(共10张PPT)
UNIT 12 INNOVATION
单元重点归纳
2门世2有
3厚(共66张PPT)
UNIT 12 INNOVATION
十二单元综合微评
(时间：90分钟 满分：120分)
2门世2有
3厚UNIT 12 INNOVATION
单元目标解读 ·学科素养达成
[单元目标]
语言能力 单元语法 形容词
单元写作 人物介绍
文化意识 1.了解不同社会时期的发明家及其创作精神，发现并理解语篇中包含的不同文化元素 2．通过对20世纪重大科学突破和科学家霍金的学习，加强学生对发明家及其创新精神的了解，能够培养学生的发展意识和创新观念 3．了解20世纪重大科学突破和科学家霍金的故事
思维品质 1.通过学习发明家及其创新精神，让学生能够树立科学发展意识和创新观念 2．鼓励学生努力学习，将来为祖国的发展作贡献
学习能力 熟练运用本单元知识，利用“创新”这一话题，进行听、说、读、写、看的相关训练，从而提升学习技能
[单元词汇]
教材词汇 记忆有法
entertainment 词缀记忆：entertain(v.娱乐，招待)＋ ment＝entertainment n．娱乐活动，娱乐节目
innovation 词根记忆：in ＋nov(新)＋ ation＝innovation n．新发明，新方法；革新，创新
gifted 词缀记忆：gift(n.天赋)＋ ed＝gifted adj.有天赋的，有才华的
labour saving 构词记忆：labour(n.劳动)＋saving(n.节省)＝labour saving adj.节省劳力的
productive 词缀记忆：product(n.产品)＋ ive＝productive adj.多产的；丰饶的；富有成效的
outspoken 构词记忆：out(adv.向外)＋spoken(v.说)＝outspoken adj.坦率的，直言不讳的
subsequently 词缀记忆：subsequent(adj.随后的)＋ ly＝subsequently adv.后来，随后
relativity 词缀记忆：relative(adj.相对的)＋ ity＝relativity n．相对性
finding 词缀记忆：find(v.发现)＋ ing＝finding n．研究的结果；发现
outcome 构词记忆：out(adv.向外)＋come(v.来)＝outcome n．结果，后果
efficiently 词缀记忆：efficient(adj.有效的)＋ ly＝efficiently adv.有效率地，高效能地
coincidence 词缀记忆：co ＋incidence(n.发生率)＝coincidence n．运气；巧合
clueless 词缀记忆：clue(n.线索)＋ less＝clueless adj.一无所知的，一窍不通的
evaluation 词缀记忆：evaluate(v.评价，评估)＋ tion＝evaluation n．评估，评价
improvement 词缀记忆：improve(v.改善)＋ ment＝improvement n．改善，改进；改进之处
sailor 词缀记忆：sail(v.航海)＋ or＝sailor n．水手，海员
specifically 词缀记忆：specific(adj.特定的；专门的)＋ ally＝specifically adv.特定地，专门地
Section Ⅰ TOPIC TALK
听说 技能
Step 1 Listening
Ⅰ.听录音前翻译下列单词
1．well being n．健康，幸福，舒适
2．vitamin n．维生素
3．entertainment n．娱乐活动，娱乐节目
4．innovation n．新发明，新方法；新观念；革新，创新
5．gifted adj.有天赋的，有才华的
6．labour saving adj.节省劳力的
7．productive adj.多产的；丰饶的；富有成效的
8．garbage n．垃圾
9．device n．设备，装置；修辞手段
Ⅱ.听录音并完成下列题目
1．Finish Activity 2 on Page 50.
2．Finish Activity 4 on Page 51.
Ⅲ.再听一遍录音12.1并填空
(I＝Interviewer S＝Susan Li)
I：Good morning, everyone! Today I'm reporting from the Young Inventors of the Year Awards. One of 1.the_young_inventors,_Susan Li, is here with me now. Susan, what 2.characteristics do you think inventors have
S：Well, I think inventors are interested in understanding the world and how our lives can be 3.improved. They are 4.creative_and_curious. I would also say inventors think outside the box. They see the world differently.
I：I totally agree. So would you please tell us something about your invention
S：My invention is 5.a_type_of_plastic and garbage gathering device that can be placed into the ocean. It can help solve water pollution. 6.The_biggest_advantage is that it is easy to use.
I：That sounds incredible! Are there any problems you are still trying to solve
S：Yes, it is expensive to produce 7.at_the_moment.
I：I hope it will be 8.put_into_operation soon. You are a great inventor! Thank you for speaking to us!
Step 2 Talking
Ⅰ.谈论一些提高人类生活质量的发明
Inventions：
Used for health and well being(Vitamin tablets, ...)；
Used for entertainment and communication(The Internet, ...)；
Used for travel and transport(Aeroplanes, ...)
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Ⅱ.句式仿写
1．Inventors are interested in...and... They are... and...
发明家对……和……感兴趣。他们……而……
[仿写句子]
发明家对解决问题和如何改善我们的生活感兴趣。他们勤劳而有天赋。
Inventors are interested in solving_problems_and_how_our_lives_can_be_improved. They are hardworking _and_gifted.
2．My invention is a type of...
我的发明是一种……
[仿写句子]
我的发明是一种节能设备。
My invention is a_type_of_energy saving_equipment.
3．The biggest advantage is that it is...
最大的优点是……
[仿写句子]
最大的优点是方便和环保。
The biggest advantage is that it is convenient_and_environment friendly.
Ⅲ.谈论一个发明家以及他/她的发明
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词汇 精讲
1．entertainment n．娱乐活动，娱乐节目
[教材P50]Entertainment and Communication 娱乐和交流
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①The entertainment was provided by a folk band.
这个娱乐节目由民歌乐队演出。
②He entertained us for hours with his stories and jokes last night.
昨晚他用故事和笑话让我们高兴了好几个小时。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①Yang Ming is a bachelor, and often entertains himself with drums.
②The children in the mountain village have no entertainment,_so their teachers often tell entertaining stories to entertain them after class.(entertain)
2．gifted adj.有天赋的， 有才华的
[教材P50]creative, curious, smart, persistent, hardworking, gifted 有创造力的、好奇的、聪明的、坚持不懈的、勤奋的、有天赋的
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①It is believed that he is gifted in/at/with business.
人们认为他具有经商的天赋。
②Some people think Susan has a gift for music.
有些人认为苏珊有音乐天赋。
巧学活用
完成句子
①When young, he had_a_gift_for或was_gifted_in/at/with music and ever received a piano as_a_gift.
他年轻时就在音乐方面有天赋，并曾经收到过一架钢琴作为礼物。
②Now he is one of the most gifted_musicians.
现在他是最具天赋的音乐家之一。
达标 练案
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．More productive(多产的) farmers have been able to provide cheaper food.
2．It's necessary to educate children to sort the garbage(垃圾)．
3．There is a new device(装置) for cars that warns drivers of traffic jams ahead.
4．We must promote originality, inspire creativity and encourage innovation(创新)．
5．Would people change their way of entertainment(娱乐) as they grow older
6．Her father had always been gifted(有天赋的) in the gardening.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．Your friendship means a_great_deal to me.
2．On a hot summer afternoon, he was taking a walk when a thunderstorm started all_at_once.
