(共13张PPT)
UNIT 3 SEA EXPLORATION
重点知识归纳总结
2门世2有
3厚UNIT 3 SEA EXPLORATION
话题阅读 导入主题
On reaching the ocean floor, we may see shrimps and other organisms around hydrothermal vents. These vents form in volcanically active areas, pouring mineral rich fluids into the sea. Before the discovery of these creatures, it was thought that all life on the Earth obtained its energy from the sun. However, this discovery has revealed that life forms can obtain nutrients and energy from thermal sources. Knowing that life can exist in these extreme conditions has changed scientific opinion about the chances of there being life elsewhere in the universe. In addition to the vents and remarkable organisms, we cannot miss the Mariana Trench, located in the north western part of the Pacific Ocean. Its deepest point, known as the Challenger Deep, is nearly 11,000 metres below sea level. You could place Mount Qomolangma in the Challenger Deep, and its top would still be more than 2,000 metres below the surface! While there is little life at such great depths, it is far from boring. Of the many strange geological formations to be found here are rock bridges which cross the Trench, some reaching a height of 2,500 metres above the Challenger Deep.
(节选自译林版 选择性必修第一册 Unit 1)
[词海拾贝]
①hydrothermal adj.热液的，高温水作用的
②fluid n．流体，液体 adj.流畅优美的；易变的，不稳定的；流动的
③far from 远非；远远不
[佳句精析]
Of the many strange geological formations to be found here are rock bridges which cross the Trench, some reaching a height of 2,500 metres above the Challenger Deep.
分析：本句是主从复合句。句中to be found here为不定式作定语，修饰strange geological formations; which引导定语从句，修饰rock bridges; some reaching a height of 2,500 metres above the Challenger Deep为“代词＋动词 ing形式”构成的独立主格结构。
译文：在这里发现的许多奇怪的地质构造中有横穿海沟的石桥，有些高度达到“挑战者深渊”上方2 500米。
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
温馨提示 课前自主预习课文见本书263页REACHING OUT ACROSS THE SEA
基础 自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The Monkey King is an extraordinary tale(故事) with a strange twist at the end.
2．Trade union leaders went back to negotiate(协商) with the government.
3．The merchant(商人) decided to use camels to carry his goods across the desert.
4．We got up early to behold(看见) the sunrise.
5．The general ordered the fleet(舰队) to remain where they were and wait for the further instructions.
6．This channel(频道) comes on the air every morning at 7 a．m.
7．I enrolled my son in a junior sports league(联合会) for the summer.
8．They plan to extend(扩展) their research in this field.
Ⅱ.选词填空
in a league of one's own, set sail, under the command of, a sight to behold, form the foundation of
1．As scheduled, the ship set_sail at 8：00 on Friday and passed through the strait next day.
2．It was the sample that formed the foundation of our research.
3．As far as Peter is concerned, he is in_a_league_of_his_own in diving.
4．The temporary arrangement is under_the_command_of the officer.
5．The sunrise at the seaside was quite a_sight_to_behold,_which is a popular getaway.
Ⅲ.教材原句
1．what 引导的名词性从句
In ancient times, silk from China found its way overland to India, the Middle East, and Rome, along what_became_known_as_the_Silk_Road.在古代，中国丝绸经由一条陆路运到印度、中东和罗马，这条路就是有名的“丝绸之路”。
2．as引导的非限制性定语从句
Over the centuries，further trading allowed more exploration of the regions to the west of China, as_recorded in Du Huan's Record of My Travels in the eighth century.几个世纪间，随着贸易的发展，对中国以西地区的探索增多了，这些在八世纪杜环所著的《经行记》一书中有所记载。
语篇 细研
Ⅰ.阅读课文并填空
Paragraph Main idea
Para. 1 Travel from 1.east to 2.west began long before Columbus.
Para. 2 In ancient times, travel from east to west was along 3.the_Silk_Road.
Para. 3 4.Zheng_He's_sea_voyages built relations with other countries.
Para. 4 The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road has encouraged 5.cooperation and 6.strengthened_the_bonds between China and the rest of the world.
Para. 5 China is also joining with other countries on other important projects.
Para. 6 China will continue to 7.explore_the_sea and 8.enhance_relationships with other countries.
Ⅱ.阅读课文并选出最佳选项
1．Why did European explorers look for sea routes from west to east
A．They intended to develop their own business.
B．They were curious about the outside world.
C．They were ambitious to make a great achievement.
D．They were inspired by Marco Polo's tales.
答案：D
2．What made the regions to the west of China explored more
A．People's curiosity.
B．Chinese silk.
C．Further development of trade.
D．Awareness of each other's culture.
答案：C
3．What's the purpose of the the Belt and Road Initiative
A．To satisfy people's curiosity and desire.
B．To promote trade cooperation and enhance the relationship.
C．To revisit the ancient sea routes travelled by Zheng He.
D．To invest billions in systems and services.
答案：B
4．What's the main idea of the fifth paragraph
A．China has cooperated with other countries on other significant projects.
B．The ancient sea routes of Zheng He still have many other places left to explore.
C．China has joined other nations on several expeditions to explore the Arctic.
D．There is an urgent need to study the Arctic.
答案：A
5．Now the advantage to reach out across the sea is ________.
A．that we have done it for hundreds of years
B．that we have advanced technology
C．the need to trade
D．the desire to enhance relationships
答案：B
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Trade and curiosity have often formed the foundation of mankind's greatest 1.achievements(achieve)．
In ancient times, silk from China found its way along 2.what became known as the Silk Road. A trading route across the sea 3.was_extended(extend) along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, 4.centred(centre) around Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)．Here，merchants from China and many other places met 5.to_negotiate(negotiate) trade deals. Between 1405 and 1433, seven large fleets, 6.under the command of Zheng He, sailed west on voyages of trade and exploration.
To reach out across the sea 7.remains(remain) a strong desire today. The Belt and Road Initiative has been proposed, 8.encouraging(encourage) cooperation and strengthening the bonds between China and the rest of the world. Trading has grown 9.greatly(great) in China, and there is still 10.an urgent need to study other important projects，which will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future.
词汇 精讲
1．search for 寻找，搜索
[教材原句] Marco Polo's tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east.马可·波罗的故事激励了欧洲探险家寻找自西向东的海上航线。
[归纳拓展]
[佳句背诵]
I often search for information for my project on the Internet.
我经常在网上为自己的项目搜索信息。
[巧学活用]
单句语法填空
(1)There are no more continents and no more moons to search for,_little left to discover.
(2)The policemen started at once in search of the lost rare vase.
完成句子
(3)These men were_searched_for(被搜查以寻找) drugs in vain, and then they were released.
2．under the command of... 在……的指挥下，由……控制/指挥
[教材原句] Under the command of Zheng He, they set sail from the South China Sea...在郑和的指挥下，船队从中国南海起航……
[归纳拓展]
[佳句背诵]
The temporary force is under the command of General Roberts.
这支临时部队由罗伯茨将军指挥。
[巧学活用]
单句语法填空
(1)She has a good command of several languages，such as English and Danish.
一句多译
(2)这艘船由迈克船长指挥。
The ship is under_the_command_of Captain Mike.
＝Captain Mike takes command_of the ship.
＝Captain Mike is in_command_of the ship.
3．in return for... 作为……的报答/交换
[教材原句] African royal families sent gifts such as giraffes as gestures of friendship in return for gold，silk，and spices. 非洲王室赠送长颈鹿等礼物以示友好，同时也是作为他们获得黄金、丝绸和香料的回赠。
[归纳拓展]
[佳句背诵]
If we smile at life, life will smile on us in return.
