(共27张PPT)
UNIT 4 SPACE EXPLORATION
Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
●语法概览
●语法精讲
一、动词不定式作定语
1．动词不定式作定语，常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语，表示尚未发生的动作。
Let us give him something to eat.
让我们给他一些吃的东西。
Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class...
而且，我会不时地布置一些在课堂上完成的小组作业……
2．当中心词为序数词或被序数词修饰时，常用动词不定式作后置定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
3．当中心词被形容词最高级、the next、the only等修饰时，常用动词不定式作后置定语。
She is the only woman to be admitted into the famous university.
她是唯一被这所著名大学录取的女性。
4．抽象名词plan, attempt，ability，chance，desire，determination，decision，way等后，常用动词不定式作后置定语。
Practice is the only way to learn a language well.
学好一门语言的唯一途径就是练习。
5．当名词与定语之间存在动宾关系时。
She is a nice person to work with.
她是一个很好的合作伙伴。
6．当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。
We must find a person to do the job.
我们必须找到一个人来做这项工作。
7．当名词与定语之间存在同位关系时。
My desire to carry on with the experiment has failed.
我继续做实验的愿望没能实现。
①不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He has no pen to write with.
他没有钢笔写字。
②不定式作定语时，如果句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式使用主动形式表示被动。试比较：
Have you got anything to buy
你有什么东西要买吗？(不定式to buy的动作执行者是you)
Have you got anything to be bought
你有什么要(我或别人)买的吗？(不定式to be bought的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”，因此只能用动词不定式的被动形式作后置定语)
单句语法填空
①It is recognised that he is the best man __________(complete) the task.
②Thanks to your encouragement, I finally got the courage ___________
(face) all the challenges.
③The system has the ability _________(run) more than one programme at the same time.
④Could you tell me an effective way ___________(learn) English well
to complete
to face
to run
to learn
二、动词不定式作状语
动词不定式在句中作状语，主要用来修饰动词和形容词，也可用来修饰副词。在句中，不定式可作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等，可表示目的、原因、结果等。
1．作目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。为加强语气，常与in order或so as 组成短语。
A group of young people got together to discuss this question.
一群年轻人聚在一起讨论这个问题。
(1)置于句首时只用to do/ in order to do。表示否定时，用 in order not to do 或 so as not to do形式。
I walked quietly so as not to disturb the baby.
我安静地走路，以免打扰到这个婴儿。
(2)不定式作目的状语可转换为 so that/ in order that引导的目的状语从句。
He worked very hard to pass the exam.
→He worked very hard so that/ in order that he could pass the exam.
他非常努力以便能通过考试。
2．作原因状语，多见于“sb.＋be＋adj.＋to do...”结构中。
Her father was pleased to know that she passed the exam.
得知她通过考试的消息，她父亲很高兴。
They were very surprised to be informed of the news.
被告知这个消息他们很吃惊。
3．作结果状语，多见于too...to...，...enough to，only to do(表示意料之外的结果的发生)，so/such...as to/that...(意为“如此……以至于……”)结构中。
I'm too tired to do well.
我太累了做不好。
The wind is strong enough to move the sand.
风大到能移动沙丘。
He rushed back, only to find the book missing.
他冲了回来，却发现书不见了。
He was so nervous that he felt his tongue tied and palms sweating.
他是如此紧张，以至于他感觉舌头打结，手心出汗。
4．独立动词不定式多用作插入语，表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。
To begin with, she spoke too quickly, I couldn't understand most of the words she said.
首先，她说得太快，我听不懂她所说的大部分内容。
1单句语法填空
①___________(learn) a language well, you must make efforts.
②I'm more than delighted __________(know) that you are coming to our school to take part in the Chinese Culture Week.
③The traveller looked up suddenly _______ (find) a monkey in the tree.
④__________(tell) the truth, I don't like the colour at all.
To learn
to know
to find
To tell
三、现在分词与动词不定式作结果状语的区别
1．动词不定式作结果状语，强调的是一种意想不到的结果，通常与only搭配。
Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didn't fit.
