quality.
When I used it for the first time, I found the harsh sound made my ears uncomfortable.Now，I don't even want to use it for a second time because I'm afraid it may cause harm to my hearing. Would you please let me know if I can return this one and get a new one
I hope my problem will get your kind consideration and your quick response will be highly appreciated.
Yours_sincerely，
Li_Hua