如果我们微笑着面对生活，生活也会微笑回报我们。
[巧学活用]
单句语法填空
(1)We offer an excellent education to our students. In return, we expect students to work hard.
(2)Theory comes from practice and, in turn, serves practice.
完成句子
(3)The farmer offered us food in_return_for(作为……的报答) our work.
4．bond n．纽带；关系 vt.& vi.增强信任关系；使牢固结合
[教材原句] ... and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world.……同时加强中国与世界其他地区之间的联系。
[归纳拓展]
[佳句背诵]
The agreement strengthened the political bonds between the two countries.
这份协议加强了两国间的政治联系。
[巧学活用]
单句语法填空
(1)There has been a close bond between them ever since she saved him from drowning.
(2)In societies with strong family bonds(bond), people tend to live longer.
(3)It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.
5．for the benefit of... 为了……的利益
[教材原句] ... which will help to greatly develop the whole area for the benefit of future trade and cultural exchange.……这将促进整个地区实现大发展，有利于未来的贸易和文化交流。
[归纳拓展]
[佳句背诵]
China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals for the benefit of all its citizens.
中国一直在推动公立医院的改革，以惠及全体公民。
[巧学活用]
单句语法填空
(1)They told us that it was for the benefit of our company that they refused to sign the contract.
(2)The new regulations will be of benefit to everyone concerned.
(3)I sincerely hope my mistakes and lessons can be beneficial(benefit) to you.
完成句子
(4)There is no doubt that all the people will benefit_from(从……受益) these changes.
6．in hand 在手头；可供使用
[教材原句] Hundreds of years on, and with the latest technology in hand, the need to trade...数百年过去了，由于拥有了最新技术，在贸易的需求……
[归纳拓展]
(1)shake hands 握手
give sb. a hand 帮助某人
at hand 在手边；在附近；即将到来
by hand 用手；靠人工
hand in hand 手拉手；密切关联
(2)hand back 交回；归还
hand down 把……传下去
hand in 提交，交上
hand out 提出，给予(建议、惩罚等)；分发
[佳句背诵]
With this information in hand, you will pass the interview successfully.
有这信息在手，你一定会成功通过面试。
[巧学活用]
单句语法填空
(1)You'd better keep a dictionary at hand.
(2)Writing a letter by hand has become a thing of the past.
(3)As the saying goes, success and failure always go hand in hand.
句式 突破
1．In ancient times, silk from China found its way overland to India，the Middle East，and Rome, along what became known as the Silk Road.在古代，中国丝绸经由一条陆路运到印度、中东和罗马，这条路就是有名的“丝绸之路”。[教材原句]
[句式解构]
本句是主从复合句。主句主干是silk found its way；what became... Road 是what 引导的名词性从句，作介词along 的宾语。
[归纳拓展]
[佳句背诵]
A bowl of noodles from a stranger made me feel indebted, but I have never thanked my mum for what she has done for me.
来自陌生人的一碗面条让我觉得很感激，但我从来没有感谢过妈妈为我所做的一切。
[巧学活用]
单句语法填空
(1)He proved that it's not what happens to us that determines our lives.
完成句子
(2)What_I_wanted_to_find_out_first(我首先想弄清楚的) was how long it was going to take.
(3)She wouldn't tell me what_he_said(他说过什么)．
(4)The city is no longer what_it_was_two_years_ago(它两年前的样子)．
2．Over the centuries，further trading allowed more exploration of the regions to the west of China, as recorded in Du Huan's Record of My Travels in the eighth century.几个世纪间，随着贸易的发展，对中国以西地区的探索增多了，这些在八世纪杜环所著的《经行记》一书中有所记载。[教材原句]
[句式解构]
本句是复合句，as recorded... century是非限制性定语从句，关系代词as 后面省略了was。
[归纳拓展]
[佳句背诵]
As expected, her expensive handkerchief was stolen by Tom.
正如预料的那样，她那条昂贵的手帕被汤姆偷走了。
(1)which 引导非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时，只能位于主句之后；主从句常有因果关系。
(2)非限制性定语从句中，which 后的助动词 be 不可省略，as 后面的助动词be 可以省略。
[巧学活用]
完成句子
(1)The number of smokers, as_(is)_reported(正如所报道的), has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
(2)As_is_often_the_case(事情常常是这样), she rarely takes part in activities.
(3)He had a big quarrel with his boss, which_got_him_dismissed(这使得他被解雇了).
达标 练案
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．In the conservation of monuments, the city is in a league(等级) of its own.
2．The regulation was sponsored by the Royal(皇家的) Society for the Protection of Birds.
3．I have a friend, who is an expert in the domain of spice(香料)．
4．With the violent activities ending, government troops withdrew(撤回) from the scene.
5．The company has worldwide distribution channels(航道)．
6．The restoration of the Maritime(海事的) Museum is in a critical phase now.
7．To be straightforward, keeping a healthy parent child bond(关系) needs the efforts of both parties.
8．For political reasons, the dynasty had the canal extended(延长)．
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．You can search for and find reviews online, too.
2．The army is under the command of General Smith.
3．Steve was intensely curious about the world I came from.
4．Ryle accepted more out of curiosity(curious) than anything else.
5．The family was forced to live on credit from local merchants(merchant)．
6．He reached into his pocket and withdrew(withdraw) a sheet of notepaper.
7．That is especially true of the country, now often perceived to be in a league of its own.
8．It was a great achievement(achieve) that a month later a global agreement was reached.
Ⅲ.利用本单元所学词汇，完成下面短文
Last month our team, 1.under_the_command_of(在……的指挥下) Mr Li, 2.set_sail(起航) for England to 3.negotiate(洽谈) a deal. Due to the financial problems, we 4.withdrew(撤回) our investment from USA and 5.extended(延伸) it into the UK. At the present time, we are 6.searching_for(寻找) partners and building strong 7.bonds(关系) with them 8.for_the_benefit_of(为了……的利益) our company. We firmly believe that with our 9.joint_efforts(共同的努力) we will certainly achieve their cooperation 10.in_return(作为回报)．
课时作业(七) Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The old man said that he beheld(看见) the grand landing of an alien aircraft with his own eyes.
2．To her great surprise, the girl found the Queen's jewels guarded by special royal(皇家的) soldiers.
3．The bond(关系) between members of a koala family is not as strong as that in a human family.
4．Their so called grand fleet(舰队) was completely destroyed in the war.
5．Located between Great Britain and the mainland of Europe, English Channel(海峡) plays an important role in both military and economic affairs.
6．The merchant had to extend(延长) his business trip in New York by 3 days to have more time to deal with the troublesome problem.
7．He negotiated(磋商) with the trainees with surprising frequency last year.
8．In Chinese folk tales(故事), the lion rather than the frog has become a symbol of bravery, power and good luck.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The police command that all the drivers (should)_limit (limit) the car speed to 60 km per hour on this road.
2．Today's newspapers made a statement as to their refusal negotiation(negotiate)．
3．I don't think what he has said is relevant to the topic we are discussing.
4．The writer decided to withdraw from that club for more freedom.
5．You can't open a bakery if you don't have a license in hand.
6．There is no need for you to_apologise(apologise) for being late because I am late, too.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．你们什么时候起航到上海去？
When will you set_sail_for_Shanghai
2．你们要同公司协商工资问题吗？
Will you negotiate_with_the_company_about_salary_problems
3．因为竞争太激烈，他们正考虑退出当地市场。
They are considering withdrawing_from_the_local_market due to violent competition.