她着急地从包里拿出那件衣服试穿，却发现不合身。
2．现在分词作结果状语，强调的是一种顺承的、自然而然的结果。
The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.
雪下了一星期，给整个地区造成严重的交通混乱。
句子语法填空
①She got to the station only __________(find) the train had gone.
②The boy slipped and fell down, _______(hit) his head against the door.
to find
hitting
●语法精练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The program affords young people the chance__________(gain) working experience.
2．The United Kingdom has a long and interesting history___________
(explore)．
3．They hope that students will have the opportunity________________
(broaden) their horizons (眼界)．
4．Deeply moved by the story, she felt a strong desire__________(help) and care for others.
to gain
to explore
to broaden
to help
5．Scientists are trying to figure out a way___________(store) sufficient food and water for the long journey.
6．_____________(succeed), we must make good preparations for the coming football match.
7．_____________(realize) his dream of entering a key university, Jack studies harder than ever.
8．He was disappointed___________(learn) that his application was refused.
to store
To succeed
To realize
to learn
9．There were so many people that Lucy had to shout and wave so as ________________(notice)．
10．The performance had intended to please the audience and draw their attention, only________________(greet) with an embarrassing silence, however.
to be noticed
to be greeted
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．他因考试不及格深感沮丧。
He is in a state of deep depression because of his___________________
______________.
2．我决定利用一切机会练习英语口语。
I decide to employ every opportunity ____________________________.
3．屠呦呦是第一位被授予诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的中国科学家。
Tu Youyou is the first Chinese scientist ________________ the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
failure to pass the
examination
to practise my spoken English
to be awarded
4．这也为我提供了独立生活和体验生活艰辛的机会。
It provided me with a chance ________________________ and experience the hardships of life.
5．我认为和朋友们保持联系最好的方式是发电子邮件。
I think the best way to _____________________ my friends is through email.
6．为了迎接新年，家家户户都在为团圆饭做准备。
_______________________ , every family is preparing for the reunion dinner.
to live independently
keep in touch with
To welcome the New Year
7．政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是水稻来改善水质。
The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice
___________________________.
8．尽管情况艰难，他竭尽所能来帮助当地的学生。
Despite the difficult situation, he did whatever he could______________
______________.
9．我校正不遗余力地满足学生对课外活动的需求。
Our school is making every effort _________________________ students for activities after class.
to improve water quality
to help the local
students
to meet the demands of
10．得知美术馆下个月将举办中国画展览，我写信申请当一名志愿者。
Knowing a Chinese painting exhibition will be held at the gallery next month，______________________________________________.
I am writing to apply to become a volunteerUNIT 4 Section Ⅱ
夯基提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I was watching the clock all through the meeting as I had a train to catch (catch)．
2．George returned after the war, only to be told (tell) that his wife had left him.
3．This is the best way we can think of to reduce (reduce) the waste of water in students' bathrooms.
4．The airport to be completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
5．Our tour includes a chance to walk (walk) in the footstep of Van Gogh and Gauguin.
6．It's said that Jackson is the best man to do (do) the job.
7．The plum trees are the first to flower (flower)even as the snow is melting(融化)．
8．He's always the first one to come (come) to the classroom.
9．We're never going to have enough time to explore (explore) everything!
10． To enjoy (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
Ⅱ.用不定式作状语和定语补全句子
1．为了阻止河流被污染，我们必须采取一些措施进行保护。
In order to prevent/stop/keep rivers from being polluted ，we must take some measures to protect them.
2．他匆忙赶到代理处，却发现经理已经离开了。
He hurried to the agency，only to find the manager had left .
3．为了赶上5点的飞机，她让我开车把她送到机场。
She asked me to drive her to the airport in order/so as to catch the 5：00 plane .
4．我们学生应该有面对任何困难的勇气。
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty .
5．与人和睦相处的能力是他的主要优点。
His ability to get on well with people is his chief advantage.
Ⅲ.用不定式的相关结构完成对话
Zhang：I 1.am delighted to know (很高兴得知) you are interested in space exploration.