3．She buried_herself_in the country to write a book a few years ago.
4．Lack of exercise can lead_to feelings of depression and exhaustion.
5．She really didn't want to be_involved_in the whole family thing.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．She buried_herself_in_reading all night.
她整晚都在专心致志地读书。
2．Mother has_a_gift_for或is_gifted_in/at/with making people feel at home.
妈妈有使人宾至如归的天赋。
3．On hearing the bad news, she couldn't_help_crying.
一听到这个坏消息，她禁不住哭了起来。
Section Ⅱ LESSON 1 SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS
原文 呈现
If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century【1】， you would have a real problem on your hands. In just 100 years, the world has changed completely. Amazing discoveries were made in medicine, communications and transport, not to mention① our knowledge of the world and space. Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to② staging operations to replace diseased organs with③ donated④ munications changed with the introduction of mobile phones, and the way we correspond⑤ went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant⑥ messages. We started flying around the world, launching⑦ satellites into orbit and, at the same time, scientists figured out⑧ how to split⑨ the atom, previously thought to be the smallest particle⑩ of matter in the universe.
Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery, it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century. Here are some of them.
读文 清障
①not to mention 更不用说
②range from... to... 从……到……不等
③replace... with... 用……来代替……
④donate vi.&vt.捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献
⑤correspond vi.通信
⑥instant adj.立刻的，马上的
⑦launch vt.发射；发动，发起，开始从事
⑧figure out 想出；弄明白；解决
⑨split vi.&vt.分割，把……分开；分成(不同部分)
⑩particle n．粒子，质点
single out 挑出；挑选
【1】If引导的条件状语从句。
如果你必须在20世纪重大发现中选出最重要的一项，你将会真正陷入进退两难的境地。在仅仅100年中，世界就完全变样了。人们在医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因到实施用捐献器官替代病变器官的手术。移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式由写信变为发电子邮件和发送即时信息。我们开始坐飞机周游世界，发射人造卫星至轨道，同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子，在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。
虽然不可能选出最重要的一项发现，但是选出20世纪的几位先驱是可能的。以下是他们中的几位。
原文 呈现
One of the 20th century's premier scientists was Albert Einstein. In the summer of 1905, this outspoken young man was rocking his one year old baby when he was suddenly inspired. Subsequently ， “E＝mc2” was born. It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy. Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity ” that not even time, mass or length are constant—they change according to our experience of them.
In 1928, another important finding was made by biologist Alexander Fleming. Before he went on holiday ， Fleming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory. When he came back, he noticed something strange. He double checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed. This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin, which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria【2】. A few years later, penicillin was being mass produced and helping to save the lives of millions. Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery. “Nature made penicillin，” he said, “I just found it.”
读文 清障
premier adj.最好的；最重要的
outspoken adj.坦率的，直言不讳的
subsequently adv.后来，随后
theory of relativity 相对论
go on holiday 去度假
mould n．霉，霉菌
humble adj.谦虚的，谦卑的
outcome n．结果，后果
【2】which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词penicillin。
20 世纪最杰出的科学家之一是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。1905年夏天，这个坦率的年轻人正摇着他一岁大的孩子时，突然受到启发。随后，“E＝mc2”诞生了。它表明了一小块物质是如何能够产生难以置信的巨大能量的。爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的，它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。
1928年，另一项重要的发现由生物学家亚历山大·弗莱明发现。去度假之前，弗莱明把一个带有细菌的盘子落在了实验室里。当他回来时，他注意到了不同寻常的东西。经过反复检查，他发现盘子里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素，弗莱明认为它可以用来杀死细菌。数年后，青霉素开始大量生产，帮助挽救了数百万人的生命。弗莱明对他这一惊人的发现结果保持谦虚的态度，他说：“是大自然创造了青霉素，我只是发现了它。”
原文 呈现
During World War Ⅱ， when Fleming's discovery was first helping to cure people, the US Navy was looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their missiles. The navy turned to Eckert, an engineer, and Mauchly, a physicist， to deal with the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint effort. Although they only finished after the war in 1946, it did not matter. This huge machine was the world's first computer, but it was nothing like our computers today. It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and weighed over 30,000 kilograms. With 18,000 tubes， thousands of circuits and 6,000 switches, it used so much energy that when it was turned on, the lights in the local town went out! ,
读文 清障
accuracy n．准确性；精准度；正确，准确
turn to 求助于；变成；转向
physicist n．物理学家
joint adj.联合的，共同的，共有的
nothing like 完全不像
tube n．圆管，管子；电视显像管，阴极射线管
第二次世界大战期间，正当弗莱明的发现首次用来帮助治愈人们时，美国海军正在寻找提高导弹精度的方法。海军求助于工程师埃克特和物理学家莫克利来解决这个难题，并让两人共同努力制造一台机器来完成这项工作。尽管他们在1946年战争结束后才制造出来机器，但这无关紧要。这台巨大的机器是世界上第一台计算机，但是它完全不像我们今天的计算机。它长100英尺，高10多英尺，重30 000多公斤。它有18 000个显像管，数千条电路和6 000个开关，耗电量如此巨大，以至于当它启动的时候，当地镇上所有的灯都熄灭了！
原文 呈现
With the development of computers, people expected to get more things done efficiently. During the Cold War, a “huge network” of computers was proposed by two American scientists. With computers talking to one another, it would enable government leaders to communicate with each other. By the end of the 1960s, some mini networks were established, but only a few computers could connect to them. In 1990, Tim Berners Lee invented the World Wide Web, which enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other【3】. Nowadays, life without the Internet for most people is unimaginable.
These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to improving the quality of human life on Earth. Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”， with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests. There is no doubt about it. Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology, whether lucky or planned, the world as we know it today would be a completely different place.
读文 清障
with the development of... 随着……的发展
efficiently adv.有效率地，高效能地
propose vt.提出(某观点、方法等)
unimaginable adj.难以想象的；不可思议的
be dedicated to 致力于；奉献于；献身于
be transformed into... 转变为……
【3】which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the World Wide Web。
随着计算机的发展，人们期望能有效地完成更多的事情。冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“巨型网络”。计算机能交换信息，可以使政府领导人相互沟通。到了20 世纪60年代末，一些小型网络已经建立起来，但只有少数计算机可以接入它们。1990 年，蒂姆·博纳·李发明了万维网，使世界各地的计算机能够相互通信。如今，对大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是难以想象的。
这些20 世纪的先驱都致力于改善地球上人类的生活质量。人类在这个星球上的生活已经转变为“地球村”，所有不同的国家都被连接在共同的利益链中。对此 人们 毫无疑问。如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是侥幸的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界都将是一个完全不同的地方。
语言 知识
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．donate vi.&vt.捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献→donation n．捐赠；捐赠物；捐款
2．relativity n．相对性→relative adj.相对的；比较的 n．亲属；同类事物→relatively adv.相对地；比较而言
3．constant adj.恒久不变的；持续不断的，经常发生的 n．常量，恒量→constantly adv.经常地；不断地
4．accuracy n．准确性；精准度；正确，准确→accurate adj.准确的；精确的
5．physicist n．物理学家→physics n．物理学→physical adj.物理学的；身体上的→ physically adv.身体上；肉体上
6．propose vt.提出(某观点、方法等)→proposal n．建议；提议
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．not to mention 更不用说
2．range from... to... 从……到……变化/不等
3．at the same time 同时
4．be used to do... 被用来做……
5．deal with 处理；对付
6．single out 挑出；选出
7．communicate with... 与……沟通/交流
Ⅲ.教材原句
“There is no doubt...”句式
There is no_doubt_about_it.