4．加强家庭关系是团聚的目的。
To_strengthen_the_family_bonds is the aim of reunion.
5．只要你白天学习效率高，你就没有必要熬夜。
As long as you study efficiently in the daytime, there_is_no_need_for_you_to_stay_up_
late_at_night.
Ⅳ.阅读理解
A
Some scientists say that animals in the ocean are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings.
The noise that affects sea creatures comes from a number of human activities. It is caused mainly by industrial underwater explosions, ocean drilling, and ship engines. Such noises are added to natural sounds. These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals themselves.
Decibels (分贝) measured in water are different from those measured on land. A noise of one hundred and twenty decibels on land causes pain to human ears. In water, a decibel level of one hundred and ninety five would have the same effect. Some scientists have proposed setting a noise limit of one hundred and twenty decibels in oceans. They have observed that noises at that level can frighten and confuse whales.
A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that louder noises can seriously injure some animals. The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing. This seriously affected the whales' ability to exchange information and find their way. Some of the whales even died. The explosions had caused their ears to bleed and become infected.
Many researchers whose work depends on ocean sounds object to a limit of one hundred and twenty decibels. They say such a limit would mean an end to important industrial and scientific research.
Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noises are harmful to ocean animals. However, many scientists suspect that noise is a greater danger than they believed. They want to prevent noises from harming creatures in the ocean.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家认为，人类海上活动导致的噪音污染对海洋生物的健康和行为产生了巨大的影响，甚至威胁到了他们的生存。虽然科学家不知道什么样的噪音对海洋生物有害，然而许多科学家怀疑噪音的危害要远远大于他们想象的程度，因此他们要努力去防止噪音对于海洋动物的危害。
1．According to the passage, which of the following is increasingly dangerous to sea creatures
A．The man made noises.
B．The noises made by themselves.
C．The sound of earthquakes.
D．The sound of the ice breaking.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“Some scientists say that animals in the oceans are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings.(一些科学家指出海洋里的动物越来越受到人类造成的噪音威胁。)”可知，科学家认为海洋中的动物正在受到人类制造的噪音污染的威胁。故选A。
答案：A
2．Which of the following is discussed in the third paragraph
A．The ocean animal's reaction to noises.
B．Different places with different types of noises.
C．The human ears sensitive to all types of noises.
D．The same noise on land measured differently in the ocean.
解析：段落大意题。根据第三段中的“Decibels(分贝) measured in water are different from those measured on land.(水中测得的分贝与陆地上测得的分贝不同。)”可知，同一种噪音在陆地和水面产生的效果不一样。故选D。
答案：D
3．As to the influence of noises on whales, which of the following statements is TRUE
A．They are deaf to noises.
B．Noises at a certain level may hurt them.
C．They are easily confused by noises.
D．Noises will limit their ability to reproduce.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing. This seriously affected the whales' ability to exchange information and find their way.(他们发现强烈的水下爆炸导致该地区的鲸鱼失去听觉，这严重影响了鲸鱼交流信息和寻找道路的能力。)”可知，这些海洋噪音影响到了鲸鱼的听力和导航能力，即一定程度的噪音可能伤害鲸鱼。故选B。
答案：B
4．According to the passage, what will scientists most probably do in the future
A．They will try their best to decrease noise.
B．They will work hard to cut down noise pollution.
C．They will study the effect of different noises.
D．They will protect animals from harmful noises.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“They want to prevent noises from harming creatures in the ocean.(他们想要阻止噪音对于海洋生物的危害。)”可知，科学家们将会保护海洋生物免于遭受有害噪音的危害。故选D。
答案：D
B
While your pet fish may appear to be unaware of your presence，chances are that it knows you extremely well and can probably even identify you from a crowd of human faces!
To test if this was accurate, some scientists decided to study archerfish(喷水鱼). These animals don't have a sophisticated(复杂的) brain that is necessary to recognize the slight differences between human facial features.
They began by presenting four archerfish with images of two human faces. Initially, the fish spit at both. However, they soon learned spitting water at the one selected by the researchers earned them a food treat. After that, they focused primarily on that image. The researchers then took the experiment one step further by introducing 44 other human faces to the mix.
To the researcher's astonishment, the trained archerfish were able to recall the learned image almost 81% of the time. And this accuracy improved to 86% when the researchers made the identification even harder, by replacing the colored photos with a set of black and white images and hiding the shape of the head.
The results of the study suggest that though having tiny brains, archerfish may have developed high visual discrimination abilities. While it is contrary to the previous theory that a sophisticated brain is necessary to recognize human faces, the researchers believe they do not recognize faces by recalling complex facial information like gender and identity, but more likely by discriminating between detailed patterns. Even so, the fact that these archerfish could “remember” those faces demonstrates that they have an impressive memory for details that lasts much longer than the originally thought 3 seconds!
This is not the first time researchers have realized how “smart” fish are. Previous studies have shown that fish can recognize those fish they have “socialized” with previously, and even recall complex three dimensional maps of their surroundings.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过这篇文章向我们介绍了有关鱼是否可以辨别图片的研究。
5．What is the purpose of the study
A．To describe archerfish are easy to teach.
B．To tell people archerfish like to be rewarded.
C．To prove archerfish can recognize human faces.
D．To show archerfish can easily develop a habit.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段“While your pet fish may appear to be unaware of your presence, chances are that it knows you extremely well and can probably even identify you from a crowd of human faces！(虽然你的宠物鱼可能看起来不知道你的存在，但它很可能非常了解你，甚至可能从一群人脸中认出你。)”以及第二段中的“To test if this was accurate, some scientists decided to study archerfish(喷水鱼)．(为了检验这是否准确，一些科学家决定研究喷水鱼。)”可知，这项研究的目的是证明喷水鱼可以认出人脸，故选C。
答案：C
6．Why did the researchers use black and white images
A．They could get these images easily.
B．Archerfish got tired of color images.
C．They wanted to make the task more difficult.
D．These images wouldn't get ruined by water.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“And this accuracy improved to 86% when the researchers made the identification even harder, by replacing the colored photos with a set of black and white images and hiding the shape of the head.(当研究人员将彩色照片替换为一组黑白图像并隐藏头部形状，使识别更加困难时，准确率提高到86%。)”可知，研究人员使用黑白照片是为了增加鱼鉴别图片的难度，故选C。
答案：C
7．What conclusion did researchers draw in the study
A．Archerfish have a 3 second memory.
B．Archerfish could distinguish detailed patterns.
C．Archerfish have a special form of communication.
D．Archerfish could remember complex facial information.
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Even so, the fact that these archerfish could ‘remember’ those faces demonstrates that they have an impressive memory for details that lasts much longer than the originally thought 3 seconds！(即便如此，这些喷水鱼能够“记住”这些面孔的事实表明，它们对细节的记忆令人印象深刻，比最初设想的3秒钟要长得多！)”可知，研究人员的研究表明喷水鱼可以区分详细的图案，故选B。
答案：B
8．What can we infer from the text
A．Fish are social animals.
B．Fish are as clever as humans.
C．Fish are able to tell different shapes.
