(共34张PPT)
UNIT 3 DIVERSE CULTURES
Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
●语法概览
●语法精讲
为了避免重复或为了使句子更简练，在一些句子中常常省去某一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象在英语中叫省略。在英语句子中，常见的省略情况有以下几种：
1．简单句中的省略
(1)省略主语和谓语。
—Hello！Is Jack in
——你好！杰克在吗？
—(This is)Jack speaking.
——我就是。
(2)there be句型中的省略。
(Is there)Anything wrong
发生了什么事吗？
(3)感叹句根据上下文的省略。
What a (good) boy (he is)!
多好的男孩呀！
(4)名词所有格修饰的名词若表示店铺、住宅、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时可省略。
I go to the supermarket instead of the butcher's (shop) to buy meat.
我去超市而不是去肉铺买肉。
(5)介词的省略。
常见的有spend time (in)doing sth.，have a hard time (in) doing sth.，waste time (in) doing sth.，stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.，take turns (at) doing sth.等。
He seldom spends his spare time (in) studying.
他空余时间很少学习。
写出下列句子中的省略部分
①Do be careful! (You)
②—What is your favourite subject
—English.(It is)
③—Do you know Tom
—No，I don't know.(him)
④Have a drink (Will you)
⑤What an unforgettable experience! (it was)
2．并列句中的省略
(1)省略共同的主语或宾语。
Tom picked up the book from the floor and (Tom) handed it to his brother.
汤姆从地板上捡起书并把它递给了他的哥哥。
(2)若主语与谓语动词相同，则省略后面分句的主语和谓语。
His performance made us amused，but(his performance made) himself tired.
他的表演让我们高兴，但是使他自己很累。
(3)若主语不同而谓语的助动词、情态动词相同，则省略后面分句的助动词或情态动词。
Tom must have been playing football at that time, and his sister (must have been) playing the piano.
汤姆那时一定在踢足球，而且他的妹妹一定在弹钢琴。
完成句子
①有些学生喜欢打篮球，有些则不喜欢。
Some students like playing basketball, while some ________.
②我在学校当老师，我的弟弟在银行工作。
I work in a school as a teacher and my brother ____________.
don't
in a bank
3．动词不定式中的省略
动词不定式中的省略现象可分为两种情况：一是动词不定式符号to后的动词部分的省略；二是动词不定式符号to的省略。
(1)动词不定式符号to后的动词部分的省略。
①答语中的有些动词(短语)后跟不定式作宾语时，可将其动词省略，而保留to，这样的动词(短语)常见的有want，wish，expect，hope，would like/love，like，love，try，forget，prefer，mean，be going to，be about to，be supposed to等。
—Will you go with me
——你要和我一起去吗？
—Yes, I'd like to (go with you)．
——是的，我想。
温馨提示：
如果作宾语的不定式是be动词或完成时态，则需在to之后加上be或have。
—Are you a doctor
——你是医生吗？
—No, but I want to be.
——不，但我希望是。
—He hasn't finished his homework.
——他还没有完成家庭作业。
—He ought to have.
——他本应该完成的。
②动词不定式作宾语补足语时，省略to后的动词部分，即用to代替整个不定式。
You'd better finish the job on time if he ordered you to (finish the job on time)．
你最好按时完成工作，如果他是这么要求你的。
③不定式在形容词able，anxious，eager，glad，happy，ready，willing等之后作状语时，省略动词部分。
You can't force him to get a job if he's not ready to (get a job)．
如果他还没有准备去找工作，你就不能强迫他。
④不定式跟在be able to，be going to，have to，ought to，used to等后，一起作复合谓语时，省略动词部分。
He doesn't like fish but he used to (like fish)．
他不喜欢吃鱼，但是以前他喜欢。
(2)动词不定式符号to的省略。
①感官动词feel，see，notice，watch，find，hear，listen to，observe等和使役动词have，make，let等后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省略to (help后的to可带可不带)。
I saw a boy fall down from the tree.
我看见一个男孩从树上掉下来了。
温馨提示：
这些结构在被动语态中，动词不定式符号to保留(let除外)。
We often hear him sing the song at home.
→He is often heard to sing the song at home.