对此(人们)毫无疑问。
语篇 细研
Ⅰ.根据课文将人物与成就相匹配
①Albert Einstein A.The world's first computer
②Alexander Fleming B.The World Wide Web
③Eckert and Mauchly C.Penicillin
④Tim Berners Lee D.Theory of relativity)
答案：①—D ②—C ③—A ④—B
Ⅱ.根据课文选择最佳选项
1．Why would people have a real dilemma, if they had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century
A．Because different people have different ideas and it's difficult to choose.
B．Because there were no great discoveries in the 20th century.
C．Because there was no common standard to judge.
D．Because so many amazing discoveries were made in medicine, communications, transport and many other fields, and they all had a great influence on the world.
答案：D
2．How did Einstein think of the equation“E＝mc2”？
A．When he was at work.
B．His assistant helped him.
C．When he was rocking his one year old baby, he was inspired.
D．His dream inspired him.
答案：C
3．Whose discovery can be used to save people's lives according to the text
A．Alexander Fleming's.
B．Tim Berners lee's.
C．Albert Einstein's.
D．Eckert and Mauchly's.
答案：A
4．What's the original purpose of designing the first computer
A．To do some difficult experiments.
B．To improve the accuracy of the missiles.
C．To help people make mathematics calculations.
D．To replace the missiles with a new weapon.
答案：B
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
If you have to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century, you would have a real dilemma on your hands. But it is possible 1.to_single(single) out a few pioneers of the 20th century. One of the 20th century's premier scientists 2.was(be) Albert Einstein. In the summer of 1905, this outspoken young man 3.was_rocking(rock) his one year old baby when he was suddenly inspired. “E＝mc2” was born. Alexander Fleming saw a blue mould in the dish around 4.which the bacteria had been destroyed. This blue mould was in fact the 5.natural(nature) form of penicillin. During the World War Ⅱ， the US Navy was looking for ways of 6.improving(improve) the accuracy of their missiles. The navy turned to Eckert, an 7.engineer(engine), and Mauchly, a physicist, to deal with the problem and produce 8.a machine which was the world's first computer 9.to_do(do) the job. In 1990, Tim Berners Lee invented the World Wide Web, which enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other.Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers, the world today would be a pletely(complete) different place.
词汇 精讲
1．replace vt.代替；取代；更换
[教材P52]Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones. 医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因到实施用捐献器官替代病变器官的手术。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①It's good to enjoy other cultures and learn from them, but they can never replace your own culture.
喜欢并向其他的文化学习很好，但是它们永远无法替代你自己的文化。
②The replacement of worn car parts is important.
汽车上损坏零件的更换很重要。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①The director suggests that we get rid of 80% of doctors and replace them with/by robots.
②Old books are like old friends. Once lost, they can never be_replaced(replace)．
③We need to find a replacement(replace) for Sue.
2．donate vi.&vt.捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献
[教材P52]Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones. 医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因到实施用捐献器官替代病变器官的手术。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①Many people and companies donated to the charity for this earthquake.
许多人和公司因为这次地震向慈善机构捐款。
②The work of the charity is funded by voluntary donations.
这家慈善机构工作所需资金是人们自愿捐赠的。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①I'd like to make a small donation(donate) in my mother's name.
②The appeal for people to donate(donation) blood was very successful.
③She donates money to the Red Cross every year.
3．correspond vi.通信；符合；相一致
[教材P52]Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones, and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages. 移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式由写信变为发电子邮件和发送即时信息。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①We corresponded regularly.
我们定期通信。
②Your account of events does not correspond with hers.
你对事实的陈述与她说的不相符。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①His expenses do not correspond to/with his income.
②She corresponded regularly with her former music teacher.
完成句子
③The working of this machine corresponds_to that of the human brain.
这台机器人的作用相当于人脑。
④He often corresponds_with_his_friends after graduation.
毕业后他常和朋友通信。
4．turn to 向……求助；转向；变成
[教材P53]The navy turned to Eckert, an engineer, and Mauchly, a physicist, to deal with the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint effort. 海军求助于工程师埃克特和物理学家莫克利来解决这个难题，并让两人共同努力制造一台机器来完成这项工作。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①Please turn to the police when you are in trouble.
在你遇到困难时请求助于警察。
②You should turn to the right.
你应该向右转。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①Why did you turn down her invitation
②The meeting has already begun, but the chairman hasn't turned up yet.
③Follow the main road until it branches and then turn to the left.
5．propose vt.提出(某观点、方法等)；提议；建议
[教材P53]During the Cold War, a “huge network” of computers was proposed by two American scientists. 冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“巨型网络”。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①A professor at the academy has proposed that a fund be established to raise money.
学院的一位教授建议设立基金会来筹集资金。
②He submitted a proposal about the system.
他提交了一项关于这个系统的建议。
巧学活用
完成句子
①She proposed that the_book_(should)_be_banned.
她建议查禁这本书。
②He proposed changing_the_name_of_the_company.
他建议更改公司的名称。
6．dedicated adj.献身的；专心致志的
[教材P53]These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to improving the quality of human life on Earth. 这些20世纪的先驱都致力于改善地球上人类的生活质量。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①She is a dedicated teacher.
她是一位富有献身精神的老师。
②She dedicates herself to her work.
她献身于自己的工作。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①He dedicated(dedicate) his whole life to helping the poor and sheltering the homeless.
②The old teacher devoted all his life to educating his students and he was admired for his dedication(dedicate) to the education.
③You will never gain success unless you are fully dedicated to your work.
句式 突破
There is no doubt about it.[教材P53]
对此(人们)毫无疑问。
句式分析
本句中的“There is no doubt...”意为“……毫无疑问”，是固定句式。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①There is no doubt that staying up is more likely to result in over anxiety.
毫无疑问，熬夜更有可能导致过分焦虑。
②There is still some doubt whether the autumn sports meet will be held in our school.
对于秋季运动会是否会在我们学校举行，我们还有些怀疑。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①I have no doubt that he will come on time.
②She still doubted whether/if she could finish it herself.
③He has been admitted, and there's no doubt about it.
完成句子
④I_don't_doubt_that_ he is a brilliant scientist, but can he teach
我不怀疑他是个出色的科学家，但他会教书吗？
形容词
语法 讲习
一、形容词的定义及分类
1．形容词是描述事物的特征、性质、类属、状态等内容的一类词，主要用于修饰、丰富、限定名词或代词的内容。
2．形容词根据其含义、用法可分成两大类：性质形容词和类别形容词。表示事物的性质或特征的形容词叫性质形容词。表示类别或所属的形容词叫类别形容词。
Everyone loves fresh fruit.
每个人都喜欢新鲜水果。
The western area needs our help.