D．The results shocked the researchers.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“To the researcher's astonishment...”以及最后一段中的“Previous studies have shown that fish can recognize those fish they have ‘socialized’ with previously, and even recall complex three dimensional maps of their surroundings.(此前的研究表明，鱼类可以识别之前与之“社交”的鱼类，甚至可以回忆起周围复杂的三维地图。)”可知，鱼可以识别它们以前“社交化”的那些鱼，甚至还能回忆起它们周围环境的复杂三维地图，这种结果使研究者们震惊，故选D。
答案：D
Ⅴ.完形填空
A 63 year old man learning ballet a decade ago has become a hit on social media. James Cox has been a ballet __1__ as long as he can remember, but he never really got the chance to practice it himself. Growing up in a poor rural family, his main focus was always on __2__ or doing housework instead of dancing that was definitely a __3__ he could not afford. He ended up becoming a farmer, but he never got over his love for ballet.
“One day, I saw a ballet basic training course on TV, which __4__ the idea that I should try to learn to dance，” James said in an interview. Ballet requires a fit and __5__ body that is almost impossible to __6__ at a certain age without lifetime training. Becoming a ballet dancer at age 53 was far from __7__ in the world, and most of his friends didn't understand why he __8__ this tough training at his age. But James Cox __9__ them all with the help of his family, who have always been very __10__ of his passion.
Not only does ballet make him a delighted man, but he is convinced that it has done __11__ for his health as well. “In the past, I had stomach problems. After dancing __12__ over the past decade, the stomach issues have mostly __13__，” the 63 year old ballet dancer said. “When I am in this class, I feel __14__ as if I have become young again，” James added, “I am now doing what I __15__ to do when I was young.”
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了一名10年前学习芭蕾的63岁男子James Cox在学习芭蕾后在社交媒体上走红。
1．A.learner B．fan
C．coach D．performer
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：James Cox从记事起就一直是芭蕾舞迷，但他从未真正有机会亲自练习。A.learner学习者；B.fan粉丝，狂热爱好者；C.coach教练；D.performer表演者。由上文“A 63 year old man learning ballet a decade ago has become a hit on social media.”可知，James Cox 53岁开始学习芭蕾，这说明他喜欢芭蕾，即是一个芭蕾狂热爱好者，故选B。
答案：B
2．A.playing B．drawing
C．farming D．travelling
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：他在一个贫困的农村家庭长大，主要精力总是种地或做家务，而不是跳舞，跳舞绝对是他负担不起的奢侈品。A.playing玩；B.drawing画画；C.farming耕种；D.travelling旅行。由上文“Growing up in a poor rural family”可知，他家里很穷，由此可知，他在家总是种地或做家务，且下文“He ended up becoming a farmer”也是提示，故选C。
答案：C
3．A.luxury B．present
C．prize D．treasure
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意同上题。A.luxury奢侈品；B.present礼物；C.prize奖品；D.treasure财富。由下文“he could not afford”和上文提到他家里很穷可知，跳舞对于他来说是他不能负担的奢侈品，故选A。
答案：A
4．A.fueled B．reflected
C．changed D．forecasted
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：“有一天，我在电视上看到芭蕾舞基础训练课程，这激发了我应该尝试学习跳舞的想法，”James在接受采访时说。A.fueled提供燃料，刺激，加强；B.reflected反映；C.changed改变；D.forecasted预测。由上文“I saw a ballet basic training course on TV”和前面提到的他很喜欢芭蕾舞蹈可知，在电视上看到芭蕾舞基础训练课程，这应该会激发他尝试学习跳舞的想法，故选A。
答案：A
5．A.beautiful B．strong
C．delicate D．flexible
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：芭蕾舞需要健康而灵活的身体，如果没有终身训练，在一定年龄几乎不可能获得这种身体。A.beautiful漂亮的；B.strong强壮的；C.delicate精致的；D.flexible灵活的。由上文“Ballet requires a fit”和常识可知，芭蕾舞需要健康且灵活的身体，故选D。
答案：D
6．A.recover B．replace
C．acquire D．identify
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意同上题。A.recover恢复；B.replace代替；C.acquire获得；D.identify认出。由下文“at a certain age without lifetime training”可知，如果没有终身训练，在一定的年龄是无法获得这种灵活的身体的，故选C。
答案：C
7．A.hard B．easy
C．influential D．astonishing
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：53岁成为一名芭蕾舞演员绝非易事，他的大多数朋友都不明白他为什么在这个年纪接受如此艰苦的训练。A.hard困难的；B.easy简单的；C.influential有影响的；D.astonishing令人惊讶的。由上文“Becoming a ballet dancer at age 53”可知，53岁成为一名芭蕾舞演员绝非易事，故选B。
答案：B
8．A.tested out B．put off
C．missed out D．took up
解析：考查动词短语辨析。句意同上题。A.tested out彻底检验；B.put off推迟；C.missed out错过；D.took up占据，从事，接受。由下文“this tough training at his age”和上文“One day, I saw a ballet basic training course on TV, which __4__ the idea that I should try to learn to dance”可知，他要学跳芭蕾舞，即需要接受艰苦的训练，故选D。
答案：D
9．A.abandoned B．ignored
C．guided D．promised
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：但James Cox在家人的帮助下忽略了这些，因为家人一直非常支持他的这种激情。A.abandoned遗弃；B.ignored忽视；C.guided指导；D.promised承诺。由下文“with the help of his family”可知，在家人的帮助下，他不在乎这些艰苦训练，即忽视这些艰苦训练，故选B。
答案：B
10．A.supportive B．ashamed
C．critical D．aware
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上题。A.supportive支持的；B.ashamed羞愧的；C.critical批评的；D.aware意识到的。由上文“with the help of his family”可知，他的家人支持他，故选A。
答案：A
11．A.researches B．wonders
C．problems D．signals
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：芭蕾不仅让他成为一个快乐的人，而且他相信芭蕾也对他的健康产生了奇迹。A.researches研究；B.wonders好奇，奇迹；C.problems问题；D.signals信号。由下文“for his health as well. ‘In the past, I had stomach problems. After dancing __12__ over the past decade, the stomach issues have mostly’”可知，他之前有胃病，但是跳芭蕾舞让他胃病消失了，所以说芭蕾对他的健康产生了奇迹，故选B。
答案：B
12．A.occasionally B．temporarily
C．slightly D．regularly
解析：考查副词词义辨析。句意：“过去，我有胃病。过去十年定期跳舞后，胃部问题已基本消失。”这位63岁的芭蕾舞演员说道。A.occasionally偶尔地；B.temporarily暂时地；C.slightly稍微地；D.regularly有规律地。由下文“over the past decade”可知，过去十年他定期跳舞，所以胃部问题已基本消失了，故选D。
答案：D
13．A.stayed on B．spread out
C．faded away D．turned up
解析：考查动词短语辨析。句意同上题。A.stayed on继续停留；B.spread out展开；C.faded away逐渐消失；D.turned up出现。由上文“Not only does ballet make him a delighted man, but he is convinced that it has done __11__ for his health as well.”可知，芭蕾对他的健康产生了奇迹，即让他的胃病消失了，故选C。
答案：C
14．A.dynamic B．relaxed
C．tired D．embarrassed
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“当我在这个班上时，我感觉充满活力，仿佛又变年轻了。”James补充道，“我现在在做我年轻时想做的事。”A.dynamic充满活力的；B.relaxed放松的；C.tired疲倦的；D.embarrassed尴尬的。由下文“as if I have become young again”可知，他感觉自己变年轻了，由此可知，跳芭蕾使他充满活力，故选A。
答案：A
15．A.managed B．tended
C．happened D．desired
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意同上题。A.managed设法做到；B.tended倾向；C.happened发生；D.desired渴望。由第一段中的“James Cox has been a ballet __1__ as long as he can remember, but he never really got the chance to practice it himself.”可知，他一直是个芭蕾狂热爱好者，这说明他在做自己年轻时想做的事，故选D。
答案：D
Ⅵ.语法填空
Although failing1.________(qualify) for the FIFA World Cup finals soccer tournament in Qatar, China made a huge contribution to the 2.________(large) global sporting event in the world.