Li：Indeed，I'd like to be an astronaut in the future.
Zhang：Sounds good. 2.To/In order to become an astronaut (要想成为一名宇航员)，you need to satisfy the requirements of a qualified astronaut.
Li：Yes.First of all，I should study hard 3.(in order/so as)to get a related college degree (为了得到一个相关的大学学位)．Besides，I must take exercise every day 4.(in order/so as)to keep healthy (来保持健康)．
Zhang：Exactly.Have you heard Yang Liwei，who is the first man in China 5.to go into space (进入太空)，went through lots of mental and physical training
Li：Of course.He is really a hero.He realized our dream 6.to explore space (探索太空)．
Ⅳ.阅读理解
(2024·扬州高一检测)
Two Russian cosmonauts (宇航员) aboard the International Space Station (ISS) played chess against an Earth-bound grandmaster on Tuesday, in celebration of the first such game half a century ago.
Equipped with an electronic chessboard, cosmonauts Anatoly Ivanishin and Ivan Vaguer played in zero gravity against 30-year-old Russian former child prodigy (神童) Sergei Karyakin.The game was broadcast live and ended in a draw after about 15 minutes.
It was organised by the space agency Roscosmos and the Russian Chess Federation to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first Space-Earth game of chess played on June 9, 1970.“It's a huge honor for us not to lose to a grandmaster，” Ivanishin said, while Vaguer added that US astronauts on the ISS watched the game and gave tips.
Karyakin, who played from Moscow's Museum of Cosmonautics, said he was jittery during the game and could not fall asleep until 4 a．m.on the night before the match.
“They played well，” he said.“I can say that the human brain functions very well in space, and I have seen this today.” At the age of 12 years and seven months, Karyakin became the world's youngest ever grandmaster.
Ivanishin, Vaguer and US astronaut Chris Cassidy arrived on the ISS in April.On May 31, they were joined by US astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley on the first manned private flight to the ISS.SpaceX made history by becoming the world's first commercial company to send humans to the ISS, leading Russia to lose its long-held monopoly (垄断) on space travel.
语篇导读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了两位身处国际空间站的俄罗斯宇航员与在地面上的俄罗斯国际象棋大师进行的一场象棋比赛。该场比赛是为了纪念50年前首次在太空和地球之间进行的象棋比赛。
1．Why did the two Russian astronauts play chess on the ISS？
A．To offer a live broadcast from the ISS.
B．To celebrate their success in boarding the ISS.
C．To test the human brain functions in zero gravity.
D．To honor the first Space-Earth chess game 50 years ago.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第一段“...in celebration of the first such game half a century ago.”和第三段第一句可知，两名俄罗斯宇航员在国际空间站上下棋，是为了庆祝50年前的第一场太空地球棋局。故选D。
2．How many people were aboard the ISS when the chess was played？
A．Two. B．Three.
C．Four. D．Five.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Ivanishin, Vaguer and US astronaut Chris Cassidy...astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley”可知，一共有5名宇航员。故选D。
3．How did Karyakin feel before the match？
A．Bored. B．Nervous.
C．Disappointed. D．Frightened.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第四段“在莫斯科宇宙航天博物馆下棋的卡里亚金说，他在比赛中一直很紧张，直到比赛前一天凌晨4点才入睡。”可知，Karyakin直到凌晨才入睡，说明他非常紧张，故选B。
4．What is the best title of the passage？
A．A Chess Game Played on the ISS
B．A Celebration of Human Space History
C．A Space-Earth Chess Game
D．A Former Child Chess Prodigy
解析：C 标题归纳题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段可知，本文主要介绍了两位身处国际空间站的俄罗斯宇航员与在地面上的俄罗斯国际象棋大师进行的一场象棋比赛。该场比赛是为了纪念50年前首次在太空和地球之间进行的象棋比赛。故C选项“一场太空—地球棋局”最符合文章标题。故选C。
Ⅴ.七选五
(2024·广州高一检测)
As we all know, the universe includes the Sun and Earth, the planets and moons, the galaxies, stars and other forms of matter and energy. 1.