西部地区需要我们的帮助。
即时演练1
将下列形容词分类
①性质形容词：slow,_small,_special,_sweet,_terrible,_tall
②类别形容词：national,_open,_eastern,_medical,_potential
二、形容词的基本用法
1．性质形容词的用法
性质形容词有比较级和最高级，能用程度副词修饰，在句子里充当定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。
Our teacher is taller than we are.
我们老师的个子比我们的高。
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
今天的天气比昨天暖和。
Practice proves that this idea is completely correct.
实践证明，这个想法完全正确。
即时演练2
完成句子
①This coat is as_cheap_as that one.
这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
②The sun is much_bigger_than the moon.
太阳比月亮大得多。
③Tom is the_tallest_boy in their basketball team.
汤姆是他们篮球队中个子最高的男孩。
2．类别形容词的用法
类别形容词常没有级的变化，也不用程度副词修饰。有些类别形容词只能作定语，不能作表语，另有一些作定语和表语都可以。
Tokyo and New York are major financial centres.
东京和纽约是主要的金融中心。
Two of the candidates must be female.
候选人中必须有两名是女性。
即时演练3
完成句子
①They've torn down wooden_fences and broken branches off trees.
他们已经拆掉了木栅栏，并砍去了一些树枝。
②You could tell she_was_foreign by the way she dressed.
你从她的衣着就可以看出她是个外国人。
三、形容词的排序
1．限：限定词。the、my、a、this...
2．描：描绘性形容词。brave、beautiful、lovely、nice...
3．大：表示大小、高低、长短等形容词。big、large、small...
4．形：表示形状。round、square...
5．龄：表示年龄大小、新旧、年代等。young、old、new...
6．颜：表示颜色。red、blue、green...
7．籍：表示国籍、地址、出处等。Chinese、American、Japanese...
8．物：表示物质材料等。golden、wooden、waxy...
9．类：表示类别、用途等。medical、chemical、writing...
There is a pretty little square old black Japanese wooden writing desk here.
这里有一张漂亮小巧的方形老式黑色日本木质写字桌。
形容词的排序口诀：
大哥限描大，二哥形龄颜，小弟籍物类，同站名词前。
即时演练4
完成短语
①some_green apples 一些绿色苹果
②a_young_black_German dog 一只黑色的德国小狗
③the_girl's_nice_little_red toy 这个女孩漂亮的红色小玩具
四、合成形容词
合成形容词由连字符把两个或两个以上的词连接起来，用作定语。
a south facing window 一扇朝南的窗户
a dried up river 一条干涸的河
a twelve year old girl 一个十二岁的女孩
a five year old boy 一个五岁的男孩
a white haired grandma 一位白头发的奶奶
clean washed clothes 洗干净的衣服
hard working people 勤劳的人们
a man made satellite 一颗人造卫星
war weary soldiers 厌战的士兵
a full time job 一份全职工作
a grey green car 一辆灰绿色的汽车
即时演练5
完成短语
①a four hour trip 一次四小时的旅行
②a warm hearted woman 一个热心肠的女人
③a ordinary looking man 一个相貌平平的男人
④bravely fighting soldiers 勇敢战斗的战士
⑤peace loving people 热爱和平的人们
⑥second hand materials 二手材料
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．She is an outspoken(直言不讳的) critic of the country's human rights policies.
2．Poor though she is, the woman still donates(捐赠) a lot of money to the Red Cross every year.
3．We've corresponded(通信) for years but I've never actually met him.
4．The outcome(结果) of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons.
5．You need constant(持续不断的) practice.
6．The two countries signed an agreement to jointly launch man made satellites(卫星)．
7．Still, the actor finds ways to keep himself humble(谦虚的)．
8．In order to achieve this goal, we will strengthen our operation and make joint(共同的) efforts.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．I would like to invite you to give us a lecture about your scientific(science) research on Antarctica.
2．We cannot guarantee the accuracy(accurate) of these figures.
3．She still corresponds with friends she met in Mexico nine years ago.
4．Employees make regular donations(donate) to charity.
5．The original interview notes were subsequently(subsequent) lost.
6．I really doubt whether/if we can finish the work ahead of time.
7．One of the main findings(find) of the survey was the confusion about the facilities already in place.
8．However, research has proved that people can learn to sleep more efficiently(efficient)．
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．Without_the_sun,_the world would be in total darkness.
没有太阳，世界将会一片黑暗。
2．I_was_about_to_give_up the puzzle when a good idea struck me.
就在我打算放弃这个谜题的时候，我突然想到了一个好主意。
3．The scientist corresponds_with colleagues frequently.
这位科学家经常和同事们通信。
4．China is_dedicated_to_building such a partnership.
中国致力于构建这样的伙伴关系。
5．I bought a_beautiful_wooden_desk yesterday.
我昨天买了一张漂亮的木质书桌。
6．This meeting is less_important_than或not_as_important_as_that_one.
这次会议不如那次会议重要。
7．This is the_biggest_apple_I_have_met.
这是我见到过的最大的苹果。
8．Have you seen a_one armed_man who is working here
你见过在这里工作的独臂男人吗？
课时作业(九) Section Ⅱ LESSON 1 SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Have you been corresponding(通信) with him since you graduated from the university
2．She donated(捐赠) most of her books to the library.
3．He gave a great performance, but he was very humble(谦虚的)．
4．Students must perceive(察觉) for themselves the relationship between success and effort.
5．With our joint(共同的) effort, we finally made it.
6．She hits the ball with great accuracy(精确度)．
7．It's still far from clear what action the government proposes(提出) to take over the affair.
8．It can provide students with instant(立刻的) feedback.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．There is no doubt that he means to help, but in fact he just gets in the way.
2．He is not sure of the accuracy(accurate) of the story.
3．The police have_launched(launch) an investigation into the incident so far.
4．You can of course help by giving them a donation(donate) directly.
5．There are Chinese tea stores, where visitors can buy varieties of Chinese tea.
6．In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.
Ⅲ.阅读理解
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self repair.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了从小就很爱思考且好学的约翰·托德设计了一个生态机器，利用自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水的故事。
1．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A．He was fond of traveling.
B．He enjoyed being alone.
C．He had an inquiring mind.
D．He longed to be a doctor.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems.”和第二段的“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer causing chemicals ”可知，约翰从小求知欲就很强。故选C项。
答案：C
2．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A．To feed the animals.
B．To build an ecosystem.
C．To protect the plants.
D．To test the eco machine.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的“After a few weeks, John added the sludge.”和第四段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. ”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D项。
答案：D
3．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John's research plans.
B．To show an application of John's idea.
C．To compare John's different jobs.
D．To erase doubts about John's invention.
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.”可知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰的想法在实际中的应用。故选B项。
答案：B
4．What is the basis for John's work
A．Nature can repair itself.
B．Organisms need water to survive.
C．Life on Earth is diverse.
D．Most tiny creatures live in groups.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self repair.”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A项。
答案：A
Ⅳ.完形填空
An act of kindness doesn't have to be a grand gesture. Even those small acts of kindness can make a difference in someone's day. That was just the case for Amie Mickey when she __1__ a bumper sticker on her car reading：You Matter.