China built stadiums, roads and many other Made in China products have won praise3.________ many fans and potential customers.
In recent months, Luo Yang, a sales manager at the overseas business unit of Higer Bus Co, a bus and truck maker4.________(base) in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, has kept a close eye on the 1,815 buses that the company 5.________(sell) to Qatar last year.
These vehicles operated shuttle services for the thousands of fans, officials and journalists from different countries during the tournament, 6.________ was staged from Nov. 20 to Dec. 18.
“After the World Cup, the buses will be used to take children to and from school，” Luo said, 7.________(add) that child monitoring systems in the vehicles will give a signal when a bus arrives at its destination. The driver then moves through the vehicle to ensure the children leave 8.________(safe), before pressing a button to turn off the sound.
9．________ wide range of Chinese items were available at the tournament, including key rings, horns, flags, clothing and shoes from Yiwu, Zhejiang, and Jinjiang, Fujian Province, as well as fireworks from Liuyang, Hunan Province.
Market observers said the 10.________(abundant) of such products is due to China's industrial upgrading boom, well developed supply chains, and green transformation.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国为卡塔尔世界杯作出了巨大贡献，从中国建造的体育场馆、道路到在世界杯期间为来自不同国家的数千名球迷、官员和记者提供穿梭服务的客车，再到来自浙江义乌和福建省晋江的钥匙圈、号角、旗帜、衣服和鞋子，以及来自湖南浏阳的烟花等。
1．解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管中国未能获得卡塔尔世界杯足球赛决赛的参赛资格，但中国为世界上最大的体育赛事作出了巨大贡献。fail to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“未能做某事”，故填to qualify。
答案：to qualify
2．解析：考查形容词最高级。句意同上题。由句意和the可知，此处应用形容词最高级largest作定语，修饰global sporting event，表示“最大的”，故填largest。
答案：largest
3．解析：考查介词。句意：中国建造的体育场馆、道路和许多其他中国制造的产品赢得了来自许多球迷和潜在客户的赞誉。win praise from sb.意为“赢得来自某人的赞誉”，故填from。
答案：from
4．解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：最近几个月，江苏省苏州市客车和卡车制造商海格巴士公司的海外业务部门销售经理罗阳一直在密切关注该公司去年向卡塔尔出售的1 815辆客车。句中已有谓语has kept，且前后无连词，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰名词短语a bus and truck maker，且和动词base之间是被动关系，应用过去分词based作定语，故填based。
答案：based
5．解析：考查动词的时态。句意同上题。that从句是定语从句，修饰名词buses，空处在从句中作谓语，由last year可知，从句应用一般过去时，且the company和sell是主动关系，故填sold。
答案：sold
6．解析：考查定语从句。句意：在11月20日至12月18日举行的世界杯期间，这些车辆为来自不同国家的数千名球迷、官员和记者提供穿梭服务。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词tournament，指物，且从句缺少主语，应用关系代词which来引导，故填which。
答案：which
7．解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：“世界杯结束后，这些巴士将用于接送孩子上下学，”罗说，接着他补充道，车上的儿童监控系统将在巴士到达目的地时发出信号。句中有谓语，空前无连词，逗号不能充当连词，所以此处应用非谓语动词作状语，Luo和add之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语，故填adding。
答案：adding
8．解析：考查副词。句意：接着司机在车内活动确保儿童安全离开，然后按下按钮关闭声音。动词leave应用副词safely来修饰，表示“安全地”，作状语，故填safely。
答案：safely
9．解析：考查冠词。句意：比赛现场有各种各样的中国物品，包括来自浙江义乌和福建晋江的钥匙圈、号角、旗帜、衣服和鞋子，以及来自湖南浏阳的烟花。a wide range of为固定搭配，意为“各种各样的”，位于句首，首字母大写，故填A。
答案：A
10．解析：考查名词。句意：市场观察人士表示，这些产品很丰富，是因为中国的产业升级繁荣、供应链发达且实现了绿色转型。此处应用名词abundance作主语，是不可数名词。故填abundance。
答案：abundance
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
复习动词不定式
语法 讲习
1．动词不定式的时态和语态
动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式的时态共有四种：一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。不定式的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。具体形式如下表所示(以 do 为例)：
语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
(1)一般式(to do/to be done)
动词不定式的一般式表示的动作常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生；to be done 表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者。
I saw him go out with the sponsor.我看见他和赞助者出去了。 (see 后跟不带to 的不定式作宾补)
It's a privilege to be invited to play golf with you.受邀与您一起打高尔夫球是一种荣幸。(省略的逻辑主语与不定式中的invite是被动关系，在to be invited 之前可以加上for sb.)
(2)进行式(to be doing)
动词不定式的进行式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，而且正在进行。
They are said to be visiting a grand house.据说他们正在参观一座大房子。
(3)完成式(to have done/to have been done)
动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；to have been done 同时还表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者。
I'm very sorry to have kept you from getting the bonus. 我很抱歉让您无法获得奖金。 (keep 发生在 be sorry 之前)
名师点津
“planned/hoped/expected/meant/thought/intended/promised/wanted/wished/desired to have done”表示未曾实现的愿望或计划。
I meant to have read the science fiction last week.我本打算上周读完这本科幻小说。
(4)完成进行式(to have been doing)
动词不定式的完成进行式强调不定式表示的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻，强调动作的持续性，不强调结果。
The chairwoman is said to have been living in London for twenty years.据说这位女董事长在伦敦已经住了 20 年。
2．动词不定式的分类
(1)带 to 的动词不定式(一般情况下，不定式要带to)
They are not building a state to continue the conflict with Israel, but to end it. 他们不是在建立一个国家来继续同以色列冲突，而是要结束这场冲突。
(2)省略to 的动词不定式
①使役动词和感官动词(短语)后作宾补的不定式
She makes her husband fetch the kids from school every day.＝Her husband is made to fetch the kids from school every day by her.她让丈夫每天从学校接孩子。
名师点津
巧记后接不带to 的不定式作宾补的动词：
一感：feel 二听：hear、listen to 三让：make、have、let 五看：see、look at、watch、observe、 notice 半帮助：help (to 可带可不带)
注意：当它们用于被动语态时，不定式要带to。
②固定用法：would rather do... than do... 宁愿做……也不愿做……
I would rather go to work in the supermarket than take over my father's company.我宁愿去超市工作也不愿接管我父亲的公司。
③固定句式：Why do... 为什么做某事呢？ (表示不满或委婉的批评)
Why not do... 为什么不做某事呢？ (表示建议)
Why break the appointment on purpose 为什么故意不赴约？
Why not go for a walk after dinner 为什么晚饭后不去散步？
④can't but/can't choose but/can't help but do...只好，不得不
I can't choose but adopt my niece's advice at present.眼下我别无选择只得采纳我侄女的建议。
⑤介词 but、except 后的动词不定式
如果这些介词之前有行为动词do 或do 的某种形式，那么这些介词后的不定式省略to，否则要带to。
The premier could do nothing but appoint a committee to consider the plans.总理除了安排一个委员会去考虑这些计划外别无选择。
I have no choice but to take up a temporary job.我别无选择，只能从事一份临时的工作。
