(共19张PPT)
UNIT 1 FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS
Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
●语法概览
●语法精讲
动词-ing形式分为动名词和现在分词两类。动名词兼有动词和名词的特征和作用，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语；现在分词兼有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、表语、补足语和状语。本单元主要学习动词-ing形式作定语和表语的用法。
一、动词-ing 形式作定语
单个动词-ing形式作定语，常放在被修饰词前作前置定语；动词-ing形式短语作定语，常放在被修饰词后作后置定语。
1．动名词(短语)作定语，表示被修饰词的某种功能或用途，相当于由for构成的介词短语。
a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming游泳池
a reading room＝a room for reading阅览室
a washing machine＝a machine for washing洗衣机
a walking stick＝a stick for walking 拐杖
2．现在分词(短语)作定语，它和被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，表示所修饰词正在进行的动作，相当于一个定语从句。
a smiling face＝a face that is smiling一张笑脸
a rolling stone＝a stone that is rolling一块滚石
an amazing story＝a story that is amazing一个令人吃惊的故事
She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.
→She went on board the train which left for Shanghai.
她坐上了去上海的火车。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
→The man who is speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
同义句转换
①The taxi that took us to the airport broke down.
→The taxi _________ us to the airport broke down.
②The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother.
→The boy _____________________________ on the playground is my younger brother.
③That was an experience that frightened everyone.
→That was _____________________________.
taking
that/who is playing football
a frightening experience
二、动词-ing形式作表语
作表语的动词-ing形式包括现在分词(短语)和动名词(短语)。
1．现在分词(短语)作表语，往往具有形容词的性质，说明主语的性质、特征和状态等。作表语的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有：moving，interesting，encouraging，exciting，inspiring，boring，surprising，puzzling，amusing，astonishing...。这类分词有“令人……的”含义，常修饰物。
The news that I'm admitted to the key university is encouraging.
我被那所重点大学录取这一消息是鼓舞人心的。
The problem which he met in the new school was quite puzzling.
他在新学校遇到的问题很令人费解。
温馨提示：
动词-ing形式作表语有时相当于形容词，用于说明主语的特征，意为“令人……的”；动词-ed形式作表语有时相当于形容词，表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”。
常用的动词-ing和动词-ed形容词有：
表示“令人……的” 表示“感到……的”
interesting有趣的 interested感兴趣的
exciting令人激动的 excited感到激动的
表示“令人……的” 表示“感到……的”
delighting令人高兴的 delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的 encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的 puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的 satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人吃惊的 surprised感到吃惊的
worrying令人担心的 worried感到担心的
The news was very exciting.After hearing the news, we felt quite excited.
这个消息是很令人兴奋的，听完这个消息我们感到非常兴奋。
How disappointed I was when I heard the disappointing news!
当我听到这个令人失望的消息时，我是多么失望！
2．动名词(短语)作表语，用于说明主语的内容，即主语等同于表语，两者可互换。
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.
→Keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job.
她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
Her duty is taking care of the babies.
→Taking care of the babies is her duty.
照看婴儿是她的职责。
单句语法填空
①Mr Chen was _______________(satisfy) with my answer.
②Buying a car is simply ____________(waste) money.
③The news was so _________________ that we were _________ at the news.(excite)
④It is ______________(amaze)that the boy is able to solve the problem so quickly.
⑤The snake looked quite _____________(frighten) and the lady let out a cry of scream at the sight of it.
satisfied
wasting
exciting
excited
amazing
frightening
温馨提示：
(1)动词-ing形式作定语也有被动形式。
The topic being discussed at the moment is about music.
→The topic which/that is being discussed at the moment is about music.
现在正在讨论的话题是关于音乐的。
(2)现在分词、过去分词和不定式作定语的一般区别：现在分词表示正在进行或习惯性的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成意义；不定式表示动作尚未发生。
You should adapt to the changing situation.
你应该适应不断变化的形势。
The ground is covered with fallen leaves.
地上满是落叶。
I'm looking for a room to live in.
我正在找房子住。
●语法精练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The results of the Final Examination of this term of the students in my class are_______________ (satisfy)．
2．There is a note on the door, ______________(read)“Please close the door after you”．
3．His _______________(inspire) speech at the conference won the admiration of the audience.