Amie started to do this several years ago. At first, she wondered if people would __2__ it. However, much to her surprise, she began seeing a flood of __3__ every time she hit the road. More often than not, people __4__ slowly near her car would roll down their windows, raising their __5__， waving and smiling. Sometimes, she even found some sticky notes left on her windshield saying things like “You __6__ too！” Once while she was driving down the highway, she became __7__ when a man driving a sports car at a high speed pulled his car alongside suddenly, waving and mouthing, “You matter！” Though it took her some time to recover from the __8__， she still felt happy. Last year, someone __9__ her car while she was waiting for her friend in the car by the roadside, saying to her, “It is a(n) __10__ sticker. I've seen various stickers before，but none of them have touched me as your sticker has done.” The two small words on the sticker seem simple enough, but they really struck a chord with many complete strangers who __11__ to catch sight of the sticker.
Stories like Amie's really __12__ the rest of us. Sometimes a kind word or gesture may lift our __13__ and it doesn't cost a thing except for a little extra thought. Maybe it means offering a friend a hug, praising the children when their children __14__ well in school, helping someone out or volunteering at animal shelters or shelters for the homeless. Acts of kindness are waiting everywhere. Small as they seem, they can make a __15__ impact on the world, and help form general goodness.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了Amie Mickey在汽车保险杠上贴了一张写着“你很重要”的纸条，通过这种小小的善意行为来传播正能量。
1．A.tore up B．picked up
C．fixed up D．put up
解析：考查动词短语辨析。A.tore up撕毁；B.picked up捡起，接收；C.fixed up修理，解决；D.put up张贴，举起。句意：Amie Mickey就是那样子的，她在自己的汽车保险杠上贴了一张贴纸，上面写着：你很重要。根据下文“people __4__ slowly near her car would roll down their windows, raising their __5__， waving and smiling”可知，Amie在她保险杠上贴着一张写着“你很重要”的贴纸。故选D项。
答案：D
2．A.watch B．overlook
C．notice D．ignore
解析：考查动词词义辨析。A.watch观看；B.overlook忽视；C.notice 注意；D.ignore忽视，忽略。句意：起初，她想知道人们是否会注意到它。根据下文“she began seeing a flood of __3__ every time she hit the road”可知，她想知道人们是否会注意到它。故选C项。
答案：C
3．A.attention B．strangers
C．confusion D．trouble
解析：考查名词词义辨析。A.attention注意；B.strangers陌生人；C.confusion疑惑； D．trouble麻烦。句意：然而，令她很吃惊的是，她开始发现，每次出门，都会引起大量关注。根据上文提到Amie想知道人们是否会注意到它和However可知，前后转折表示她引起了很多人的关注。故选A项。
答案：A
4．A.running B．driving
C．walking D．riding
解析：考查动词词义辨析。A.running跑；B.driving行驶；C.walking散步；D.riding骑行。句意：通常情况下，在她的车附近缓慢行驶的人们会摇下车窗，竖起大拇指，挥手微笑。根据下文“near her car would roll down their windows”可知，此处表示缓慢开车的人。故选B项。
答案：B
5．A.voices B．hats
C．shoulders D．thumbs
解析：考查名词词义辨析。A.voices声音；B.hats帽子；C.shoulders肩膀；D.thumbs拇指。句意同上题。根据下文“waving and smiling”可知，人们对她的行为表示称赞，所以竖起拇指。故选D项。
答案：D
6．A.count B．share
C．value D．matter
解析：考查动词词义辨析。A.count数数；B.share分享；C.value评价；D.matter重要。句意：有时，她甚至发现一些贴纸留在她的挡风玻璃上，上面写着“你也很重要！”。根据设空处后的too可知，此处与上文“You Matter.”相呼应。故选D项。
答案：D
7．A.frightened B．frustrated
C．embarrassed D．disappointed
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。A.frightened 惊吓的；B.frustrated 懊恼的，沮丧的；C.embarrassed尴尬的，窘迫的；D.disappointed失望的。句意：有一次她在高速公路上开车， 一个开着跑车的男人突然把车开到她旁边，一边挥手一边说：“你很重要！”她吓了一跳。根据下文“when a man driving a sports car at a high speed pulled his car alongside suddenly”可知，作者应该受到了惊吓。故选A项。
答案：A
8．A.parking B．speed
C．incident D．event
解析：考查名词词义辨析。A.parking停车；B.speed速度；C.incident事件；D.event项目。句意：虽然她花了一段时间才从这次事件中恢复过来，但她仍然感到快乐。此处指代上文提到的“一个开着跑车的男人突然把车开到她旁边，一边挥手一边说： ‘你很重要！’因此作者感到惊吓”这件事，表示作者从这次事件中恢复过来。故选C项。
答案：C
9．A.approached B．blocked
C．repaired D．cleaned
解析：考查动词词义辨析。A.approached 接近，靠近；B.blocked阻塞；C.repaired修理；D.cleaned清理。句意：去年，当她在路边的车旁等朋友的时候，有人走近了她的车，对她说：“这是一个特殊的贴纸。”空处的动词和同句中的saying构成先后顺序。先走近，然后说。故选A项。
答案：A
10．A.important B．special
C．typical D．skeptical
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。A.important重要的；B.special特别的；C.typical典型的；D.skeptical怀疑的。句意：这是一个特殊的贴纸。根据下文“I've seen various stickers before, but none of them have touched me as your sticker has done.”可知，这个贴纸很特别，和他见过的其他贴纸不一样。故选B项。
答案：B
11．A.happened B．occurred
C．managed D．offered
解析：考查动词词义辨析。A.happened碰巧，发生；B.occurred发生；C.managed管理；D.offered提供，供应。句意：贴纸上的这两个小字看起来很简单，但却引起了许多碰巧看到贴纸的陌生人的共鸣。文中提到的贴纸是Amie贴在保险杠上用来鼓励大家的，很多人都是碰巧看到而受感动的。故选A项。
答案：A
12．A.shock B．inspire
C．delight D．satisfy
解析：考查动词词义辨析。A.shock使震惊；B.inspire启发，激发；C.delight使高兴；D.satisfy使满足。句意：像Amie这样的故事真的激励了我们其他人。下文讲到Amie的行为给人们带来了一些思考，即启发了人们。故选B项。
答案：B
13．A.feelings B．thoughts
C．spirits D．minds
解析：考查名词词义辨析。A.feelings感觉，情感；B.thoughts思想，想法；C.spirits精神；D.minds思想，主意。句意：有时候，一句友善的话语或一个手势可能会让我们的精神振奋起来，而且它不需要花费任何东西，只需要多考虑一下。根据上文“Stories like Amie's really __12__ the rest of us.”可知，一些小行为会振奋我们的精神。故选C项。
答案：C
14．A.work B．exercise
C．conduct D．behave
解析：考查动词词义辨析。A.work工作；B.exercise 锻炼；C.conduct组织，实施；D.behave 表现。句意：也许这意味着给朋友一个拥抱，当孩子在学校表现良好时表扬他们……。根据上文“praising the children”可知，表扬孩子是因为他们在学校的表现不错。故选D项。
答案：D
15．A.reliable B．subjective
C．positive D．brief
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。A.reliable可靠的；B.subjective主观的；C.positive积极的；D.brief简短的。句意：他们看似渺小，却能对世界产生积极的影响，帮助形成普遍的善良。根据上文“Stories like Amie's really __12__ the rest of us.”和下文“help form general goodness”可知，这些行为的影响是积极的。故选C项。
答案：C
Section Ⅲ LESSON 2 AHA MOMENT
听说 技能
Step 1 Listening
Ⅰ.听录音前翻译下列单词
1．emerge vi.出现，浮现
2．coincidence n．运气；巧合
3．clueless adj.一无所知的，一窍不通的
4．incubation n．孵化
5．evaluation n．评估，评价
Ⅱ.听录音并完成下列题目
1．Finish Activity 3 & Activity 4 on Page 56.