⑥并列不定式
当多个动词不定式具有同样的功能且并列时，to 只用在第一个不定式之前，以避免重复。
The boy decided to stay in the bakery and work hard as before.这个男孩决定留在面包店里，像以前一样努力工作。
⑦主语部分有实义动词do 时，作表语的动词不定式可以省略to，也可不省略。
All you need to do is (to) test out the system.你需要做的就是测试这个系统。
名师点津
动词不定式中动词的省略：
在 expect、hope、wish、mean、prefer、forget、want、try 以及be afraid、be glad、be happy、would like、would love 等后面，为避免重复，动词不定式常常省略，只保留不定式符号to、to have 或 to have been (be动词不省略)。
I haven't conducted an interview, but I wish to (conduct an interview)．我没主持过面试，但我希望(去主持)。
—Did you go to the party 你去参加聚会了吗？
—No, I'd like to have (gone to the party), but I was busy.没，我想去，但我太忙了。
—Did the teacher praise you 老师表扬你了吗？
—No, but I'd like to have been (praised)．没有，但我想要(被表扬)。
3．动词不定式的句法功能
(1)作主语(常用it 作形式主语)
To make fun of the disabled is not right.嘲笑残疾人是不对的。
It is ridiculous to imagine that the recovery will be quick and easy.认为会迅速轻易地恢复的想法是荒谬的。
(2)作宾语
①常接不定式作宾语的动词有decide/determine、learn、want、expect/hope、refuse、manage、wish、pretend、offer、promise、choose、plan、agree、ask等。
The strong man managed to pull out the tree trunk.那个壮汉把树干拔了出来。
②复合结构中常用it 作形式宾语，不定式(短语)放在宾语补足语之后。常接这样复合结构的动词有6个：make、feel、find、consider、believe、think。
I find it easy to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很容易。
③部分动词不定式作宾语与动名词作宾语的区别
regret to do sth. 遗憾要去做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记已做过某事
remember to do sth. 记得要做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
I regret to say that you failed to obtain a driving license. You must be regretting not training more. 我很遗憾地告诉你，你没有获得驾驶执照。你一定后悔没有多训练。
(3)作宾语补足语或主语补足语
He asked me to help him learn biology. (宾语补足语)
→I was asked to help him learn biology. (主语补足语)
他请求我帮助他学习生物。
believe/consider sb. to have done sth. 认为某人做了某事(宾补)
be believed/considered to have done sth. 被认为做了某事(主补)
be said/reported to have done sth. 据说/据报道做了某事(主补)
(4)作定语
①如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或被修饰词是不定式动作发生的地点或借助的工具时，不定式后面要有相应的介词；如果不定式所修饰的名词是 time、place 或way 时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。
Jack is a pleasant fellow to work with. 杰克是一个很好共事的人。
He had no money and no place to live (in). 他没有钱，也没有地方住。
②被修饰词前有the first/second/last/very/only 时常用不定式作定语。
She is always the first person to come and the last to leave.她总是第一个来而最后一个走。
③下列名词后常用不定式作定语，说明名词的内容：decision、chance、plan、ability、right(权利)、way 等。
We should develop the ability to do something independently. 我们应该培养独立做事的能力。
④to be done 作定语多表将来的被动动作 (将要被)。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.明天将要开的会很重要。
(5)作状语(表示目的、结果、原因等)
She resigned her position to look after her children.为了照顾孩子，她辞去了工作。 (表目的)
The candidate reached the company, only to find the interview over.那个申请人到达了公司，结果发现面试已经结束了。 (表出乎意料的结果)
We were in high spirits to hear the words of our teacher's encouragement.听到老师鼓励的话，我们情绪高涨。 (表原因)
名师点津
(1)不定式to do 表目的，可以放在句子中间，可以用in order to 和so as to 代替表示强调；也可放在句首，此时只可以用in order to 代替表强调。
(2)不定式作结果状语常与only 连用，表示出乎意料的结果；现在分词作结果状语，常表示句子内容导致的自然而然的结果。
The glass fell to the ground, breaking into pieces.玻璃杯掉在地上，摔成碎片。
(6)作表语
My dream is to become a scientist. 我的梦想是成为一名科学家。
The new robot is to be tested out next week.新机器人将于下周进行测试。 (不定式表将来)
(7)作插入语(修饰整个句子)
to tell the truth 说实话
to be exact 确切地说
to conclude 总而言之
to be frank 坦白地说
to be brief 简言之
to begin/start with 首先
to make things worse 更糟糕的是
To tell you the truth, your claim is quite absurd.说实话，你的要求很荒谬。
名师点津
“who/which/when/where/how/what＋to do”结构在句中起名词的作用，可充当主语、宾语、表语。
How to arouse the students' interest in labour is very important.如何激发学生的劳动兴趣很重要。 (作主语)
I know where to find the young man who behaves with integrity.我知道到哪里去找那个行为正直的年轻人。 (作宾语)
The question is when to raise the salary.问题是什么时候涨工资。 (作表语)
4．动词不定式的主动形式表被动意义
(1)不定式作定语，与被修饰词是动宾关系，但与其逻辑主语，即句子主语，是主动关系。
We have a lot of work to do today.今天我们有很多工作要做。 (do的逻辑主语即句子主语，且二者为主动关系)
(2)be动词＋性质形容词＋to do；动词＋宾语＋性质形容词＋to do
The water is not suitable to drink. 这水不适合喝。
The teacher made the question easy to answer. 老师使这个问题变得容易回答。
(3)be to blame 应负责任，该受责备；be to let 出租
The young man felt he was to blame for this traffic accident.那个年轻人觉得他应对这起交通事故负责任。
This car is to let. 此车出租。
(4)with 复合结构
With a lot of work to do, I won't go out.有这么多工作要做，我不会出去。 (do 与work 之间为动宾关系，但与其逻辑主语，即句子主语I，是主动关系)
(5)“疑问词＋不定式”结构
We don't know what to expect. 我们不知道会发生什么。
(expect与what 之间为动宾关系，但与其逻辑主语，即句子主语We，是主动关系)
名师点津
当不定式的逻辑主语不清楚或不是句子的主语时，主动和被动结构都可用，而且在语意上并没有多大区别。
There is much to do/to be done when the prime minister takes office.首相上任后有很多事情要做。
达标 练案
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．My father has decided to_give(give) up smoking, which makes us greatly surprised.
2．I have no time to visit the monument, for a lot of work remains to_be_done(do)．
3．When I came in, some babies were asleep. To my amusement, little John pretended to_be_reading(read) with his eyes half closed.
4．When I told him the good news, he pretended to_have_heard(hear) of it, not looking excited.
5．The man you want to see isn't here, as he seems to_have_been_fired(fire). You can figure it out by asking the boss.
6．The novelist intended to_have_adapted(adapt) the book for a TV play, but he didn't make it.
7．He is said to_have_been_living(live) with his uncle since his parents left him to work in a faraway city.
8．Don't forget to_give(give) your students a little encouragement at any time.
9．The police observed a man go(go) into the bank ten minutes ago.
10．He was the last man to_go(go) into the classroom.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．He refused to_buy_a_dictionary(买词典) with a leather cover.
2．When I noticed_them_come_in(注意到他们进来), I stood up immediately and gave them a warm welcome.
3．I would_rather_solve(宁愿解决) my problems alone than ask him for help.
4．I can't_(choose/help)_but(只好) agree to his decision.