我们经常听到他在家唱这首歌。
②当不定式作表语时，如果主语部分出现动词do的任何形式，则不定式中的to常可省略。
What he wants to do is go home.
他想做的就是回家。
③介词but前面有动词do，后面的不定式可省略to。
He can do nothing but lie down and sleep.
他无事可做只好躺下睡觉。
④两个或者两个以上的动词不定式由连词and，but，than，or等连接时，从第二个动词不定式起，往往省略不定式符号to。
His job is to take care of the elderly and wash their clothes.
他的工作是照顾老人并清洗他们的衣物。
温馨提示：
如果两个不定式表示对比关系，则to都不能省略。
To be for the plan or to be against it doesn't matter.
赞成或反对这项计划都不要紧。
单句语法填空
①She was made ____________(finish) the task by herself.
②He was often seen ________(go) to the supermarket to do some shopping.
③We could do nothing but _______(work) hard to realise our dreams.
to finish
to go
work
4．复合句中的省略
(1)状语从句的省略。
①在when，while，whenever，till，as soon as，if，unless，as if，though等引导的状语从句中，若谓语含有be动词，且从句的主语与主句的主语相同(或从句主语是it)时，则从句的主语和be动词常被省略。
He will not attend the party unless (he is) invited.
除非被邀请，否则他不会参加这个宴会。
If (it is) convenient, call me and have a chat with me.
如果方便，就给我打电话聊一下。
②虚拟条件句中若含有were，had，should，常省略if，将were，had，should提前构成部分倒装。
Were I you(＝If I were you), I would accept the chance to work in that company.
如果我是你，我会接受在那个公司工作的机会。
(2)宾语从句的省略。
①由特殊疑问词which，when，where及why引导的宾语从句，若从句中所表达的内容与主句内容重复，可将其省略，仅保留疑问词。
He was late for work again, and no one knew why (he was late for work again)．
他又一次上班迟到了，没人知道为什么。
②that引导的宾语从句作动词的宾语时，可省略引导词that；若两个或两个以上的that引导的宾语从句作动词的宾语，只能省略第一个引导词that。
Joe said (that)he would come and that he would arrive at 5：00 p．m.
乔说过他要来，他下午5点会到。
③在与suggest，request，order，advise等词有关的名词性从句中，从句谓语动词应用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
I suggested that we (should) hold a meeting tonight.
我建议我们今晚开个会。
④在I'm afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess等作答句时，其后常跟省略形式。so表示赞同前述的事实，not表示不赞同前述的事实。
—We will have to work extra hours to finish the work.
——我们将不得不加班来完成这份工作。
—I'm afraid so(＝we will have to work extra hours to finish the work)．
——恐怕是这样。
(3)定语从句的省略。
①在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom，which，that可省略。
He handed the book(that/which)he bought yesterday to me.
他把昨天买的那本书递给了我。
②way作先行词，且定语从句中缺少方式状语，此时引导从句的关系词可省略。
We don't like the way (in which/ that) he treats his mother.
我们不喜欢他对待他的妈妈的方式。
③在由the same...as...与such as引导的某些定语从句中，也可省略与主句相同的部分。
The price is the same as (the price was) yesterday.
价格与昨天相同。
④定语从句中的“关系代词＋助动词be”可以省略。
The ticket (that/which was)booked by his sister has been sent to him.
他妹妹订的那张票已经送到了他那里。
翻译句子
①有可能的话，周末我会去看望您。
I'll pay a visit to you at the weekend if possible.
②如果我是你，我会带一束花或者一瓶酒去参加他的生日派对。
Were I you, I would bring a bunch of flowers or a bottle of wine to attend his birthday party.
③老师建议我们大声地朗读英语。
The teacher suggests that we (should) read English aloud.
●语法精练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．We should keep the earth healthy while ________(use) its supply of natural resources.
2．Once _____________(encourage), he will have confidence to overcome the difficulties.
3．He was often noticed ___________(leave) the office after work.
4．Children, when __________(expose) to an English-speaking atmosphere, will pick up the language much more easily.
using
encouraged
to leave
exposed
5．He rushed out of the room as if __________(meet) some important person.
6．Knowing his trouble, I had nothing to do but __________(inspire) him to continue his work.
7．Tom wanted to play football with his friends in the street, but his father told him not _____.