2．Finish Activity 6 & Activity 9 & Activity 10 on Page 57.
Ⅲ.听完录音后翻译句子
1．Have you ever had such an experience: you are working on some creative jobs for several days but little progress is made; suddenly an idea flies into your mind
你曾经有过这样的经历吗：你正在做一些创造性的工作，但是几天没有什么进展；_突然一个想法飞进你的脑海？_
2．Why do some people work so hard but achieve very little, while some others seem to do nothing but good ideas emerge
为什么有些人工作那么努力却收获甚微，而另一些人似乎什么都不做，却有好主意出现？
3．Once some ideas come up, don't accept or act immediately, but think carefully first.
一旦有了一些想法，不要马上接受或采取行动，而是要先仔细考虑。
Step 2 Talking
Ⅰ.谈论一次获得灵感的经历
The experience of arriving at a sudden exciting idea for a difficult problem：
1．To fly/come into my mind
2．To come all at once
3．To occur to me
4．To happen by coincidence
5．...
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Ⅱ.句式仿写
1．... more about the stages
……那几个阶段的情况吗？
[仿写句子]
你能告诉我们更多关于那几个阶段的情况吗？
Would_you_please_tell_me more about the stages
2．... what “incubation” means
……“孵化”是什么意思吗？
[仿写句子]
你能解释一下“孵化”是什么意思吗？
Could_you_explain what “incubation” means
3．... “doing nothing”？
……什么都不做吗？
[仿写句子]
那意味着什么都不做吗？
Does_that_mean “doing nothing”？
4．... I don't understand what “elaboration” means.
……我不明白“细化”是什么意思。
[仿写句子]
恐怕我不明白“细化”是什么意思。
I'm_afraid I don't understand what “elaboration” means.
词汇 精讲
involve vt.包含；需要；涉及；使陷入；参与
[教材P115] Behind a brilliant idea, there's often incredible hard work involved in it. 在一个绝妙的想法背后，往往包含有令人难以置信的艰苦工作。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①The project involved doing a lot of hard work.
这个项目需要付出艰巨的劳动。
②If you don't want to get involved in any serious accident, look both ways before crossing busy roads.
如果你不想发生任何严重的交通意外，就在通过车流量大的马路时左右看看。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①Please convey my thanks to all the staff involved(involve) in this job.
②Getting a driver's license involves learning(learn) how to drive and studying(study) the traffic rules.
完成句子
③The job involves_me_travelling all over the country.
这份工作需要我到全国各地旅行。
④I was/got_involved_in_the_quarrel_ between Tom and Jack yesterday.
昨天我卷入了汤姆和杰克的争吵之中。
句式 突破
Why do some people work so hard but achieve very little, while some others seem to do nothing but good ideas emerge？[教材P114]
为什么有些人工作那么努力却收获甚微，而另一些人似乎什么都不做，却有好主意出现？
句式分析
本句中的“while”用作并列连词，表示前后分句的对比，相当于whereas, 意为“而，然而”。
归纳拓展
(1)while 可用作连词，表示对比两种事物，意为“而；然而”，引导比较状语从句。
(2)while 可以引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时”。
(3)while 引导让步状语从句，常放在句首，意为“尽管；虽然”，相当于although/though。
(4)while 引导条件状语从句，相当于as long as, 意为“只要”。
佳句背诵
①He likes pop music while I am fond of folk music.
他喜欢流行音乐，而我却喜欢民间音乐。
②Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal.
客人们就要吃完饭的时候，玛丽去煮咖啡了。
巧学活用
完成句子
①Some people waste food while_others_don't_have_enough.
有些人浪费粮食，然而有些人却吃不饱。
②While_I_am_willing_to_help,_I do not have
much time available.
尽管我愿意帮助，但是没有多少时间了。
一句多译
③虽然他很爱他的学生，但他对他们很严格。
Although/Though_he_loves_his_students,_he is very strict with them.
→While_he_loves_his_students,_he is very strict with them.
达标 练案
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．However, when I looked a little deeper, problems began to emerge(出现)．
2．He is completely clueless(一窍不通的) about computers.
3．The way the guests were treated in the hotel influenced their evaluation(评价)．
4．Dreams can be a rich source of inspiration (灵感) for an artist.
5．Monitor the incubation(孵化) temperatures at the poultry farm.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．She was too exhausted to talk_about the tragedy.
2．Worries and tenseness can lead_to insomnia.
3．They seem_to know what they're doing.
4．People tend to work hard at_the_stage_of life.
5．By_coincidence,_we arrived here at the same time.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．We need to examine all the costs involved_in_the_project_first.
我们首先要仔细考虑与这一项目有关的所有费用。
2．We_were_afraid_(that) we were going to get lost.
我们担心会迷路。
3．Try your best to keep_calm.
你尽可能地保持冷静。
4．You should share_you_chocolate_with other kids.
你应该把你的巧克力和其他孩子分享。
5．This is the company's creative_process.
这是公司的创造过程。
Section Ⅳ LESSON 3 STEPHEN HAWKING
原文 呈现
On 14 March, 2018, one of the world's most influential scientists, Stephen Hawking, died at his home in England, aged 76.Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical① physics and cosmology②， but also for overcoming③ the challenges of ALS(a disease that affects muscle control)．
Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January, 1942, in Oxford. He went to the University of Oxford to study physics in 1959. At the age of 21, when Hawking spent his first year at the University of Cambridge, physicians discovered he had a rare, slow progressing form of ALS. He was only expected to live for a few years.
读文 清障
①theoretical adj.理论的
②cosmology n．宇宙论，宇宙学
③overcome vt.克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，战胜
2018年3月14日，世界上最有影响力的科学家之一斯蒂芬·霍金，在英国的家中去世，享年76岁。霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症 一种影响肌肉控制的疾病 的挑战而令人敬佩。
1942年1月8日斯蒂芬·霍金出生于牛津。1959年，他进入牛津大学学习物理学。21岁那年，也是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年，医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症。他被认为只能再活几年。
原文 呈现
Hawking later found a job at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge. In the early stages of his career, his illness got worse, but he was allowed to do research only rather than④ teach, which was easier for him【1】. In 1985, he had to have an operation. As a result⑤， he lost his speech. Soon his doctors developed a piece of speech generating equipment that allowed him to speak. However, as his illness became worse【2】， he lost the use of his hands.
Although Hawking's physical abilities declined⑥ over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of⑦ new ideas about black holes. Hawking believed that the birth of the universe(the “Big Bang”) created many small black holes. His theory was that there was a sort of hole in the centre of a black hole【3】. This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own.
