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【2025中考二轮复习 语法基础】定语从句和状语从句
一、定语从句的关系词
定语从句在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系代词who, whom, that, which, whose或关系副词when, where, why等引出。
关系词 指代 在定语从句中的作用
that 既指人也指物 作主语、宾语
which 指物 作主语、宾语
who 指人 作主语
whom 指人 作宾语
whose 既指人也指物 作定语
when 时间 作状语
where 地点 作状语
why 原因 作状语
1.who, whom, that代替的先行词是指人的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他是想见你的那个人吗
He is the man (who/whom/that) I saw yesterday.
他是昨天我看到的那个人。
2.which, that代替的先行词是指代事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例:
Mary likes music that/which is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
The coat (that/which) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的外套是蓝色的。
3.whose用来指人或物,在句中只用作定语。例:
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
请把封面是绿色的那本书递给我。
4.关系副词有when, where, why,它们在句中作状语。例:
I’ll never forget the days when we studied together.
我永远忘不了我们一起学习的那些日子。
This is the city where my father worked ten years ago.
这是我爸十年前工作的城市。
Do you know the reason why he was late for school
你知道他上学迟到的原因吗
二、关系词只能用that而不用which的情况
1.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。例:
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我所看过的最激动人心的足球赛之一。
2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。例:
The first thing that you could do was to turn off the light.
你可以做的第一件事情就是关灯。
3.当先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none等不定代词时(something后也可用which)。例:
All that we have to do for our students is to tell them how to speak English in class.
我们要为学生做的所有的事情就是告诉他们如何在课堂上说英语。
I’m going to buy everything that I need.
我要去买我所需要的一切东西。
4.当先行词前面有only, just, any, no等词修饰时。例:
That’s the only thing that we can do now.
那是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
5.当先行词既指人又指物时。例:
They are talking about things and persons that they remember.
他们正在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人或事。
三、关系词只能用who(whom)而不用that的情况
1.当先行词为all, any或其合成词或a few且指人时。例:
Anyone who breaks the law(法律) will be punished.
任何违法的人都会受到惩罚。
2.当先行词为that, this, those或these且指人时。例:
Those who hadn’t bought the tickets for the train crowded in the waiting hall.
那些还没买着火车票的人挤在候车厅里。
3.当先行词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时,在口语中用who或whom引导均可,但如直接位于介词后作宾语时,只能用whom。例:
The guest (who/whom) I’ll first introduce to you is a little girl.
我首先要介绍给你(们)的客人是一位小姑娘。
I met a few friends of mine, among whom was my old classmate.
我遇见几位朋友,其中一位是我的老同学。
四、时间状语从句
时间状语从句表示主句动作发生的时间。引导这种从句的词有连词when, before, after, as, while, till, until, since等,起连接作用的短语as soon as等。在时间状语从句中,当主句是一般将来时或祈使句表示将来的意义时,时间状语从句用一般现在时。例:
I’ll let you know as soon as she comes.
她一来,我就让你知道。
Jane didn’t go to bed until she finished her homework.
简直到完成作业后才睡觉。
五、条件状语从句
1.如果主句为一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。例:
I’ll visit the Great Wall if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
如果明天不下雨,我就去长城。
2.引导条件状语从句的词常用if或unless。例:
You may fail the test unless you work harder.
除非你更加努力,否则你可能考试不及格。
六、原因状语从句
原因状语从句用来说明原因。引导这种从句的词有连词because, since, as等。这三个词的语气由because到as逐渐减弱;because回答why提出的问题。例:
I won’t go with you because I am busy doing my homework now.
我不会跟你去,因为现在我正忙着做作业。
As the weather was fine, we decided to play football.
天气很好,我们决定去踢足球。
Since everybody is here, let’s begin!
既然大家都到了,我们开始吧!
七、让步状语从句
让步状语从句用从属连词though, although引导,但though, although与but在句中不能同时出现。例:
We had to go on walking though we were really tired.
尽管很累了,但是我们还得继续走。
Although he is rich, he doesn’t live happily.
尽管他很富有,但是他生活得不幸福。
八、目的状语从句
1.引导目的状语从句的词组有so that, in order that等,谓语中常含有may, might, can, could, will, would等情态动词。例:
He must get up early so that he can go to school on time.
他必须早点起床,以便能按时上学。
2.当从句主语与主句主语一致时,可用so as to, in order to。例:
He worked day and night in order that he could finish it in ten days.=He worked day and night in order to finish it in ten days.
他夜以继日为的是在十天内完成工作。
九、结果状语从句
1.表示主句的动作所引起的结果。这种从句由such...that..., so...that..., so that...等引导。such修饰名词,而so修饰形容词或副词。例:
He is so old that he can’t look after himself.
他年纪太大,无法照顾自己。
It was such a cold day that nobody wanted to go out.
天气那么冷,没人想出去。
2.so...that...句型的否定形式可用简单句too... to...或not...enough to代替。例:
He is so young that he can’t go to school.
=He is too young to go to school.
=He is not old enough to go to school.