4．The building _____________(build) now is specially designed for the teachers.
satisfying
reading
inspiring
being built
5．Those students _________(hope) to enter that university should work really hard.
6．The tall boy __________(play) basketball on the playground is my brother.
7．A young man ________(write) novels came to speak to us yesterday.
8．The students ___________(do) voluntary work in the nursing house are from our school.
hoping
playing
writing
doing
9．For children, playing with new toys is __________(excite)．
10．The woman _________(look) at her map is a relative of my mother.
exciting
looking
Ⅱ.用动词-ing形式作定语和表语补全句子
1．国家公园有大量的野生动物，从蝴蝶到大象。
The national park has a large collection of wildlife __________________ ________________________.
2．在夏天的夜晚，我可以看到许多星星在天空中闪烁，这是令人惊奇的。
In summer nights I can see many stars sparkling in the sky, ___________ ___________________.
ranging from
butterflies to elephants
which is
quite amazing
3．沿街跑步的学生来自第三中学。
The students _______________________ are from No.3 Middle School.
→The students ____________________________________are from No.3 Middle School.
4．怀抱婴儿的那位妇女正在等着看医生。
The woman __________________________ is waiting to see the doctor.
→The woman _______________________________________is waiting to see the doctor.
running along the street
who/that are running along the street
holding a baby in her arms
who/that is holding a baby in her armsUNIT 1 Section Ⅱ
夯基提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The discovery of the new drug is of great significance (significant) to both our society and ourselves.
2．The decoration (decorate) and furnishings had to be practical enough for a family home.
3．In contrast to their brothers, the girls were both intelligent and charming (charm)．
4．She was a fairly rigid person who had strong religious (religion) views.
5．Rivers are a blessing for an agricultural (agriculture) country.
6．There was a terrible noise following (follow) the sudden burst of light.
7．The news that they announced was so surprising (surprise) that many couldn't believe it.
8．The boy riding (ride) a bike before me is my son.
9．Those sitting (sit) on the bench at the end of the classroom are some students' parents.
10．Climbing mountains was tiring (tire), so we all felt worn out.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．最重要的是，学会自信和独立，你一定会赢得尊重。
Above all , learn to be confident and independent, and you will surely earn respect.
2．父母应该积极鼓励他们的孩子利用这个机会参加运动队。
Parents should actively urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams.(advantage)
3．随着体育场的建立，一系列的体育赛事可以举行。
With the stadium set up, a range of sports events are able to be held.(range)
4．在享受亲近大自然的同时，我们开始帮忙采摘覆盖在每棵树上的桃子。
While enjoying being close to nature, we began to help pick peaches covering every tree .(-ing形式作定语)
5．学生在学校的主要任务是向老师学习知识。
The main task for students at school is learning knowledge from their teachers .(-ing形式作表语)
Ⅲ.用动词-ing形式完成语段
La Tomatina is a festival that takes place in the Spanish town Bunol every August.I think many food festivals are 1.boring (bore) because people are just eating.However，this festival is 2.interesting (interest) because people don't actually eat the tomatoes.Instead，they throw them at each other！The number of people 3.taking (take) part in this tomato fight can reach up to 20,000, and it is a very 4.exciting (excite) fight that lasts for a whole hour.The 5.amazing (amaze) thing is how clean Bunol is after the tomatoes are washed away after the fight.This is because the juice from tomatoes is really good for making surfaces clean!
Ⅳ.阅读理解
Dating back to over 2,500 years ago, Diwali is India's most important festival.It is also commemorated outside of India mainly in Britain，Indonesia, Japan, Thailand，Africa，Australia and the US among Indians across the world.Also referred to as the Festival of Lights，the five-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in October or November.
People wish they could have success and well-being by celebrating the event.They also wish the good luck could arrive by decorating their doors with colourful lanterns and traditional designs.Since shopping on this day is usually considered good luck, many people head to the shopping areas to treat themselves to goods they like.
The second day of the festival is, for some, a day to end laziness and drive away bad spirits from homes with traditional ceremonies(仪式)．Others think of it as an excuse to start the festival celebrations early with big meals and fireworks.Regardless of their beliefs, everyone looks forward to Diwali which is celebrated on the third day.