读文 清障
④rather than 而不是
⑤as a result 结果
⑥decline vi.减少，降低；衰落
⑦a number of 许多
【1】which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。
【2】as引导的时间状语从句。
【3】that引导的表语从句。
后来霍金在剑桥天文研究所找了份工作。职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就恶化了，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。1985年，他不得不动手术，结果丧失了语言能力。很快，他的医生开发了一种发声设备使他能够说话。但是，他的病情继续恶化，手也动不了了。
虽然在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，并且对黑洞有了许多新的想法。霍金认为宇宙诞生时 即“宇宙大爆炸” 创造了许多小黑洞。他的理论是在黑洞的中心还有一种洞。这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的宇宙完全分离。
原文 呈现
Hawking also wrote books. His 1988 book, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, sold one copy for every 750 people on Earth. However, many people could not really understand what he had written【4】. Therefore, Hawking decided to write a simpler version, A Briefer History of Time(2005)．
In The Grand Design(2010, with Leonard Mlodinow), Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe【5】. Instead of⑧ trying to find one big new explanation, scientists should put together all the ideas that they already have【6】．
读文 清障
⑧instead of 代替；而不是
【4】what引导的宾语从句，作understand的宾语。
【5】that引导的宾语从句，作argued的宾语。
【6】that引导的定语从句，修饰ideas。
霍金还写书。他在1988年出版的《时间简史：从宇宙大爆炸到黑洞》一书，地球上平均每750人中会有1人购买过一本。然而，许多人并不能真正理解他所写的内容。因此，霍金决定写一个更简单的版本，即《时间简史》 2005 。
在《大设计》 2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著 一书中，霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。与其说尝试寻找一个全新的解释，科学家们不如把他们所有已经有的想法汇集起来。
原文 呈现
At the opening of the London 2012 Olympics, Hawking said to a TV audience of 900 million people：“Look up at the stars and not down at your feet... be curious.”
In spite of⑨ his disease, Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man. He said it had not prevented him from having a family, and being successful in his work. “My expectations were reduced to⑩ zero when I was 21. Everything since then has been a bonus .” And he believed this was because of the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations【7】．
读文 清障
⑨in spite of 虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……)
⑩be reduced to 减少到；沦为
bonus n．意外收获，额外的好处；奖金；红利
【7】省略了that或which的定语从句，修饰help。
2012 年伦敦奥运会开幕式上，霍金对9亿电视观众说：“仰望星空，而不是俯视脚下……要保持好奇心。”
虽然霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。他说，这并没有阻碍他拥有家庭，也没有妨碍他在工作中取得成功。“21岁时，我的人生期望值降为零。从那以后，一切都是馈赠。”他认为自己所取得的一切都源于家人的支持和许多人们与组织的帮助。
语言 知识
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．overcome vt.克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，战胜
2．grand adj.宏伟的，壮丽的，隆重的
3．bonus n．意外收获，额外的好处；奖金；红利
4．gravity n．重力，引力
5．decline vi.减少，降低
6．theoretical adj.理论的→theory n．理论
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．rather than 而不是
2．as a result 结果
3．a number of 许多
4．instead of 代替；而不是
5．in spite of 虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……)
6．be reduced to 减少到；沦为
Ⅲ.教材原句
1．“not just... but also...”结构
Hawking was famous, not_just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but_also for overcoming the challenges of ALS(a disease that affects muscle control)．
霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。
2．形容词(短语)作状语
This hole led to another universe, completely_separate_from_our_own.
这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的宇宙完全分离。
语篇 细研
Ⅰ.根据课文选择最佳选项
1．Which of the following is NOT what Hawking was famous for
A．His brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology.
B．His overcoming the challenges of ALS.
C．His books.
D．His speech generating equipment.
答案：D
2．Which order is right according to the passage
A．going to the University of Oxford→ having an operation→ writing the book: A Briefer History of Time →developing a number of new ideas about black holes
B．going to the University of Oxford→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→having an operation→writing the book: A Briefer History of Time
C．going to the University of Oxford→having an operation→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→writing the book: A Briefer History of Time
D．having an operation→going to the University of Oxford→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→writing the book: A Briefer History of Time
答案：C
3．What did Hawking think of himself
A．Pitiful. B．Unlucky.
C．Lucky. D．Generous.
答案：C
4．Why didn't Hawking consider himself an unlucky man
A．Because Hawking could write books.
B．Because his doctors developed a piece of speech generating equipment that allowed him to speak.
C．Because he had a family, and was successful in his work.
D．Because he went to the University of Oxford to study.
答案：C
Ⅱ.课文语法填空
Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. He studied at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, 1.but at the age of 21, he 2.was_diagnosed(diagnose) with a serious disease. However, he finished his education and got a job at the University of Cambridge and continued his work in 3.theoretical(theory) physics and cosmology. While his reputation for his work spread, his physical abilities got 4.worse(bad). In 1985, after 5.an operation, he started to use a piece of speech generating equipment 6.to_help(help) him talk. However, Hawking never ceased his studies and he continued to develop his theories on the universe. Hawking believed that he was not an 7.unlucky(lucky) person. From his diagnosis at 21 he regarded everything since then 8.as a bonus. He was proud of his family and his work, and he appreciated the help that many people had given him. On 14 March, 2018, one of the world's most influential 9.scientists(scientist), Stephen Hawking, died at his home in England, 10.aged(age) 76.
词汇 精讲
1．decline v．减少，降低；下降；衰退；衰落；谢绝；婉言拒绝 n．减少；下降；衰退
[教材P59]Although Hawking's physical abilities declined over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes. 虽然在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，并且对黑洞有了许多新的想法。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①The number of full time staff has declined from 300 to just 50.
全职员工的数量从300人下降到了只有50人。
②I offered to give them a lift but they declined.
我主动邀请他们搭车，但他们婉言谢绝了。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①The price of the TV set declined from $1,400 to $900 each.
②She is on the decline, and may die soon.
完成句子
③I wish the price of houses would_decline.
我希望房价会下降。
④The boy declined_to_answer_the_question I raised.
那男孩拒绝回答我提出的问题。
2．lead v．通向；导致；带路；过(某种生活)
[教材P59]This hole led to another universe, completely separate form our own. 这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的宇宙完全分离。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①As we all know, all roads lead to Rome.
众所周知，条条大路通罗马。
②Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.
食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。
[联想总结]
表示“导致”的常用表达还有cause、result in、contribute to、bring about。
lead to中的to为介词，后接名词(短语)或代词。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①The discovery of new evidence led to the thief's being_caught(catch)．
②He led me to_believe(believe) that he has a lot of influence.
完成句子
③As we all know, success lies in hard work while_laziness_leads_to_failure.
众所周知，成功在于努力，而懒惰导致失败。
④Excuse me, does this road lead_to_the_railway_station
请问，这条路通向火车站吗？
3．in spite of 虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……)
[教材P59]In spite of his disease, Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man.
虽然霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①I went out in spite of the rain.
虽然下雨，但我仍外出了。
②In spite of all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances.
尽管有各种问题，有几位球员的表现还是很出色的。
巧学活用
完成句子
①The sports meeting will be held on time in_spite_of/despite_the_bad_weather.
虽然天气不好，但运动会将如期举行。
②He fell asleep in_spite_of_himself.
他不由自主地睡着了。
4．reduce vt.&vi.减少；缩减
[教材P59]My expectations were reduced to zero when I was 21. 21岁时，我的人生期望值降为零。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①The road was reduced to 18 ft in width by adding parking bays.