8．—Are you a volunteer now
—No, but I used ________(be)．I worked for the City Sports Meeting last year.
to meet
inspire
to
to be
9．When ____________(publish), the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year.
10．—Who should be responsible for the accident
—The boss instead of the workers.They just carried out the order as _______(tell)．
published
told
Ⅱ.将下列句子改写成省略句
1．The burn that she got from the iron was red and it was very painful.
→The burn ___________________ was red and _______________.
2．The winters in Hangzhou are not so mild as they are in Guangzhou.
→The winters in Hangzhou are not so mild __________________.
3．John will go abroad to travel but his brother will not go abroad to travel.
→John will go abroad to travel but _______________________.
she got from the iron
very painful
as in Guangzhou
his brother will not
4．She stood at the gate as if she was waiting for someone.
→She stood at the gate ____________________________.
5．Only some of the students have done a first aid course but most of the students haven't done a first aid course.
→Only some of the students have done a first aid course but _______________.
as if waiting for someone
most haven'tUNIT 3 SectionⅡ
夯基提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The man was noticed to enter (enter) the classroom.
2．Video games can be a poor influence if left (leave) in the wrong hands.
3．The city now is much noisier than it used to be .
4．He tried to open the door and get (get) out.
5．To my relief, I had my father repair (repair) my bike yesterday.
6．You should stay where you are, unless asked (ask) to leave.
7．You can't imagine what difficulty we had walking (walk) home in the snowstorm.
8．Are you too old for fairy tales If you think so , Copenhagen is sure to change your mind.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．除非有必要，否则你最好别查词典。
Unless (it is) necessary , you'd better not refer to the dictionary.
2．尽管教授见到我们有些惊讶，但是还是很热情地欢迎了我们。
Though (the professor was) surprised to see us , the professor gave us a warm welcome.
3．当我们搜寻一些信息时，我们可以通过触屏来操作。
While (we are) searching for some information , we can operate by touching the screen.
4．如果有必要，你可以向你的老师求助。
If (it is) necessary , you can turn to your teacher for help.
5．云在聚集，好像要下雨了。
The clouds are gathering as if (it is) to rain .
Ⅲ.阅读理解
San Francisco's Chinatown is the biggest and oldest in the country.It's the third most visited tourist destination in the city.It's also the city's most densely(密集地) populated neighborhood.So why are businesses in Chinatown struggling
In this week's paper，I outline some of the reasons for why Chinatown's crowded streets and busy shops might be declining.Under the surface, Chinatown is falling.And the city, local organizations and businesses are trying to figure out what they can do to turn things around.
While numbers of people visit Chinatown, they don't stay long and they don't spend a lot of money.And beyond annual festivals, like Chinese New Year, this month's Moon Festival and last month's Sunday Streets—which drew about 15,000 to 20,000 people—the neighborhood has a hard time attracting locals.
Can you remember the last time you went to Chinatown If you can't, you're not alone.Locals told me that Chinatown doesn't have much to offer them—that the stores are all the same.There are some good eating joints, people said, but they don't know how to find them.Some people even told me that they sometimes go to extreme measures to avoid the neighborhood altogether.But when asked if they would like to see Chinatown gone, the answer was always a strong no.
Locals are hopeful that things will get better and traffic will increase when the Central Subway is complete.But that's not for another five years, at least.And if new shops or restaurants don't make their way into Chinatown, the same problem of attracting locals will exist.
Not that Chinatown's going to die.The dragon still has some fire in its belly.And many people are rooting for positive change.The question is, how does Chinatown change without losing the very importance of what makes it unique
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了旧金山的唐人街是美国最古老的唐人街，但是近几年一直状况不佳，这种低迷的状况令华人和当地人感到担心。
1．What can we know about Chinatown according to the passage？
A．Businesses in Chinatown are going well.
B．Local people like going shopping there.
C．A great number of people visit it every year.
D．No period has seen a more prosperous(繁荣的) Chinatown.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第一段中“It's the third most visited tourist destination in the city.”及第三段内容可知，旧金山的唐人街是旧金山第三大旅游目的地。由此可知，每年都有很多人来唐人街。故选C。
2．What can we know according to the locals？
A．Chinatown doesn't love to offer them assistance.