5．The boss had no choice but to_dismiss/fire_him(解雇他)．
6．I would not like to_take_over(接管) the company and lose_freedom(失去自由)．
7．You had better not_spread_the_rumour(不要传播谣言)．
8．They seem to_be_talking_about_me(在谈论我), for they stopped at the sight of me.
课时作业(八) Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．There will be live coverage(新闻报道) of football on the sports channel.
2．There is some doubt whether they all applaud(称赞) the distribution.
3．You are entitled to free taxes(税款), fees and handling charges.
4．That leader also extended his warm congratulations on the success of China's first manned(有人控制的) spaceflight.
5．A submersible(潜水器) plays an important role in the maritime research.
6．They put on underwater(水下的) diving equipment to protect themselves.
7．The young man has a strong passion for politics(政治)．
8．Taking part in a golf tournament(锦标赛) brought us a brand new adventure.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．My mom suggested a way to_strengthen (strengthen) the bond between my friend and me.
2．It is important for us to_adapt (adapt) to the new political system quickly.
3．Surprisingly, he was the first to_sign (sign) up for the tournament.
4．My slogan is: experience tells me what to_do (do); confidence allows me to do it.
5．The boss indicated that he will have something urgent to_announce (announce) at the session.
6．The story began when the woman determined to_join (join) the fleet after graduation.
7．Mary is straightforward and is the sort of lady to_spread (spread) sunshine to people through her smile.
8．The show was so appealing that we all expected to_have (have) it extended.
9．Thanks to the fences, it is much more convenient to_keep (keep) in the lambs.
10．Hearing the thrilling news, everyone rose to_applaud (applaud).
Ⅲ.阅读理解
A
There's just a 1 in 3,700,000 chance that a person will be killed by a shark in their lifetime, but the fear is still enough to have swimmers worrying about being perceived as prey. Now, new research supports the long standing theory that when great whites do go in for a bite, it's a case of “mistaken identity”．
A team of biologists from the UK and Australia compared videos of seals swimming with videos of humans swimming. They then edited the videos to simulate a great white's vision—the sharks are likely colorblind, and they can't make out fine detail—and found that from the point of view of the_ocean_creatures,_humans do indeed bear a strong resemblance to seals.
“Great white sharks are often regarded as ‘mindless killers' and ‘fond of human flesh’， but that's not the case—we just look like their food，” Laura Ryan, lead author of the study, said.
Despite their dissatisfying vision and spatial perception, great white sharks are highly visual creatures, and rely on motion and shadows when on the lookout for prey. To really see through the species's eyes, the research team had to get creative.
“We attached a camera to an underwater scooter (轻便小车), and set it to travel at a typical speed for predatory sharks，” Ryan said in a statement. The researchers then paired the recordings with computer models to simulate how similar people look from a shark's view below the surface.
“I knew there would be some similarities, but not to the extent we have found，” Ryan said. “Specifically, I thought swimmers might not be as similar as surfers to seals as they typically aren't involved in as many shark bites. However, the swimmers are also difficult to tell apart from seals.”
Ryan put it in a statement, “Understanding why shark bites occur can help us find ways to prevent them, while keeping both humans and sharks safer.”
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，鲨鱼攻击人类是因为它们将人类误认为是它们的猎物——海豹。
1．What do the underlined words “the ocean creatures” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A．Seals. B．Sharks.
C．Humans. D．Swimmers.
解析：名词指代题。根据第二段中的“They then edited the videos to simulate a great white's vision—the sharks are likely colorblind, and they can't make out fine detail—and found that from the point of view of the ocean creatures, humans do indeed bear a strong resemblance to seals.(然后，他们编辑视频来模拟大白鲨的视觉——大白鲨可能是色盲，它们无法分辨出细微的细节——发现从海洋生物的角度来看，人类确实与海豹非常相似。)”可知，画线短语“the ocean creatures”指的是前文中的“大白鲨”。故选B项。
答案：B
2．Why did the researchers use the scooter with a camera
A．To measure the speed of predatory sharks.
B．To take clear pictures of underwater seals.
C．To keep track of sharks' travel underwater.
D．To see human beings through sharks' view.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“To really see through the species's eyes, the research team had to get creative.(要真正从物种的角度看问题，研究团队必须要有创意。)”和第五段中的“‘We attached a camera to an underwater scooter (轻便小车)，and set it to travel at a typical speed for predatory sharks，’Ryan said in a statement.(瑞安在一份声明中说：“我们在水下滑板车上安装了一个摄像头，让它以食肉鲨鱼的典型速度行驶。”)”可知，研究人员使用带有相机的水下轻便小车是为了从鲨鱼的视角看在水中的人类。故选D项。
答案：D
3．What does the research find
A．Swimmers are easy to tell apart from seals.
B．Swimmers are not as similar as surfers to seals.
C．The similarities between humans and seals are few.
D．Swimmers surprisingly resemble seals in sharks' eyes.
解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“‘I knew there would be some similarities, but not to the extent we have found，’Ryan said. ‘Specifically, I thought swimmers might not be as similar as surfers to seals as they typically aren't involved in as many shark bites. However, the swimmers are also difficult to tell apart from seals.’(“我知道会有一些相似之处，但没到我们发现的那种程度，”瑞安说。“具体来说，我认为游泳者可能不像冲浪者和海豹那样相似，因为他们通常不会被鲨鱼咬伤。然而，游泳的人也很难把他们和海豹区分开来。”)”可知，Laura Ryan原本知道游泳的人类和海豹在鲨鱼的眼中是有相似之处的，但是研究表明，他们在鲨鱼的眼中惊人地相似。故选D项。
答案：D
4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A．Why Sharks Attack Humans
B．Are Shark Bites Common
C．How Sharks Hunt for Food
D．Are Sharks Really Dangerous
解析：标题归纳题。通读全文，以及文章第一段中的“Now, new research supports the long standing theory that when great whites do go in for a bite, it's a case of ‘mistaken identity’．(现在，新的研究支持了长期以来的理论，即当大白鲨咬人时，这是一种“身份误认”。)”和最后一段“Ryan put it in a statement, ‘Understanding why shark bites occur can help us find ways to prevent them, while keeping both humans and sharks safer.’(瑞安在一份声明中说：“了解鲨鱼咬伤发生的原因可以帮助我们找到预防鲨鱼咬伤的方法，同时让人类和鲨鱼都更安全。”)”可知，文章主要通过实验验证了一个理论——鲨鱼攻击人类是因为它们将人类误认为它的猎物——海豹。由此可知，Why Sharks Attack Humans(为什么鲨鱼攻击人类)适合作本文标题。故选A项。
答案：A
B
[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处) and the necessity of cultivating high quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
5．What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills.
B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C．Solving philosophical problems.
D．Promoting the use of a digital device.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B项。
答案：B
6．What does the underlined word “declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear up. B．Add on.
C．Check in. D．Take over.
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.”可知，作者提出的方法是对在线活动进行清理和挑选。由此推知，画线词意为“清理”。故选A项。
答案：A
7．What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models.
B．Statistical methods.
C．Practical examples.
D．Historical analyses.
解析：推理判断题。通过第四段中的“In the final chapter of part one, I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.”可知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C项。
答案：C
8．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed.
B．Recommend them to friends.
C．Evaluate their effects.
D．Identify the ideas behind them.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.”可知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A项。
答案：A
Ⅳ.七选五
Pursue Your Dreams Today, Not Tomorrow
Have you caught yourself daydreaming about your dreams We often postpone our dreams, trapped in a cycle of delay. But why wait __1__ You don't have to take a huge, life changing step. You can take minute steps toward a brighter future. And start right now.