这条路增加了停车区域后，宽度减少为18英尺。
②There has been some reduction in unemployment.
失业人数有所减少。
巧学活用
完成句子
①She was_reduced_to_tears by their cruel words.
他们残忍的话使她哭了起来。
②There lay my house, reduced_to_ruins,_smelly and dirty.
我的房子在那里，已沦为废墟，又臭又脏。
句式 突破
1．Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS(a disease that affects muscle control)．[教材P58]
霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。
句式分析
本句中的“not just... but also...”结构意为“不但……而且……”，连接并列的介词短语。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①Not just he but also you are wrong.
不但他错了，而且你也错了。
②Most of the meals can serve two people and are under $10, so not only is it affordable but practical as well.
大部分饭菜花不了10美元就够两个人享用，因此它不仅实惠而且实用。
主谓一致使用就近原则的结构，除了 not just/only... but (also)．.., 还有 either... or..., neither... nor...等。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①Not just his parents but also his brother has(have) gone to the Summer Palace.
②Not only Mike but also his parents are(be) fond of music.
同义句转换
③I not only heard it, but saw it as well.(改为倒装句式)
→Not_only_did_I_hear_it,_but_saw_it_as_well.
2．This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own.[教材P59]
这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的宇宙完全分离。
句式分析
本句中的“completely separate from our own”为形容词短语作状语。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①To our relief, the children returned home safe and sound at last.
令我们感到宽慰的是，孩子们最终安然无恙地回到了家里。
②Curious, the children went into the cave.
出于好奇，孩子们进了山洞。
③Large or small, all countries are equal.
不论大小，所有国家都是平等的。
巧学活用
同义句转换
①Because she was frightened and scared, she asked me to go with her.
→Frightened_and_scared,_she asked me to go with her.
②When the teacher asked the question, all the students sat there and kept silent and still.
→When the teacher asked the question, all the students sat there, silent_and_still.
完成句子
③The boy lay_in_the_sofa_relaxed.
男孩躺在沙发上很放松。
④After the long ceremony, the three of them came back home, tired_and_hungry.
长时间的庆典后，他们中的三人又累又饿地回家了。
达标 练案
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The stone rolled down the mountain by gravity(重力)．
2．The wedding was a very grand(宏大的) occasion.
3．The two parties managed to overcome(克服) their difficulty on the issue.
4．Being able to walk to work is an added bonus(意外收获) of the new job.
5．The first year provides students with a sound theoretical(理论的) basis for later study.
6．I offered to help them but they declined(拒绝) yesterday.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．In spite of the heavy snow, he managed to come.
2．Thankfully the smoking of cigarettes is on the decline.
3．He spent 7 days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry(hunger)．
4．Not only Tom and Mary but also I am(be) fond of swimming.
5．Her sudden arrival prevented him from going(go) out.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．After the long journey, Tom came back home, thirsty_and_tired.
经过长途旅行，汤姆回到家，又渴又累。
2．In_spite_of_her_busy_social_life,_she works very hard.
虽然她的社交生活繁忙，但她工作还是很努力。
3．Not_just/only_his_parents_but_(also)_his_brother is all at home.
不仅他的父母，而且他的弟弟都在家里。
4．Her health is_declining_rapidly.
她的健康状况在迅速恶化。
5．Suzhou is known for its beautiful gardens, which attracts a_large_number_of_tourists.
苏州以其美丽的园林而闻名于世，吸引了大量游客。
课时作业(十) Section Ⅳ LESSON 3 STEPHEN HAWKING
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Molly had fought and overcome(克服) her fear of flying.
2．The wedding was a very grand(隆重的) occasion.
3．He wanted to offer the boys some coffee. They declined(拒绝) politely.
4．She was rewarded for her efforts with a cash bonus(奖金)．
5．Arrows would continue to fly forward forever in a straight line, were it not for gravity(重力)．
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．In spite of the rain, he went on with his work outdoors.
2．Not only the teacher but also most of the students are(be) fond of music.
3．It's a theoretical (theory) possibility.
4．Scared(scare), she asked me to accompany her.
5．Filled with curiosity(curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
6．Oliver says if you're lucky enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask him whether/if you can join in when it's possible.
Ⅲ.阅读理解
PRACTITIONERS
Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials(证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine. James Barry (c.1789—1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
Tan Yunxian (1461—1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831—1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四位女性从医人员的生平与事迹。
1．What did Jacqueline and James have in common
A．Doing teaching jobs.
B．Being hired as physicians.
C．Performing surgery.
D．Being banned from medicine.
解析：细节理解题。根据表格第一行第一列中的“Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery.”以及第一行第二列中的“She qualified as a surgeon in 1813”可知，Jacqueline和James的共同点是都有资格进行外科手术。故选C项。
答案：C
2．How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners
A．She wrote a book.
B．She went through trials.
C．She worked as a dentist.
D．She had formal education.
解析：推理判断题。通读全文并根据表格第二行第一列中的“Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician”可推知，Tan与其他人的不同之处在于她写了一本书。故选A项。
答案：A
3．Who was the first African American with a medical degree
A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania.
B．Tan Yunxian.
C．James Barry.
D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler.
解析：细节理解题。根据表格第二行第二列中的“Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree.”可知，Rebecca Lee Crumpler是第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国人。故选D项。
答案：D
Ⅳ.七选五
Many healthcare workers know that washing hands is important to prevent the spread of infectious disease. __1__ During a study conducted by Nicas and Best at Berkley University, they counted the number of times people touched their face with their hands. __2__ Whether we are aware of our actions or not, most of us can agree that we touch our face with our hands frequently enough.
Imagine that you are able to record a full day of your actions. Better yet, reflect on what you did when you woke up yesterday morning. Let me give you an idea of my previous morning. I was woken by the alarm clock at 6 a．m. __3__ Then I checked my phone for messages, turned on the TV for my morning news, started making my coffee and finally hit the shower. It wasn't even 5 minutes from the time I awoke and I already touched different objects. The point of this is to be aware that even in our homes we are exposed to germs in places we don't realise.
Luckily, the human body has amazing defense against harmful germs. __4__ Our white blood cells are like soldiers coming to the rescue. Unfortunately, there are a lot of areas on our face that do not have the protection of skin such as the eyes and mouth. There's a reason to every wise proverb and our parents annoying us to wash our hands before dinner.
__5__ If you have children, it is even more important to set the example because children are known to learn from adults. Let's start a good habit of washing hands. As for your friends, don't be shy about checking to make sure their hands are clean. Asking someone if they have washed their hands is caring. Checking to see if someone has washed their hands will benefit not only that person, but you and your family.
A．Our skin is the first line of defense.
B．Several minutes later, I turned off the alarm clock.
C．It is easy for us to admit that we wash our hands regularly.
D．They are more self aware that hand washing should be practised as needed.
E．Most importantly, it is our duty to set the right example for friends and family.
F．They found that the subjects touched their face 15.7 times per hour on average.
G．Do the rest of your family members, especially children, wash their hands regularly
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了洗手对于预防传染病的传播很重要，尽管人体对有害细菌具有一定的防御能力，但是我们也要养成洗手的好习惯。
1．解析：根据上文“Many healthcare workers know