B．Shops in Chinatown lack their own characteristics.
C．It is hard to buy quality goods at proper prices.
D．They feel annoyed to see so many familiar faces.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第四段第三句可知，当地人认为唐人街的商店缺乏自己的特色。故选B。
3．What can be inferred from the passage？
A．The Central Subway is under construction.
B．Chinatown has to make way for subway.
C．Many restaurants have been closed down.
D．The locals hope Chinatown will be extinct.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段第一句可知，当地人都希望中央地铁完工时，事情会有所好转，同时交通会有所改善。由此可推知，中央地铁正在建设中。故选A。
4．What is the author's attitude towards Chinatown？
A．Negative. B．Sympathy.
C．Hopeful. D．Indifferent.
解析：C 观点态度题。根据最后一段前三句可知，并不是说唐人街会消亡，有许多人在支持积极的改变。由此可推知，作者对唐人街充满希望。故选C。
Ⅳ.七选五
When you go to a foreign country, you often enter a new culture.The differences between cultures may make you feel stressed and you often find it difficult to adjust to the new surroundings, which is usually called “culture shock”．
The psychological and physical symptoms of culture shock may appear depending on the individuals.Some often feel anxious while adjusting to a new culture—even more so when the cultural distances are wide. 1. They remain homesick and feel so sad about being separated from their friends back home that they long to return, especially within the first year.
2. People adjusting to a new culture often feel lonely because the language barrier makes it hard to create new relationships.Furthermore, having trouble with the native language often makes them unwilling to interact with other people.
3. You may do some research on the cultural aspects of the new country such as the history, customs, and religious beliefs, rather than on what to see and where to go, so you may get prepared for a culture that is different from yours.Studying the language is also a great way to help bridge the gap between the cultures. 4.
A local club provides the perfect environment to get to know people who have a similar focus, so join one so that you can meet some locals and develop new friendships. 5. There are other travelers who have the same experiences in a foreign country.Talk with them, sharing feelings, tips and insight.
A．They may lose appetite and have sleep problems.
B．Still, the most important change is communication.
C．They make a lot of effort to get used to the new surroundings.
D．The more of it is understood, the more of the new culture can be understood.
E．Learning about your future destination is a great way to get over culture shock.
F．Plus, remember that you aren't alone in your struggle to adjust in a new country.
G．Actually, staying in a foreign country helps you to know more of the new culture.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人们去国外会经历文化冲突，因此向读者说明了克服文化冲突的几条建议。
解析：
1．A A选项中的“lose appetite and have sleep problems”对应上文中的“physical symptoms of culture shock”和“feel anxious”。A项承接上文。故选A。
2．B B选项“不过，最重要的变化是沟通。”承接下文；该选项中的“communication”对应下文中的the language barrier。故选B。
3．E E选项“了解你未来的目的地是克服文化冲突的好方法。”承接下文；该选项中的“Learning about your future destination”对应下文中的“do some research on the cultural aspects of the new country”。故选E。
4．D 由上一句“学习语言也是一个很好的方法，有助于弥合文化之间的差距。”可知，D选项“了解得越多，就越能了解新文化。”承接上文；该选项中的“it”对应上文中的“language”。故选D。
5．F F选项“另外，记住，在一个新的国家里，你并不是唯一一个努力适应的人。”承接上文；该选项中的“you aren't alone”对应上文中的“people who have a similar focus”。故选F。
Ⅴ.完形填空
During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.I 1. the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn't want to save a few dollars More than that, I'd always wanted to learn chess.And, even if I weren't 2. enough about free credits, news about our instructor was appealing enough to me.He was an international grand master, which meant I would be learning from one of the game's 3. .I could hardly wait to 4. him.
Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this 5. was no game for him；he meant business.In his introduction, he made it clear that our credits would be hard-earned.In order to 6. the class among other requirements, we had to write a paper on how we plan to 7. what we would learn in class to our future professions and, 8. to our lives.I managed to get an A in that 9. and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 10. .
Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I'm still putting to use what he 11. me: “The absolute most important 12. that you learn when you play chess is how to make good 13. .On every single move you have to 14. a situation, process what your opponent (对手) is doing and evaluate the best move from among all your options.” These words still ring true today in my 15. as a journalist.