他太小了,不能上学。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共20张PPT)
定语从句和状语从句
解析
人教2025中考二轮复习 语法基础知识梳理
一、定语从句的关系词
定语从句在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系代词who, whom, that, which, whose或关系副词when, where, why等引出。
关系词 指代 在定语从句中的作用
that 既指人也指物 作主语、宾语
which 指物 作主语、宾语
who 指人 作主语
whom 指人 作宾语
whose 既指人也指物 作定语
when 时间 作状语
where 地点 作状语
why 原因 作状语
1.who, whom, that代替的先行词是指人的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他是想见你的那个人吗
He is the man (who/whom/that) I saw yesterday.
他是昨天我看到的那个人。
2.which, that代替的先行词是指代事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例:
Mary likes music that/which is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
The coat (that/which) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的外套是蓝色的。
3.whose用来指人或物,在句中只用作定语。例:
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
请把封面是绿色的那本书递给我。
4.关系副词有when, where, why,它们在句中作状语。例:
I’ll never forget the days when we studied together.
我永远忘不了我们一起学习的那些日子。
This is the city where my father worked ten years ago.
这是我爸十年前工作的城市。
Do you know the reason why he was late for school
你知道他上学迟到的原因吗
二、关系词只能用that而不用which的情况
1.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。例:
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我所看过的最激动人心的足球赛之一。
2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。例:
The first thing that you could do was to turn off the light.
你可以做的第一件事情就是关灯。
3.当先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none等不定代词时(something后也可用which)。例:
All that we have to do for our students is to tell them how to speak English in class.
我们要为学生做的所有的事情就是告诉他们如何在课堂上说英语。
I’m going to buy everything that I need.
我要去买我所需要的一切东西。
4.当先行词前面有only, just, any, no等词修饰时。例:
That’s the only thing that we can do now.
那是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
5.当先行词既指人又指物时。例:
They are talking about things and persons that they remember.
他们正在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人或事。
三、关系词只能用who(whom)而不用that的情况
1.当先行词为all, any或其合成词或a few且指人时。例:
Anyone who breaks the law(法律) will be punished.
任何违法的人都会受到惩罚。
2.当先行词为that, this, those或these且指人时。例:
Those who hadn’t bought the tickets for the train crowded in the waiting hall.
那些还没买着火车票的人挤在候车厅里。
3.当先行词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时,在口语中用who或whom引导均可,但如直接位于介词后作宾语时,只能用whom。例:
The guest (who/whom) I’ll first introduce to you is a little girl.
我首先要介绍给你(们)的客人是一位小姑娘。
I met a few friends of mine, among whom was my old classmate.
我遇见几位朋友,其中一位是我的老同学。
四、时间状语从句
时间状语从句表示主句动作发生的时间。引导这种从句的词有连词when, before, after, as, while, till, until, since等,起连接作用的短语as soon as等。在时间状语从句中,当主句是一般将来时或祈使句表示将来的意义时,时间状语从句用一般现在时。例:
I’ll let you know as soon as she comes.
她一来,我就让你知道。
Jane didn’t go to bed until she finished her homework.
简直到完成作业后才睡觉。
五、条件状语从句
1.如果主句为一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。例:
I’ll visit the Great Wall if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
如果明天不下雨,我就去长城。
2.引导条件状语从句的词常用if或unless。例:
You may fail the test unless you work harder.
除非你更加努力,否则你可能考试不及格。
六、原因状语从句
原因状语从句用来说明原因。引导这种从句的词有连词because, since, as等。这三个词的语气由because到as逐渐减弱;because回答why提出的问题。例:
I won’t go with you because I am busy doing my homework now.
我不会跟你去,因为现在我正忙着做作业。
As the weather was fine, we decided to play football.
天气很好,我们决定去踢足球。
Since everybody is here, let’s begin!
既然大家都到了,我们开始吧!
七、让步状语从句
让步状语从句用从属连词though, although引导,但though, although与but在句中不能同时出现。例:
We had to go on walking though we were really tired.
尽管很累了,但是我们还得继续走。
Although he is rich, he doesn’t live happily.
尽管他很富有,但是他生活得不幸福。
八、目的状语从句
1.引导目的状语从句的词组有so that, in order that等,谓语中常含有may, might, can, could, will, would等情态动词。例:
He must get up early so that he can go to school on time.
他必须早点起床,以便能按时上学。
2.当从句主语与主句主语一致时,可用so as to, in order to。例:
He worked day and night in order that he could finish it in ten days.=He worked day and night in order to finish it in ten days.
他夜以继日为的是在十天内完成工作。
九、结果状语从句
1.表示主句的动作所引起的结果。这种从句由such...that..., so...that..., so that...等引导。such修饰名词,而so修饰形容词或副词。例:
He is so old that he can’t look after himself.
他年纪太大,无法照顾自己。
It was such a cold day that nobody wanted to go out.
天气那么冷,没人想出去。
2.so...that...句型的否定形式可用简单句too... to...或not...enough to代替。例:
He is so young that he can’t go to school.
=He is too young to go to school.
=He is not old enough to go to school.
他太小了,不能上学。
Thanks!
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