__2__ If you never try, you're going to be weighed down by your regrets. You're always going to wonder how your life would've turned out if you actually took a chance on yourself. Don't let your future self be disappointed by your present self.
It doesn't matter how old you are or how many people have warned you that you're never going to succeed. Even the most successful people have had their hesitations about whether they had what it took to make it in their field. __3__ Embrace a mindset of determination, knowing that success is within your reach.
At the end of the day, you need to carve out a path for yourself that will lead to the most satisfaction. If you allow your fear to get the best of you, you're never going to forgive yourself. __4__ It's what you would encourage your friends to do, so why aren't you giving yourself that same push
Sometimes, following your passion means spending a lot of your time each day. It may require making slight adjustments to your schedule, but you don't have to sacrifice everything to follow your hearts. Try to strike a balance between your current life and your dreams. __5__
Pursue your dreams now, even though that means you might need to break out of your comfort zone, and even though it means entering the unknown.
A．Ask yourself what would be worse.
B．Starting small is completely acceptable.
C．You owe it to yourself to go after your dreams.
D．New opportunities may lead to personal growth.
E．If things go well, you can gradually make further shifts.
F．You need to move past your insecurities and explore your full potential.
G．Hard as it is, it's crucial to wave off the doubts in the back of your mind.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要就如何追求自己的梦想提出了一些建议。
1．解析：后文“You don't have to take a huge, life changing step. You can take minute steps toward a brighter future. And start right now.(你不需要迈出巨大的、改变人生的一步。你可以一步一步走向更光明的未来。现在就开始。)”提到了不需要迈出巨大的、改变人生的一步，可知本句是在建议从小的地方开始。故B项“从小处开始是完全可以接受的。”符合语境，故选B。
答案：B
2．解析：根据后文“If you never try, you're going to be weighed down by your regrets. You're always going to wonder how your life would've turned out if you actually took a chance on yourself. Don't let your future self be disappointed by your present self.(如果你从不尝试，你就会被你的遗憾压垮。你总是想知道，如果你真的给自己一个机会，你的生活会变成什么样子。不要让未来的自己对现在的自己失望。)”可知，本段的主旨是给自己一个改变生活的机会，即建议去追求自己的梦想。故C项“你应该为自己去追求你的梦想。”符合语境，故选C。
答案：C
3．解析：后文“Embrace a mindset of determination, knowing that success is within your reach.(拥有一种坚定的心态，知道成功是触手可及的。)”提到要拥有坚定的心态，可知要摆脱怀疑的心态。故G项“尽管困难重重，但摆脱心中的疑虑是至关重要的。”符合语境，故选G。
答案：G
4．解析：前文“At the end of the day, you need to carve out a path for yourself that will lead to the most satisfaction. If you allow your fear to get the best of you, you're never going to forgive yourself.(在一天结束的时候，你需要为自己开辟一条通往最大满足感的道路。如果你让恐惧占据了你最好的一面，你永远不会原谅自己。)”提到不要让恐惧占据了你最好的一面，即建议要克服恐惧和不安全感，来发掘潜力。故F项“你需要克服你的不安全感，发掘你的全部潜力。”符合语境，故选F。
答案：F
5．解析：前文“Sometimes, following your passion means spending a lot of your time each day. It may require making slight adjustments to your schedule, but you don't have to sacrifice everything to follow your hearts. Try to strike a balance between your current life and your dreams.(有时候，追随你的激情意味着每天花费大量的时间。这可能需要对你的时间表做一些调整，但你不必为了跟随自己的内心而牺牲一切。试着在你现在的生活和你的梦想之间取得平衡。)”提到了在你现在的生活和你的梦想之间取得平衡，本句为本段最后一句，故说明这么做的结果。故E项“如果一切顺利，你可以逐渐做出进一步的改变。”符合语境，故选E。
答案：E
Ⅴ.语法填空
[2023·全国甲卷]
For thousands of years, people have told fables(寓言) 1.________(teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom. Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well known Aesop's fables date to the 2.________(six) century, B．C. Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, 3.________ Rachel Carson says in A Fable for Tomorrow.
Carson uses a simple, direct style common to fable. In fact, her style and tone(口吻) are seemingly directed at children. “There was once a town in the heart of America, 4.________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with is surroundings，” her fable begins, 5.________(borrow) some familiar words from many age old fables. Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message 6.________(intend) for everyone.
7．________(difference) from traditional fables, Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral. She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility 8.________ saving their environment.
The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life. However, Carson's theme is a more weighty 9.________(warn) about environmental destruction. Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still 10.________(employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。
1．解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：几千年来，人们通过讲寓言来传授知识或传授智慧。根据句意可知，此处表达“来传授知识和智慧”，所以用不定式作目的状语。故填to teach。
答案：to teach
2．解析：考查数词。句意：寓言是许多古代文化口述传统的一部分，而著名的伊索寓言可以追溯到公元前6世纪。century前面要用序数词修饰。故填sixth。
答案：sixth
3．解析：考查定语从句。句意：然而，正如Rachel Carson在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。
答案：as
4．解析：考查定语从句。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
答案：where
5．解析：考查非谓语动词。句意同上题。句中已有谓语动词，所以用非谓语动词形式。逻辑主语her fable与borrow之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填borrowing。
答案：borrowing
6．解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，在简洁的风格背后，是每个人都想要传达的严肃信息。be intended for意为“打算为……所用”，在句中作定语，所以用过去分词形式。故填intended。
答案：intended
7．解析：考查形容词。句意：与传统寓言不同，Carson的故事以一种指责而不是道德结束。be different from意为“与……不同”，所以用形容词作状语。位于句首，首字母大写。故填Different。
答案：Different
8．解析：考查介词。句意：她警告社会面临的环境危险，并教导人们必须承担起保护环境的责任。take responsibility for意为“对……负责”。故填for。
答案：for
9．解析：考查名词。句意：然而，Carson的主题是对环境破坏的更严重警告。形容词weighty后接名词形式。根据句中不定冠词a可知，用可数名词的单数形式。故填warning。
答案：warning
10．解析：考查语态。句意：Carson证明了一种简单的抒情形式，已经代代相传，今天仍然可以用来吸引人们对重要真理的关注。从句主语a simple lyric form与employ之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。情态动词can后接动词原形。故填be employed。
答案：be employed
Section Ⅲ Using Language
课前自主预习课文见本书265页Express your opinions on sea exploration
基础 自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．He thumbed through the directory(电话号码簿) to look for her number.
2．People should read the related regulations before they exploit(开采) natural resources.
3．His parents and sister were all murdered(谋杀) by the terrorists.
4．The people had to gather up their few possessions(财产) and escaped abroad.
5．Water pollution poses a threat to all kinds of marine(海的) life.
6．The Elizabethan age was a time of exploration(探索) and discovery.
7．Put the cap back on the bottle, otherwise the juice will spill(溢出)．
8．You can't learn anything with negative(消极的) attitude.
Ⅱ.选词填空
take possession of, tell apart, at the mercy of, at close range, in sequence of, add... to, make it to
1．They set sail in the morning and made_it_to a small town before dark.
2．Various kinds of corals were photographed at_close_range.
3．I found lies and truth are hard to tell_apart for a temporary period of time.
(共73张PPT)
综合微评(三)
(时间：90分钟 满分：120分)
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
答案
解析
答案
解析
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
答案
解析
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
解析
答案
2门世2有
3厚