语篇导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者在大二学的免费课程——下象棋，及这门课程对作者生活的深远指导作用。
1．A.put forward B．tried out
C．jumped at D．turned down
解析：C 考查动词短语。A.put forward提出；B.tried out测试，试验；C.jumped at欣然接受；D.turned down拒绝。后文提到作者想要省钱，所以是欣然接受了这门课程。故选C。
2．A.worried B．tired
C．moved D．excited
解析：D 考查形容词。A.worried着急的，担心的；B.tired疲倦的；C.moved感动的；D.excited激动的，兴奋的。上文提到作者上这门课就是为了省钱，所以对这门课所带来的学分并不感到激动。故选D。
3．A.best B．fastest
C．rarest D．hardest
解析：A 考查形容词。A.best最好(或最优秀，最理想)的人(或物)；B.fastest最快的；C.rarest罕见的；D.hardest最困难的。结合上文“He was an international grand master”可知，老师是象棋游戏里的大师，即下象棋最好的人之一。故选A。
4．A.beat B．interview
C．meet D．challenge
解析：C 考查动词。A.beat击败；B.interview采访；C.meet遇见；D.challenge挑战。由前一句可知，因为象棋国际大师要来，所以作者等不及要见他。故选C。
5．A.qualification B．chance
C．job D．honor
解析：C 考查名词。A.qualification资格；B.chance机会；C.job工作；D.honor荣誉。Maurice Ashley如今是老师，所以这是他的一份工作。故选C。
6．A.skip B．pass
C．observe D．attend
解析：B 考查动词。A.skip跳过；B.pass通过；C.observe观察，庆祝；D.attend参加。根据后文宾语“the class”以及“ write a paper”可知，此处指的是通过这门课。故选B。
7．A.compare B．expose
C．add D．apply
解析：D 考查动词。A.compare比较；B.expose暴露；C.add添加；D.apply运用。结合后文“what we would learn in class to our future professions”可知，Ashley 要求学生们写一篇论文，关于如何将在课堂上学到的知识应用到我们未来的职业中，短语apply... to...“把……运用于……”。故选D。
8．A.eventually B．directly
C．naturally D．normally
解析：A 考查副词。A.eventually最终；B.directly直接地；C.naturally自然地；D.normally正常地。根据后文“to our lives”可知，先是应用到工作中，最后应用到生活中。故选A。
9．A.presentation B．course
C．game D．experiment
解析：B 考查名词。A.presentation介绍，陈述；B.course课程；C.game游戏；D.experiment实验。结合上文“get an A in that”可知，此处指在象棋课上得了A的成绩。故选B。
10．A.requirement B．department
C．classroom D．situation
解析：C 考查名词。A.requirement要求；B.department部门；C.classroom教室；D.situation情况。结合上文“learned life lessons”可知，作者学到了课堂之外的生活经验。beyond the classroom“课堂之外”。故选C。
11．A.promised B．wrote
C．questioned D．taught
解析：D 考查动词。A.promised承诺；B.wrote写；C.questioned质问；D.taught教。上文he指的是象棋课的老师Ashley，故此处指作者十年后仍然在运用Ashley教自己的东西。故选D。
12．A.skill B．manner
C．step D．fact
解析：A 考查名词。A.skill技能；B.manner方式；C.step步；D.fact事实。根据后文“when you play chess”可知，此处指的是下象棋时的重要技能。故选A。
13．A.impressions B．grades
C．decisions D．comments
解析：C 考查名词。A.impressions印象；B.grades成绩；C.decisions决定；D.comments评论。根据后文“evaluate the best move from among all”可知，下象棋时需要评估出最佳的一步，即做出正确的决定。故选C。
14．A.analyse B．describe
C．generate D．control
解析：A 考查动词。A.analyse分析；B.describe描述；C.generate生成，产生；D.control控制。根据后文“process what your opponent (对手) is doing and evaluate the best move from among all your options”可知，此处指分析形势，处理各种情况。故选A。
15．A.characteristic B．role
C．desire D．concern
解析：B 考查名词。A.characteristic特点，品质；B.role角色；C.desire欲望；D.concern担心。结合后文“as a journalist”可知，作者如今是一名记者，所以这应该是作者的职业或者身份。故选B。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