Diwali celebrations begin early with a visit to a temple(寺庙)．After that families and friends get together to exchange gifts and sweets.Those not satisfied with their shopping on the first day of the festival go to buy more goods.For the people of India, the real fun begins late in the evening when the whole neighbourhoods go to the streets to light up the skies with colourful fireworks.
For the people of the western states of India, the fourth day of Diwali marks the new year and a time to exchange gifts and wishes.The fifth and final day of the festival has been set aside to honour the connection between brothers and sisters and is celebrated with more delicious food.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了排灯节的相关信息。阅读本文有利于培养学生的跨文化交际意识和能力。
1．What do we know about Diwali？
A．It has a short history.
B．It is only celebrated in India.
C．It is celebrated mostly by Indians.
D．It is held on the same day each year.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，排灯节庆祝活动共五天，但并不固定在每年的相同日期。除印度外，世界各地的印度人都会庆祝这个节日。故选C。
2．What does the underlined word “commemorated” in Paragraph 1 probably mean？
A．Started. B．Organised.
C．Prepared. D．Celebrated.
解析：D 词义猜测题。根据第一段的第一句可知，排灯节是印度最重要的节日；第二句提到了世界各地的其他印度人，由此可推知，世界各地的印度人都会庆祝这个重要的节日。故选D。
3．What is really enjoyable and exciting for the Indians
A．Visiting temples.
B．Exchanging gifts.
C．Setting off fireworks.
D．Treating themselves to big meals.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段的最后一句可知，此节日真正有趣的部分是晚上放烟花。故选C。
4．What is the text mainly about？
A．The different ways of celebrating Diwali.
B．The reason for celebrating Diwali in India.
C．Celebrations on traditional Indian festivals.
D．How people celebrate the five-day Diwali.
解析：D 主旨大意题。文章第一段是关于排灯节的概述，后面几段介绍了为期5天的排灯节的具体庆祝活动。故选D。
Ⅴ.七选五
Presidents' Day in the United States
Washington's Birthday, also known as Presidents' Day, is a federal holiday celebrated on the third Monday of February. 1.
Who Is Washington
George Washington served as the first president of the United States of America.His first term as president was from 1789 to 1793. 2. Before he became president, he played an important role in the military, leading the American Continental Army to victory over the British in 1783.Washington is often seen as the father of the United States and is probably the best known American politician ever.
3.
Presidents' Day is a public holiday in most U．S.states.However, many businesses are open as usual and many stores hold sales on Washington's Birthday. 4. And many, but not all, public transport systems operate on regular schedules.Some schools close for the whole week for a mid-winter break.
What Do People Do
Washington's Birthday officially honors the life and work of George Washington.The day honors past presidents of the U．S.A.Washington's Birthday is sometimes known as Presidents' Day. 5. Some states pay particular attention to Abraham Lincoln as his birthday is also in mid-February.In the weeks or days leading up to the holiday, schools often organize events and lessons for students about the presidents of the United States and George Washington in particular.It is a popular day for stores to start their sales.
A．Do People Have to Work
B．Is Presidents' Day a Public Holiday
C．His second term was from 1793 to 1797.
D．His image is also used on the one-dollar bill and the quarter-dollar coin.
E．Many delivery services, except for the Post Office, have a regular service.
F．The day honors presidents of the United States, including George Washington, the U．S.A.'s first president.
G．This is because while most states have adopted Washington's Birthday, some states officially celebrate Presidents' Day.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国总统日的历史来源和节日庆祝活动的形式。
解析：
1．F 由上下文可知，此处应与美国第一任总统华盛顿有关，F选项符合语境。故选F。
2．C 由上文“His first term as president was from 1789 to 1793.”可知，接下来应该讲述了他的第二个总统任期，C项His second term was from 1793 to 1797.符合语境。故选C。
3．B 由上下文两个小标题可知，此句结构应用疑问句形式。根据下文“Presidents' Day is a public holiday in most U．S.states.”可知，问句应涉及“a public holiday”。B项Is Presidents' Day a Public Holiday？符合语境。故选B。
4．E E项“Many delivery services”与前文的“many businesses”及后文“many, but not all, public transport systems”相对应。E项Many delivery services, except for the Post Office, have a regular service.符合语境。故选E。
5．G 由下文“Some states pay particular attention to Abraham Lincoln as his birthday is also in mid-February.”可知，此句的“Some states”与G项的“most states”相对应，结合句意，G项符合语境。故选G。
Ⅵ.完形填空
I've been into environment-friendly things for ages, which started when I was 13 and my favorite teen magazine 1. in the mail with a “Save the Earth, Girl” cover.I remember it 2. ! It was filled with all sorts of easy 3. to go green.