Within the universe are billions of galaxies.A galaxy such as our own Milky Way contains billions of stars. 2. Like many stars, the Sun is orbited by planet, comets, and billions of stars and asteroids.Together they form a solar system, around which the Earth moves.
Scientists think that before the universe existed, all matter and energy were gathered in a tiny point.Then the point exploded.This explosion is called the Big Bang.After the Big Bang, the universe expanded at an amazing rate. 3. It took about 400 million years for the stars and galaxies to form.Earth and the rest of the solar system came into being about 9 billion years after the Big Bang.
We still have much to learn about the universe.One important question remains unanswered: Does life exist beyond Earth Scientists do not have the answer.They hold different ideas about it. 4. Others believe that there are thousands of worlds with people or animals living there yet to be discovered.But no one can say for sure.
5. Some think that the universe may continue to expand forever.Others feel that the galaxies, solar systems and planets might someday be torn apart.Whatever happens to the universe, don't worry—it's not going to happen for billions of years!
A．One of those is the Sun.
B．The Sun and the Earth are also in the solar system.
C．Some people believe that people have a good life on Earth.
D．The expansion then slowed and, over time, the universe cooled.
E．In other words, the universe includes space and everything in it.
F．Scientists are also trying to determine what the universe will be like.
G．Some think that Earth is the only planet in the universe with intelligent life.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了宇宙的诞生、构成以及对宇宙未来的预测。
解析：
1．E 上文提到了宇宙包含许多东西，空处是段末句，对上文进行总结，故E选项“也就是说，宇宙包括空间和其中的一切”符合语境，故选E。
2．A 前句“A galaxy such as our own Milky Way contains billions of stars.”提到银河系包含数十亿颗恒星。后句“Like many stars, the Sun is orbited by planet, comets, and billions of stars and asteroids.”列举出了太阳这颗恒星，故A选项“其中一颗是太阳”符合语境，A选项中“those”指代前文的“stars”。故选A。
3．D 前句提到了宇宙以惊人的速度膨胀，后句提到恒星和星系形成过程漫长，故D选项“然后膨胀变慢了，随着时间的推移，宇宙冷却了”符合语境，expanded与expansion也是提示，故选D。
4．G 上文“One important...They hold different ideas about it.” 提到一个尚未得到解答的问题。后文“Others believe that...discovered.”提到了另一些人的看法。因此G选项“有些人认为地球是宇宙中唯一有智慧生命的行星”符合语境，G选项中“Some”与下文构成“some...others...”，表示“一些……另一些……”，故选G。
5．F 空处是本段的主旨句。根据后文可知，本段主要是关于对未来宇宙的样子的预测，故F选项“科学家也在试图确定宇宙的未来可能会是什么样子”符合语境，故选F。
Ⅵ.完形填空
For a little girl growing up in Colombia in the 1980s, a science career with NASA may have seemed like setting foot on a faraway planet. 1. , Diana Trujillo has come off—she is a(n) 2. now, leading a 45-person team that's responsible for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover(探测器)．
Born in 1983, even as a young girl, Diana was certain of her passion for science.When she was 17, her dad offered to send her to Miami, Florida to study Aerospace Engineering.Without any 3. , she followed her dad's 4. .Arriving in the U．S.with just $300, Trujillo had to 5. through school by doing a series of housekeeping jobs.The 6. was definitely not easy, but Trujillo never complained.
Then came another 7. moment for Trujillo.One of her professors casually mentioned an astronaut they were acquainted(熟悉) with. 8. she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut” was all it took to 9. Trujillo's career goals.So she 10. studies in space science and 11. became the first Hispanic woman to be admitted to the NASA Academy in 2007.Since then, Trujillo has worn many hats at America's space agency.
But Diana hasn't 12. there.She also leads by example, 13. women to pursue careers in STEM fields.Her own story is living 14. that just beyond that barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to 15. the stars.