Among many of the 4. I learned that day: turning off the water while you brush your teeth 5. 200 gallons of water every year—per person! I started doing that 6. .I mean, it is kind of a big deal considering Earth doesn't have an unlimited 7. of fresh water.
My parents were also 8. for recycling and reusing, so we became the ones who 9. rejected containers and used them for 10. , and the ones who carried our own bags to the grocery store and our own 11. to the coffee shop.I knew it was the right thing to do for the environment.
Later, I tried to let my 12. flag fly! I either called out to whoever littered in public or collected magazines from my friends to 13. .Then the strangest thing happened: people started 14. me.It's not that they were so concerned about the environment, but they were drawn to my confidence.
Even if others don't share your enthusiasm, they will envy your confidence and want to be like you, and that means 15. your example.
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者热衷环保并吸引他人效仿的故事。
1．A.existed B．arrived
C．returned D．printed
解析：B 考查动词。根据空后的“in the mail”可推知，作者最喜爱的青少年杂志到了。故选B。
2．A.carefully B．correctly
C．clearly D．occasionally
解析：C 考查副词。根据空后的感叹号，和上文提到那本杂志是作者的最爱可推知，作者清晰地(clearly)记得那本杂志。故选C。
3．A.tips B．questions
C．jobs D．decisions
解析：A 考查名词。根据上文中的“with a ‘Save the Earth，Girl’ cover”可推知，那本杂志里提供了很多环保的小贴士，与下文中的如“刷牙时关掉水龙头”等具体的建议形成呼应。故选A。
4．A.reasons B．debates
C．lessons D．facts
解析：D 考查名词。根据语境可推知，每个人刷牙时关掉水龙头一年可以节约200加仑水是一个事实(fact)的陈述。故选D。
5．A.weighs B．stores
C．saves D．totals
解析：C 考查动词。根据语境可推知，每个人刷牙时关掉水龙头一年可以节约(save)200加仑水是一个事实的陈述。故选C。
6．A.at times B．right away
C．after all D．at last
解析：B 考查固定短语。根据下文“I mean，it is kind of a big deal considering Earth doesn't have an unlimited 7 of fresh water.”可推知，作者认为节约用水事关重大，于是立马行动。故选B。
7．A.amount B．control
C．use D．flow
解析：A 考查名词。作者意识到地球上的淡水资源的数量是有限的。amount“数量”。故选A。
8．A.famous B．sorry
C．eager D．suitable
解析：C 考查形容词。根据下文可知，作者的父母也渴望加入进来，践行环保。be eager for“渴望”。故选C。
9．A.washed out B．took away
C．gave out D．threw away
解析：A 考查动词短语。与空前的“reusing”呼应可推知，作者一家把遗弃的容器清洗(wash out)后用来贮存。故选A。
10．A.collection B．show
C．storage D．decoration
解析：C 考查名词。与空前的“reusing”呼应可推知，作者一家把遗弃的容器清洗后用来贮存(storage)。故选C。
11．A.drinks B．books
C．coins D．cups
解析：D 考查名词。根据空前的“carried our own bags to the grocery store”和作者一家的环保理念可推知，他们带着自己的杯子去咖啡店。故选D。
12．A.noble B．high
C．ambitious D．green
解析：D 考查形容词。根据第一段首句中的“I've been into environment-friendly things for ages”和最后一句“It was filled with all sorts of easy 3 to go green.”可推知，之后作者试着把自己的环保理念传播给他人。故选D。
13．A.recycle B．process
C．resell D．donate
解析：A 考查动词。结合作者的环保理念并根据语境可推知，作者从朋友那里收集杂志，循环利用。故选A。
14．A.serving B．copying
C．observing D．reminding
解析：B 考查动词。根据上下文可推知，作者的朋友开始仿效作者，加入环保行动。故选B。
15．A.setting B．making
C．giving D．following
解析：D 考查动词。结合语境并根据上文中的“they will envy your confidence and want to be like you”可推知，这意味着人们会被你的信心所感染，以你为榜样，效仿你的环保行为。故选D。
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