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Diana Trujillo作为一名女性，靠着努力和毅力一步步成为美国宇航局工程师的故事。
1．A.Therefore B．Instead
C．However D．Moreover
解析：C 考查副词。然而，Diana Trujillo辞职了。前后是转折关系。Therefore因此；Instead相反；However然而；Moreover而且。故选C项。
2．A.astronaut B．engineer
C．pilot D．doctor
解析：B 考查名词。她现在是一名工程师，根据后句她领导着一个45人的团队，负责最新火星探测器的机械臂。可知，她现在是一名工程师。engineer工程师。故选B项。
3．A.hesitation B．caution
C．expectation D．regret
解析：A 考查名词。她毫不犹豫地听从了父亲的建议。 hesitation犹豫；caution小心；expectation期待；regret后悔。故选A项。
4．A.command B．footstep
C．request D．suggestion
解析：D 考查名词。根据前文“her dad offered to send her to Miami, Florida to study...”可知，她父亲提议她去迈阿密学习。command命令；footstep脚步；request要求；suggestion建议。故选D项。
5．A.look B．pass
C．struggle D．push
解析：C 考查动词。她在美国生活艰苦，通过做许多家务工作才能勉强完成学业。look看；pass通过；struggle挣扎；push推动。故选C项。
6．A.mission B．legend
C．adventure D．journey
解析：D 考查名词。Trujillo的求学之旅绝对不容易，但她从不抱怨。 mission任务；legend传奇，传说；adventure冒险；journey旅程。故选D项。
7．A.risk-taking B．life-changing
C．long-suffering D．ever-lasting
解析：B 考查形容词。接着，Trujillo又经历了另一个改变人生的时刻。risk-taking冒险的；life-changing改变人生的；long-suffering长期受苦的；ever-lasting持久的。故选B项。
8．A.Realizing B．Remembering
C．Imagining D．Assuming
解析：A 考查动词。教授的话使她意识到她“离认识一名宇航员只有一个人的距离”，这一切都激发了Trujillo的职业目标。 Realizing意识到；Remembering记得；Imagining想象；Assuming假设。故选A项。
9．A.serve B．train
C．inspire D．become
解析：C 考查动词。教授的话使她意识到她“离认识一名宇航员只有一个人的距离”，这一切都激发了Trujillo的职业目标。serve服务；train训练；inspire激励；become成为。故选C项。
10．A.started B．quit
C．postponed D．continued
解析：D 考查动词。她继续学习空间科学，最终在2007年成为第一位被美国宇航局学院录取的西班牙裔女性。 started开始；quit停止，离开；postponed推迟；continued继续。故选D项。
11．A.immediately B．eventually
C．gradually D．suddenly
解析：B 考查副词。她继续学习空间科学，最终在2007年成为第一位被美国宇航局学院录取的西班牙裔女性。 immediately立即；eventually最终；gradually逐渐地；suddenly突然。故选B项。
12．A.left B．succeeded
C．stopped D．reached
解析：C 考查动词。但Diana 并没有就此止步。她还以身作则，激励女性在STEM领域从事职业。left离开；succeeded成功；stopped停止；reached到达。故选C项。
13．A.encouraging B．promising
C．allowing D．persuading
解析：A 考查动词。根据前文“She also leads by example”可知，她以身作则，激励女性在STEM领域从事职业。 encouraging鼓励，激励；promising承诺；allowing允许；persuading说服。故选A项。
14．A.memory B．symbol
C．warning D．proof
解析：D 考查名词。她自己的故事就是活生生的证据，证明在这个阻碍之外，整个宇宙的机会都在等待着任何愿意努力工作以摘到星星的人。 memory记忆；symbol象征；warning警告；proof证据。故选D项。
15．A.stare at B．reach for
C．long for D．come after
解析：B 考查动词短语。她自己的故事就是活生生的证据，证明在这个阻碍之外，整个宇宙的机会都在等待着任何愿意努力工作以摘到星星的人。 stare at盯着；reach for伸出，手以触到；long for渴望；come after紧跟。故选B项。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
